Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Erythema nodosum – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/erythema-nodosum

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction that most often presents as erythematous, tender nodules on the shins. Common triggers for EN include infection, drugs, pregnancy, malignancy, and inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis or gastrointestinal diseases; however, many cases are idiopathic. […] The etiologies, diagnosis, and management of EN will be reviewed here. […] EN is considered a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction resulting from exposure to various antigens; however, the pathogenesis is not fully understood. The pathogenic mechanism may involve immune complex deposition in the septal venules of the subcutaneous fat, neutrophil recruitment with resulting reactive oxygen species formation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, and granuloma formation.

• #1 Erythema nodosum: Symptoms, Causes, and Management — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/erythema-nodosum

  Erythema nodosum is a hypersensitivity reaction of unknown cause in up to 55% of patients. […] In other cases, it is associated with an identified infection, drug, inflammatory condition, or malignancy. […] Throat infections (streptococcal disease or viral infection) […] Primary tuberculosis (TB), a rare cause in New Zealand […] Yersinia infection; this causes diarrhoea and abdominal pain […] Chlamydia infection […] Fungal infection: histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis […] Parasitic infection: amoebiasis, giardiasis. […] Other viral and bacterial diseases associated with erythema nodosum include herpes simplex, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Campylobacter infection, and Salmonella infection. […] Erythema nodosum is treated based on the underlying disease. An underlying infection should be treated.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938036/

  Erythema nodosum is the most common form of panniculitis and is characterized by tender erythematous nodules mainly in the lower limbs on the pretibial area. The exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown, although it appears to be a hypersensitivity response to a variety of antigenic stimuli. […] Although the etiology is mostly idiopathic, ruling out an underlying disease is imperative before diagnosing primary erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum can be the first sign of a systemic disease that is triggered by a large group of processes, such as infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, and/or drugs. The most common identifiable causes are streptococcal infections, primary tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Behet disease, inflammatory bowel disease, drugs, and pregnancy. […] The etiology varies according to the affected population, the geographical area, and the seasonal period, although according to the literature 32-72% of EN cases remain with an unknown etiology. Erythema nodosum may be the first sign of a systemic disease, triggered by a large group of processes, such as infections, inflammation, neoplasias, and/or drugs. The most common identifiable causes are streptococcal infections, primary TB, sarcoidosis, Behet disease, drugs, pregnancy, and inflammatory bowel disease.

• #1 Erythema nodosum – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/erythema-nodosum/

  Most pediatric cases are idiopathic (up to 40%) and no underlying cause is found despite investigation. […] Although there are numerous causes, the most common in pediatric patients is -hemolytic streptococcal infection, especially pharyngitis, followed by gastrointestinal infections, particularly Yersinia enterocolitica. The cutaneous lesions generally appear 2-3 weeks after the throat infection. Infections generally account for one third or more of the cases. […] Common infections: -hemolytic streptococcal infections, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, upper respiratory viruses (Epstein-Barr virus), coccidiomycosis in endemic areas, tuberculosis, Yersinia entercolitica. […] Less common infections: hepatitis B; brucellosis; meningococcosis; neisserial infection; cat-scratch disease; infection with HIV, Chlamydia, Campylobacter, Shigella; blastomycosis; histoplasmosis; sporotrichosis; syphilis; pertussis; Escherichia coli infection; leprosy; parvovirus.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: A Sign of Systemic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0301/p695.html

  Erythema nodosum, a painful disorder of the subcutaneous fat, is the most common type of panniculitis. Generally, it is idiopathic, although the most common identifiable cause is streptococcal pharyngitis. […] Erythema nodosum may be the first sign of a systemic disease such as tuberculosis, bacterial or deep fungal infection, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer. Certain drugs, including oral contraceptives and some antibiotics, also may be etiologic. […] Erythema nodosum usually is idiopathic, but there are many possible causes. […] Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections are the most common identifiable cause of erythema nodosum. Streptococcal infections account for up to 44 percent of cases in adults and 48 percent of cases in children. […] Tuberculosis has long been linked with erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum may occur with primary tuberculosis and may even manifest before the development of a skin-test reaction to tuberculin.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1081633-overview

  Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, or Campylobacter infection may cause EN. […] Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is the most common cause of EN in the American Southwest. […] A case report described EN occurring as a manifestation of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1. […] Sulfonamides and halide agents are important causes of EN. […] Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease may trigger EN. […] EN associated with enteropathies correlates with flares of the disease. […] EN associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma may precede the diagnosis of lymphoma by months. […] Sarcoidosis and streptococcal infection are the most common causes of EN in adults. […] Approximately 10-22% of all EN cases are caused by sarcoidosis, and EN is the most common cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis. […] This condition is associated with EN. […] Some patients develop EN during pregnancy, most frequently during the second trimester.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24565-erythema-nodosum

  Erythema nodosum causes red to purple, painful bumps to form on your skin. […] An infection, underlying condition or medication can cause erythema nodosum as a symptom. […] The exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown, but many cases occur in reaction to an infection, an underlying condition or a medication. […] Some cases of erythema nodosum are a symptom of an underlying condition, which could include: Ulcerative colitis, Crohns disease, Inflammatory bowel disease, Sarcoidosis, Rheumatic fever, Behets disease, Sweet syndrome, Pregnancy, Leukemia, Lymphoma. […] Erythema nodosum could be a side effect of a medicine you take. Medicines that can cause this condition include: Antibiotics, Sulfonamides, Penicillin, Contraceptive pills.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938036/

  Patients diagnosed with Behet disease present with EN lesions in about 44% of the cases, with EN being the initial manifestation of the disease in up to 5.7% of the cases. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can present as ulcerative colitis or as Crohns disease. Erythema nodosum occurs in 41-5% of patients with Crohns disease and in 31-0% of patients with ulcerative colitis. […] In sarcoidosis, the most common skin lesion is EN. […] Erythema nodosum can present as a reactive cutaneous manifestation of infections, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal. […] Drugs are another frequent etiologic factor of EN and have been identified as the cause of EN in 2.95% of patients. […] An underlying malignancy can be responsible for EN symptoms in patients with unexplained EN and constitutional symptoms. Hematologic malignancies (leukemia and lymphoma) are most frequently associated with EN lesions.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: A Sign of Systemic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0301/p695.html

  Sarcoidosis causes up to one fourth of erythema nodosum cases. […] Hypersensitivity reactions to medications have been recognized as a cause of 3 to 10 percent of erythema nodosum cases. Oral contraceptives and numerous antibiotics, including amoxicillin and especially sulfonamides, have been associated with erythema nodosum. […] Erythema nodosum occurs in up to 4.6 percent of women who are pregnant, possibly as a result of estrogen production or relative levels of estrogen and progesterone. […] In addition to infectious colitis, other gastrointestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are associated with erythema nodosum. […] Erythema nodosum may be a cutaneous marker of malignancy, most often lymphoma or leukemia.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/erythema-nodosum

  Medications that can cause it include: Antibiotics, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, Sulfa drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim or Septra), Birth control pills. […] Underlying medical conditions or erythema nodosum-associated conditions include: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, Sarcoidosis, Rheumatic fever, Behcet’s disease, a rare condition that causes swelling in the blood vessels throughout your body, Sweet syndrome, Pregnancy, Some cancers, such as leukemias and lymphomas. […] In many cases, doctors may not be able to tell what caused you to get erythema nodosum.

• #1 Erythema nodosum

  https://bchhc.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000881

  Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder. It involves tender, red bumps (nodules) under the skin. […] In about half of cases, the exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown. The remaining cases are associated with an infection or other systemic disorder. […] Some of the more common infections associated with the disorder are: Streptococcus (most common), Cat scratch disease, Chlamydia, Coccidioidomycosis, Hepatitis B, Histoplasmosis, Leptospirosis, Mononucleosis (EBV), Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Psittacosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Yersinia. […] Erythema nodosum may occur with sensitivity to certain medicines, including: Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and other penicillins, Sulfonamides, Sulfones, Birth control pills, Progestin. […] Sometimes, erythema nodosum may occur during pregnancy. […] Other disorders linked to this condition include leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, rheumatic fever, Behcet disease, and ulcerative colitis.

• #1 Erythema nodosum

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/erythema-nodusum

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to antigens. Numerous causes have been identified: […] Idiopathic in one-third of cases […] Infective […] Streptococcal infections (often URTI) account for up to 10-30% of cases in adults […] Tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infection […] Many other infections have been implicated eg Yersinia, gastrointestinal infections, Mycoplasma, leprosy […] Sarcoid […] Pregnancy […] Medications – including sulphonamides, hepatitis B vaccine, isotretinoin, and SSRI. Oral contraceptive pills have become a rare cause since their oestrogen content was greatly reduced. Where erythema nodosum has arisen in patients receiving antibiotics for infections (such as penicillins) it is difficult to discern whether the cutaneous reaction is due to the antiobiotic or the infectious process […] Rheumatological and autoimmune conditions […] Inflammatory bowel disease – ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease […] Malignancy, mainly haematological, is a rare cause of EN.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum

  https://fpnotebook.com/Derm/Rheum/ErythmNdsm.htm

  Erythema Nodosum is the most common cause of Paniculitis (subcutaneous fat inflammation). […] Idiopathic or primary (up to 55% of cases) […] All other causes are considered secondary. […] Infection: Streptococcal Pharyngitis (up to 48% of EM cases, most common cause in children). […] Granulomatous disease: Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis (up to 25% of cases). […] Drug Reaction (up to 10% of cases): Halides, Sulfonamides, Penicillins (e.g. Amoxicillin), Cephalosporins, Gold, Oral Contraceptives, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors), Proton Pump Inhibitors. […] Miscellaneous: Pregnancy, Malignancy (e.g. Leukemia).

• #1 Erythema Nodosum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470369/

  Erythema nodosum can occur due to a vast number of underlying causes including but not limited to idiopathic, infectious, and a variety of noninfectious causes as outlined below. […] No obvious etiology have been found in about 30% to 50% of published cases. […] Streptococcal infections-most common infectious etiology commonly streptococcal pharyngitis (28 to 48%). […] Erythema nodosum is an acute or recurrent hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of antigens with a clear female predominance that may be associated with several different stimuli or pathological conditions. […] Some pregnant patients may develop erythema nodosum during the second trimester. In addition, recurrence of the disorder may also occur with future pregnancies.

• #1 Erythema nodosum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_nodosum

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of subcutaneous fat tissue, resulting in painful red/blue lumps or nodules that are usually seen symmetrically on both shins, on the thighs, arms, and elsewhere. It can be caused by a variety of conditions but 20 to 50% of cases are idiopathic. […] EN is associated with a wide variety of conditions. […] About 30-50% of EN cases are idiopathic (of an unknown cause). […] Infections associated with EN include: Streptococcal infection which, in children, is by far the most common precipitant. […] Autoimmune disorders associated with EN include: Behçet’s disease. […] Cancers associated with EN include: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), Carcinoid tumours, Pancreatic cancer. […] EN may also be due to excessive antibody production in lepromatous leprosy leading to deposition of immune complexes. […] There is an association with the HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen, which is present in 65% of patients with erythema nodosum.

• #1 RheumaKnowledgy » Erythema Nodosum

  https://www.rheumaknowledgy.com/erythema-nodosum/

  Erythema nodosum is an acute, usually self-limited septal panniculitis characterized by tender subcutaneous nodules, typically on the anterior tibial surface. […] Etiology: Half of cases have an underlying associated condition (see below). Pathogenesis is unknown but may be related to circulating immune complexes. There is an association with HLA-B8. […] Disease Associations: It may be idiopathic or seen with some infections (streptococcus, tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal or enteric infections), systemic disorders (Behets syndrome, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy) or with some drugs (penicillin, sulfonamides, oral contraceptives). […] Etiology: Half of cases have an underlying associated condition (see below). Pathogenesis is unknown but may be related to circulating immune complexes. There is an association with HLA-B8.

• #1 Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema nodosum – International Journal of Case Reports and Images (IJCRI)

  https://www.ijcasereportsandimages.com/archive/2018-articles/2018100078Z01MD-medina/100078Z01MD-full-text.php

  Some neoplastic processes have been related to the production of the same, highlighting the leukemias, and within them the acute myeloid variety; and lymphomas, being more frequent in Hodking lymphomas. […] Diseases such as sarcoidosis, Sweets syndrome, Behcets disease, Whipples disease; and inflammatory bowel disease (both ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease) have also been documented as causing erythema nodosum. […] The etiological factors show considerable geographical variations depending on the specific endemic infections in each country, as well as other conditioning factors. […] It has been shown that histopathological findings are common regardless of the etiology of EN. […] The treatment of erythema nodosum should be directed to the underlying associated condition, if identified.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1081633-overview

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is presumed to be a hypersensitivity reaction and may occur in association with several systemic diseases or drug therapies, or it may be idiopathic. […] EN probably is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of antigens; circulating immune complexes have not been found in idiopathic or uncomplicated cases but may be demonstrated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] Streptococcal infection is one of the most common causes of EN overall and is the single most common cause in children. […] Although tuberculosis was once an important cause of EN, it is now a much less common cause; however, it still must be excluded, especially in developing countries. […] Yersinia enterocolitica, a gram-negative bacillus that causes acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, is a common cause of EN in Finland.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w

  Erythema nodosum is the most common form of panniculitis and is characterized by tender erythematous nodules mainly in the lower limbs on the pretibial area. The exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown, although it appears to be a hypersensitivity response to a variety of antigenic stimuli. Although the etiology is mostly idiopathic, ruling out an underlying disease is imperative before diagnosing primary erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum can be the first sign of a systemic disease that is triggered by a large group of processes, such as infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, and/or drugs. The most common identifiable causes are streptococcal infections, primary tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Behet disease, inflammatory bowel disease, drugs, and pregnancy. […] Making an accurate diagnosis will allow the physician to treat the underlying cause and determine an optimal therapeutic strategy. […] Erythema nodosum: etiologic and predictive factors in a defined population.

• #1 Erythema Nodosum: A Manifestation of Trichomoniasis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

  https://www.jmchemsci.com/article_175873.html

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most common form of septal panniculitis resulting from a hypersensitivity reaction in response to numerous antigens or triggers. […] The management of erythema nodosum involves identifying the etiologic factor and focusing on eliminating exposure or treating the underlying diseases. […] Erythema nodosum is the most common clinicopathological variant of panniculitis. The process is a skin reaction that can be associated with various conditions, including infection, sarcoidosis, rheumatologic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, medications, autoimmune disorders, pregnancy, and malignancy. […] Idiopathic EN is the most common cause of the disease worldwide, accounting for 55 percent of cases. Reactive skin infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, can also lead to erythema nodosum.

• #2 Erythema nodosum – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/erythema-nodosum/print

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction that most often presents as erythematous, tender nodules on the shins. Common triggers for EN include infection, drugs, pregnancy, malignancy, and inflammatory conditions, such as sarcoidosis or gastrointestinal diseases; however, many cases are idiopathic. […] EN is considered a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction resulting from exposure to various antigens; however, the pathogenesis is not fully understood. The pathogenic mechanism may involve immune complex deposition in the septal venules of the subcutaneous fat, neutrophil recruitment with resulting reactive oxygen species formation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, and granuloma formation.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470369/

  Erythema nodosum can occur due to a vast number of underlying causes including but not limited to idiopathic, infectious, and a variety of noninfectious causes as outlined below. […] No obvious etiology have been found in about 30% to 50% of published cases. […] Streptococcal infections-most common infectious etiology commonly streptococcal pharyngitis (28 to 48%). […] Erythema nodosum is an acute or recurrent hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of antigens with a clear female predominance that may be associated with several different stimuli or pathological conditions. […] Some pregnant patients may develop erythema nodosum during the second trimester. In addition, recurrence of the disorder may also occur with future pregnancies.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7938036/

  Patients diagnosed with Behet disease present with EN lesions in about 44% of the cases, with EN being the initial manifestation of the disease in up to 5.7% of the cases. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can present as ulcerative colitis or as Crohns disease. Erythema nodosum occurs in 41-5% of patients with Crohns disease and in 31-0% of patients with ulcerative colitis. […] In sarcoidosis, the most common skin lesion is EN. […] Erythema nodosum can present as a reactive cutaneous manifestation of infections, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal. […] Drugs are another frequent etiologic factor of EN and have been identified as the cause of EN in 2.95% of patients. […] An underlying malignancy can be responsible for EN symptoms in patients with unexplained EN and constitutional symptoms. Hematologic malignancies (leukemia and lymphoma) are most frequently associated with EN lesions.

• #2 Erythema nodosum – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/erythema-nodosum/

  Inflammatory conditions: Sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease has a stronger association than does ulcerative colitis), Behet disease, Sweet syndrome. […] Medications: Many medications have been implicated as a cause of EN, but the most common associated with EN in children include oral contraceptives, macrolide antibiotics, sulfonamides, and penicillin. […] Rare causes: EN has been described in a girl with tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Leukemia masquerading as EN is exceptional but may be diagnosed with biopsy. Recently, there has been an extremely rare case of EN with acute myeloid leukemia. […] Although drugs and chronic conditions (i.e., sarcoidosis, autoimmune conditions, and inflammatory bowel disease) account for most of the adults cases, these are less often implicated in the pediatric population. […] The presence of EN in patients with coccidiomycosis suggests a positive prognostic sign with a decreased risk of dissemination. This is in contrast to a worse prognosis in children with primary tuberculosis who present with lesions of EN.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: A Sign of Systemic Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0301/p695.html

  Sarcoidosis causes up to one fourth of erythema nodosum cases. […] Hypersensitivity reactions to medications have been recognized as a cause of 3 to 10 percent of erythema nodosum cases. Oral contraceptives and numerous antibiotics, including amoxicillin and especially sulfonamides, have been associated with erythema nodosum. […] Erythema nodosum occurs in up to 4.6 percent of women who are pregnant, possibly as a result of estrogen production or relative levels of estrogen and progesterone. […] In addition to infectious colitis, other gastrointestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are associated with erythema nodosum. […] Erythema nodosum may be a cutaneous marker of malignancy, most often lymphoma or leukemia.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1081633-overview

  Erythema nodosum (EN) is presumed to be a hypersensitivity reaction and may occur in association with several systemic diseases or drug therapies, or it may be idiopathic. […] EN probably is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a variety of antigens; circulating immune complexes have not been found in idiopathic or uncomplicated cases but may be demonstrated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] Streptococcal infection is one of the most common causes of EN overall and is the single most common cause in children. […] Although tuberculosis was once an important cause of EN, it is now a much less common cause; however, it still must be excluded, especially in developing countries. […] Yersinia enterocolitica, a gram-negative bacillus that causes acute diarrhea and abdominal pain, is a common cause of EN in Finland.

• #2 Erythema nodosum

  https://bchhc.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000881

  Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder. It involves tender, red bumps (nodules) under the skin. […] In about half of cases, the exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown. The remaining cases are associated with an infection or other systemic disorder. […] Some of the more common infections associated with the disorder are: Streptococcus (most common), Cat scratch disease, Chlamydia, Coccidioidomycosis, Hepatitis B, Histoplasmosis, Leptospirosis, Mononucleosis (EBV), Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Psittacosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Yersinia. […] Erythema nodosum may occur with sensitivity to certain medicines, including: Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and other penicillins, Sulfonamides, Sulfones, Birth control pills, Progestin. […] Sometimes, erythema nodosum may occur during pregnancy. […] Other disorders linked to this condition include leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, rheumatic fever, Behcet disease, and ulcerative colitis.

• #2 Erythema nodosum

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erythema-nodosum/

  Erythema nodosum can be caused by lots of things, but often the cause is unknown. […] Common causes include: inflammatory bowel conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis […] bacterial infections, such a throat infection, chest infection or lung infection (tuberculosis) […] a rare condition where small patches of swollen tissue develop in organs, such as the lungs, lymph nodes or skin (sarcoidosis) […] a reaction to some medicines, including the contraceptive pill and some antibiotics.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1081633-overview

  Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, or Campylobacter infection may cause EN. […] Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is the most common cause of EN in the American Southwest. […] A case report described EN occurring as a manifestation of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1. […] Sulfonamides and halide agents are important causes of EN. […] Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease may trigger EN. […] EN associated with enteropathies correlates with flares of the disease. […] EN associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma may precede the diagnosis of lymphoma by months. […] Sarcoidosis and streptococcal infection are the most common causes of EN in adults. […] Approximately 10-22% of all EN cases are caused by sarcoidosis, and EN is the most common cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis. […] This condition is associated with EN. […] Some patients develop EN during pregnancy, most frequently during the second trimester.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/erythema-nodosum

  Medications that can cause it include: Antibiotics, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, Sulfa drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim or Septra), Birth control pills. […] Underlying medical conditions or erythema nodosum-associated conditions include: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, Sarcoidosis, Rheumatic fever, Behcet’s disease, a rare condition that causes swelling in the blood vessels throughout your body, Sweet syndrome, Pregnancy, Some cancers, such as leukemias and lymphomas. […] In many cases, doctors may not be able to tell what caused you to get erythema nodosum.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/erythema-nodosum/5787

  Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder. It involves tender, red bumps (nodules) under the skin. […] In about half of cases, the exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown. The remaining cases are associated with an infection or other systemic disorder. […] Some of the more common infections associated with the disorder are: Streptococcus (most common), Cat scratch disease, Chlamydia, Coccidioidomycosis, Hepatitis B, Histoplasmosis, Leptospirosis, Mononucleosis (EBV), Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Psittacosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Tularemia, Yersinia. […] Erythema nodosum may occur with sensitivity to certain medicines, including: Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and other penicillins, Sulfonamides, Sulfones, Birth control pills, Progestin. […] Sometimes, erythema nodosum may occur during pregnancy. […] Other disorders linked to this condition include leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, rheumatic fever, Behcet disease, and ulcerative colitis. […] The condition is more common in women than it is in men.

• #2 Erythema Nodosum: A Manifestation of Trichomoniasis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

  https://www.jmchemsci.com/article_175873.html

  Erythema nodosum associated with trichomonas infection is extremely rare, with no documented cases reported. […] Based on the above data, one of the possible causes of erythema nodosum, in this case, is an infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, which could also be associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with erythema nodosum caused by trichomoniasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. […] In this case, trichomoniasis was identified as the primary etiological factor for erythema nodosum.

• #3 Erythema Nodosum

  https://fpnotebook.com/Derm/Rheum/ErythmNdsm.htm

  Erythema Nodosum is the most common cause of Paniculitis (subcutaneous fat inflammation). […] Idiopathic or primary (up to 55% of cases) […] All other causes are considered secondary. […] Infection: Streptococcal Pharyngitis (up to 48% of EM cases, most common cause in children). […] Granulomatous disease: Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis (up to 25% of cases). […] Drug Reaction (up to 10% of cases): Halides, Sulfonamides, Penicillins (e.g. Amoxicillin), Cephalosporins, Gold, Oral Contraceptives, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors), Proton Pump Inhibitors. […] Miscellaneous: Pregnancy, Malignancy (e.g. Leukemia).

• #3 Erythema Nodosum: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1081633-overview

  Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, or Campylobacter infection may cause EN. […] Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is the most common cause of EN in the American Southwest. […] A case report described EN occurring as a manifestation of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1. […] Sulfonamides and halide agents are important causes of EN. […] Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease may trigger EN. […] EN associated with enteropathies correlates with flares of the disease. […] EN associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma may precede the diagnosis of lymphoma by months. […] Sarcoidosis and streptococcal infection are the most common causes of EN in adults. […] Approximately 10-22% of all EN cases are caused by sarcoidosis, and EN is the most common cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis. […] This condition is associated with EN. […] Some patients develop EN during pregnancy, most frequently during the second trimester.

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