Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Classification, clinical features, and diagnosis of inguinal and femoral hernias in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults/print

  The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is estimated to be 27 to 43 percent in males and 3 to 6 percent in females. […] Groin hernias are the most common surgical condition encountered by primary care clinicians, with 1.6 million diagnosed annually and 500,000 undergoing operative repair in the United States. […] Worldwide, 20 million groin hernia repairs are performed annually, and inguinal hernia repair is the most common of all abdominal wall hernia operations.

• #2 Inguinal Hernia Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43045-4_4

  Inguinal hernia is the most common abdominal wall hernia. Although 50 % of patients with an inguinal hernia are unaware of this, repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Inguinal hernias occur more often in men and with increasing incidence at advanced age. The lifetime risk of developing inguinal hernia is approximately 25 % for men. Development of inguinal hernia is associated with several factors of which inheritance predominates. Low body mass index, chronic constipation, EhlersDanlos syndrome, and prostatectomy are additional risk factors, whereas it is still debatable if certain occupations influence on inguinal hernia formation. The recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair is 38 %. Experienced surgeons and those with more than five procedures yearly have fewer recurrences. A number of intraoperative aspects are related to hernia recurrence. Finally, obesity and smoking are patient-related factors that increase the risk of inguinal hernia recurrence.

• #3 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  As much as 10% of the population develops some type of hernia during life. More than 1 million abdominal hernia repairs are performed each year, with inguinal hernia repairs constituting nearly 770,000 of these cases. Frequencies of various types of hernias are as follows: Approximately 75% of all hernias are inguinal; of these, 50% are indirect (male-to-female ratio, 7:1), with a right-side predominance, and 25% are direct; 3% of inguinal hernias have a sliding component, most often on the left side (left-to-right ratio, 4.5:1) […] The prevalence of all varieties of hernias increases with age. The incidence of inguinal hernias in children is as high as 4.5%. Indirect hernias usually present during the first year of life, but they may not appear until middle or old age. Indirect hernias are more common in premature infants than in term infants; they develop in 13% of infants born before 32 weeks gestation. Direct hernias occur in older patients as a result of relaxation of abdominal wall musculature and thinning of the fascia.

• #4

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9706054/

  This review pooled the magnitude of inguinal hernia based on the available population-based studies conducted throughout the world. […] The pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia was 7.7% (95% confidence interval: 6.069.34). […] Subgroup analysis showed that the highest pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia (12.72%) was observed in Asia, On the contrary, the lowest pooled prevalence emanated from America, 4.73%. […] The pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia in males is far higher than females. It was, respectively, 9.61% (95% confidence interval: 6.4612.76) and 1.31% (95% confidence interval: 0.362.26) for males and females. […] The current meta-analysis revealed a higher burden of inguinal hernia. […] The pooled prevalence of IH was higher in studies done before 2000 (8.66%) compared to those studies conducted after 2000 (7.48). […] The available literatures summarized in this meta-analysis indicated the global burden of IH is 7.7%. Males are predominantly affected by IH when compared with females.

• #5 Classification, clinical features, and diagnosis of inguinal and femoral hernias in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults/print

  The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is estimated to be 27 to 43 percent in males and 3 to 6 percent in females. […] Groin hernias are the most common surgical condition encountered by primary care clinicians, with 1.6 million diagnosed annually and 500,000 undergoing operative repair in the United States. […] Worldwide, 20 million groin hernia repairs are performed annually, and inguinal hernia repair is the most common of all abdominal wall hernia operations.

• #6 Classification, clinical features, and diagnosis of inguinal and femoral hernias in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-inguinal-and-femoral-hernias-in-adults

  The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is estimated to be 27 to 43 percent in males and 3 to 6 percent in females. Groin hernias are the most common surgical condition encountered by primary care clinicians, with 1.6 million diagnosed annually and 500,000 undergoing operative repair in the United States. Worldwide, 20 million groin hernia repairs are performed annually, and inguinal hernia repair is the most common of all abdominal wall hernia operations. […] Well-documented risk factors for primary inguinal hernia include.

• #7 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #8 Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/

  Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgery in the United States. It is estimated that about 800,000 inguinal hernias are performed annually. Inguinal hernias account for 75% of all abdominal wall hernias. The incidence of inguinal hernias has a bimodal distribution, with peaks around age 5 and after age 70. […] Males account for about 90% of all inguinal hernias and females about 10%. Femoral hernias account for only 3% of all inguinal hernias and are more commonly seen in women with females accounting for about 70% of all femoral hernias. An inguinal hernia will affect nearly 25% of men and less than 2% of women over their lifetime.

• #9 Comparative Effectiveness of Surgical Options for Inguinal Hernia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/inguinal-hernia/research-protocol

  An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the inguinal canal through an abdominal wall defect. The lifetime rate of inguinal hernia is 25 percent in males and 2 percent in females. The risk of inguinal hernia increases with age, and the annual incidence is around 50 percent by the age of 75. Approximately two-thirds of inguinal hernias are indirect, and one-third are direct. Recurrence occurs in approximately 1 percent to 5 percent of cases. […] In children, the incidence ranges from 0.8 percent to 4.4 percent. It is 10 times more common in boys and also more common in infants born before 32 weeks gestation (13% prevalence) and infants weighing less than 1,000 grams at birth (30% prevalence). […] Surgical repair of hernias is the most commonly performed general surgical procedure in the United States. In 2003, an estimated 770,000 surgical repairs of inguinal hernia were performed. […] Given the clinical uncertainty, a systematic review of the existing evidence on comparative effectiveness will help inform important medical decisions about surgical options for inguinal hernia.

• #10 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  In the United States, 1.6 million groin hernias are diagnosed annually, and 700,000 are repaired surgically. The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is 27% in men and 3% in women. The frequency of groin hernia repair rises from 0.25% in patients 18 years of age to 4.2% in patients 75 to 80 years of age. […] In the United States, approximately 96% of groin hernias are inguinal hernias, about 20% of which are bilateral. Femoral hernias comprise the remaining 4% of groin hernias and are more common in women (16% to 37% of women). Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence.

• #11 Hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia

  About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some time in their lives. […] In 2013 about 25 million people had a hernia. […] Inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias resulted in 32,500 deaths globally in 2013 and 50,500 in 1990. […] Healthcare costs associated with abdominal wall hernias account for an annual expenditure of approximately 2.5 to 3 billion dollars.

• #12 Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/

  Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgery in the United States. It is estimated that about 800,000 inguinal hernias are performed annually. Inguinal hernias account for 75% of all abdominal wall hernias. The incidence of inguinal hernias has a bimodal distribution, with peaks around age 5 and after age 70. […] Males account for about 90% of all inguinal hernias and females about 10%. Femoral hernias account for only 3% of all inguinal hernias and are more commonly seen in women with females accounting for about 70% of all femoral hernias. An inguinal hernia will affect nearly 25% of men and less than 2% of women over their lifetime.

• #13 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  Inguinal hernias are the most common type in both males and females; approximately 25% of males and 2% of females have an inguinal hernia over the course of their lifetime. The male-to-female ratio for indirect inguinal hernia is 7:1. […] Data from developing countries are limited. Consequently, accurate determinations of incidence and prevalence are unavailable. Current epidemiologic assessments suggest that gender distribution and anatomic distribution are similar to those in more developed countries.

• #14 Inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80%) and are most often acquired. There is a recognized male predilection with an M:F ratio of up to 7:1. […] Compared with other types of abdominal wall hernias, the incidence of complications is considered lower.

• #15

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9706054/

  This review pooled the magnitude of inguinal hernia based on the available population-based studies conducted throughout the world. […] The pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia was 7.7% (95% confidence interval: 6.069.34). […] Subgroup analysis showed that the highest pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia (12.72%) was observed in Asia, On the contrary, the lowest pooled prevalence emanated from America, 4.73%. […] The pooled prevalence of inguinal hernia in males is far higher than females. It was, respectively, 9.61% (95% confidence interval: 6.4612.76) and 1.31% (95% confidence interval: 0.362.26) for males and females. […] The current meta-analysis revealed a higher burden of inguinal hernia. […] The pooled prevalence of IH was higher in studies done before 2000 (8.66%) compared to those studies conducted after 2000 (7.48). […] The available literatures summarized in this meta-analysis indicated the global burden of IH is 7.7%. Males are predominantly affected by IH when compared with females.

• #16 Pain in Lower Right Abdomen: 16 Possible Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-in-lower-right-abdomen

  An inguinal hernia happens when fat or part of the small intestine pushes through a weak part of your lower abdomen. Its the most common type of hernia. Males are more likely to experience this condition. According to a 2022 review of multiple studies of more than 51 million people, this type of hernia occurred in 9.61% of males and 1.31% of females. […] Other than abdominal pain, you may notice a bulge in your groin area between your thigh and lower abdomen or in your scrotum. Sometimes, the hernia can become stuck or strangulated. This can be a life-threatening condition.

• #17 Inguinal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513332/

  Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgery in the United States. It is estimated that about 800,000 inguinal hernias are performed annually. Inguinal hernias account for 75% of all abdominal wall hernias. The incidence of inguinal hernias has a bimodal distribution, with peaks around age 5 and after age 70. […] Males account for about 90% of all inguinal hernias and females about 10%. Femoral hernias account for only 3% of all inguinal hernias and are more commonly seen in women with females accounting for about 70% of all femoral hernias. An inguinal hernia will affect nearly 25% of men and less than 2% of women over their lifetime.

• #18 Inguinal hernia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Inguinal_hernia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of inguinal hernia is approximately 110 per 100,000 individuals in years aged 16-24 years to 2000 per 100,000 person years aged 75 years or above in men. […] The prevalence of inguinal hernia is approximately 1700 per 100,000 individuals for all ages and 4000 per 100,000 for those aged over 45 years worldwide. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Male are more commonly affected by inguinal hernia than female. The male to female ratio is approximately 9 to 1. […] Patients of all age groups may develop inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernia commonly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals because the abdominal walls weakens with age. […] Indirect inguinal hernias can occur at any age including the young individuals. […] Inguinal hernia affects individuals of the Caucasian more than African-American.

• #19 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #20 Inguinal hernia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Inguinal_hernia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of inguinal hernia is approximately 110 per 100,000 individuals in years aged 16-24 years to 2000 per 100,000 person years aged 75 years or above in men. […] The prevalence of inguinal hernia is approximately 1700 per 100,000 individuals for all ages and 4000 per 100,000 for those aged over 45 years worldwide. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Male are more commonly affected by inguinal hernia than female. The male to female ratio is approximately 9 to 1. […] Patients of all age groups may develop inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernia commonly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals because the abdominal walls weakens with age. […] Indirect inguinal hernias can occur at any age including the young individuals. […] Inguinal hernia affects individuals of the Caucasian more than African-American.

• #21 Inguinal Hernia: Prevalence, Risks, Treatment Prospects

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20241410.01.html

  Inguinal hernia accounts for 75% of all hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, and the risk of development throughout life is observed in 32% of men and 3% of women. […] The incidence of the most common surgical pathology has two risk periods of development, at the age of 16-24 years (110 patients per 100,000 population) and 65 years and older (2,000 per 100,000 population). […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age and the average age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Even though women suffer much less from inguinal hernia, they have risk factors for the development of this pathology, which is especially evident during pregnancy and childbirth, but this does not account for a large percentage of occurrence (0.1%). […] In the pediatric population, the incidence of inguinal hernia in children is 1-5% and is even higher in premature infants, reaching 10-30%.

• #22 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  In the United States, 1.6 million groin hernias are diagnosed annually, and 700,000 are repaired surgically. The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is 27% in men and 3% in women. The frequency of groin hernia repair rises from 0.25% in patients 18 years of age to 4.2% in patients 75 to 80 years of age. […] In the United States, approximately 96% of groin hernias are inguinal hernias, about 20% of which are bilateral. Femoral hernias comprise the remaining 4% of groin hernias and are more common in women (16% to 37% of women). Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence.

• #23 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  As much as 10% of the population develops some type of hernia during life. More than 1 million abdominal hernia repairs are performed each year, with inguinal hernia repairs constituting nearly 770,000 of these cases. Frequencies of various types of hernias are as follows: Approximately 75% of all hernias are inguinal; of these, 50% are indirect (male-to-female ratio, 7:1), with a right-side predominance, and 25% are direct; 3% of inguinal hernias have a sliding component, most often on the left side (left-to-right ratio, 4.5:1) […] The prevalence of all varieties of hernias increases with age. The incidence of inguinal hernias in children is as high as 4.5%. Indirect hernias usually present during the first year of life, but they may not appear until middle or old age. Indirect hernias are more common in premature infants than in term infants; they develop in 13% of infants born before 32 weeks gestation. Direct hernias occur in older patients as a result of relaxation of abdominal wall musculature and thinning of the fascia.

• #24 Indirect inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/indirect-inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Indirect inguinal hernias (alternative plural: herniae), a type of groin herniation, are the most common type of abdominal hernia. […] It is five times more common than a direct inguinal hernia, and is seven times more frequent in males, due to the persistence of the processus vaginalis during testicular descent. […] In children, the vast majority of inguinal hernias are indirect.

• #25 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  As much as 10% of the population develops some type of hernia during life. More than 1 million abdominal hernia repairs are performed each year, with inguinal hernia repairs constituting nearly 770,000 of these cases. Frequencies of various types of hernias are as follows: Approximately 75% of all hernias are inguinal; of these, 50% are indirect (male-to-female ratio, 7:1), with a right-side predominance, and 25% are direct; 3% of inguinal hernias have a sliding component, most often on the left side (left-to-right ratio, 4.5:1) […] The prevalence of all varieties of hernias increases with age. The incidence of inguinal hernias in children is as high as 4.5%. Indirect hernias usually present during the first year of life, but they may not appear until middle or old age. Indirect hernias are more common in premature infants than in term infants; they develop in 13% of infants born before 32 weeks gestation. Direct hernias occur in older patients as a result of relaxation of abdominal wall musculature and thinning of the fascia.

• #26 Inguinal hernia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Inguinal_hernia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of inguinal hernia is approximately 110 per 100,000 individuals in years aged 16-24 years to 2000 per 100,000 person years aged 75 years or above in men. […] The prevalence of inguinal hernia is approximately 1700 per 100,000 individuals for all ages and 4000 per 100,000 for those aged over 45 years worldwide. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Male are more commonly affected by inguinal hernia than female. The male to female ratio is approximately 9 to 1. […] Patients of all age groups may develop inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernia commonly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals because the abdominal walls weakens with age. […] Indirect inguinal hernias can occur at any age including the young individuals. […] Inguinal hernia affects individuals of the Caucasian more than African-American.

• #27 Abdominal Hernias: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/189563-overview

  As much as 10% of the population develops some type of hernia during life. More than 1 million abdominal hernia repairs are performed each year, with inguinal hernia repairs constituting nearly 770,000 of these cases. Frequencies of various types of hernias are as follows: Approximately 75% of all hernias are inguinal; of these, 50% are indirect (male-to-female ratio, 7:1), with a right-side predominance, and 25% are direct; 3% of inguinal hernias have a sliding component, most often on the left side (left-to-right ratio, 4.5:1) […] The prevalence of all varieties of hernias increases with age. The incidence of inguinal hernias in children is as high as 4.5%. Indirect hernias usually present during the first year of life, but they may not appear until middle or old age. Indirect hernias are more common in premature infants than in term infants; they develop in 13% of infants born before 32 weeks gestation. Direct hernias occur in older patients as a result of relaxation of abdominal wall musculature and thinning of the fascia.

• #28 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  In the United States, 1.6 million groin hernias are diagnosed annually, and 700,000 are repaired surgically. The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is 27% in men and 3% in women. The frequency of groin hernia repair rises from 0.25% in patients 18 years of age to 4.2% in patients 75 to 80 years of age. […] In the United States, approximately 96% of groin hernias are inguinal hernias, about 20% of which are bilateral. Femoral hernias comprise the remaining 4% of groin hernias and are more common in women (16% to 37% of women). Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence.

• #29 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #30 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review) | Oorzhak | Acta Biomedica Scientifica

  https://www.actabiomedica.ru/jour/article/view/2994?locale=en_US

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27-43% of men and 3-6% of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70-80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Risk factors for inguinal hernia in middle-aged and elderly men: Results from the Rotterdam Study. Surgery. 2015; 157(3): 540-546. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.09.029. […] The inheritance of groin hernia: a systematic review. Hernia. 2013; 17(2): 183-189. doi: 10.1007/s10029-013-1060-4. […] Inguinal hernia repair among men in relation to occupational mechanical exposures and lifestyle factors: A longitudinal study. Occup Environ Med. 2017; 74(11): 769-775. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104160.

• #31 Inguinal hernia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Inguinal_hernia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of inguinal hernia is approximately 110 per 100,000 individuals in years aged 16-24 years to 2000 per 100,000 person years aged 75 years or above in men. […] The prevalence of inguinal hernia is approximately 1700 per 100,000 individuals for all ages and 4000 per 100,000 for those aged over 45 years worldwide. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Male are more commonly affected by inguinal hernia than female. The male to female ratio is approximately 9 to 1. […] Patients of all age groups may develop inguinal hernia. […] Direct inguinal hernia commonly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals because the abdominal walls weakens with age. […] Indirect inguinal hernias can occur at any age including the young individuals. […] Inguinal hernia affects individuals of the Caucasian more than African-American.

• #32 Inguinal Hernia Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43045-4_4

  Inguinal hernia is the most common abdominal wall hernia. Although 50 % of patients with an inguinal hernia are unaware of this, repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Inguinal hernias occur more often in men and with increasing incidence at advanced age. The lifetime risk of developing inguinal hernia is approximately 25 % for men. Development of inguinal hernia is associated with several factors of which inheritance predominates. Low body mass index, chronic constipation, EhlersDanlos syndrome, and prostatectomy are additional risk factors, whereas it is still debatable if certain occupations influence on inguinal hernia formation. The recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair is 38 %. Experienced surgeons and those with more than five procedures yearly have fewer recurrences. A number of intraoperative aspects are related to hernia recurrence. Finally, obesity and smoking are patient-related factors that increase the risk of inguinal hernia recurrence.

• #33 The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/32/1/59

  The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.

• #34 Inguinal Hernia Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43045-4_4

  Inguinal hernia is the most common abdominal wall hernia. Although 50 % of patients with an inguinal hernia are unaware of this, repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Inguinal hernias occur more often in men and with increasing incidence at advanced age. The lifetime risk of developing inguinal hernia is approximately 25 % for men. Development of inguinal hernia is associated with several factors of which inheritance predominates. Low body mass index, chronic constipation, EhlersDanlos syndrome, and prostatectomy are additional risk factors, whereas it is still debatable if certain occupations influence on inguinal hernia formation. The recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair is 38 %. Experienced surgeons and those with more than five procedures yearly have fewer recurrences. A number of intraoperative aspects are related to hernia recurrence. Finally, obesity and smoking are patient-related factors that increase the risk of inguinal hernia recurrence.

• #35 The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/32/1/59

  The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.

• #36 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #37 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  In the United States, 1.6 million groin hernias are diagnosed annually, and 700,000 are repaired surgically. The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is 27% in men and 3% in women. The frequency of groin hernia repair rises from 0.25% in patients 18 years of age to 4.2% in patients 75 to 80 years of age. […] In the United States, approximately 96% of groin hernias are inguinal hernias, about 20% of which are bilateral. Femoral hernias comprise the remaining 4% of groin hernias and are more common in women (16% to 37% of women). Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence.

• #38 The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/32/1/59

  The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.

• #39 Inguinal Hernia | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14043/all/Inguinal_Hernia?q=Hernia

  Inguinal hernia is the most frequent problem requiring elective surgical intervention in children. […] Significantly more common in boys (90% of cases). […] Frequency varies with age and ranges from 35% in full-term babies to 1030% in preterm infants.

• #40 Pediatric Hernias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932680-overview

  Inguinal hernia appears to occur equally among races. Umbilical hernias, on the other hand, appear to be more common in Blacks than in other races. […] Although the exact incidence of indirect inguinal hernia in infants and children is unknown, the reported incidence ranges from 1-5%. Sixty percent of hernias occur on the right side. Premature infants are at increased risk for inguinal hernia, with incidence rates of 2% in females and 7-30% in males. Approximately 5% of all males develop a hernia during their lifetime. […] A study that evaluated the incidence of inguinal hernia in almost 80,000 children found that the cumulative incidence of inguinal hernia from birth to 15 years of age was 6.62% in males and 0.74% in females. […] International incidence rates are similar to those in the United States.

• #41 Inguinal Hernia: Prevalence, Risks, Treatment Prospects

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20241410.01.html

  Inguinal hernia accounts for 75% of all hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, and the risk of development throughout life is observed in 32% of men and 3% of women. […] The incidence of the most common surgical pathology has two risk periods of development, at the age of 16-24 years (110 patients per 100,000 population) and 65 years and older (2,000 per 100,000 population). […] The incidence of inguinal hernia increases with age and the average age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] Even though women suffer much less from inguinal hernia, they have risk factors for the development of this pathology, which is especially evident during pregnancy and childbirth, but this does not account for a large percentage of occurrence (0.1%). […] In the pediatric population, the incidence of inguinal hernia in children is 1-5% and is even higher in premature infants, reaching 10-30%.

• #42 Pediatric Hernias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932680-overview

  Inguinal hernia appears to occur equally among races. Umbilical hernias, on the other hand, appear to be more common in Blacks than in other races. […] Although the exact incidence of indirect inguinal hernia in infants and children is unknown, the reported incidence ranges from 1-5%. Sixty percent of hernias occur on the right side. Premature infants are at increased risk for inguinal hernia, with incidence rates of 2% in females and 7-30% in males. Approximately 5% of all males develop a hernia during their lifetime. […] A study that evaluated the incidence of inguinal hernia in almost 80,000 children found that the cumulative incidence of inguinal hernia from birth to 15 years of age was 6.62% in males and 0.74% in females. […] International incidence rates are similar to those in the United States.

• #43 Inguinal Hernia | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14043/all/Inguinal_Hernia?q=Hernia

  Inguinal hernia is the most frequent problem requiring elective surgical intervention in children. […] Significantly more common in boys (90% of cases). […] Frequency varies with age and ranges from 35% in full-term babies to 1030% in preterm infants.

• #44 Indirect inguinal hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/indirect-inguinal-hernia?lang=us

  Indirect inguinal hernias (alternative plural: herniae), a type of groin herniation, are the most common type of abdominal hernia. […] It is five times more common than a direct inguinal hernia, and is seven times more frequent in males, due to the persistence of the processus vaginalis during testicular descent. […] In children, the vast majority of inguinal hernias are indirect.

• #45 Pediatric Hernias: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932680-overview

  Inguinal hernia appears to occur equally among races. Umbilical hernias, on the other hand, appear to be more common in Blacks than in other races. […] Although the exact incidence of indirect inguinal hernia in infants and children is unknown, the reported incidence ranges from 1-5%. Sixty percent of hernias occur on the right side. Premature infants are at increased risk for inguinal hernia, with incidence rates of 2% in females and 7-30% in males. Approximately 5% of all males develop a hernia during their lifetime. […] A study that evaluated the incidence of inguinal hernia in almost 80,000 children found that the cumulative incidence of inguinal hernia from birth to 15 years of age was 6.62% in males and 0.74% in females. […] International incidence rates are similar to those in the United States.

• #46 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020?type=Fact+Sheets

  The crude rate of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses between 2010 and 2019 among U.S. active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 person-years, with a modest decline over the surveillance period. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness due to lost duty time or medical evacuation from theater. […] This study identifies subgroups of service members at higher risk for inguinal hernia and subsequent pain diagnosis. […] Among U.S. military service members, inguinal hernia is the fourth most prevalent digestive condition in terms of individuals affected and number of medical encounters. […] Inguinal hernias can also affect military readiness, particularly when they result in evacuations from theaters of operations. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia among active component service members between 2005 and 2014 was 33.8 per 10,000 person-years (p-yrs), with rates being higher among males, non-Hispanic whites, older personnel, and those in combat-specific occupations.

• #47 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020?type=Fact+Sheets

  This study found that the overall incidence rate of inguinal hernia diagnoses among active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 p-yrs between 2010 and 2019. […] In addition, older service members, males, non-Hispanic whites, and those in combat-specific occupations had comparatively higher rates of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses. […] For service members, persistent pain can interfere with job duties and requirements for meeting standards of physical fitness. […] Service members at higher risk for pain following hernia repair, such as female service members, younger personnel, those with prior abdominal or groin pain diagnoses, and those with prior repair procedures, should be monitored and treated according to best practice guidelines if the pain does not subside.

• #48 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020

  This study found that the overall incidence rate of inguinal hernia diagnoses among active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 p-yrs between 2010 and 2019. In addition, older service members, males, non-Hispanic whites, and those in combat-specific occupations had comparatively higher rates of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness, and persistent pain from hernia repair surgeries can interfere with job duties and physical fitness requirements. Service members at higher risk for pain following hernia repair, such as female service members, younger personnel, those with prior abdominal or groin pain diagnoses, and those with prior repair procedures, should be monitored and treated according to best practice guidelines if the pain does not subside.

• #49 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020?type=Fact+Sheets

  The crude rate of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses between 2010 and 2019 among U.S. active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 person-years, with a modest decline over the surveillance period. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness due to lost duty time or medical evacuation from theater. […] This study identifies subgroups of service members at higher risk for inguinal hernia and subsequent pain diagnosis. […] Among U.S. military service members, inguinal hernia is the fourth most prevalent digestive condition in terms of individuals affected and number of medical encounters. […] Inguinal hernias can also affect military readiness, particularly when they result in evacuations from theaters of operations. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia among active component service members between 2005 and 2014 was 33.8 per 10,000 person-years (p-yrs), with rates being higher among males, non-Hispanic whites, older personnel, and those in combat-specific occupations.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/njom/fulltext/2020/29030/bilateral_inguinal_hernia__epidemiology_and.10.aspx

  A total of 308 patients with bilateral inguinal hernias were evaluated, representing 16.6% of all patients with inguinal hernias during the period of study. […] The use of mesh for simultaneous repair of elective bilateral inguinal hernia is associated with lower rates of recurrence and comparable rates of wound infections and seroma compared to suture-based repairs. […] Reports on rates of bilateral inguinal hernias in adults, especially in males, are highly variable. […] The frequency of bilateral inguinal hernias is not known due to different yardsticks for the discovery of these hernias by clinical examination, palpation to detect hernia in the contralateral side during open hernia repair, or detection during laparoscopic procedures. […] The aim of this study is to document the incidence and outcomes of the treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia in our environment.

• #51 Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1015/p487.html

  In the United States, 1.6 million groin hernias are diagnosed annually, and 700,000 are repaired surgically. The lifetime prevalence of groin hernias is 27% in men and 3% in women. The frequency of groin hernia repair rises from 0.25% in patients 18 years of age to 4.2% in patients 75 to 80 years of age. […] In the United States, approximately 96% of groin hernias are inguinal hernias, about 20% of which are bilateral. Femoral hernias comprise the remaining 4% of groin hernias and are more common in women (16% to 37% of women). Risk factors for inguinal hernias include a family history of the condition, male sex, older age, low body mass index, systemic connective tissue disease, and history of radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. In women, inguinal hernias have also been associated with taller height, chronic cough, umbilical hernia, and rural residence.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/njom/fulltext/2020/29030/bilateral_inguinal_hernia__epidemiology_and.10.aspx

  A total of 308 patients with bilateral inguinal hernias were evaluated, representing 16.6% of all patients with inguinal hernias during the period of study. […] The use of mesh for simultaneous repair of elective bilateral inguinal hernia is associated with lower rates of recurrence and comparable rates of wound infections and seroma compared to suture-based repairs. […] Reports on rates of bilateral inguinal hernias in adults, especially in males, are highly variable. […] The frequency of bilateral inguinal hernias is not known due to different yardsticks for the discovery of these hernias by clinical examination, palpation to detect hernia in the contralateral side during open hernia repair, or detection during laparoscopic procedures. […] The aim of this study is to document the incidence and outcomes of the treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia in our environment.

• #53 The incidence and analysis of ipsilateral occult hernia in patients undergoing hernia repair: a single institution retrospective study of 1066 patients | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01181-8

  Misdiagnosis or failure to intraoperatively detect occult hernia in the inguinal region can lead to the recurrence of postoperative hernia and the appearance of local pain symptoms, which affect the patients quality of life and make it difficult to reperform hernia repair. […] This study included 1066 inguinal hernia patients who underwent surgical treatment at Shanghai Tongren Hospital between January 2016 and October 2018 to investigate ipsilateral occult hernia epidemiology, to analyze the characteristics of ipsilateral occult hernias with regards to patient age, gender, classification and anatomical site, and to explore the superiority and inferiority of the expert hernia surgeons/ non-expert hernia surgeons group and of operation methods in finding occult inguinal hernias. […] The incidence of ipsilateral occult hernia in the surgical population was 8.26%.

• #54 The incidence and analysis of ipsilateral occult hernia in patients undergoing hernia repair: a single institution retrospective study of 1066 patients | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01181-8

  Ipsilateral occult inguinal hernia has a higher incidence in patients with inguinal hernia, especially older patients; therefore, it is necessary for experienced surgeons to carefully detect for possible occult hernia during the operation and in elderly patients. […] The incidence of occult inguinal hernia was 8.26% (88/1066) in the surgical population, among which the incidence of occult inguinal hernia was 8.32% (81/974) in the male population and 7.61% (7/92) in the female population. […] According to the specific incidence of occult hernia and ipsilateral hernia (clinically diagnosed and requiring surgical treatment) in the surgical population, it was found that there were many comorbid conditions, among which occult direct hernia with ipsilateral dominant indirect hernia had the highest proportion, accounting for 52.27% of all occult hernias and 43.15% of the surgical population in this study.

• #55 The incidence and analysis of ipsilateral occult hernia in patients undergoing hernia repair: a single institution retrospective study of 1066 patients | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01181-8

  The incidence of occult inguinal hernias on the right side was significantly higher than that on the left. […] In this study, the epidemiology of occult hernias was studied by analyzing the age, sex, classification and anatomical locations of occult hernias among the surgical population. […] The results showed that there was no significant difference in the incidence of occult inguinal hernia between men and women, indicating that gender was not a factor affecting the incidence of occult inguinal hernia. […] However, with increasing age, the significant differences were gradually reduced. […] Occult inguinal hernia has a certain incidence (8.26%) in patients with inguinal hernia.

• #56 Comparative Effectiveness of Surgical Options for Inguinal Hernia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/inguinal-hernia/research-protocol

  An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the inguinal canal through an abdominal wall defect. The lifetime rate of inguinal hernia is 25 percent in males and 2 percent in females. The risk of inguinal hernia increases with age, and the annual incidence is around 50 percent by the age of 75. Approximately two-thirds of inguinal hernias are indirect, and one-third are direct. Recurrence occurs in approximately 1 percent to 5 percent of cases. […] In children, the incidence ranges from 0.8 percent to 4.4 percent. It is 10 times more common in boys and also more common in infants born before 32 weeks gestation (13% prevalence) and infants weighing less than 1,000 grams at birth (30% prevalence). […] Surgical repair of hernias is the most commonly performed general surgical procedure in the United States. In 2003, an estimated 770,000 surgical repairs of inguinal hernia were performed. […] Given the clinical uncertainty, a systematic review of the existing evidence on comparative effectiveness will help inform important medical decisions about surgical options for inguinal hernia.

• #57 Inguinal Hernia Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43045-4_4

  Inguinal hernia is the most common abdominal wall hernia. Although 50 % of patients with an inguinal hernia are unaware of this, repair of inguinal hernia is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Inguinal hernias occur more often in men and with increasing incidence at advanced age. The lifetime risk of developing inguinal hernia is approximately 25 % for men. Development of inguinal hernia is associated with several factors of which inheritance predominates. Low body mass index, chronic constipation, EhlersDanlos syndrome, and prostatectomy are additional risk factors, whereas it is still debatable if certain occupations influence on inguinal hernia formation. The recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair is 38 %. Experienced surgeons and those with more than five procedures yearly have fewer recurrences. A number of intraoperative aspects are related to hernia recurrence. Finally, obesity and smoking are patient-related factors that increase the risk of inguinal hernia recurrence.

• #58

  http://www.seejph.com/index.php/seejph/article/view/712

  Following inguinal hernia surgery, the risk of recurrence is a major clinical concern. […] Few studies have examined the risk of recurrence following inguinal hernia surgery. […] The epidemiologic data for groin hernias nationwide has been revealed. […] The incidence of recurrence following inguinal hernia repair is an important consideration. […] The rationale behind, combination of factors likely contribute to the recurrence of inguinal hernias, which typically occur in the range of patient-related risk factors, both technical and non-technical, are present. […] In order to aid future research in predicting the occurrence of inguinal hernias, it is necessary to undertake this type of study in every geographical location. Aim of study to show recurrence inguinal hernia after surgery related to epidemiology and risk factors.

• #59

  https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/view/205328

  Recurrent inguinal hernia: Epidemiology and outcomes of surgical repair in a resource-limited setting […] This study aimed to document some aspects of the epidemiology and the outcomes of surgical repair of recurrent inguinal hernia in our institution. […] The recurrence rate was 2.3%. Obesity (p=0.033), wound infection (p=0.003), prolonged length of hospital stays (p=0.036) and suture-based repair (p=0.048) were independently and significantly associated with hernia recurrence. […] The main predictors of recurrence after repair were obesity, wound infection and non-mesh repair method.

• #60 Strangulated Inguinal Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/46889

  The incidence rate of strangulated inguinal hernia varies between 0.29 and 2.9 %. The mortality rate also ranges between 2.6 to 9 %, but Tanaka et al have shown that a delay of 12 h increased significantly intestinal resection rate. […] Strangulated hernias are more frequently seen in elderly patients, and their prevalence in the over-60-year-old population has been reported to be 9.8 % compared with 1.8 % for younger patients; morbidity and mortality rates are 55 and 15 %, respectively, for patients over 65 years in case of herniorrhaphy in emergency. […] In addition, it has been reported that advanced age in the patients with strangulated inguinal hernia is considered as a prognostic factor of surgical or medical postoperative complications. The relation between mortality and age is understandable, poor risk being related to both intestinal necrosis and systemic complications of more dubious control in emergency circumstances.

• #61 Strangulated Inguinal Hernia | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/46889

  The incidence rate of strangulated inguinal hernia varies between 0.29 and 2.9 %. The mortality rate also ranges between 2.6 to 9 %, but Tanaka et al have shown that a delay of 12 h increased significantly intestinal resection rate. […] Strangulated hernias are more frequently seen in elderly patients, and their prevalence in the over-60-year-old population has been reported to be 9.8 % compared with 1.8 % for younger patients; morbidity and mortality rates are 55 and 15 %, respectively, for patients over 65 years in case of herniorrhaphy in emergency. […] In addition, it has been reported that advanced age in the patients with strangulated inguinal hernia is considered as a prognostic factor of surgical or medical postoperative complications. The relation between mortality and age is understandable, poor risk being related to both intestinal necrosis and systemic complications of more dubious control in emergency circumstances.

• #62 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020

  What Are the New Findings? The crude rate of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses between 2010 and 2019 among U.S. active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 person-years, with a modest decline over the surveillance period. Among the 44,898 incident inguinal hernia diagnoses, 22,349 were followed by an open or laparoscopic repair and among these, 6,276 (28.1%) had a pain diagnosis within 1 year. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness due to lost duty time or medical evacuation from theater. Persistent pain from hernia repair surgeries can interfere with job duties and requirements for meeting standards of physical fitness. This study identifies subgroups of service members at higher risk for inguinal hernia and subsequent pain diagnosis.

• #63 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020

  This study found that the overall incidence rate of inguinal hernia diagnoses among active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 p-yrs between 2010 and 2019. In addition, older service members, males, non-Hispanic whites, and those in combat-specific occupations had comparatively higher rates of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness, and persistent pain from hernia repair surgeries can interfere with job duties and physical fitness requirements. Service members at higher risk for pain following hernia repair, such as female service members, younger personnel, those with prior abdominal or groin pain diagnoses, and those with prior repair procedures, should be monitored and treated according to best practice guidelines if the pain does not subside.

• #64 Update: Incidence of Inguinal Hernia and Repair Procedures and Rate of Subsequent Pain Diagnoses, Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2010–2019 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2020/09/01/Update-Incidence-of-Inguinal-Hernia-MSMR-2020

  This study found that the overall incidence rate of inguinal hernia diagnoses among active component service members was 34.3 per 10,000 p-yrs between 2010 and 2019. In addition, older service members, males, non-Hispanic whites, and those in combat-specific occupations had comparatively higher rates of incident inguinal hernia diagnoses. […] For service members, inguinal hernias can result in reduced operational readiness, and persistent pain from hernia repair surgeries can interfere with job duties and physical fitness requirements. Service members at higher risk for pain following hernia repair, such as female service members, younger personnel, those with prior abdominal or groin pain diagnoses, and those with prior repair procedures, should be monitored and treated according to best practice guidelines if the pain does not subside.

• #65 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #66 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #67 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Inguinal hernias (IH) are widespread in the human population and occur in 27–43 % of men and 3–6 % of women. […] Many risk factors for IH have been overestimated in the last decade: male gender is considered the leading factor (the ratio between men and women is approximately 1:7), less significant factors are heredity (most significant for women), physical activity (more significant for men), age (peak prevalence of IH occurs at 5 years and 70–80 years), congenital or acquired connective tissue dysplasia, history of prostatectomy, low body mass index. […] Hernioplasty with the use of synthetic mesh prostheses remains the most popular technique for surgical correction of IH. […] In open hernioplasty using mesh prostheses, different methods are used today: Plug & Patch, Prolene Hernia System, Parietene Progrip, sutureless plastic according to Trabucco, Stoppa, preperitoneal techniques TIPP (trans-inguinal pre-peritoneal), TREPP (transrectus pre-peritoneal), TEP (total extraperitoneal), however, none of them showed significant advantages over the gold standard of open hernioplasty – tensionfree repair according to Liechtenstein.

• #68 Inguinal hernia – epidemiology, risk factors, treatment methods (literature review)

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lxbexX37/

  Laparoscopic IH correction is represented by the TAPP (transabdominal preperitoneal) technique, performed through the abdominal cavity, and TEP (total extraperitoneal) – extraperitoneal prosthetic hernioplasty. None of them has a significant advantage in the treatment of IH; therefore, when choosing a treatment method, the surgeon should be guided by the cost of the operation and the level of proficiency in one or another hernioplasty technique.

• #69 Decreasing use of open procedures in elective inguinal hernia surgery – Andresen – Laparoscopic Surgery

  https://ls.amegroups.org/article/view/6573/html

  The Danish Hernia Database has formulated recommendations for the treatment of hernias. […] If the current trend continues, there will be very few Lichtenstein repairs left for surgical training in the future. […] In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that over the last 21 years there has been an increase in the use of laparoscopic repair for bilateral inguinal hernia that now covers almost 100%. For primary unilateral hernias, the laparoscopic approach is increasingly being used now covering more than half of the operations, fortunately without an increase in the re-operation rates.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/the_global,_regional,_and_national_burden_and_its.18.aspx

  Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia repairs are the most common surgical procedure worldwide. […] We investigated temporal trends in the incidence and prevalence of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias at global, regional, and national levels in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). […] Globally, there were 32.53 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 27.7137.79] prevalent cases and 13.02 million (10.6815.49) incident cases of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias in 2019, which increased by 36.00% and 63.67%, respectively, compared with 1990. […] From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR and ASPR showed a decreasing trend worldwide, except in Central Sub-Saharan Africa, which had an increasing trend in ASIR and ASPR.

• #71 Hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia

  About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some time in their lives. […] In 2013 about 25 million people had a hernia. […] Inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias resulted in 32,500 deaths globally in 2013 and 50,500 in 1990. […] Healthcare costs associated with abdominal wall hernias account for an annual expenditure of approximately 2.5 to 3 billion dollars.

• #72 Inguinal Hernias (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/inguinal-hernias

  Inguinal hernias comprise approximately 7% of all surgical outpatient visits. […] Male:female ratio of groin hernias is 8:1. […] Hernias and hydroceles occur in 1-3% of full-term infants. […] In men, the incidence rises from 11 per 10,000 person-years, aged 16-24 years, to 200 per 10,000 person-years, aged 75 years or above.

• #73 Inguinal Hernia: Prevalence, Risks, Treatment Prospects

  http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20241410.01.html

  Among all surgical interventions, hernia repair is one of the most common both in the world and in the Republic of Uzbekistan. […] The number of operations for this pathology in Russia reaches 400,000 per year. […] According to US statistics, more than 1 million operations are performed annually to repair hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, of which about 750,000 operations are for inguinal hernia. […] The article addresses the problem of inguinal hernia, which is the most common surgical pathology. […] The risk of developing an inguinal hernia is related to gender and age. […] The incidence of inguinal hernia has two risk periods of development: from 16 to 24 years and after 65 years. […] The average age at diagnosis is 40-59 years. […] In children, the incidence of inguinal hernia is 1-5%, and among premature babies, it can reach 10-30%. […] Hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures both in the world and in various countries. […] In Russia, about 400,000 operations for inguinal hernia are performed annually.

• #74 Cited

  https://koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?RID=2450989

  The total cost of inguinal hernia surgery was increased up to 1.68 times from 2007 to 2015 ($856 to $1,439), although the number of hospital days was decreased from 4.7 to 3.7 days. […] The rate of laparoscopic surgery was increased to 29.5% in 2015. […] A mean number of 34,604 cases of inguinal hernia surgery have been carried out annually in Korea. […] The age distribution for inguinal hernia repair demonstrates bimodal peak at early childhood and old age. […] The proportion of laparoscopic surgery of inguinal hernia has been increasing for the past 9 years. […] The length of hospital stay and the rate of combined bowel resection have decreased.

• #75

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/the_global,_regional,_and_national_burden_and_its.18.aspx

  The global incident cases and prevalent cases of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, with a heavier burden observed in males, older adults, and in LMICs such as India and China. […] More efforts are warranted for hernia management to reduce the burden of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias, such as by providing safe hernia surgical treatment for males, older adults, and LMICs.

• #76

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-013-1177-5

  Surgical conditions represent a significant source of global disease burden. Little is known about the epidemiology of inguinal hernia in resource-poor settings. We present a method to estimate inguinal hernia disease burden in Tanzania. […] The prevalence of inguinal hernia in Tanzanian adults is 5.36 % while an estimated 12.09 % of men had hernias. Today, 683,904 adults suffer from symptomatic inguinal hernia in Tanzania. The annual incidence of symptomatic hernias in Tanzanian adults is 163 per 100,000 population. At Tanzania’s current hernia repair rate, a backlog of 995,874 hernias in need of repair will develop over 10 years. 4.4 million disability-adjusted life-years would be averted with repair of prevalent symptomatic hernias in Tanzania. […] Our data indicate the extent of inguinal hernia disease burden in Tanzania. By adjusting our figures for the age structure of Tanzania, we have demonstrated that while the incidence of symptomatic cases may be lower than previously thought, prevalence of inguinal hernia in Tanzania remains high. This approach provides an update to our previously described methodology for calculation of inguinal hernia epidemiology in resource-poor settings that may be used in multiple country contexts.

• #77

  http://www.seejph.com/index.php/seejph/article/view/712

  Following inguinal hernia surgery, the risk of recurrence is a major clinical concern. […] Few studies have examined the risk of recurrence following inguinal hernia surgery. […] The epidemiologic data for groin hernias nationwide has been revealed. […] The incidence of recurrence following inguinal hernia repair is an important consideration. […] The rationale behind, combination of factors likely contribute to the recurrence of inguinal hernias, which typically occur in the range of patient-related risk factors, both technical and non-technical, are present. […] In order to aid future research in predicting the occurrence of inguinal hernias, it is necessary to undertake this type of study in every geographical location. Aim of study to show recurrence inguinal hernia after surgery related to epidemiology and risk factors.

• #78 Comparative Effectiveness of Surgical Options for Inguinal Hernia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/inguinal-hernia/research-protocol

  An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the inguinal canal through an abdominal wall defect. The lifetime rate of inguinal hernia is 25 percent in males and 2 percent in females. The risk of inguinal hernia increases with age, and the annual incidence is around 50 percent by the age of 75. Approximately two-thirds of inguinal hernias are indirect, and one-third are direct. Recurrence occurs in approximately 1 percent to 5 percent of cases. […] In children, the incidence ranges from 0.8 percent to 4.4 percent. It is 10 times more common in boys and also more common in infants born before 32 weeks gestation (13% prevalence) and infants weighing less than 1,000 grams at birth (30% prevalence). […] Surgical repair of hernias is the most commonly performed general surgical procedure in the United States. In 2003, an estimated 770,000 surgical repairs of inguinal hernia were performed. […] Given the clinical uncertainty, a systematic review of the existing evidence on comparative effectiveness will help inform important medical decisions about surgical options for inguinal hernia.

• #79 WHO EMRO | Short communication: Inguinal hernias and genital abnormalities in young Jordanian males | Volume 12, issue 3/4 | EMHJ volume 12, 2006

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-issue-3-4/short-communication-inguinal-hernias-and-genital-abnormalities-in-young-jordanian-males.html

  This study was carried out to document the prevalence of inguinal hernia, hypospadias, undescended testis and varicocele in 3057 male applicants to the military wing of Muta University in the south of Jordan. […] Prevalence of inguinal hernia and undescended testis were comparable with international prevalence rates, while the rate for hypospadias was higher and that for varicocele lower. […] Inguinal hernias and genital abnormalities are common surgical problems in young males. […] The lifetime risk for developing inguinal hernia in men is 27%. […] Prevalence rates for inguinal hernia and undescended testis were comparable with the range found internationally, while the rate was lower for varicocele and higher for hypospadias. […] Screening of children through a national birth defects registration system would facilitate prevention and timely treatment of these conditions, and would reduce the medical, psychological, social and economic effects.

• #80

  https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/the_global,_regional,_and_national_burden_and_its.18.aspx

  The global incident cases and prevalent cases of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, with a heavier burden observed in males, older adults, and in LMICs such as India and China. […] More efforts are warranted for hernia management to reduce the burden of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias, such as by providing safe hernia surgical treatment for males, older adults, and LMICs.

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