Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bronchiectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430810/

  Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent and lifelong widening of the bronchial airways and weakening of the function mucociliary transport mechanism owing to repeated infection contributing to bacterial invasion and mucus pooling throughout the bronchial tree. […] Bronchiectasis is responsible for the significant loss of lung function and one that can result in considerable morbidity and even early mortality. […] History of a long-standing cough with purulence is typical of bronchiectasis. Patients may report repetitive pulmonary infections that require antibiotics over several years. Patients can also present with progressive dyspnea, intermittent wheezing, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, and associated fatigue and weight loss. […] The disease is progressive when associated with ciliary dysfunction and cystic fibrosis and eventually causes respiratory failure. In other patients, the prognosis can be relatively good if postural drainage is performed regularly, and antibiotics are used judiciously.

• #1 Bronchiectasis Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/bronchiectasis/symptoms-diagnosis

  Symptoms of bronchiectasis can take months or years to develop, and gradually become worse. The two primary symptoms are a daily cough and daily production of mucus (sputum). Other symptoms typically include: […] Coughing up yellow or green mucus daily […] Shortness of breath […] Fatigue, feeling run-down or tired […] Fevers and/or chills […] Wheezing or whistling sound while you breathe […] Coughing up blood or mucus mixed with blood, a condition called hemoptysis […] Chest pain […] Clubbing, or the thickening of the skin under fingernails and toenails.

• #1 Bronchiectasis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchiectasis/symptoms

  The early airway damage that leads to bronchiectasis often begins in childhood. However, symptoms may not appear until months or even years after repeated lung infections. […] Repeated lung infections create a cycle of lung damage and flare-ups. These infections lead to inflammation and mucus buildup in the lungs. Although treatments can help clear the mucus, the inflammation creates new lung damage that makes a later infection more likely. The later infection then starts the cycle again. Healthcare providers often use the term exacerbation to describe these flare-ups from infection. Your provider may diagnose an exacerbation if you have been experiencing certain symptoms for at least 48 hours. […] The most common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: A daily cough that occurs over at least 8 weeks, Daily production of large amounts of sputum (a mix of saliva and fluid from the lungs) that is coughed up and may have mucus, trapped particles, and pus, Shortness of breath and wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe) that gets worse during flare-ups, Chest pain, Fevers and/or chills when accompanied by chronic inflammation and infection, Fatigue, Clubbing (thickened skin under your fingernails and toenails that causes the nails to curve downward). […] Over time, you may develop more serious symptoms. You may cough up blood or bloody mucus and feel very tired. Children may lose weight or grow more slowly.

• #1 Bronchiectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21144-bronchiectasis

  Coughing a lot with pus and mucus is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. […] Symptoms of bronchiectasis include: Cough with lots of mucus and pus. Repeated colds. Bad-smelling mucus. Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Wheezing. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis). Swollen fingertips with curved nails (nail clubbing). […] You might have stretches of time where your symptoms arent as bad and then have a flare-up (exacerbation) where your symptoms get worse. Exacerbation symptoms include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue). Fever, chills. Increased shortness of breath. Night sweats. […] Bronchiectasis can be mild or severe depending on how much damage you have in your lungs. […] Most people with bronchiectasis live a normal life span by manage their symptoms with a providers advice and medication. […] Bronchiectasis cant be cured the damage it causes is irreversible. But most people can manage the symptoms of bronchiectasis with strategies recommended by their healthcare provider.

• #1 Bronchiectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296961-overview

  Clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis are as follows: […] Cough and daily mucopurulent sputum production, often lasting months to years (classic) […] Blood-streaked sputum or hemoptysis from airway damage associated with acute infection […] Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, wheezing, fever, weakness, fatigue, and weight loss […] Rarely, episodic hemoptysis with little to no sputum production (ie, dry bronchiectasis) […] Exacerbations of bronchiectasis from acute bacterial infections may produce the following signs: […] Increased sputum production over baseline […] Increased viscidity of sputum […] A foul odor of the sputum (occasional) […] Low-grade fever (rare) […] Increased constitutional symptoms (ie, fatigue, malaise) […] Increased dyspnea, shortness of breath, wheezing, or pleuritic pain

• #1 Bronchiectasis 101: 5 Essential Facts You Need to Know | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/about/blog/5-things-to-know-about-bronchiectasis

  Its important to recognize the possible signs and seek treatment from a lung specialist with expertise in bronchiectasis. […] Bronchiectasis can significantly affect a persons quality of life. Constant congestion and coughing is uncomfortable, and can make it hard to sleep through the night. […] The most common symptom of bronchiectasis is a chronic cough that produces a lot of mucus. […] Other signs and symptoms include: Shortness of breath, Chest congestion, Wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), Clubbing or rounded appearance of the tips of the fingers or toes, Coughing up blood with mucus, caused by chronic inflammation of the airways, Recurring pneumonia or other lung infections. […] These signs and symptoms may develop over the course of months or even years. […] At times, the symptoms of bronchiectasis can worsen.

• #1 About bronchiectasis – Patient Priorities

  https://www.europeanlunginfo.org/bronchiectasis/about-bronchiectasis/

  Breathlessness- caused by the damaged airways working less well. In many cases, breathlessness is not a problem, but sometimes people may notice they are out of breath walking up hills or stairs. In severe cases, people may get breathless during less strenuous exercise. […] Feeling very tired (fatigue) – the body uses a lot of energy to fight infections, as well as in coughing and in breathing. This can be made worse if people have trouble sleeping because of other symptoms. […] Chest discomfort – this can be felt as a pain, a tightness or a feeling of fullness in the chest. […] Frequent chest infections – people may feel that they easily pick up infections and that they more quickly affect their chest. The symptoms of cough, breathlessness, wheezing, chest discomfort and tiredness may get worse during an infection.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/symptoms/

  The most common symptom of bronchiectasis is a persistent cough that brings up a large amount of phlegm on a daily basis. […] Other symptoms may include: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing up blood or bloodstained phlegm, chest pain, joint pain, clubbing of the fingertips the tissue beneath the nail thickens and the fingertips become rounded and bulbous. […] If you develop a lung infection, your symptoms usually get worse within a few days. This is known as an infective exacerbation. […] It can cause: coughing up even more phlegm, which may be more green than usual or smell unpleasant, worsening shortness of breath. […] Some people with bronchiectasis develop a severe lung infection that may need to be treated in hospital. […] Signs and symptoms of a serious lung infection include: a blueish tinge to the skin or lips (cyanosis), confusion, a high temperature, rapid breathing (more than 25 breaths a minute), severe chest pain that makes it too painful to cough and clear your lungs.

• #1 Bronchiectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/bronchiectasis

  Bronchiectasis is a disease in which the large airways in the lungs are damaged. This causes the airways to become permanently wider. […] Symptoms develop over time. They may occur months or years after the event that causes the bronchiectasis. Long-term (chronic) cough with large amounts of foul smelling sputum is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. Other symptoms may include: Breath odor, Coughing up blood (less common in children), Fatigue, Paleness, Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise, Weight loss, Wheezing, Low grade fever and night sweats, Clubbing of fingers (rare, depends on the cause). […] The outlook depends on the specific cause of the disease. With treatment, most people live without major disability and the disease progresses slowly.

• #1 Bronchiectasis

  https://www.svhlunghealth.com.au/conditions/bronchiectasis

  The most common symptom of bronchiectasis is a chronic cough that produces mucus (sputum). The cough may increase over time and be with or without a wheeze. […] Other common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: Chronic sinus infection, Fatigue, Sinusitis (inflammation of the nasal and sinus passages). […] Less common symptoms include: Chest pain, Coughing up blood, Shortness of breath, Weight loss. […] In many people, symptoms will get worse during certain time periods. These periods tend to be caused by illnesses like a head cold. In some cases, there is no clear reason why symptoms get worse. […] Despite bronchiectasis being a chronic condition, most people can control their symptoms with treatment and are able to live active, independent lives. A small number of people may develop severe symptoms or get worse quickly. These people may need more intense treatment and monitoring.

• #1

  https://www.rethinkbronchiectasis.com/disease-overview/

  Bronchiectasis initially presents with chronic cough and sputum production in addition to recurrent exacerbations. These nonspecific symptoms mimic more common conditions such as COPD or asthma, which experts believe often delays diagnosis or leads to misdiagnoses. […] Common symptoms associated with bronchiectasis include chronic cough, dyspnea, daily sputum production, fatigue, recurrent infections, and hemoptysis. […] Exacerbations play a critical role in bronchiectasis disease progression, with serious consequences for patients. Patients with bronchiectasis often suffer from periods of worsening symptoms, or exacerbations, which contribute to the burden of disease and can affect patients quality of life. […] Exacerbations are important for a lot of reasons. One is because patients feel poorly when they have them, and we would therefore like to try and prevent them, or treat them rapidly when they occur. So, we believe that exacerbations are part of what drives the ongoing inflammation and progression of bronchiectasis.

• #1 Identifying an exacerbation – Bronchiectasis

  https://bronchiectasis.com.au/bronchiectasis/management/identifying-an-exacerbation

  A deterioration in three or more of the following key symptoms for at least 48 hours: cough […] sputum volume and / or consistency […] sputum purulence […] breathlessness and / or exercise tolerance […] fatigue and / or malaise […] haemoptysis […] AND a clinician determines that a change in bronchiectasis treatment is required. […] An exacerbation is classified as severe in the presence of: tachypnea […] acute respiratory failure […] exacerbated chronic respiratory failure […] a significant decline in SaO2 or respiratory function or hypercapnia […] fever of more than 38C […] haemoptysis. […] An exacerbation is classified as very severe in the presence of: hemodynamic instability […] altered mental status […] need of intensive or intermediate care unit admission.

• #1 Bronchiectasis Symptoms and Signs – Bronchiectasis News Today

  https://bronchiectasisnewstoday.com/bronchiectasis-symptoms-and-signs/

  As the condition develops, or an infection sets in, people usually feel very tired and blood may be present in the sputum. […] Signs of an infection include a more severe cough, with more mucus that is greener in color than usual and often with an unpleasant smell. People may also feel more tired and feverish, cough up blood, and experience sharp chest pain that worsens while breathing. […] If lung infections are not treated on time and become severe, they may require hospitalization.

• #1 Bronchiectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21144-bronchiectasis

  Your outlook will depend on how severe your condition is, how well you respond to treatment and what other health conditions you have. You may need to practice physical therapies or take medications daily. More severe cases may impact your quality of life. […] With proper treatment, most people with bronchiectasis can expect to live as long as someone without it. A history of smoking and low lung function can lower your life expectancy.

• #1 About bronchiectasis – Patient Priorities

  https://www.europeanlunginfo.org/bronchiectasis/about-bronchiectasis/

  When bronchiectasis symptoms start to interfere with daily activities, this is a sign that your bronchiectasis is more severe. Bronchiectasis is a complicated condition and there is not one single test or sign that will tell you whether your condition is mild, moderate or severe. […] Factors known to be linked with more problems are: Breathlessness: If you are unable to walk 100 metres without stopping, this is a sign of more severe bronchiectasis. […] Chest infections: having three or more chest infections in a year. […] Regularly growing bacteria on mucus (sputum) samples: this suggests your lungs have some regular infection within them which can be a sign that the condition is more severe, particularly if a bug called Pseudomonas is regularly found. […] CT scan: your doctor will check your CT (computed tomography) scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of parts of your body. If the bronchiectasis affects both lungs, or several parts of the lung, it may be worse than if it only affects a small part of the lung.

• #1 About bronchiectasis – Patient Priorities

  https://www.europeanlunginfo.org/bronchiectasis/about-bronchiectasis/

  Hospital admissions: if you have been admitted to hospital with bad chest infections, or because you needed injection antibiotics, it is likely that your bronchiectasis is more severe. […] Weight: if having bronchiectasis causes you to lose weight so that you become underweight, this suggests it is more severe. […] Lung function tests: your doctor may ask you to do some breathing tests (called spirometry) to find out your lung capacity. This shows how well you can breathe by measuring the amount of air in your lungs and how fast you can breathe out. Lower lung capacity suggests your bronchiectasis is more severe. […] Age: has an important impact on symptoms and severity of bronchiectasis, because the lungs naturally get smaller as you get older, and the immune system becomes less effective. […] For patients with severe/uncontrolled bronchiectasis or with additional risk factors the importance of good control is very important as there may be an impact on life expectancy.

• #1 Bronchiectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296961-overview

  Bronchiectasis associated with CF carries a worse prognosis […] In general, patients do well if they are compliant with all treatment regimens and practice routine preventive medicine strategies […] Common complications include recurrent pneumonia requiring hospitalization, empyema, lung abscess, progressive respiratory failure, and cor pulmonale […] Additional complications include chronic bronchial infection, and pneumothorax […] Life-threatening hemoptysis may occur but is uncommon

• #1 Bronchiectasis A guide for primary care

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/november/bronchiectasis

  Delay in the diagnosis, investigation and management of bronchiectasis in both children and adults is common, and this delay has been shown to be associated with more rapid progression of disease. […] Delay in the diagnosis, investigation and management of bronchiectasis is common and this delay has been shown to be associated with more rapid progression of disease. […] The principles of ongoing management of bronchiectasis are based on the monitoring of severity, reducing progression and complications, early treatment of acute exacerbations, minimising disability, considering transplantation in appropriate patients, managing comorbidities and early utilisation of palliative care services when necessary. […] Bronchiectasis is often a progressive condition where minor changes can potentially be a harbinger of the development of later more extensive disease.

• #1 Bronchiectasis 101: 5 Essential Facts You Need to Know | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/about/blog/5-things-to-know-about-bronchiectasis

  Diagnosing bronchiectasis early can be key: The sooner you start treatment, the sooner you can begin to improve your symptoms and help prevent more lung damage. […] Without proper treatment, bronchiectasis can do more than just decrease a persons quality of life it can sometimes lead to other issues, such as respiratory failure. […] Although bronchiectasis is a chronic condition which means it doesnt go away there are things you can do to improve your quality of life and help prevent flare-ups.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/

  Bronchiectasis is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection. […] The most common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: a persistent cough that usually brings up phlegm (sputum) and shortness of breath. […] The severity of symptoms can vary widely. Some people have only a few symptoms that do not appear often, while others have wide-ranging daily symptoms. […] The symptoms tend to get worse if you develop an infection in your lungs. […] Over time, this cycle can cause gradually worsening damage to the lungs. […] The damage caused to the lungs by bronchiectasis is permanent, but treatment can help relieve symptoms and stop the damage getting worse. […] For people with very severe symptoms, however, bronchiectasis can be fatal if the lungs stop working properly.

• #2 Bronchiectasis – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/bronchiectasis/symptoms

  The early airway damage that leads to bronchiectasis often begins in childhood. However, symptoms may not appear until months or even years after repeated lung infections. […] Repeated lung infections create a cycle of lung damage and flare-ups. These infections lead to inflammation and mucus buildup in the lungs. Although treatments can help clear the mucus, the inflammation creates new lung damage that makes a later infection more likely. The later infection then starts the cycle again. Healthcare providers often use the term exacerbation to describe these flare-ups from infection. Your provider may diagnose an exacerbation if you have been experiencing certain symptoms for at least 48 hours. […] The most common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: A daily cough that occurs over at least 8 weeks, Daily production of large amounts of sputum (a mix of saliva and fluid from the lungs) that is coughed up and may have mucus, trapped particles, and pus, Shortness of breath and wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe) that gets worse during flare-ups, Chest pain, Fevers and/or chills when accompanied by chronic inflammation and infection, Fatigue, Clubbing (thickened skin under your fingernails and toenails that causes the nails to curve downward). […] Over time, you may develop more serious symptoms. You may cough up blood or bloody mucus and feel very tired. Children may lose weight or grow more slowly.

• #2 Bronchiectasis

  https://www.svhlunghealth.com.au/conditions/bronchiectasis

  The most common symptom of bronchiectasis is a chronic cough that produces mucus (sputum). The cough may increase over time and be with or without a wheeze. […] Other common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: Chronic sinus infection, Fatigue, Sinusitis (inflammation of the nasal and sinus passages). […] Less common symptoms include: Chest pain, Coughing up blood, Shortness of breath, Weight loss. […] In many people, symptoms will get worse during certain time periods. These periods tend to be caused by illnesses like a head cold. In some cases, there is no clear reason why symptoms get worse. […] Despite bronchiectasis being a chronic condition, most people can control their symptoms with treatment and are able to live active, independent lives. A small number of people may develop severe symptoms or get worse quickly. These people may need more intense treatment and monitoring.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Causes, Management, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/complete-guide-to-bronchiectasis-914656

  Symptoms of bronchiectasis may not be apparent until months or even years after the changes in your lungs have begun. […] Eventually, as bronchiectasis worsens, you may feel the effects more frequentlyoften on a daily basiswithout any obvious triggers. […] Common symptoms of bronchiectasis can include: Chronic cough that gets worse when lying down, Thick, foul-smelling mucus when you cough, Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Exercise intolerance, dyspnea with physical exertion, Wheezing, Recurrent lung infections, Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), Clubbing of the fingers. […] Over time, the effects of bronchiectasis can impact your quality of life and limit your overall ability to walk or get around without becoming severely short of breath. Weight loss, fatigue, weakness, and pain when breathing can occur.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/symptoms/

  The most common symptom of bronchiectasis is a persistent cough that brings up a large amount of phlegm on a daily basis. […] Other symptoms may include: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing up blood or bloodstained phlegm, chest pain, joint pain, clubbing of the fingertips the tissue beneath the nail thickens and the fingertips become rounded and bulbous. […] If you develop a lung infection, your symptoms usually get worse within a few days. This is known as an infective exacerbation. […] It can cause: coughing up even more phlegm, which may be more green than usual or smell unpleasant, worsening shortness of breath. […] Some people with bronchiectasis develop a severe lung infection that may need to be treated in hospital. […] Signs and symptoms of a serious lung infection include: a blueish tinge to the skin or lips (cyanosis), confusion, a high temperature, rapid breathing (more than 25 breaths a minute), severe chest pain that makes it too painful to cough and clear your lungs.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/bronchiectasis-leaflet

  Bronchiectasis is a problem with the lungs, where you cough up lots of phlegm, (sputum): far more than usual. It generally affects older people. The symptoms are caused by there being too much mucus inside the lungs: A wet cough every day, despite taking antibiotics. Coughing up lots of sputum (also called phlegm or mucus). Feeling slightly breathless or unable to do as much exercise as you used to. Frequent chest infections, particularly with a bug called Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The condition becomes worse in some cases and breathing problems may develop. In a small number of cases the condition becomes gradually worse over time as more and more of the airways become affected.

• #2 Symptoms – Lung Foundation Australia

  https://lungfoundation.com.au/patients-carers/conditions/bronchiectasis/symptoms/

  The signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis may not be noticeable until much later in life. The most common symptoms include: Long-term cough (often described as wet) […] Increased mucus production […] Feeling tired […] Shortness of breath […] Chest pain […] Coughing up blood […] The symptoms of an exacerbation include the deterioration of three or more symptoms including cough, sputum volume and/or consistency, sputum colour or presence of blood, breathlessness or fatigue. A history of severe exacerbations seems to be the strongest predictor for exacerbations in bronchiectasis.

• #2 Bronchiectasis – Institute for Respiratory Health

  https://www.resphealth.org.au/health-information/bronchiectasis/

  The most common symptom is an ongoing cough with sputum (mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from your airways). […] Other symptoms may include: Anxiety or depression, Breathlessness: having difficulty breathing or feeling short of breath, Chest pain, Fatigue, Problems with your sinuses.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bronchiectasis

  Symptoms of bronchiectasis can take months or even years to develop. Some typical symptoms include: chronic daily cough, coughing up blood, atypical sounds or wheezing in your chest with breathing, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up large amounts of thick mucus every day, weight loss, fatigue, change in the structure of your fingernails and toenails, known as clubbing, frequent respiratory infections. […] If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, you should contact a doctor immediately for diagnosis and treatment. […] The outlook for people with bronchiectasis depends on the severity of the condition and what is causing it. Bronchiectasis affects 350,000 to 500,000 people in the U.S. While severe bronchiectasis can be fatal, individuals with the non-CF type generally have a good outlook with treatment. Early diagnosis is important so that treatment can begin and additional lung damage can be prevented.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abo3259

  Symptoms are different for everyone. But common symptoms include: […] A cough that brings up mucus. […] Shortness of breath. […] Chest pain that is sudden and stabbing. It may get worse when you breathe in. The pain may spread to the shoulder or the belly. […] Clubbing. The ends of the fingers and toes swell and the nails bulge outward. The nails wrap around the fingers or toes and look raised, curved, and shiny. […] Each time you get an infection, your airways are damaged more. This can make it harder to breathe. […] If the bronchiectasis is severe, you may need oxygen therapy or surgery.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21144-bronchiectasis

  Coughing a lot with pus and mucus is the main symptom of bronchiectasis. […] Symptoms of bronchiectasis include: Cough with lots of mucus and pus. Repeated colds. Bad-smelling mucus. Shortness of breath (dyspnea). Wheezing. Coughing up blood (hemoptysis). Swollen fingertips with curved nails (nail clubbing). […] You might have stretches of time where your symptoms arent as bad and then have a flare-up (exacerbation) where your symptoms get worse. Exacerbation symptoms include: Extreme tiredness (fatigue). Fever, chills. Increased shortness of breath. Night sweats. […] Bronchiectasis can be mild or severe depending on how much damage you have in your lungs. […] Most people with bronchiectasis live a normal life span by manage their symptoms with a providers advice and medication. […] Bronchiectasis cant be cured the damage it causes is irreversible. But most people can manage the symptoms of bronchiectasis with strategies recommended by their healthcare provider.

• #2 Pediatric Bronchiectasis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/bronchiectasis/

  Bronchiectasis is a condition in which the small airways of the lungs become large and dilated. […] The abnormally large airways then collect secretions (mucus, phlegm, pus) that contribute to a chronic wet cough. […] When the cycle worsens, people experience increased coughing, known as an exacerbation. […] Bronchiectasis signs and symptoms can include: Daily wet cough, Wet cough that may be worse at certain times (during exacerbation), Increased mucus production, Poor growth or weight loss, Chest pain, Coughing up blood, Trouble with exercise. […] Bronchiectasis is diagnosed when the airways of the lungs are abnormally large. […] One goal for doing a CT scan is to identify airway injury when it is subtle and reversible, before it progresses to bronchiectasis. […] Treating the cause of airway injury is the best way to prevent bronchiectasis from developing or getting worse. […] Some forms of bronchiectasis continue to worsen over time. Some forms of bronchiectasis are more localized and may not progress over time.

• #2 Bronchiectasis Symptoms | Do I have Bronchiectasis?

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/bronchiectasis/overview/symptoms

  Bronchiectasis symptoms may include a cough. The cough may be productive of mucus. With infections the mucus may be discolored, foul-smelling and may contain blood (hemoptysis). The cough may also be nonproductive of mucus. The mucus may be in the airways of the lungs, but it may be hard to cough up the mucus. […] Other common symptoms of bronchiectasis may include shortness of breath, wheezing, weight loss, and fatigue. Some people with bronchiectasis also have chronic sinusitis. This requires further evaluation since bronchiectasis and sinusitis may be due to the same underlying disease. Your health care provider will evaluate all your symptoms as part of managing your bronchiectasis. […] If left untreated, symptoms of bronchiectasis may progress causing further damage to the airways in the lungs. Further symptoms may include increasing shortness of breath, worsening quality of life and even heart failure.

• #2 Identifying an exacerbation – Bronchiectasis

  https://bronchiectasis.com.au/bronchiectasis/management/identifying-an-exacerbation

  During an exacerbation, there is often a proliferation of bacterial pathogens and increased airway and systemic inflammation. […] An acute bacterial infection is often preceded by an increase in sputum volume and sputum purulence. […] There may also be additional symptoms including malaise, dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain and/or haemoptysis. […] Antibiotics for exacerbations of bronchiectasis have been shown to reduce sputum volume, sputum purulence, bacterial load, CRP, markers of sputum inflammation and improve symptoms. […] The appropriate duration of therapy is not well defined, but for most exacerbations a 7 14 day course of antibiotics is appropriate. […] If Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified, most clinicians would recommend a 14 day course of treatment. […] Other indications for hospitalisation include the presence of respiratory failure with a respiratory rate /= 25/min, hypotension, fever 38C, hypoxic respiratory failure with SpO2 /= 92% or failure to improve after a course of oral antibiotics.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296961-overview

  Clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis are as follows: […] Cough and daily mucopurulent sputum production, often lasting months to years (classic) […] Blood-streaked sputum or hemoptysis from airway damage associated with acute infection […] Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, wheezing, fever, weakness, fatigue, and weight loss […] Rarely, episodic hemoptysis with little to no sputum production (ie, dry bronchiectasis) […] Exacerbations of bronchiectasis from acute bacterial infections may produce the following signs: […] Increased sputum production over baseline […] Increased viscidity of sputum […] A foul odor of the sputum (occasional) […] Low-grade fever (rare) […] Increased constitutional symptoms (ie, fatigue, malaise) […] Increased dyspnea, shortness of breath, wheezing, or pleuritic pain

• #2 Bronchiectasis Exacerbations: Are We Doing Everything We Can? – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/symposium/bronchiectasis-exacerbations-are-we-doing-everything-we-can-j160124/

  Exacerbations in bronchiectasis are important clinical entities to identify, and while precise definitions may vary slightly according to different guidelines, common to all are a number of signs and symptoms, including increased cough and sputum purulence, volume, and/or consistency; decreased lung function; exercise intolerance and/or worsening dyspnoea; increased fatigue and/or feelings of malaise; new or increased haemoptysis; and a change required in current treatment. […] In the study utilising EMBARC data, patients had a median of two exacerbations per year, with approximately 40% having at least three per year and over a quarter (26.4%) being hospitalised during an exacerbation in the year prior to the study. […] The highest risk for bronchiectasis exacerbations, as shown in a study including 2,572 patients in Europe, is the number of previous exacerbations.

• #2 Bronchiectasis Symptoms and Signs – Bronchiectasis News Today

  https://bronchiectasisnewstoday.com/bronchiectasis-symptoms-and-signs/

  As the condition develops, or an infection sets in, people usually feel very tired and blood may be present in the sputum. […] Signs of an infection include a more severe cough, with more mucus that is greener in color than usual and often with an unpleasant smell. People may also feel more tired and feverish, cough up blood, and experience sharp chest pain that worsens while breathing. […] If lung infections are not treated on time and become severe, they may require hospitalization.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/what-is-bronchiectasis

  Coughing and shortness of breath are common symptoms of bronchiectasis. Others include: […] At some point, you’ll have to deal with an exacerbation, when your condition gets worse. You may have: […] Bronchiectasis is a long-term (or chronic) disease that gets worse over time. There’s no cure, but you can live with it for a long time. […] It’s important to talk with your doctor, who may prescribe medicines or other treatments that can open your airways. […] Bronchiectasis is serious. But you can manage it if you listen to your body — and your doctor.

• #2 Bronchiectasis – European Lung Foundation

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/bronchiectasis/

  Exacerbations or worsening of symptoms for periods of time you might easily catch infections that more quickly affect your chest. Other symptoms may get worse during an exacerbation. […] Your bronchiectasis will be considered to be more severe when symptoms start to affect daily activities. […] Factors linked with more severe bronchiectasis include: […] Breathlessness: being unable to walk 100 metres without stopping. […] Exacerbations: having three or more in a year. […] Regularly growing bacteria on mucus (sputum) samples: this suggests your lungs have some regular infection, particularly if a bug called Pseudomonas is regularly found. […] If both lungs or several parts of the lung are shown to be affected on a CT scan, rather than a small part of the lung. […] Hospital admissions: if you have had to go to hospital with a bad chest or because you needed antibiotic injections.

• #2 Bronchiectasis | Diagnosis & Disease Information – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/bronchiectasis/

  A study that evaluated the cause of death in 18,134 patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis found that compared to the control group, those with bronchiectasis had a higher risk of all-cause, respiratory, and lung cancer-related mortality; the risk was highest in patients who smoked. […] Approximately 64% to 79% of patients with bronchiectasis have evidence of persistent bacterial infection, even when they are clinically stable. […] In patients with bronchiectasis, infection with P aeruginosa is strongly correlated with an increased rate of decline in lung function and poorer health-related quality of life. […] Advanced age (older than 60 years), smoking, female sex, and low body mass index are associated with an increased risk for bronchiectasis.

• #2 Bronchiectasis – European Lung Foundation

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/bronchiectasis/

  Weight loss: if having bronchiectasis causes you to become underweight. […] Lung function tests: having lower lung capacity. […] Getting older: can impact on symptoms and severity of bronchiectasis. […] For patients with mild/well controlled bronchiectasis there should be no difference in life expectancy than the population as a whole. For patients with severe/uncontrolled bronchiectasis or with additional risk factors the importance of good control is very important as there may be an impact on life expectancy.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Symptoms, causes, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185768

  Bronchiectasis happens when irreversible damage affects the bronchi, which are part of the respiratory system. A person will have a persistent cough and frequent infections, and they will have difficulty removing sputum. […] The most common symptoms include: a persistent, daily cough, production of sputum, chest pain or discomfort, wheezing and shortness of breath, thickening of the skin under the fingernails and toenails, and nails that may curve downward, tiredness and fatigue. […] The person may also have repeated chest infections. Doctors consider these an exacerbation. Each infection can cause the long-term symptoms to worsen. […] Patients with severe bronchiectasis may eventually develop more serious conditions, such as a collapsed lung and respiratory failure. Low oxygen levels can lead to heart failure.

• #2 Bronchiectasis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bronchiectasis.html

  Damage to the airways often starts in childhood. You may not have symptoms until months or years of repeated infections. Common signs include: Persistent cough (may become bloody) […] Some people have few or no symptoms. Others have daily symptoms that get worse over time. […] Over time, these repeated infections can permanently damage the walls of the airways. The airways widen. They become scarred and thickened. Over time, they may not be able to transfer oxygen in the air from the lungs to the body. […] Bronchiectasis is often treated with medicine. You may also need physical therapy. You should stay hydrated, too. Drinking enough water can help prevent the mucus from thickening, which can make it hard to cough up. […] Your treatment plan will depend on the severity of your symptoms, your other health conditions, and other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop the condition from getting worse. […] Over time, it can cause serious health problems in some people. These include heart or respiratory failure.

• #2 Bronchiectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/bronchiectasis

  As the disease progresses, chronic inflammation and hypoxemia can cause neovascularization of the bronchial (not the pulmonary) arteries. Bronchial artery walls rupture easily, leading to hemoptysis, which can be massive and life threatening. Other vascular complications include pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction, arteritis, and sometimes shunting from bronchial to pulmonary vessels. Right heart failure and respiratory failure may occur in severe cases. […] Colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms can lead to chronic, low grade airway inflammation. This inflammation can become irreversible, causing recurrent exacerbations and worsening airflow limitation on pulmonary function tests. […] Prognosis varies widely. In the United States, the overall all-cause mortality rate at 5 years for patients with any kind of bronchiectasis was 12.1%, indicating a generally favorable prognosis. Mean yearly decrease in FEV1 is about 50 to 55 mL (normal decrease in healthy people is about 20 to 30 mL). […] Patients with CF historically have had the poorest prognosis, with a median survival of 36 years. However, the advent of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) modulator therapy has resulted in meaningful improvements in outcomes, even in patients with advanced lung disease.

• #2

  https://www.rethinkbronchiectasis.com/disease-overview/

  Bronchiectasis initially presents with chronic cough and sputum production in addition to recurrent exacerbations. These nonspecific symptoms mimic more common conditions such as COPD or asthma, which experts believe often delays diagnosis or leads to misdiagnoses. […] Common symptoms associated with bronchiectasis include chronic cough, dyspnea, daily sputum production, fatigue, recurrent infections, and hemoptysis. […] Exacerbations play a critical role in bronchiectasis disease progression, with serious consequences for patients. Patients with bronchiectasis often suffer from periods of worsening symptoms, or exacerbations, which contribute to the burden of disease and can affect patients quality of life. […] Exacerbations are important for a lot of reasons. One is because patients feel poorly when they have them, and we would therefore like to try and prevent them, or treat them rapidly when they occur. So, we believe that exacerbations are part of what drives the ongoing inflammation and progression of bronchiectasis.

• #2 Bronchiectasis: Symptoms, causes, and risk factors

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/185768

  There is no cure for bronchiectasis, but early and effective treatment can help to: reduce complications, prevent infections and exacerbations, control secretions, relieve obstructions in the airway, improve quality of life, stop the disease from progressing. […] People with an underlying condition may receive treatment for that condition, and this may reduce the symptoms and progression of bronchiectasis. […] The outlook depends on several factors but mainly on how well treatment can manage or prevent infections and possible complications. […] The important thing is to seek treatment as soon as symptoms appear and whenever they worsen.

• #2 Bronchiectasis 101: 5 Essential Facts You Need to Know | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/about/blog/5-things-to-know-about-bronchiectasis

  Diagnosing bronchiectasis early can be key: The sooner you start treatment, the sooner you can begin to improve your symptoms and help prevent more lung damage. […] Without proper treatment, bronchiectasis can do more than just decrease a persons quality of life it can sometimes lead to other issues, such as respiratory failure. […] Although bronchiectasis is a chronic condition which means it doesnt go away there are things you can do to improve your quality of life and help prevent flare-ups.

Zobacz więcej