Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  The etiology of inguinal hernias remains uncertain even though the lifetime risk of developing an inguinal hernia is 27% for men and 3% for women. […] Lateral and medial hernias seem to have common as well as different etiologies. A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative mechanical exposure are risk factors for lateral hernias. Patients with medial hernias seem to have a more profoundly altered connective tissue architecture and homeostasis compared with patients with lateral hernias. […] Inguinal hernias have a hereditary component with a complex inheritance pattern, and inguinal hernia susceptible genes have been identified that also are involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] The etiology of lateral and medial hernias are at least partly different, but the final explanations are still lacking on certain areas.

• #2 Inguinal Hernia – Signs and Symptoms, Types, Causes, Risk Factors PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/inguinal-hernia-symptoms-causes-and-risk-factors

  Inguinal hernias occur frequently. According to researchers, around 27% of males and 3% of women will get an inguinal hernia at some point in their lives. […] The etiology of inguinal or groin hernias is as follows: A hole or weak area that exists from birth. Persistent coughing or sneezing. Long-term straining to urinate or defecate. Regular hard physical activities or heavy manual labour. Congenital variations in the collagen strength of the connective tissue. A gap or weak region left over from prior abdominal surgery. Multiple pregnancies and childbearing years. Jobs where standing is required for longer periods. Obesity, which may cause intra-abdominal pressure. Tissue deterioration on ageing.

• #3 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #4 Inguinal hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547

  Inguinal hernias occur when part of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (omentum) or intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdomen often along the inguinal canal, which carries the spermatic cord in men. […] Some inguinal hernias have no apparent cause. Others might occur as a result of: Increased pressure within the abdomen, A preexisting weak spot in the abdominal wall, Straining during bowel movements or urination, Strenuous activity, Pregnancy, Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs prior to birth when a weakness in the abdominal wall muscle doesn’t close properly. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking.

• #5 Inguinal Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/i/inguinal-hernia

  A hernia that occurs in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia. […] A similar process occurs in girls as the round ligament of the uterus descends into the groin at the labia. This sac is known as the processus vaginalis and normally closes shortly after birth. This eliminates any connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum or groin. When closure of the processus vaginalis is delayed or incomplete, it may stretch and eventually become a hernia. The stretching of the processus vaginalis creates an inguinal sac, allowing organs to extend from the abdomen and enter the sac. […] Approximately 80 percent to 90 percent of inguinal hernias appear in boys. They are more common on the right side, but in about 10 percent of cases, they occur on both sides (bilaterally). […] In just over 10 percent of cases, other members of the family may have had a hernia at birth or in infancy. […] In premature infants, the occurrence of inguinal hernia is increased by up to 30 percent.

• #6 About Hernias | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/hernia.html

  Inguinal hernias are the most common kind of hernia and account for two-thirds of hernias overall. The majority of these hernias are found in males – which accounts for its reputation as a male condition. Men are 25 times more likely to have a groin hernia than women. […] The area where inguinal hernias occur is the opening through which the testicles descend during fetal development. It usually closes up before birth except for a small space allowing the spermatic cord to pass to the scrotum. If it doesn’t close properly, it can leave a natural weakness that can bulge or tear later on.

• #7 Inguinal hernia | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia is when part of your intestines push into your groin through a weak spot in your lower abdomen muscles. […] The weak spot in your abdominal muscles may have existed from birth or developed over time. […] There are two main types of inguinal hernias, each with different causes. […] Indirect inguinal hernias these usually involve a gap in the lower abdominal muscles that has existed from birth. If this gap doesn’t close before birth as it should, your bowel may push through the opening. This type of hernia is usually diagnosed at birth or within the first year of life. Sometimes it may be diagnosed later in life. […] Indirect inguinal hernias are more common in premature babies. […] Direct inguinal hernias these usually involve a weakening of the abdominal muscles over time. Excessive straining with bowel movements or frequent coughing can increase your chance of developing a direct inguinal hernia.

• #8

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia is caused by a weak area that develops in the babys abdominal muscles. It usually becomes pronounced in the first few months after birth. […] While this type of hernia can occur on both sides of a babys groin, its typically located on the right side.

• #9 Inguinal Hernia: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16266-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when there’s a weakness or opening in your lower abdominal wall that allows abdominal tissue to push through. Many things can contribute to this, including: […] An opening or weak spot that’s present at birth. […] Congenital differences in the strength of your connective tissue (collagen). […] An opening or weak spot from previous abdominal surgery. […] Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] Chronic straining to pee or poop. […] Frequent strenuous exercise or manual labor. […] Years of pregnancy and carrying small children. […] Jobs that require standing for many hours at a time. […] Intrabdominal pressure from chronic obesity. […] Normal age-related tissue degeneration.

• #10 Inguinal hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_hernia

  Risk factors for the development of a hernia include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy, among others. […] Predisposition to hernias is genetic and they occur more often in certain families. […] Deleterious mutations causing predisposition to hernias seem to have dominant inheritance (especially for men). […] It is unclear if inguinal hernias are associated with heavy lifting. […] Additional risk factors include chronic constipation, being overweight or obese, chronic cough, family history and prior episodes of direct inguinal hernias.

• #11 Inguinal Hernias – Hernia Surgery

  https://hernia.wustl.edu/for-patients/types-of-hernia/inguinal-hernias/

  An inguinal hernia happens when the contents of the abdomen bulge through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall near the groin. […] Inguinal hernias are a common medical problem. Some people are more likely to have an inguinal hernia than others. […] Adult males are far more likely to have inguinal hernias than female adults. […] People who have had their prostate removed (called prostatectomy) are more likely to have inguinal hernias. Family history of inguinal hernias and certain connective tissue disorders are also common risk factors. […] Indirect inguinal hernias are caused by a congenital defect in the abdominal wall. […] Direct inguinal hernias are caused by weak spots in the inguinal canal that were not present at birth. […] Causes of direct inguinal hernias can include: Connective tissue disorders or weak connective tissue, Certain genes that increase inguinal hernia risk, Straining or pressure inside the abdomen, Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Heavy lifting, standing or walking for several hours, Other repeated activities that increase pressure inside the abdomen.

• #12 Risk Factors And Causes For Inguinal Hernia: Surgical Consultants of Northern Virginia: General Surgeries

  https://www.scnv.com/blog/risk-factors-and-causes-for-inguinal-hernia

  A Inguinal hernia occurs when part of the intestines pushes through a weakened spot in the abdomen near the right or left inguinal canal. […] An Indirect Inguinal hernia is caused by a weakness in the abdominal wall from birth. 2-3% of male children are born with this defect. […] Direct Inguinal hernias occur in adult and older males, and are believed to be caused by weakened abdominal muscles. […] There are numerous situations which trigger an inguinal hernia. They include the following: Being born prematurely, Having a job which involves heavy lifting, Being pregnant which puts pressure on the abdomen, Having a chronic cough, Constipation where consistent straining occurs during bowel movements, Persistent sneezing, Obesity. […] If an Inguinal hernia runs in your family you are at a higher risk to get one. According to the NIH, A family history of hernia was the most determinant factor for developing Inguinal hernia in adult males. In fact you become 8 times more likely with a family history. […] As a male gets older he is more likely to develop an Inguinal hernia. […] Smoking can also predispose you to an Inguinal hernia due to the persistent coughing. […] Strenuous exertion increases your risk. If you have a hernia on one side, you are more likely to develop another on the other side.

• #13 Inguinal hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547

  Inguinal hernias occur when part of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (omentum) or intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdomen often along the inguinal canal, which carries the spermatic cord in men. […] Some inguinal hernias have no apparent cause. Others might occur as a result of: Increased pressure within the abdomen, A preexisting weak spot in the abdominal wall, Straining during bowel movements or urination, Strenuous activity, Pregnancy, Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs prior to birth when a weakness in the abdominal wall muscle doesn’t close properly. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking.

• #14 Inguinal hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547

  Weaknesses can also occur in the abdominal wall later in life, especially after an injury or abdominal surgery. […] In men, the weak spot usually occurs in the inguinal canal, where the spermatic cord enters the scrotum. In women, the inguinal canal carries a ligament that helps hold the uterus in place, and hernias sometimes occur where connective tissue from the uterus attaches to tissue surrounding the pubic bone.

• #15 Inguinal Hernia: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16266-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when there’s a weakness or opening in your lower abdominal wall that allows abdominal tissue to push through. Many things can contribute to this, including: […] An opening or weak spot that’s present at birth. […] Congenital differences in the strength of your connective tissue (collagen). […] An opening or weak spot from previous abdominal surgery. […] Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] Chronic straining to pee or poop. […] Frequent strenuous exercise or manual labor. […] Years of pregnancy and carrying small children. […] Jobs that require standing for many hours at a time. […] Intrabdominal pressure from chronic obesity. […] Normal age-related tissue degeneration.

• #16 Are you at risk for an inguinal hernia? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/are-you-at-risk-for-an-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the lower abdominal muscles—typically in the groin. The resulting bulge can be painful, and if the inguinal hernia doesn’t improve on its own, it can lead to life-threatening complications. […] In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs at birth. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking. […] These risk factors contribute to the development of an inguinal hernia: Being male Men are eight times more likely to develop an inguinal hernia than women. Being older Muscles weaken as you age. Family history You have a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, who has the condition. Chronic constipation Constipation causes straining during bowel movements. Premature birth and low birth weight. Previous inguinal hernia or hernia repair Even if your previous hernia occurred in childhood, you’re at higher risk of developing another inguinal hernia.

• #17 Understanding inguinal hernias | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-inguinal-hernias

  Inguinal hernias occur when tissue, such as part of your intestine, pushes through a weak spot in your abdominal wall. The exact causes of this can vary. Here’s a more detailed look at what can lead to an inguinal hernia: […] Increased Pressure in the Abdomen Any condition or activity that increases pressure in the abdominal cavity can lead to an inguinal hernia. This could be due to lifting heavy objects, straining during bowel movements (such as with constipation), straining to urinate, chronic coughing or sneezing, or being overweight or obese. […] Weakness in the Abdominal Wall Certain people are born with a weakened abdominal wall or experience weakening of the wall over time. This weakening can be due to ageing, an injury, a surgical incision, or conditions that may affect collagen synthesis and cause connective tissue disorders. The weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall allows for the abdominal contents to protrude, forming a hernia.

• #18 Inguinal Hernia – Signs and Symptoms, Types, Causes, Risk Factors PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/inguinal-hernia-symptoms-causes-and-risk-factors

  Inguinal hernias occur frequently. According to researchers, around 27% of males and 3% of women will get an inguinal hernia at some point in their lives. […] The etiology of inguinal or groin hernias is as follows: A hole or weak area that exists from birth. Persistent coughing or sneezing. Long-term straining to urinate or defecate. Regular hard physical activities or heavy manual labour. Congenital variations in the collagen strength of the connective tissue. A gap or weak region left over from prior abdominal surgery. Multiple pregnancies and childbearing years. Jobs where standing is required for longer periods. Obesity, which may cause intra-abdominal pressure. Tissue deterioration on ageing.

• #19 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia

  Hernias are caused by a combination of muscle weakness and strain. […] Some common causes of muscle weakness or strain that can lead to a hernia include: a congenital condition, which occurs during development in the womb and is present from birth; aging; damage from an injury or surgery; strenuous exercise or lifting heavy weights; chronic coughing or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD); pregnancy, especially having multiple pregnancies; constipation, which causes you to strain when having a bowel movement; being overweight or having obesity; ascites. […] There are also certain risk factors that make you more likely to develop a hernia. They include: being born prematurely or having a low birth weight; being older; chronic cough (likely due to the repetitive increase in abdominal pressure); cystic fibrosis; pregnancy; chronic constipation; being overweight or having obesity; smoking, which leads to the weakening of connective tissue; a personal or family history of hernias.

• #20 Inguinal Hernias: Health Issue for Athletic Men | Bangkok Hospital Headquarter

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/hernia-into-the-scrotum

  Hernias occur when an organ especially small intestine protrudes through a weakened spot or tear in the abdominal wall. […] Inguinal hernia is commonly caused by a combination of muscle weakness and increased abdominal pressure. […] In men aged over 60, inguinal hernia is typically caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to the enlargement of prostate gland causes the strain during urination and increases an abdominal pressure. […] Other contributing factors include smoking and chronic constipation which causes abdominal strain during defecation. […] Risk factors of hernias might include lifting heavy weights, strenuous activities, chronic cough and chronic constipation or strain during bowel movement or urination. […] Advanced age, being obese and smoking are also contributing factors to develop hernias.

• #21 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  You may be more likely to acquire a hernia if you have: A job that involves heavy lifting or many hours of standing. A chronic cough or allergies that cause chronic sneezing. Chronic constipation and straining to poop or pee. A history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. Pregnancy, especially repeat pregnancies. Chronic obesity (a body mass index, or BMI, greater than 30). […] In most cases, complications begin when a hernia gets stuck and can’t move back in (incarceration). An incarcerated hernia can become increasingly painful and serious. If it’s your bowel that’s stuck, your bowel may develop an obstruction that makes it unable to pass food or gas. If incarcerated tissue doesn’t have access to blood supply (strangulation), it can lead to tissue death (necrosis or gangrene). […] A small hernia may never bother you much. But hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. The more tissue pushes through, the more likely it is to become incarcerated, leading to pain and other complications.

• #22 Inguinal Hernia: Causes & Treatments

  https://www.lanermc.org/community/lane-health-blog/inguinal-hernia-causes-treatments

  Hernias in the abdominal wall are a common condition among American adults which can cause mild to moderate pain and discomfort. However, the most common by far is the inguinal, or groin, hernia which accounts for 75 percent of all cases. An inguinal hernia occurs when a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall muscles allow a pocket of fat or intestine to bulge through in the groin area. These can either be indirect (the result of a birth defect) or direct (due to a weakness in the abdominal muscles). Direct inguinal hernias are more common and most often occur in adult men. Heavy lifting is the most common cause of inguinal hernias. Factors that may also contribute to the development of a hernia include: Age (over 40) […] Sex (about 27% of adult men develop hernias, compared to about 3% of adult women) […] History of hernias […] Abdominal injuries or surgery […] Pregnancy […] Collagen vascular disease […] Congenital defect.

• #23 4 Unexpected Causes of Hernias | The Surgery Group

  https://thesurgerygroup.com/4-unexpected-causes-of-hernias/

  More common are problems such as inguinal and umbilical hernias. These two areas of the abdominal wall are naturally weak sites because they have very little muscle compared to ligamentous connective tissue. […] Another thing that can significantly contribute to the development of a hernia is a structural weakness left behind or created by previous surgery that either didnt heal properly or which further weakened tissue or muscle that may have already have been compromised (by disease, trauma, etc.). […] Although recreational weightlifting isnt really a cause, it can be a significant contributing or risk factor, especially with inguinal hernias. […] Obesity can also be a significant contributing factor for the development of multiple hernias within usually-already-weakened muscle walls.

• #24 HERNIA: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.rspremierbintaro.com/hernia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Hernias occur due to a combination of muscle weakness and excessive pressure on the body. Risk factors for hernias include: […] Male gender (27% occur in men and 3% occur in women) […] Family history of hernia (8x increased risk of hernia) […] Muscle Weakness: can occur due to aging, injury, or congenital defects. […] Excessive pressure on the stomach: Activities that increase pressure in the stomach such as lifting heavy weights, chronic coughing, constipation or a history of prostate disease can increase the risk of hernia. […] Other Risk Factors: Obesity, pregnancy, and a history of smoking can also increase a person’s risk of developing a hernia.

• #25 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  The etiology of indirect hernias is largely explainable in terms of the embryology of the groin and of testicular descent. An indirect inguinal hernia is a congenital hernia, regardless of the patients age. It occurs because of protrusion of an abdominal viscus into an open processus vaginalis. […] More generally, any condition that increases the pressure in the intra-abdominal cavity may contribute to the formation of a hernia, including the following: Marked obesity, Heavy lifting, Coughing, Straining with defecation or urination, Ascites, Peritoneal dialysis, Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Family history of hernias.

• #26 Inguinal Hernias: Health Issue for Athletic Men | Bangkok Hospital Headquarter

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/hernia-into-the-scrotum

  Hernias occur when an organ especially small intestine protrudes through a weakened spot or tear in the abdominal wall. […] Inguinal hernia is commonly caused by a combination of muscle weakness and increased abdominal pressure. […] In men aged over 60, inguinal hernia is typically caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due to the enlargement of prostate gland causes the strain during urination and increases an abdominal pressure. […] Other contributing factors include smoking and chronic constipation which causes abdominal strain during defecation. […] Risk factors of hernias might include lifting heavy weights, strenuous activities, chronic cough and chronic constipation or strain during bowel movement or urination. […] Advanced age, being obese and smoking are also contributing factors to develop hernias.

• #27 Inguinal Hernias: Health Issue for Athletic Men | Bangkok Hospital Headquarter

  https://www.bangkokhospital.com/en/content/hernia-into-the-scrotum

  Not only advanced age, other strenuous activities that increase abdominal pressure and use the strength of abdominal muscles are potential risk factors for inguinal hernia. […] In elderly men, risk factor might involve difficulty urinating which is a consequence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). […] Similar to those with chronic constipation, straining during bowel movement increases abdominal pressure and induces the protruding of intestine. […] If inguinal hernia is not treated promptly, it might eventually lead to serious complications such as incarcerated hernia. […] Incarcerated hernia occurs when herniated tissue becomes trapped in the weak point of the abdominal wall and cannot easily be moved back into place, As a result, it can obstruct the bowel, leading to intestinal obstruction that cuts off blood flow to part of the intestine. […] Men with particular risk factors e.g. advanced age and strenuous activities have a greater chance to develop inguinal hernia.

• #28 Understanding inguinal hernias | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-inguinal-hernias

  Pregnancy Pregnancy can also cause an inguinal hernia. The growing uterus increases pressure in a woman’s abdominal cavity, and the hormones produced during pregnancy can also soften and stretch tissues, making them more vulnerable to protrusion. […] Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight Being born prematurely or at a low birth weight increases the risk of having an inguinal hernia. […] Family History There seems to be a genetic component to the development of hernias, as they often run in families. […] Chronic Diseases Certain chronic diseases, like cystic fibrosis, can cause a persistent, heavy cough that leads to increased pressure in the abdominal cavity and, potentially, a hernia. […] Congenital Defect Indirect inguinal hernias are often associated with a congenital defect (a defect present from birth), such as the incomplete closure of the inguinal canal.

• #29 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  You may be more likely to acquire a hernia if you have: A job that involves heavy lifting or many hours of standing. A chronic cough or allergies that cause chronic sneezing. Chronic constipation and straining to poop or pee. A history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. Pregnancy, especially repeat pregnancies. Chronic obesity (a body mass index, or BMI, greater than 30). […] In most cases, complications begin when a hernia gets stuck and can’t move back in (incarceration). An incarcerated hernia can become increasingly painful and serious. If it’s your bowel that’s stuck, your bowel may develop an obstruction that makes it unable to pass food or gas. If incarcerated tissue doesn’t have access to blood supply (strangulation), it can lead to tissue death (necrosis or gangrene). […] A small hernia may never bother you much. But hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. The more tissue pushes through, the more likely it is to become incarcerated, leading to pain and other complications.

• #30 Inguinal Hernia: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16266-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when there’s a weakness or opening in your lower abdominal wall that allows abdominal tissue to push through. Many things can contribute to this, including: […] An opening or weak spot that’s present at birth. […] Congenital differences in the strength of your connective tissue (collagen). […] An opening or weak spot from previous abdominal surgery. […] Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] Chronic straining to pee or poop. […] Frequent strenuous exercise or manual labor. […] Years of pregnancy and carrying small children. […] Jobs that require standing for many hours at a time. […] Intrabdominal pressure from chronic obesity. […] Normal age-related tissue degeneration.

• #31 4 Unexpected Causes of Hernias | The Surgery Group

  https://thesurgerygroup.com/4-unexpected-causes-of-hernias/

  More common are problems such as inguinal and umbilical hernias. These two areas of the abdominal wall are naturally weak sites because they have very little muscle compared to ligamentous connective tissue. […] Another thing that can significantly contribute to the development of a hernia is a structural weakness left behind or created by previous surgery that either didnt heal properly or which further weakened tissue or muscle that may have already have been compromised (by disease, trauma, etc.). […] Although recreational weightlifting isnt really a cause, it can be a significant contributing or risk factor, especially with inguinal hernias. […] Obesity can also be a significant contributing factor for the development of multiple hernias within usually-already-weakened muscle walls.

• #32 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  Common types of hernias include umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia and femoral hernia. […] A hernia occurs when part of your insides bulges through an opening or weakness in the muscle or tissue that contains it. Most hernias involve one of your abdominal organs pushing through one of the walls of your abdominal cavity. Hernias can occur gradually as you get older and regular wear and tear on your muscles begins to add up. They can also result from an injury, surgery or birth disorder. […] Inguinal hernias are the most common type, accounting for 75% of all hernias. They mostly affect men. They happen when part of your bowel protrudes into your inguinal canal, a passageway that runs down your inner thigh. […] A hernia occurs when a weakness or a preexisting opening in your muscle or connective tissue allows an organ or other tissue to push through the barrier. Sometimes the weakness or opening is present at birth, but usually, it develops during your lifetime. A traumatic injury or surgery could cause it, but more often, it’s a repetitive stress injury. Years of pressure or exertion can wear the tissue down.

• #33 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  Groin hernias are caused by a defect of the abdominal wall in the groin area and comprise inguinal and femoral hernias. […] Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. […] In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence. […] No association has been found between smoking or alcohol use and hernias.

• #34 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  Not all patients with a patent processus vaginalis develop a lateral hernia, but increased intraabdominal pressure appears to be a contributing factor. […] Risk factors for developing a primary inguinal hernia are male gender and old age, a patent processus vaginalis, systemic connective tissue disorders, and a low body mass index (BMI). […] High intraabdominal pressure is also proposed to be a risk factor. […] A patent processus vaginalis is a risk factor for developing lateral hernias. […] Individuals with inguinal hernias have altered connective tissue compared with controls regarding ratio of collagen fibers, fascia architecture, and level of enzymes involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] Medial hernias appear to have a more profound alteration. […] Inguinal hernias are hereditary with a complex multifactorial inheritance pattern. […] A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative occupational mechanical exposure are risk factors to develop lateral hernias.

• #35 About Hernias | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/hernia.html

  Inguinal hernias are the most common kind of hernia and account for two-thirds of hernias overall. The majority of these hernias are found in males – which accounts for its reputation as a male condition. Men are 25 times more likely to have a groin hernia than women. […] The area where inguinal hernias occur is the opening through which the testicles descend during fetal development. It usually closes up before birth except for a small space allowing the spermatic cord to pass to the scrotum. If it doesn’t close properly, it can leave a natural weakness that can bulge or tear later on.

• #36 Symptoms of Inguinal Hernia | Brown University Health

  https://www.lifespan.org/centers-services/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/about-inguinal-hernias/symptoms-inguinal

  Approximately five million Americans have a hernia, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Although they are more common in men, women also get them. The reasons they are more common in men are two-fold: There is a significant anatomical difference that makes the development of hernias more common in men than women. There is an occupational difference. In general, men tend to have occupations that require more heavy lifting. Since hernias are related to the constant pressure placed on the inguinal area, the more a person lifts and the heavier the amount, the more likely he/she is to get a hernia. As a result, hernias are more common in men than women. […] There are many possible reasons to explain why an inguinal hernia occurs. As noted, men are predisposed to it because of anatomy. A job may have contributed to or caused it because of heavy lifting. Other factors that are important in the development of hernias are being overweight and smoking. The former places more pressure on the area and the latter weakens the tissues. People who noticed the hernia while they were working should report it to their employers.

• #37 Risk Factors And Causes For Inguinal Hernia | Near Detroit

  https://michiganherniasurgery.com/posts/risk-factors-inguinal/

  If an Inguinal hernia runs in your family you are at a higher risk to get one. According to the NIH, “A family history of a hernia was the most determinant factor for developing an inguinal hernia in adult males.” In fact, you become 8 times more likely with a family history. […] Strenuous exertion increases your risk. If you have a hernia on one side, you are more likely to develop another on the other side.

• #38 Inguinal hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_hernia

  Risk factors for the development of a hernia include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy, among others. […] Predisposition to hernias is genetic and they occur more often in certain families. […] Deleterious mutations causing predisposition to hernias seem to have dominant inheritance (especially for men). […] It is unclear if inguinal hernias are associated with heavy lifting. […] Additional risk factors include chronic constipation, being overweight or obese, chronic cough, family history and prior episodes of direct inguinal hernias.

• #39 Inguinal Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/i/inguinal-hernia

  A hernia that occurs in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia. […] A similar process occurs in girls as the round ligament of the uterus descends into the groin at the labia. This sac is known as the processus vaginalis and normally closes shortly after birth. This eliminates any connection between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum or groin. When closure of the processus vaginalis is delayed or incomplete, it may stretch and eventually become a hernia. The stretching of the processus vaginalis creates an inguinal sac, allowing organs to extend from the abdomen and enter the sac. […] Approximately 80 percent to 90 percent of inguinal hernias appear in boys. They are more common on the right side, but in about 10 percent of cases, they occur on both sides (bilaterally). […] In just over 10 percent of cases, other members of the family may have had a hernia at birth or in infancy. […] In premature infants, the occurrence of inguinal hernia is increased by up to 30 percent.

• #40 Understanding inguinal hernias | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-inguinal-hernias

  Pregnancy Pregnancy can also cause an inguinal hernia. The growing uterus increases pressure in a woman’s abdominal cavity, and the hormones produced during pregnancy can also soften and stretch tissues, making them more vulnerable to protrusion. […] Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight Being born prematurely or at a low birth weight increases the risk of having an inguinal hernia. […] Family History There seems to be a genetic component to the development of hernias, as they often run in families. […] Chronic Diseases Certain chronic diseases, like cystic fibrosis, can cause a persistent, heavy cough that leads to increased pressure in the abdominal cavity and, potentially, a hernia. […] Congenital Defect Indirect inguinal hernias are often associated with a congenital defect (a defect present from birth), such as the incomplete closure of the inguinal canal.

• #41 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  Not all patients with a patent processus vaginalis develop a lateral hernia, but increased intraabdominal pressure appears to be a contributing factor. […] Risk factors for developing a primary inguinal hernia are male gender and old age, a patent processus vaginalis, systemic connective tissue disorders, and a low body mass index (BMI). […] High intraabdominal pressure is also proposed to be a risk factor. […] A patent processus vaginalis is a risk factor for developing lateral hernias. […] Individuals with inguinal hernias have altered connective tissue compared with controls regarding ratio of collagen fibers, fascia architecture, and level of enzymes involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] Medial hernias appear to have a more profound alteration. […] Inguinal hernias are hereditary with a complex multifactorial inheritance pattern. […] A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative occupational mechanical exposure are risk factors to develop lateral hernias.

• #42 Hernia Types, Causes, and Treatments | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/hernia-types-causes-and-treatments

  Inguinal hernias may develop due to several factors, including obesity, aging, chronic cough such as with COPD, and strenuous physical activity requiring heavy lifting, such as construction work. […] Certain rare conditions such as collagen vascular disease or genetic defects involving connective tissue may also cause abdominal hernias.

• #43 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  Not all patients with a patent processus vaginalis develop a lateral hernia, but increased intraabdominal pressure appears to be a contributing factor. […] Risk factors for developing a primary inguinal hernia are male gender and old age, a patent processus vaginalis, systemic connective tissue disorders, and a low body mass index (BMI). […] High intraabdominal pressure is also proposed to be a risk factor. […] A patent processus vaginalis is a risk factor for developing lateral hernias. […] Individuals with inguinal hernias have altered connective tissue compared with controls regarding ratio of collagen fibers, fascia architecture, and level of enzymes involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] Medial hernias appear to have a more profound alteration. […] Inguinal hernias are hereditary with a complex multifactorial inheritance pattern. […] A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative occupational mechanical exposure are risk factors to develop lateral hernias.

• #44 Inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80%) and are most often acquired. […] All of the following confer an increased risk for indirect inguinal hernia: prematurity and low birth weight, patent processus vaginalis, urologic conditions, e.g. cryptorchidism, hypospadias or epispadias, bladder exstrophy, ambiguous genitalia, abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, gastroschisis, cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy), family history. […] A direct inguinal hernia is a consequence of weakened abdominal musculature, often brought on by advanced age, strain, previous abdominal surgery. […] While inguinal hernias, in general, are much more common in males than in females, direct hernias, in particular, are rare in women since the broad ligament acts as an additional barrier.

• #45 Inguinal Hernia – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/hernia-surgery/inguinal-hernia

  Inguinal hernias may be present at birth or they may develop over time. Hernias present at birth are called congenital hernias, and are also referred to as indirect hernias. They are a result of incomplete closure of the inguinal canal, the canal through which the testicles descend from their original intra-abdominal position into the scrotum. Direct inguinal hernias develop later in life as a result of weakening of the lower abdominal muscles. […] There is a tendency for inguinal hernias to run in some families. […] A number of factors increase the risk of developing an inguinal hernia. Experiencing one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean you will develop an inguinal hernia. Risk factors for an inguinal hernia include: Chronic constipation, Chronic cough, Enlargement of the prostate or other conditions that can result in straining to urinate, Family history of hernias, Lifting or pushing heavy objects, Low birth weight, Male gender, Nutritional deficiencies, Obesity, Overexertion, Premature birth, Smoking, Steroid use, Undescended testes.

• #46 Understanding inguinal hernias | King Edward VII’s Hospital

  https://www.kingedwardvii.co.uk/health-hub/understanding-inguinal-hernias

  Pregnancy Pregnancy can also cause an inguinal hernia. The growing uterus increases pressure in a woman’s abdominal cavity, and the hormones produced during pregnancy can also soften and stretch tissues, making them more vulnerable to protrusion. […] Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight Being born prematurely or at a low birth weight increases the risk of having an inguinal hernia. […] Family History There seems to be a genetic component to the development of hernias, as they often run in families. […] Chronic Diseases Certain chronic diseases, like cystic fibrosis, can cause a persistent, heavy cough that leads to increased pressure in the abdominal cavity and, potentially, a hernia. […] Congenital Defect Indirect inguinal hernias are often associated with a congenital defect (a defect present from birth), such as the incomplete closure of the inguinal canal.

• #47 Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=inguinal-and-umbilical-hernias-in-children-90-P01998

  Hernias happen more often in children who have 1 or more of the following risk factors: Being born early or premature, Having a parent or sibling who had a hernia as an infant, Having cystic fibrosis, Having developmental dysplasia of the hip, a condition that is present at birth, Being a boy with undescended testes,. This means the testicles didnt move into the scrotum before birth, Having problems with urinary or reproductive organs. […] This type of hernia happens more often in children: Who have a family history of inguinal hernias, Who have other urinary or reproductive problems. […] Surgery is needed to treat an inguinal hernia. In many cases, surgery is done soon after the hernia is found. Thats because the intestine can become stuck in the inguinal canal. When this happens, the blood supply to the intestine can be cut off and the intestine can be damaged.

• #48 Risk Factors And Causes For Inguinal Hernia | Near Detroit

  https://michiganherniasurgery.com/posts/risk-factors-inguinal/

  If an Inguinal hernia runs in your family you are at a higher risk to get one. According to the NIH, “A family history of a hernia was the most determinant factor for developing an inguinal hernia in adult males.” In fact, you become 8 times more likely with a family history. […] Strenuous exertion increases your risk. If you have a hernia on one side, you are more likely to develop another on the other side.

• #49 Are you at risk for an inguinal hernia? – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/are-you-at-risk-for-an-inguinal-hernia

  An inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the lower abdominal muscles—typically in the groin. The resulting bulge can be painful, and if the inguinal hernia doesn’t improve on its own, it can lead to life-threatening complications. […] In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs at birth. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking. […] These risk factors contribute to the development of an inguinal hernia: Being male Men are eight times more likely to develop an inguinal hernia than women. Being older Muscles weaken as you age. Family history You have a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, who has the condition. Chronic constipation Constipation causes straining during bowel movements. Premature birth and low birth weight. Previous inguinal hernia or hernia repair Even if your previous hernia occurred in childhood, you’re at higher risk of developing another inguinal hernia.

• #50 Indirect inguinal hernia, causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/indirect-inguinal-hernia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Indirect inguinal hernias are hernias that appear in the lower part of the pubis, near the scrotum in men, mainly due to problems of weakness in the lower part of the pelvic-abdominal wall. […] The causes of an indirect inguinal hernia are varied and multifactorial. In the vast majority of cases it is very difficult to specify and narrow down a specific cause related to the appearance of an indirect inguinal hernia. […] The most prominent of these are: Tobacco: The relationship between tobacco use and abuse in patients, both men and women, is one of the risk factors that most certainly predispose to this type of indirect inguinal hernia. […] Family history of hernia: There seems to be a clear genetic component in families with indirect inguinal hernias in their parents. […] Previous surgery such as appendectomy and/or open radical prostatectomy. […] Chronic renal insufficiency. […] Long-term heavy work. […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

• #51 Inguinal Hernia: Symptoms, Risk factors & Surgery | Advanced Surgical Physicians

  https://www.toplinemd.com/advanced-surgical-physicians/blog/inguinal-hernia-symptoms-risk-factors-surgery/

  In brief, an inguinal hernia refers to the bulging of the abdomen’s contents through the lower abdominal wall. This condition happens due to the weakening of the muscles in this region. […] A direct inguinal hernia happens due to the weakening of the abdominal muscles, and it is more common among adult patients. […] You may be at risk of an inguinal hernia if you have a family history of the condition. […] If you can, always avoid heavy coughing, as the act puts stress on the abdomen. One of the most prevalent causes of chronic coughing is smoking. […] Inguinal hernias are no laughing matter, as they can become incarcerated or stuck, meaning the hernia’s contents that create the bulge cannot be “returned” inside the patient’s abdominal wall. If the patient’s hernia is stuck outside the abdominal wall, it can be strangulated. Due to blood flow lack, the tissues in the hernia will die.

• #52 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #53 Inguinal hernia Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/inguinal-hernia.html

  When part of an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening or in an abnormal way, this is called a hernia. A groin (inguinal) hernia occurs when part of the intestine bulges through a weak spot in the abdominal wall at the inguinal canal. Inguinal hernias are up to 10 times more common in men than in women. About one in four men develops a hernia at some point in life. […] Indirect inguinal hernia — This occurs when the internal opening of the inguinal canal, which usually closes around the time of birth, remains open. This allows a portion of the intestine to slip through the inguinal canal. […] Direct inguinal hernia — This occurs when a portion of the intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal muscles along the wall of the inguinal canal. […] An inguinal hernia will not heal on its own. It is likely to become larger and cause increased discomfort until it is repaired. Hernias that are not repaired can cause bowel obstruction or strangulation, which is when part of the intestine dies because its blood supply is cut off. […] To reduce the risk of inguinal hernia as an adult, you can maintain a normal body weight, exercise regularly to strengthen abdominal muscles, avoid straining while defecating or urinating, and avoid lifting heavy objects.

• #54 Inguinal hernia: Surgery, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326748

  An inguinal hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fatty tissue pokes through a weakened area of the abdominal wall to either side of the inguinal canal. […] A direct inguinal hernia forms slowly over time due to a weakened abdominal wall. Direct inguinal hernias usually only happen to male adults. This can happen due to aging or excess strain on the abdominal muscles. […] An indirect inguinal hernia is present from birth due to a problem with the abdominal wall. Indirect inguinal hernias are more common in males but can occur in females as well. […] Several potential risk factors can make a person more susceptible to having an inguinal hernia. One potential cause or risk factor is a weakness in the abdominal wall. Pressure on the weakened spot can cause the inguinal hernia to occur. […] Some other risk factors include genetic predisposition, premature birth, cystic fibrosis, previous inguinal hernia, chronic constipation, being male, obesity or being overweight, chronic cough, and pregnancy.

• #55 Inguinal Hernia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Surgeries, Treatments

  https://www.medicinenet.com/inguinal_hernia/article.htm

  A defect in the inguinal canal that’s present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. […] A weakness in your muscles that worsens over time can cause a direct inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernias often happen to men age 40 and older. Your abdominal muscle wall can weaken as you age. Heavy lifting can cause it too. […] If you’ve had lower abdominal surgery in the past, it increases your risk of an inguinal hernia. […] Other risk factors for direct inguinal hernia include: Being white, Chronic cough or constipation, Family history of hernia, Pregnancy, Smoking, Past hernia in childhood.

• #56 Inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80%) and are most often acquired. […] All of the following confer an increased risk for indirect inguinal hernia: prematurity and low birth weight, patent processus vaginalis, urologic conditions, e.g. cryptorchidism, hypospadias or epispadias, bladder exstrophy, ambiguous genitalia, abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, gastroschisis, cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy), family history. […] A direct inguinal hernia is a consequence of weakened abdominal musculature, often brought on by advanced age, strain, previous abdominal surgery. […] While inguinal hernias, in general, are much more common in males than in females, direct hernias, in particular, are rare in women since the broad ligament acts as an additional barrier.

• #57 Inguinal hernia: Symptoms, causes & treatment | CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/know-about-inguinal-hernia/

  Two types of inguinal hernia are identified, that is: […] Indirect inguinal hernia caused by a birth defect in the abdominal wall […] Direct inguinal hernia, which occurs due to weak abdominal wall muscles, caused by heavy lifting or straining over time. […] Health experts also agree that smoking, abdominal surgery and a family history of inguinal hernias may put individuals at a higher risk. […] There isn’t any single cause for hernia, but weak abdominal and groin muscles can be major contributors. Other risk factors for a hernia include family history, premature birth, chronic cough, constipation, obesity, etc. […] However, it is in your hands to eat a healthy, high-fibre diet and maintain a healthy weight. It is also advisable to not lift heavy weights and quit smoking to reduce your chances of developing an inguinal hernia.

• #58 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-014-1326-5

  During hernioplasty focal thickened tissue containing smooth muscle is found at the neck of the hernia sac in most patients with indirect inguinal hernia. These thickenings may be related to the processus vaginalis and reveal the etiology of indirect inguinal hernia. […] The focal thickening which contains smooth muscle tissue may be remnant of the processus vaginalis after its obliteration. In other word, the presence of the thickening means that fusion of the processus vaginalis has previously taken place. Thus, most indirect inguinal hernias in adults may represent acquired diseases.

• #60 Inguinal hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547

  Inguinal hernias occur when part of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity (omentum) or intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdomen often along the inguinal canal, which carries the spermatic cord in men. […] Some inguinal hernias have no apparent cause. Others might occur as a result of: Increased pressure within the abdomen, A preexisting weak spot in the abdominal wall, Straining during bowel movements or urination, Strenuous activity, Pregnancy, Chronic coughing or sneezing. […] In many people, the abdominal wall weakness that leads to an inguinal hernia occurs prior to birth when a weakness in the abdominal wall muscle doesn’t close properly. Other inguinal hernias develop later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate due to aging, strenuous physical activity or coughing that accompanies smoking.

• #61 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  Common types of hernias include umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia and femoral hernia. […] A hernia occurs when part of your insides bulges through an opening or weakness in the muscle or tissue that contains it. Most hernias involve one of your abdominal organs pushing through one of the walls of your abdominal cavity. Hernias can occur gradually as you get older and regular wear and tear on your muscles begins to add up. They can also result from an injury, surgery or birth disorder. […] Inguinal hernias are the most common type, accounting for 75% of all hernias. They mostly affect men. They happen when part of your bowel protrudes into your inguinal canal, a passageway that runs down your inner thigh. […] A hernia occurs when a weakness or a preexisting opening in your muscle or connective tissue allows an organ or other tissue to push through the barrier. Sometimes the weakness or opening is present at birth, but usually, it develops during your lifetime. A traumatic injury or surgery could cause it, but more often, it’s a repetitive stress injury. Years of pressure or exertion can wear the tissue down.

• #62 Inguinal hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inguinal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351547

  Weaknesses can also occur in the abdominal wall later in life, especially after an injury or abdominal surgery. […] In men, the weak spot usually occurs in the inguinal canal, where the spermatic cord enters the scrotum. In women, the inguinal canal carries a ligament that helps hold the uterus in place, and hernias sometimes occur where connective tissue from the uterus attaches to tissue surrounding the pubic bone.

• #63 Groin Hernias | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/groin-hernias

  Inguinal hernias are usually caused by an opening in the muscle wall that should have closed before birth but instead remained open. Because of that abnormality, there is a weak spot in the abdomen. […] Inguinal hernias can be caused by any one of the following, or by a combination of factors: Chronic coughing, Chronic sneezing, Increase of pressure in the abdomen, Pregnancy, Straining during bowel movements, Strenuous activity, Weak spot in the abdominal wall. […] Many people develop inguinal hernias later in life, when their muscles have weakened with age, or when they are more vulnerable following abdominal surgery or an injury. Many others, however, experience a weakening in the abdominal wall during birth, when the peritoneum (abdominal lining) doesn’t close as it should. […] In men, that abdominal weak spot usually develops in the inguinal canal, which is where the spermatic cord enters the scrotum. Women, on the other hand, have a ligament in their inguinal canals that helps to hold the uterus in place. Hernias can develop in the place where connective tissue from the uterus is joined to the tissue surrounding the pubic bone.

• #64 Hernia: What it is, Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia

  You may be more likely to acquire a hernia if you have: A job that involves heavy lifting or many hours of standing. A chronic cough or allergies that cause chronic sneezing. Chronic constipation and straining to poop or pee. A history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. Pregnancy, especially repeat pregnancies. Chronic obesity (a body mass index, or BMI, greater than 30). […] In most cases, complications begin when a hernia gets stuck and can’t move back in (incarceration). An incarcerated hernia can become increasingly painful and serious. If it’s your bowel that’s stuck, your bowel may develop an obstruction that makes it unable to pass food or gas. If incarcerated tissue doesn’t have access to blood supply (strangulation), it can lead to tissue death (necrosis or gangrene). […] A small hernia may never bother you much. But hernias do tend to grow bigger over time. The opening continues to weaken and stretch, and more tissue gradually pushes its way through. The more tissue pushes through, the more likely it is to become incarcerated, leading to pain and other complications.

• #65

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=za1162

  Hernias don’t go away on their own. Only surgery can repair a hernia. […] Many doctors recommend surgery because it prevents a rare but serious problem called strangulation. This occurs when a loop of intestine or a piece of fatty tissue is trapped inside the hernia and is cut off from its blood supply. […] Many doctors recommend surgery because it can prevent a rare but serious problem called strangulation. This occurs when a loop of intestine or a piece of fatty tissue is trapped in a hernia and the blood supply is cut off, which kills the tissue. […] Repairing the hernia can also relieve the symptoms of pain and discomfort and make the bulge go away. The hernia won’t heal on its own. […] An inguinal hernia won’t go away on its own. Only surgery can repair it.

• #66

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=za1162

  Hernias don’t go away on their own. Only surgery can repair a hernia. […] Many doctors recommend surgery because it prevents a rare but serious problem called strangulation. This occurs when a loop of intestine or a piece of fatty tissue is trapped inside the hernia and is cut off from its blood supply. […] Many doctors recommend surgery because it can prevent a rare but serious problem called strangulation. This occurs when a loop of intestine or a piece of fatty tissue is trapped in a hernia and the blood supply is cut off, which kills the tissue. […] Repairing the hernia can also relieve the symptoms of pain and discomfort and make the bulge go away. The hernia won’t heal on its own. […] An inguinal hernia won’t go away on its own. Only surgery can repair it.

• #67 Bilateral Inguinal Hernia Surgery – Medical Center Turkey

  https://www.medicalcenterturkey.com/bilateral-inguinal-hernia-surgery/

  Hernias do frequently get worse over time. More tissue can pass through the gap as it gets broader and weaker. The likelihood of tissue becoming trapped increases as more tissue pushes through. In extreme circumstances, this can be dangerous as well as painful. Once stuck, a section of your intestine may become squeezed, or obstructed, or its blood supply may be severed. […] Hernias in the inguinal region don’t heal on their own. Usually, they get worse. Although difficulties are not guaranteed, the chance does rise with time.

• #68 Understanding inguinal hernias: causes, symptoms and treatment – Baylor College of Medicine Blog Network

  https://blogs.bcm.edu/2024/06/05/understanding-inguinal-hernias-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Inguinal hernias are a common medical condition affecting millions of people worldwide. […] The primary cause of inguinal hernias is weakened abdominal muscles. Factors such as aging, chronic coughing, heavy lifting, obesity and pregnancy can contribute to muscle weakness, increasing the risk of herniation. […] If left untreated, some inguinal hernias could lead to severe complications such as bowel obstruction or strangulation, where blood flow to the herniated tissue is cut off. This complication requires immediate medical attention and may need emergency surgery.

• #69 Inguinal hernia

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/inguinal_hernia/

  A hernia happens when part of an internal organ (usually the bowel) pushes through a weak spot in the muscles covering the abdomen (tummy). Hernias show up as a lump or bulge under the skin. […] An inguinal hernia is a hernia that occurs in the groin. In boys, an inguinal hernia may extend into the scrotum (pouch of skin containing the testes). Boys are up to eight times more likely than girls to have an inguinal hernia. […] If part of the bowel gets stuck outside the muscle wall, it is at risk of having its blood supply cut off. This is then no longer reducible and is described as a strangulated hernia, which requires urgent medical attention. […] If your child shows signs of a strangulated hernia, they need urgent surgical treatment at a specialist paediatric hospital. […] Surgical hernia repair (a herniotomy) is always necessary in cases of inguinal hernia even simple inguinal hernias are at risk of becoming strangulated.

• #70 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #71 Inguinal hernia Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/inguinal-hernia.html

  When part of an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening or in an abnormal way, this is called a hernia. A groin (inguinal) hernia occurs when part of the intestine bulges through a weak spot in the abdominal wall at the inguinal canal. Inguinal hernias are up to 10 times more common in men than in women. About one in four men develops a hernia at some point in life. […] Indirect inguinal hernia — This occurs when the internal opening of the inguinal canal, which usually closes around the time of birth, remains open. This allows a portion of the intestine to slip through the inguinal canal. […] Direct inguinal hernia — This occurs when a portion of the intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal muscles along the wall of the inguinal canal. […] An inguinal hernia will not heal on its own. It is likely to become larger and cause increased discomfort until it is repaired. Hernias that are not repaired can cause bowel obstruction or strangulation, which is when part of the intestine dies because its blood supply is cut off. […] To reduce the risk of inguinal hernia as an adult, you can maintain a normal body weight, exercise regularly to strengthen abdominal muscles, avoid straining while defecating or urinating, and avoid lifting heavy objects.

• #72 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #73 Inguinal hernia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/inguinal-hernia/

  Most commonly congenital: due to incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis during fetal development. […] Can also be acquired. […] Acquired: due to weakening of the transversalis fascia. […] Acquired: due to increased intraabdominal pressure (e.g., obesity) and/or weakened pelvic floor (e.g., multiparity). […] Most commonly results from incomplete obliteration of processus vaginalis; during fetal development (but can also be acquired).

• #74 Risk Factors And Causes For Inguinal Hernia: Surgical Consultants of Northern Virginia: General Surgeries

  https://www.scnv.com/blog/risk-factors-and-causes-for-inguinal-hernia

  A Inguinal hernia occurs when part of the intestines pushes through a weakened spot in the abdomen near the right or left inguinal canal. […] An Indirect Inguinal hernia is caused by a weakness in the abdominal wall from birth. 2-3% of male children are born with this defect. […] Direct Inguinal hernias occur in adult and older males, and are believed to be caused by weakened abdominal muscles. […] There are numerous situations which trigger an inguinal hernia. They include the following: Being born prematurely, Having a job which involves heavy lifting, Being pregnant which puts pressure on the abdomen, Having a chronic cough, Constipation where consistent straining occurs during bowel movements, Persistent sneezing, Obesity. […] If an Inguinal hernia runs in your family you are at a higher risk to get one. According to the NIH, A family history of hernia was the most determinant factor for developing Inguinal hernia in adult males. In fact you become 8 times more likely with a family history. […] As a male gets older he is more likely to develop an Inguinal hernia. […] Smoking can also predispose you to an Inguinal hernia due to the persistent coughing. […] Strenuous exertion increases your risk. If you have a hernia on one side, you are more likely to develop another on the other side.

• #75 Adult Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537241/

  Inguinal hernias can be classified as congenital or acquired. The congenital type is related to a patent processus vaginalis, an invagination of the parietal peritoneum, which precedes testicular descent through the inguinal canal during embryogenesis. These are indirect inguinal hernias which protrude through the internal inguinal ring lateral to the epigastric vessels. They are about twice as common as direct inguinal hernias. There is a recent debate that all indirect inguinal hernias result from a processus vaginalis that had never closed. Work by Jiang and Mouravas suggests that adult indirect inguinal hernias may develop after the long-term buildup of pressure on a processus vaginalis that had closed along its entire length except at the neck of the hernia sac. The acquired type of an inguinal hernia is related to a weakening or disruption of the abdominal wall tissues due to several contributing factors, including older age, smoking, increased intraabdominal pressure such as due to a chronic cough or pregnancy, and connective tissue abnormalities. Acquired inguinal hernias are typically direct inguinal hernias where intraabdominal contents protrude through Hesselbachs triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

• #76 Inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80%) and are most often acquired. […] All of the following confer an increased risk for indirect inguinal hernia: prematurity and low birth weight, patent processus vaginalis, urologic conditions, e.g. cryptorchidism, hypospadias or epispadias, bladder exstrophy, ambiguous genitalia, abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, gastroschisis, cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy), family history. […] A direct inguinal hernia is a consequence of weakened abdominal musculature, often brought on by advanced age, strain, previous abdominal surgery. […] While inguinal hernias, in general, are much more common in males than in females, direct hernias, in particular, are rare in women since the broad ligament acts as an additional barrier.

• #77 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  The etiology of indirect hernias is largely explainable in terms of the embryology of the groin and of testicular descent. An indirect inguinal hernia is a congenital hernia, regardless of the patients age. It occurs because of protrusion of an abdominal viscus into an open processus vaginalis. […] More generally, any condition that increases the pressure in the intra-abdominal cavity may contribute to the formation of a hernia, including the following: Marked obesity, Heavy lifting, Coughing, Straining with defecation or urination, Ascites, Peritoneal dialysis, Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Family history of hernias.

• #78 Inguinal hernia: Surgery, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326748

  An inguinal hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fatty tissue pokes through a weakened area of the abdominal wall to either side of the inguinal canal. […] A direct inguinal hernia forms slowly over time due to a weakened abdominal wall. Direct inguinal hernias usually only happen to male adults. This can happen due to aging or excess strain on the abdominal muscles. […] An indirect inguinal hernia is present from birth due to a problem with the abdominal wall. Indirect inguinal hernias are more common in males but can occur in females as well. […] Several potential risk factors can make a person more susceptible to having an inguinal hernia. One potential cause or risk factor is a weakness in the abdominal wall. Pressure on the weakened spot can cause the inguinal hernia to occur. […] Some other risk factors include genetic predisposition, premature birth, cystic fibrosis, previous inguinal hernia, chronic constipation, being male, obesity or being overweight, chronic cough, and pregnancy.

• #79 Inguinal Hernias – Hernia Surgery

  https://hernia.wustl.edu/for-patients/types-of-hernia/inguinal-hernias/

  An inguinal hernia happens when the contents of the abdomen bulge through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall near the groin. […] Inguinal hernias are a common medical problem. Some people are more likely to have an inguinal hernia than others. […] Adult males are far more likely to have inguinal hernias than female adults. […] People who have had their prostate removed (called prostatectomy) are more likely to have inguinal hernias. Family history of inguinal hernias and certain connective tissue disorders are also common risk factors. […] Indirect inguinal hernias are caused by a congenital defect in the abdominal wall. […] Direct inguinal hernias are caused by weak spots in the inguinal canal that were not present at birth. […] Causes of direct inguinal hernias can include: Connective tissue disorders or weak connective tissue, Certain genes that increase inguinal hernia risk, Straining or pressure inside the abdomen, Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Heavy lifting, standing or walking for several hours, Other repeated activities that increase pressure inside the abdomen.

• #80 Hernia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hernia/

  Inguinal hernias occur when fatty tissue or a part of your bowel pokes through into your groin at the top of your inner thigh. […] It’s often associated with ageing and repeated strain on the tummy.

• #81 Inguinal Hernias – Hernia Surgery

  https://hernia.wustl.edu/for-patients/types-of-hernia/inguinal-hernias/

  An inguinal hernia happens when the contents of the abdomen bulge through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall near the groin. […] Inguinal hernias are a common medical problem. Some people are more likely to have an inguinal hernia than others. […] Adult males are far more likely to have inguinal hernias than female adults. […] People who have had their prostate removed (called prostatectomy) are more likely to have inguinal hernias. Family history of inguinal hernias and certain connective tissue disorders are also common risk factors. […] Indirect inguinal hernias are caused by a congenital defect in the abdominal wall. […] Direct inguinal hernias are caused by weak spots in the inguinal canal that were not present at birth. […] Causes of direct inguinal hernias can include: Connective tissue disorders or weak connective tissue, Certain genes that increase inguinal hernia risk, Straining or pressure inside the abdomen, Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Heavy lifting, standing or walking for several hours, Other repeated activities that increase pressure inside the abdomen.

• #82 Inguinal Hernias – Hernia Surgery

  https://hernia.wustl.edu/for-patients/types-of-hernia/inguinal-hernias/

  An inguinal hernia happens when the contents of the abdomen bulge through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall near the groin. […] Inguinal hernias are a common medical problem. Some people are more likely to have an inguinal hernia than others. […] Adult males are far more likely to have inguinal hernias than female adults. […] People who have had their prostate removed (called prostatectomy) are more likely to have inguinal hernias. Family history of inguinal hernias and certain connective tissue disorders are also common risk factors. […] Indirect inguinal hernias are caused by a congenital defect in the abdominal wall. […] Direct inguinal hernias are caused by weak spots in the inguinal canal that were not present at birth. […] Causes of direct inguinal hernias can include: Connective tissue disorders or weak connective tissue, Certain genes that increase inguinal hernia risk, Straining or pressure inside the abdomen, Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Heavy lifting, standing or walking for several hours, Other repeated activities that increase pressure inside the abdomen.

• #83 Inguinal Hernia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Surgeries, Treatments

  https://www.medicinenet.com/inguinal_hernia/article.htm

  A defect in the inguinal canal that’s present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. […] A weakness in your muscles that worsens over time can cause a direct inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernias often happen to men age 40 and older. Your abdominal muscle wall can weaken as you age. Heavy lifting can cause it too. […] If you’ve had lower abdominal surgery in the past, it increases your risk of an inguinal hernia. […] Other risk factors for direct inguinal hernia include: Being white, Chronic cough or constipation, Family history of hernia, Pregnancy, Smoking, Past hernia in childhood.

• #84 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  The etiology of inguinal hernias remains uncertain even though the lifetime risk of developing an inguinal hernia is 27% for men and 3% for women. […] Lateral and medial hernias seem to have common as well as different etiologies. A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative mechanical exposure are risk factors for lateral hernias. Patients with medial hernias seem to have a more profoundly altered connective tissue architecture and homeostasis compared with patients with lateral hernias. […] Inguinal hernias have a hereditary component with a complex inheritance pattern, and inguinal hernia susceptible genes have been identified that also are involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] The etiology of lateral and medial hernias are at least partly different, but the final explanations are still lacking on certain areas.

• #85 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  Not all patients with a patent processus vaginalis develop a lateral hernia, but increased intraabdominal pressure appears to be a contributing factor. […] Risk factors for developing a primary inguinal hernia are male gender and old age, a patent processus vaginalis, systemic connective tissue disorders, and a low body mass index (BMI). […] High intraabdominal pressure is also proposed to be a risk factor. […] A patent processus vaginalis is a risk factor for developing lateral hernias. […] Individuals with inguinal hernias have altered connective tissue compared with controls regarding ratio of collagen fibers, fascia architecture, and level of enzymes involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] Medial hernias appear to have a more profound alteration. […] Inguinal hernias are hereditary with a complex multifactorial inheritance pattern. […] A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative occupational mechanical exposure are risk factors to develop lateral hernias.

• #86 About Inguinal Hernias | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/about-inguinal-hernias

  Inguinal hernias can develop at the site of a potential opening or by creating a new opening. […] Indirect inguinal hernias form at the site of a congenital defect in the abdominal wall. […] Direct inguinal hernias develop through the anterior abdominal wall where no potential hole exists–thus, the name „direct.” […] They can occur because there are not as many layers of muscle and ligaments in the lower abdomen in the inguinal (groin) region. […] The layers used in other parts of the abdominal wall to provide strength are used in the inguinal region to help form the spermatic cord. […] Because it is not composed of all the tissue layers located elsewhere in the abdominal wall, it is weaker, making it more susceptible to a direct hernia. […] Although women do not have spermatic cords, the same structure develops into the round ligament, a cord of fibrous and elastic tissue that passes from the uterus through the abdominal wall and attaches to the pubic bone.

• #87 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hernia-7500889

  A wide range of conditions and factors increase the chances of developing a hernia. There are sex differences depending on the type of hernia. People assigned males at birth are much more likely to develop inguinal hernia, whereas people assigned female at birth are at a higher risk of femoral and umbilical hernias.

• #88 About Hernias | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/hernia.html

  Inguinal hernias are the most common kind of hernia and account for two-thirds of hernias overall. The majority of these hernias are found in males – which accounts for its reputation as a male condition. Men are 25 times more likely to have a groin hernia than women. […] The area where inguinal hernias occur is the opening through which the testicles descend during fetal development. It usually closes up before birth except for a small space allowing the spermatic cord to pass to the scrotum. If it doesn’t close properly, it can leave a natural weakness that can bulge or tear later on.

• #89 Inguinal hernia in men: symptoms and treatments | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/health-article/inguinal-hernia-in-men-symptoms

  If you have a bulge in your groin you might be dealing with an inguinal hernia. […] An inguinal hernia is when some of the contents of your abdomen (usually a section of your intestine, or fat) passes through a weak spot in your groin, into your scrotum. […] There are two main types of inguinal hernia and they have different causes. […] Indirect inguinal hernias happen when you’re born with a gap in the lower abdominal wall, when the inguinal canals don’t close soon before birth like they usually should. […] Direct inguinal hernias result from a weakening of the muscles in the inguinal canal over time. A herniation is caused by an increase in pressure within the abdomen (which pushes the abdominal contents through the muscle) from obesity, strenuous activity or excessive straining like powerlifting, frequent coughing, or straining on the toilet. […] An inguinal hernia won’t heal by itself so don’t delay treatment.

• #90 Etiology of Inguinal Hernias: A Comprehensive Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5614933/

  The etiology of inguinal hernias remains uncertain even though the lifetime risk of developing an inguinal hernia is 27% for men and 3% for women. […] Lateral and medial hernias seem to have common as well as different etiologies. A patent processus vaginalis and increased cumulative mechanical exposure are risk factors for lateral hernias. Patients with medial hernias seem to have a more profoundly altered connective tissue architecture and homeostasis compared with patients with lateral hernias. […] Inguinal hernias have a hereditary component with a complex inheritance pattern, and inguinal hernia susceptible genes have been identified that also are involved in connective tissue homeostasis. […] The etiology of lateral and medial hernias are at least partly different, but the final explanations are still lacking on certain areas.

• #91 Inguinal hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_hernia

  Risk factors for the development of a hernia include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy, among others. […] Predisposition to hernias is genetic and they occur more often in certain families. […] Deleterious mutations causing predisposition to hernias seem to have dominant inheritance (especially for men). […] It is unclear if inguinal hernias are associated with heavy lifting. […] Additional risk factors include chronic constipation, being overweight or obese, chronic cough, family history and prior episodes of direct inguinal hernias.

• #92 Hernia Types, Causes, and Treatments | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/hernia-types-causes-and-treatments

  Inguinal hernias may develop due to several factors, including obesity, aging, chronic cough such as with COPD, and strenuous physical activity requiring heavy lifting, such as construction work. […] Certain rare conditions such as collagen vascular disease or genetic defects involving connective tissue may also cause abdominal hernias.

• #93 Causas de la Hernia Inguinal y Crural

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/inguinal-and-crural-hernia/causes

  It is not known why some people develop a hernia. Hernias often occur in weak areas, such as the groin region and scars from previous surgeries. At the same time, any factor that increases intra-abdominal pressure can trigger the development of a hernia. […] The most common related factors are a family history of hernias, obesity, respiratory disease (COPD, chronic cough) and prolonged exertion. […] In the case of inguinal hernia, several factors influence its appearance: smoking, a family history of hernias, collagen diseases, persistent peritoneo-vaginal duct, abdominal aortic aneurysm, ascites, chronic renal insufficiency, heavy physical work, COPD, etc.

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