Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uterine Prolapse: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/264231-overview

  The exact prevalence of POP is difficult to determine. However, it is estimated that the lifetime risk of requiring at least 1 operation to correct incontinence or prolapse is approximately 11%. […] Swift et al found that more than 50% of asymptomatic women presenting for annual gynecologic examination have at least stage 2 prolapse on examination. […] POP symptoms are most common in women aged 70-79 years.

• #1 Epidemiology and outcome assessment of pelvic organ prolapse – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24142054/

  The aim was to determine the incidence and prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse surgery and describe how outcomes are reported. […] Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) when defined by symptoms has a prevalence of 3-6% and up to 50% when based upon vaginal examination. Surgery for prolapse is performed twice as commonly as continence surgery and prevalence varies widely from 6 to 18%. The incidence of POP surgery ranges from 1.5 to 1.8 per 1,000 women years and peaks in women aged 60-69. […] Significant variation exists in the prevalence and incidence of pelvic organ prolapse surgery and how the outcomes are reported. Much of the variation may be improved by standardisation of definitions and outcomes of reporting on pelvic organ prolapse surgery.

• #1 Global burden and trends of pelvic organ prolapse associated with aging women: An observational trend study from 1990 to 2019

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9521163/

  Worldwide, about 40% of women will experience pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and this proportion is expected to increase with the aging of the population. […] In 2019, the global ASIR and AS-DALYs for POP were 316.19 (95%UI: 259.84381.84) and 10.37 (95%UI: 5.7917.99) per 100,000 population, respectively. […] Over the past three decades, the incidence and DALY of POP have been decreasing from 1990 to 2019. […] The three countries with the highest ASIR were Russian, Belarus, and Estonia; the three countries with the lowest ASIR were Guatemala, Cyprus, and Nepal. […] Therefore, primary and secondary prevention measures of POP should be integrated into the practice of healthcare professionals dealing with aging women.

• #1 Epidemiology and Psychosocial Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/epidemiology-and-psychosocial-impact-of-pelvic-floor-disorders/

  Because the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders increases with age, the changing demographics of the U.S. population will result in even more affected women. […] In studies of women who were not seeking care for prolapse, mild to moderate prolapse (at or above the hymen, stages III prolapse by ICS standards) has been found in up to 48% of women. […] In 412 women enrolled in the Womens Health Initiative, Handa et al. (2004) reported an annual average incidence of 1.5 cases of uterine prolapse per 100 women per year. […] For uterine prolapse, regression analyses showed a 16% to 20% increase in the odds ratio (OR) for having prolapse by decade of life. […] In the Womens Health Initiative, at baseline, uterine prolapse was observed in 14.2% of 16,616 women.

• #1 Uterine prolapse and associated factors among reproductive-age women in south-west Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262077

  Uterine prolapse is an important but neglected public health problem that causes maternal morbidity and mortality in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. […] The prevalence of symptomatic and anatomical uterine prolapse was 6.6% (28) and 5.9% (25), respectively. […] Age at first marriage (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR): 0.25, 95%CI 0.07, 0.89), place of delivery (AOR: 3.33, 95%CI 1.21, 9.13), birth attendant-assisted delivery (AOR 0.21; 95%CI 0.06, 0.71), and history of abortion (AOR: 2.94, 95%CI 1.08, 7.97) were found significantly and independently associated with the prevalence of uterine prolapse. […] Uterine prolapse is common in women of reproductive age. Age at first marriage, place of delivery, birth attendant-assisted delivery, and history of abortion were independent predictors of the prevalence of uterine prolapse.

• #1 Exploring risk factors of pelvic organ prolapse at eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo: a case-control study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-03010-5

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a common debilitating condition worldwide. […] The global prevalence of POP has been recently reported to be around 9%. […] The overall prevalence of prolapse in the United States is reported to be 21.7% amongst women aged 18 to 83, with rates as high as 27% and 30% in women aged 30 to 49 and 50 to 89 years respectively. […] The prevalence in low-income countries is estimated to be closer to 20%. […] However, the true prevalence of POP in low-resource settings may be underestimated due to social stigma, shame, and lack of awareness. […] POP is considered a major cause of morbidity. […] There is recognition of the paucity of information regarding POP risk factors. […] Studies on the prevalence of anatomical POP are rare in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) but available data suggest that POP is a very common gynecological condition, reaching frequencies of more than 15%.

• #1 Uterine prolapse and associated factors among reproductive-age women in south-west Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262077

  The worldwide prevalence of UP has been reported to be around 9%. However, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), it is estimated to be nearly 20%, and estimates vary widely (3.4-56.4%). […] Major risk factors associated with UP are adolescent pregnancy, lack of rest during and immediately after pregnancy, carrying heavy loads, delivery by unskilled birth attendants, poor nutrition, frequent pregnancies and pregnancies close together, prolonged and obstructed labor, and weakening of pelvic muscles as a result of aging or other medical problems. […] The burden of UP in low-income countries is expected to be worse than that of developed countries, given the low level of awareness of women in developing countries. […] The findings of this study and a similar study conducted in Wolaita Sodo of south Ethiopia showed age at first marriage and place of delivery were significantly associated with UP.

• #1 The prevalence and treatment pattern of clinically diagnosed pelvic organ prolapse: a Korean National Health Insurance Database-based cross-sectional study 2009–2015 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19692-5

  The study aim was to evaluate the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse using claim data of South Korea and to evaluate treatment patterns. […] The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse was 1804 per 100,000 population in women older than 50 years old. […] The prevalence of uterine prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele was 351 per 100,000 population, 181 per 100,000 population, and 161 per 100,000 population among all ages, respectively, and 953 per 100,000 population, 472 per 100,000 population, and 331 per 100,000 population among women greater than 50 years of age, respectively. […] The prevalence of POP was 711 per 100,000 population for all ages and 1804 per 100,000 population for women older than 50 years old. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of POP was 1804 per 100,000 population among women over 50 years old, which was quite lower than that noted in previous studies.

• #1

  https://jkmc.com.np/ojs3/index.php/journal/article/view/1137

  In Nepal, 9-35% of Nepali women suffer from uterine prolapse, and 200,000 are in need of immediate surgical treatment. […] The study findings show that marriage age of below 20 years, first childbirth age of below 20 years, higher number of pregnancy, and higher number of childbirth were the major factors for uterine prolapse. Therefore, public awareness on these factors would be the first step to reduce uterine prolapse.

• #1 Genital prolapse: epidemiology, clinic and therapeutic at Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/37/196/full/

  The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical profile of genital prolapse in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of Saint Joseph Hospital of Kinshasa. […] We recorded 161 cases of genital prolapses upon 13957 patients. The genital prolapses frequency was 1.2% with an annual average of 16.1 cases (SD 10.1) per year. […] The prevalence of genital prolapse varies from 2.9% to 97.7% in the world according to the method used for the study. […] In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this prevalence is not known and data to estimate its incidence are inexistent. […] The frequency of genital prolapses was of 1.2% at SJH. Its evolution was in a saw cog way from 0.6% in 2008 to 3.7% in 2017 during the period of our study. […] The genital prolapses frequency is 1.2%, the cysto-colpocele of stage III is the most frequent type and treated surgically with the recurrence rate of 2.0% in Kinshasa (DRC): this is the base on deepened studies upon genital prolapses in hospital of Kinshasa in DR Congo.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse: a cross-sectional study during mass campaign in two hospitals in the city of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of Congo

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/47/52/full

  Pelvic organ prolapse is a dynamic pathology that can worsen or regress especially postpartum and is the basis of several disorders that bother the patient and alter her quality of life. This study aims to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profile of pelvic organ prolapse in the town of Kananga. […] The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is 24.12% with an average monthly incidence of 19.71 (SD: 4.23) cases per month. The prevalence of recurrence of pelvic organ prolapse is 8.69%. […] The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profile of pelvic organ prolapse in the town of Kananga. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is 24.12% with an average monthly incidence of 19.71 (SD: 4.23) cases per month. The prevalence of recurrence of pelvic organ prolapse is 8.69%.

• #1 Prevalence and characterization of pelvic organ prolapse in women from Quindío, Colombia. 2016-2019

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-00112022000300200

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a frequent condition that affects both the quality of life and sexual function of women. […] The prevalence of POP was 29.95% (95%CI: 19.23-31.71). […] POP is highly prevalent in Quindo women, with the majority of cases being multicomparment POP. […] This is a common condition in women over 50 years of age, and grand multiparas had a greater risk of POP. […] These data confirm that POP is a common health problem in this region of the country. […] The reported prevalence of POP varies greatly, and several studies indicate a range of 3% to 50%. […] The prevalence of POP in the present study was 29.95%. […] Given the findings of this study and the fact that the population in Quindo and other regions of the country is aging, it is suggested that more focus be placed on addressing the consequences of POP, particularly among older and rural women. […] The prevalence of POP is high among Quindo women, with the majority of cases being multicompartmental.

• #1 Prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in women, associated factors and impact on quality of life in rural Pakistan: population-based study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-020-00934-6

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a gynecological condition resulting from pelvic floor dysfunction in women. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse associated factors, duration and impact on womens quality of life in rural Pakistan. […] Among the 5064 women interviewed (95.8% response rate), 521 women had clinically confirmed POP, a prevalence of 10.3% (95% CI 911%). […] Pelvic organ prolapse is highly prevalent in rural Pakistan, impacts on womens everyday lives and remains mainly untreated. […] The objective of this study was to report the results of a large community population-based study, including gynecological examination, to investigate the prevalence of POP, risk factors and its impact on womens quality of life, in rural Pakistan. […] In this population-based study in rural Pakistan, the prevalence of POP based on clinical examination of symptomatic women was found to be 10.3% (95% CI 911%) among women aged 15years or older.

• #1 Understanding Pelvic Organ Prolapse: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Comorbidities, and Evaluation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2563-6499/6/1/6

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a prevalent condition, particularly among older women, with estimates of lifetime risk ranging from 30% to 50%, and the prevalence of symptomatic prolapse ranges from 3% to 12%. […] Epidemiological studies have highlighted disparities in POP prevalence among different racial and ethnic groups, with higher rates observed among Caucasian and Hispanic women compared to African American women. […] Age is a significant risk factor for POP, with prevalence increasing with advancing age, peaking in the postmenopausal years. […] Epidemiological studies have provided valuable insights into the prevalence and distribution of POP across populations, guiding targeted interventions to reduce its burden.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse: clinical review | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/pelvic-organ-prolapse-clinical-review/womens-health/article/1433744

  Pelvic organ prolapse refers to loss of support for the uterus, bladder or bowel, leading to prolapse of one or more of these compartments into the vagina. Prolapse can have a significant impact on the womans quality of life and body image. It is associated with disturbances to bowel, bladder and sexual function. […] It is estimated that up to 40% of women experience a degree of pelvic organ prolapse in their lifetime. The lifetime risk of undergoing prolapse surgery is 11% and up to 11% of patients will have a repeat operation within 11 years. It is likely that the number of women presenting with prolapse will increase. […] Risk factors for prolapse include the following. […] The risk of prolapse doubles with every decade of life. […] Pregnancy and childbirth are associated with pelvic organ prolapse. The incidence of prolapse is 50% in parous women and 2% in nulliparous women. The risk increases with the number of deliveries a woman has.

• #1 Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Social Impact of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-risk-factors-and-social-impact-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse/

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common problem affecting up to 50% of parous women; 6.3% of women will undergo a surgical correction for POP by 80 years of age. […] Epidemiologic studies of the natural history, incidence, and prevalence of POP are currently lacking. It is widely accepted that 50% of women will develop prolapse, but only 10% to 20% of those will seek evaluation for their condition. […] The reported incidence for cystocele is approximately 9 per 100 women-years, 6 per 100 women-years for rectocele, and 1.5 per 100 women-years for uterine prolapse. […] The annual incidence for POP surgery is reported to be between 1.5 and 1.8 cases per 1000 women-years with the incidence peaking in women between the ages of 60 and 69 years. […] The incidence of prolapse requiring surgical correction after a hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1000 women-years, according to a large cohort study conducted by Mant and colleagues (1997) in the United Kingdom. The cumulative risk rises to 5% 15 years after hysterectomy. […] Both prevalence and the incidence significantly increase with age.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/?lang=en

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as a protrusion or herniation of the pelvic organs through the vaginal walls and pelvic floor. It is a common condition that affects many women. However, the exact prevalence is difficult to establish. It is frequently quoted that about 50% of all women will develop POP, but this refers only to the anatomical changes and does not reflect the severity of pro-lapse or the symptoms associated with prolapse. Therefore, the prevalence of symptomatic POP is actually much lower (1). […] The reported prevalence of POP is highly varied according to different studies and is found to be anywhere between 3% and 50% (24). These wide variations are due to differences in study design, inclusion criteria, and accompanying indicator symptoms used among studies. […] Among women having symptomatic POP, the age distribution increases dramatically. Women between the age of 20-29 account for 6% of the women suffering from POP, while women aged 50-59 years account for 31% with POP and close to 50% of women with POP are aged 80 years or older (10). With increased longevity and an increase in the demographic of women over 65 years, it is expected that in the near future POP will become a major health concern. Wu et al. have estimated that in the USA in 2050, the prevalence of women suffering from symptomatic POP will increase to 46%, which translates to over 5 million individuals (11).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/1997/04000/epidemiology_of_surgically_managed_pelvic_organ.2.aspx

  The age-specific incidence increased with advancing age. The lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for prolapse or incontinence by age 80 was 11.1%. […] Pelvic floor dysfunction is a major health issue for older women, as shown by the 11.1% lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, as well as the large proportion of reoperations. […] Women have an 11.1% lifetime risk of surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80; reoperation is common.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/?lang=en

  Other studies that give insight regarding the prevalence of POP are those reporting data on patients who have undergone POP reconstruction surgeries. From these studies it appears that a woman’s lifetime risk of undergoing a surgery for POP or stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is 11%-20% (10, 13, 14). However, these data sets do not indicate true prevalence rates of POP for a number of reasons. […] As with those who seek medical care and consultation, the prevalence and incidence of POP reconstructive surgery also increases with age (10). By the age of 80 years, the lifetime risk of a woman in the USA undergoing at least one surgery for POP is 6.3% and the risk of recurrent surgery is 30% (13). […] The current understanding of the pelvic floor is based on the work of two modern anatomists: Peter Petros and John Delancey. These two researchers have studied the pelvic floor extensively and have incorporated in their studies advanced dynamic imaging techniques.

• #1 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Evaluation of Pelvic Organ Support | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-evaluation-of-pelvic-organ-support/

  Epidemiology of Surgically Managed Pelvic Organ Prolapse Prevalence and Age of Occurrence Pelvic organ prolapse is the pelvic floor disorder that most often requires surgery, followed by surgeries for stress incontinence and fecal incontinence. Based on national hospital discharge data, it is known that approximately 200,000 American women undergo procedures for pelvic organ prolapse, while 80,000 operations per year are done for stress urinary incontinence and approximately 2,000 are for fecal incontinence. In 1997, the National Hospital Discharge Survey information indicated that this is approximately 22.7 operations per 10,000 women. The mean age of these women is in their mid-50s. The annual direct cost of treating pelvic organ prolapse is slightly in excess of $1 billion annually. […] Because of the increase in pelvic organ prolapse at advancing age, it is expected that the demand for services related to pelvic floor disorders can be expected to double in the next decades, justifying the need for all obstetrician and gynecologists to be experienced in its diagnosis and management. Risk Factors There are multiple risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse, defined as being definite, probable, or hypothesized. […] The role of advancing age in the increased occurrence of pelvic organ prolapse is obvious. Although prolapse can occur in young women and women soon after childbirth, the number of women treated for pelvic organ prolapse increases with advancing years.

• #1

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/5939

  Uterine prolapse contributes to about 5.9% of the total gynecological patients admitted during the study period. […] Uterine prolapse is strongly associated with age, parity and place of delivery. […] As the risk factors for uterine prolapse are easily preventable public health awareness programme must be conducted on its risk factors there by reducing the incidence of prolapse and decreasing the morbidity caused by it.

• #1 Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence/

  Increasing parity and advancing age are consistently identified as risk factors for the development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] Vaginal delivery of a term infant has been postulated to be the most significant contributor to the subsequent development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] The literature is consistent that the risk of pelvic organ prolapse increases with advancing age, but what role menopause and hormone replacement therapy have on pelvic organ prolapse is unknown. […] Recurrence rates for surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse are in the 10% to 30% range. […] The overall incidence of severe pelvic organ prolapse following hysterectomy has been estimated to be 2 to 3.6 per 1,000 women-years.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse: a cross-sectional study during mass campaign in two hospitals in the city of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of Congo

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/47/52/full

  The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in Western and Asian countries. The difference in prevalence can be explained by the comparatively high number of vaginal deliveries, difficult access to skilled deliveries, and the carrying of heavy loads or heavy physical work among Africans in sub-Saharan Africa as noted by Masenga et al. in Tanzania. […] The prevalence of recurrence of pelvic organ prolapse is 8.69% in our town of Kananga, much lower than those of De Tayrac in France, Brandon et al. in the USA, by Smith et al. in Ireland and Lucot et al. in England which are more than 30.00%. Our low prevalence of recurrence can be explained by the good mastery of prolapse surgery techniques by practitioners in our city. […] The most common complaint in gynecological consultation is genital associated with urinary and digestive disorders in 97.00% of cases and the preoperative symptoms are essentially vaginal mass in 97.00% of cases, stress urinary incontinence in 18.70% of cases, Urgent urination in 9.00% of cases, constipation in 1.50% of cases and dyspareunia in 70.90% of cases.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse: a cross-sectional study during mass campaign in two hospitals in the city of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of Congo

  https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com//content/article/47/52/full

  Surgical treatment is more practiced in 91.79% of cases. Our results match those of Tshimbundu et al. in Kinshasa and Boulanger et al. in France. […] Hysterectomy associated with cystocele and rectocele treatment is the most common type of treatment performed in 80.60% of cases. Our results match those of the Kinshasa study and can be explained by the predominance of pelvic organ prolapse of the middle type isolated and associated with the anterior and posterior type and by the average age of our patients is 54.86 (SD: 11.36) years with 89.60% of patients aged over 40 years. […] This study presents the real existence of pelvic organ prolapse in the city of Kananga. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse is 24.12% with its recurrences of 8.69%. Its preoperative symptomatology consists of the vaginal mass associated with digestive and urinary disorders, stage III hysterocele predominates, surgical treatment is the most practiced and hysterectomy associated with the treatment of cystocele and rectocele by surgical access vaginal is the most practiced.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/epidemiology,_clinic,_therapeutic,_and_outcome_of.15.aspx

  The most frequent genital prolapses type was middle, made of the hysterocele essentially (150 cases, 41.90%). The stage III of genital prolapses was the most frequent in 76.51% (274 cases). […] All patients underwent surgical treatment (100%), and the vaginal access was most used in 57.55% (206 cases) of cases. […] POP is a common occurrence in our region. Surgical treatment is the most practiced and hysterectomy by vaginal surgical approach is the most practiced. […] The incidence of POP was 2.8% in this study. […] The predominance of stage III prolapse in our series may be explained by the fact that in our context, patients only consult a specialist when functional discomfort is significant, due to lack of financial resources, ignorance of the disease and taboo surrounding sexuality.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/epidemiology,_clinic,_therapeutic,_and_outcome_of.15.aspx

  Surgery was performed in all our patients (100%). Similar practices have been reported by Tshimbundu et al in the DRC, Boulanger et al in France and Coulibaly et al in Mali. Surgery appears to be the treatment of choice in developing regions. […] The post-therapeutical evolution was marked by the disappearance of genital prolapses in 100% of cases, no recurrence of prolapse has been observed.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse – a review

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/july/pelvic-organ-prolapse-a-review

  FPOP is a common condition and has a lifetime risk for surgery of 10-20%. […] Vaginal childbirth is the main aetiological factor for FPOP. […] The use of forceps, the primary risk factor for levator avulsion, is entirely avoided in some countries and institutions, demonstrating that this risk factor is eminently modifiable. […] There is some evidence that replacement of forceps by vacuum, as occurred in Denmark between 1960 and 1980, may substantially reduce the lifetime risk of prolapse surgery. […] Adverse events in childbirth are common. In a recent study only 25% of 443 low-risk primiparae with singleton births at term managed a normal vaginal delivery without major trauma. […] FPOP is assessed on Valsalva, for the anterior vaginal wall in front, cervix or vault (after hysterectomy) in the middle, and posterior vaginal wall in the back. […] Primary prevention is feasible through modification of obstetric management. […] Secondary prevention is feasible through pelvic floor physiotherapy, which requires provision of adequate diagnostic and therapeutic postnatal services.

• #1 Exploring risk factors of pelvic organ prolapse at eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo: a case-control study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-03010-5

  The main aim of this study was to determine risk factors for significant degree (stage II) of anatomical POPs in eastern DRC (South Kivu) to inform future POP prevention policies in the region. […] The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse. […] The analysis showed that POP was associated with low BMI, having given birth at least twice at home, having a family history of prolapse, previous birth without an episiotomy, a height150 cm and vaginal birth of a macrosomic baby. […] Family history was identified as a non-modifiable potential risk factor for POP suggesting a potential genetic link. […] A significant proportion of patients in the study area have pelvic organ prolapse. […] There are several demographic and obstetric variables, including low BMI, a height equal to or less than 150 cm, home birth, family history of prolapse, history of birth without an episiotomy and previous delivery of a macrosomic baby, that were significantly associated with prolapse in our study cohort.

• #1 Uterine prolapse – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20353458

  Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken until they no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina. […] Uterine prolapse most often affects people after menopause who’ve had one or more vaginal deliveries. […] Factors that can increase the risk of uterine prolapse include: Having one or more vaginal births, Being older when you have your first baby, Giving birth to a large baby, Aging, Obesity, Prior pelvic surgery, Chronic constipation or often straining during bowel movements, Family history of weak connective tissue, Being Hispanic or white, Chronic coughing, such as from smoking. […] Uterine prolapse often happens with prolapse of other pelvic organs.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse: clinical review | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/pelvic-organ-prolapse-clinical-review/womens-health/article/1433744

  Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse is most common among hispanic American women and least common in African American women. […] The increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse in obese women is likely because of the effects of chronic increased pressure on the pelvic floor. […] The increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse in women who smoke is likely because of the chronic cough associated with smoking. […] Jobs involving heavy lifting have been associated with pelvic organ prolapse. […] There is a strong association between chronic constipation and pelvic organ prolapse. […] Evidence suggests a link between menopause and development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] There is evidence of an increased risk of prolapse in women with a first degree relative who has pelvic organ prolapse. […] Patients with joint hypermobility syndrome and connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes, have a higher incidence of pelvic organ prolapse.

• #1

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jgwh/JGWH.MS.ID.556169.php

  To identify individuals at risk and offer suitable preventive measures and interventions, healthcare professionals must have a thorough understanding of the prevalence and risk factors of uterine prolapse. Healthcare professionals can provide targeted management strategies, raise awareness, and enhance the quality of life for women who suffer from uterine prolapse by identifying the demographic and clinical traits that contribute to this condition.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11884-008-0014-7

  Pelvic organ prolapse carries a significant social burden. The disease negatively affects the quality of life of afflicted patients and involves significant health care costs that are expected to increase over the next three decades. Socioeconomic and demographic factors are associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse, but a growing body of evidence also suggests that genetic factors are involved in the development of the disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of the epidemiology, social burden, and genetics of pelvic organ prolapse. […] Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. […] Pelvic organ prolapse in the Womens Health Initiative: gravity and gravidity. […] Epidemiology of genital prolapse: observations from the Oxford Family Planning Association study.

• #1 Prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in women, associated factors and impact on quality of life in rural Pakistan: population-based study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-020-00934-6

  Overall more than 60% of women reported symptoms as greatly or moderately impacting their overall quality of life and almost half reported that their everyday life activities were also affected greatly or moderately. […] This large population-based study with high response rate and robust sampling and data collection methods has shown that POP was highly prevalent in a Pakistan rural population.

• #1

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jgwh/JGWH.MS.ID.556169.php

  A common gynecological condition called uterine prolapse is characterized by the uterus protruding or descending into the vaginal canal. Numerous risk factors can result in uterine prolapse, which is a common condition. Significant risk factors have been identified as vaginal childbirth, advanced age, obesity, chronic constipation, chronic cough, and genetic predisposition. Healthcare professionals must be aware of the prevalence and risk factors of uterine prolapse in order to recognize at-risk patients and offer suitable preventive measures and interventions. […] Estimates of the prevalence of uterine prolapse among women of reproductive age range from 2 percent to 19 percent depending on the population. According to research from the prevalence of symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse, which includes uterine prolapse, was 33% in premenopausal women and 10% in postmenopausal women. These results suggest that uterine prolapse is a relatively common condition affecting a significant number of women. Uterine prolapse is common in certain areas. Uterine prolapse is a condition that may be more common in women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds who have less access to healthcare and education. Regional differences in prevalence rates can also be attributed to cultural norms like hard physical labor or extended periods of standing.

• #1 Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-epidemiology-risk-factors-clinical-manifestations-and-management

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), the herniation of the pelvic organs to or beyond the vaginal walls, is a common condition. […] The health care impact of prolapse is likely to expand based upon estimates of an increasing prevalence in the growing population of older adult women. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and general principles of management are reviewed here.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/?lang=en

  The currently available demographic data is not reliable enough to properly estimate the true extent of POP in the population. However, a continuing joint effort of the international associations (IUGA and ICS) in standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of POP, may significantly improve our ability to estimate the true incidence and prevalence of this condition in the coming years.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/

  The current understanding of the pelvic floor is based on the work of two modern anatomists: Peter Petros and John Delancey. These two researchers have studied the pelvic floor extensively and have incorporated in their studies advanced dynamic imaging techniques. […] The currently available demographic data is not reliable enough to properly estimate the true extent of POP in the population. However, a continuing joint effort of the international associations (IUGA and ICS) in standardization of the diagnosis and treatment of POP, may significantly improve our ability to estimate the true incidence and prevalence of this condition in the coming years.

• #1 “Epidemiology of Surgically Managed Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence” (1997), by Ambre L. Olsen, Virginia J. Smith, John O. Bergstrom, Joyce C. Colling, and Amanda L. Clark | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/epidemiology-surgically-managed-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence-1997-ambre-l

  The authors state that the difference in population characteristics between women affected by pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence could suggest that the conditions have different causes. […] The authors explain that their data uncovered a lack of consistent descriptions among physicians for categorizing and explain the overall severity of the pelvic floor dysfunction. […] They state that may explain why many of the surgeries were not successful. […] Olsen and colleagues also encouraged further research into the long-term effectiveness of surgical treatment for both pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as a protrusion or herniation of the pelvic organs through the vaginal walls and pelvic floor. It is a common condition that affects many women. However, the exact prevalence is difficult to establish. It is frequently quoted that about 50% of all women will develop POP, but this refers only to the anatomical changes and does not reflect the severity of pro-lapse or the symptoms associated with prolapse. Therefore, the prevalence of symptomatic POP is actually much lower (1). […] The reported prevalence of POP is highly varied according to different studies and is found to be anywhere between 3% and 50% (24). These wide variations are due to differences in study design, inclusion criteria, and accompanying indicator symptoms used among studies. […] Among women having symptomatic POP, the age distribution increases dramatically. Women between the age of 20-29 account for 6% of the women suffering from POP, while women aged 50-59 years account for 31% with POP and close to 50% of women with POP are aged 80 years or older (10). With increased longevity and an increase in the demographic of women over 65 years, it is expected that in the near future POP will become a major health concern. Wu et al. have estimated that in the USA in 2050, the prevalence of women suffering from symptomatic POP will increase to 46%, which translates to over 5 million individuals (11).

• #1 Genitourinary Prolapse (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro

  Genitourinary prolapse epidemiology […] Pelvic organ prolapse is common, occurring in 40-60% of parous women. The exact incidence of genital prolapse may be difficult to determine, as many women do not seek medical advice. A woman’s lifetime risk of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse is 12-19%. 1 in 12 women in the community in the UK report symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse. In the UK, pelvic organ prolapse accounts for 20% of women waiting for major gynaecological surgery and is a leading indication for hysterectomy in postmenopausal women. Prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall is the most common type.

• #1 Neglect of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence are exemplary of human rights violations towards women: moving towards a resolution | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/neglect-pelvic-organ-prolapse-urinary-incontinence-exemplary-human-rights-violations

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and female urinary incontinence (UI) extend beyond physical discomfort and highlight health disparities facing women globally. […] Although estimates of POP prevalence differ by country and method of diagnosis, it is estimated that globally up to 50% of women will experience POP in their lifetimes, with 11.1% of women undergoing prolapse surgery in high-income countries. […] Resource inequities including access to trained professionals and adequate health care infrastructure for both prevention and management continue to be a barrier. […] Female UI and POP are not mere health conditions of women to be referred to a urogynaecologist. They are a significant part of the post-reproductive morbidity of women. […] These violations perpetuate shame, inequality and disparities in health care access, particularly in LMICs.

• #1 The Epidemiology, Natural History and Prevention of Pelvic Floor Disorders | GLOWM

  https://beta.glowm.com/section-view/heading/The-Epidemiology-Natural-History-and-Prevention-of-Pelvic-Floor-Disorders/item/825

  Several risk factors for POP have been identified. Childbirth is associated with an increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse later in life and an increasing number of childbirths is positively associated with the risk. Current evidence also suggests that some surgical procedures, e.g. hysterectomy, increase the risk of subsequent pelvic organ prolapse. A number of somatic diseases and conditions have been linked to the occurrence of prolapse but the cause-effect relationship is undetermined. Life style factors and socioeconomic indices may be associated with the risk of POP in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries. The main risk factor for POP is vaginal delivery. Several other obstetric interventions and events have been associated with POP. […] Recently, cesarean section has been shown to provide partial protection for POP and to a lesser degree urinary incontinence. Regarding POP, exclusive cesarean section is associated with a reduced risk of objectively measured signs of prolapse 12 years after delivery and symptoms of prolapse 20 years after delivery. There is also a significant increase in prolapse surgery with vaginal delivery in comparison to cesarean section and a dramatically increased risk with forceps in comparison to a cesarean delivery.

• #1 Uterine prolapse and its impact on quality of life in the Jhaukhel–Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur, Nepal – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=1933bf5e-2a38-4b94-a70c-67f232fe10ec

  Uterine prolapse (UP) is a reproductive health problem and public health issue in low-income countries including Nepal. […] We aimed to identify the contributing factors and stages of UP and its impact on quality of life in the Jhaukhel–Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site of Bhaktapur, Nepal. […] Our three-phase study used descriptive cross-sectional analysis to assess quality of life and stages of UP and case–control analysis to identify contributing factors. […] Self-reported UP prevalence (8.7%) included all treated and non-treated cases. […] The odds of having UP were threefold higher among illiterate women compared with literate women (OR=3.02, 95% CI 1.76–5.17), 50% lower among women from nuclear families compared with extended families (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90) and lower among women with 1–2 parity compared to >5 parity (OR=0.33, 95% CI 0.14–0.75). […] The stages of UP correlated with quality of life resulting from varied perceptions regarding physical health, emotional stress, and social limitation. […] Our results suggest the importance of developing policies and programs that are focused on early health care for UP.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as a protrusion or herniation of the pelvic organs through the vaginal walls and pelvic floor. It is a common condition that affects many women. However, the exact prevalence is difficult to establish. It is frequently quoted that about 50% of all women will develop POP, but this refers only to the anatomical changes and does not reflect the severity of pro-lapse or the symptoms associated with prolapse. Therefore, the prevalence of symptomatic POP is actually much lower (1). […] The reported prevalence of POP is highly varied according to different studies and is found to be anywhere between 3% and 50% (24). These wide variations are due to differences in study design, inclusion criteria, and accompanying indicator symptoms used among studies. […] Among women having symptomatic POP, the age distribution increases dramatically. Women between the age of 20-29 account for 6% of the women suffering from POP, while women aged 50-59 years account for 31% with POP and close to 50% of women with POP are aged 80 years or older (10). With increased longevity and an increase in the demographic of women over 65 years, it is expected that in the near future POP will become a major health concern. Wu et al. have estimated that in the USA in 2050, the prevalence of women suffering from symptomatic POP will increase to 46%, which translates to over 5 million individuals (11).

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse Narrative review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/mHJtzHfncRm5ZXQV3zKPbmG/?lang=en

  Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as a protrusion or herniation of the pelvic organs through the vaginal walls and pelvic floor. It is a common condition that affects many women. However, the exact prevalence is difficult to establish. It is frequently quoted that about 50% of all women will develop POP, but this refers only to the anatomical changes and does not reflect the severity of pro-lapse or the symptoms associated with prolapse. Therefore, the prevalence of symptomatic POP is actually much lower (1). […] The reported prevalence of POP is highly varied according to different studies and is found to be anywhere between 3% and 50% (24). These wide variations are due to differences in study design, inclusion criteria, and accompanying indicator symptoms used among studies. […] Among women having symptomatic POP, the age distribution increases dramatically. Women between the age of 20-29 account for 6% of the women suffering from POP, while women aged 50-59 years account for 31% with POP and close to 50% of women with POP are aged 80 years or older (10). With increased longevity and an increase in the demographic of women over 65 years, it is expected that in the near future POP will become a major health concern. Wu et al. have estimated that in the USA in 2050, the prevalence of women suffering from symptomatic POP will increase to 46%, which translates to over 5 million individuals (11).

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/epidemiology,_clinic,_therapeutic,_and_outcome_of.15.aspx

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major public health problem. This study aims to determine the incidence, sociodemographic profile of patients, the management and outcomes of POP in a maternity hospital with limited resources in Niger. […] This was an eight-year retrospective cohort study involving the analysis of medical records from patients who underwent management of POP between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2022 in our department. The epidemiological data, treatment, and outcomes of POP were collated and subjected to analysis. […] During the study period, 358 cases of POP were recorded out of a total of 12 536 patients treated in the department, representing a frequency of 2.8%. […] The most frequent motif for consultation was the sensation of mass in the vagina (146 cases, 40.78%) and vulvar swelling (138 cases, 38.55%).

• #2 Pelvic organ prolapse: clinical review | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/pelvic-organ-prolapse-clinical-review/womens-health/article/1433744

  Pelvic organ prolapse refers to loss of support for the uterus, bladder or bowel, leading to prolapse of one or more of these compartments into the vagina. Prolapse can have a significant impact on the womans quality of life and body image. It is associated with disturbances to bowel, bladder and sexual function. […] It is estimated that up to 40% of women experience a degree of pelvic organ prolapse in their lifetime. The lifetime risk of undergoing prolapse surgery is 11% and up to 11% of patients will have a repeat operation within 11 years. It is likely that the number of women presenting with prolapse will increase. […] Risk factors for prolapse include the following. […] The risk of prolapse doubles with every decade of life. […] Pregnancy and childbirth are associated with pelvic organ prolapse. The incidence of prolapse is 50% in parous women and 2% in nulliparous women. The risk increases with the number of deliveries a woman has.

• #2 Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence/

  Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence Steven E. Swift INTRODUCTION The epidemiology of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are often included together in the literature; however, these two diseases are distinct and separate entities that have only superficial similarities in their epidemiology. They are both common diseases, occurring in 5% to 30% of the population, and both can be managed surgically, often simultaneously. It has been reported that there is an incidence of 2.04 to 2.63 surgical procedures to correct prolapse or genuine stress incontinence per 1,000 women-years, with an increasing incidence as women age, and a lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for prolapse or incontinence of 5% to 11.1%. […] The distribution of POPQ stages demonstrates a bell curve distribution.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/1997/04000/epidemiology_of_surgically_managed_pelvic_organ.2.aspx

  The age-specific incidence increased with advancing age. The lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for prolapse or incontinence by age 80 was 11.1%. […] Pelvic floor dysfunction is a major health issue for older women, as shown by the 11.1% lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, as well as the large proportion of reoperations. […] Women have an 11.1% lifetime risk of surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80; reoperation is common.

• #2

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/5939

  Uterine prolapse contributes to about 5.9% of the total gynecological patients admitted during the study period. […] Uterine prolapse is strongly associated with age, parity and place of delivery. […] As the risk factors for uterine prolapse are easily preventable public health awareness programme must be conducted on its risk factors there by reducing the incidence of prolapse and decreasing the morbidity caused by it.

• #2 Uterine and Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688802/all/Uterine_and_Pelvic_Organ_Prolapse?q=Fecal+Impaction

  The incidence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) ranges from 1.5 to 1.8 per 1,000 woman years and peaks in women aged 60 to 69 years. […] In the United States, there are approximately 300,000 surgeries for POP each year, and a womans lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for pelvic floor prolapse ranges from 6% to 18%. […] When POP is defined by the patients symptoms alone, the prevalence is 2.98%. When defined by exam findings, the prevalence is 41.1%. […] POP is common but not always symptomatic. It does not always progress. It is estimated that 50% of women will develop prolapse, but only 10-20% of those will seek care for their condition.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/epidemiology,_clinic,_therapeutic,_and_outcome_of.15.aspx

  The most frequent genital prolapses type was middle, made of the hysterocele essentially (150 cases, 41.90%). The stage III of genital prolapses was the most frequent in 76.51% (274 cases). […] All patients underwent surgical treatment (100%), and the vaginal access was most used in 57.55% (206 cases) of cases. […] POP is a common occurrence in our region. Surgical treatment is the most practiced and hysterectomy by vaginal surgical approach is the most practiced. […] The incidence of POP was 2.8% in this study. […] The predominance of stage III prolapse in our series may be explained by the fact that in our context, patients only consult a specialist when functional discomfort is significant, due to lack of financial resources, ignorance of the disease and taboo surrounding sexuality.

• #2 Uterine prolapse – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20353458

  Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken until they no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina. […] Uterine prolapse most often affects people after menopause who’ve had one or more vaginal deliveries. […] Factors that can increase the risk of uterine prolapse include: Having one or more vaginal births, Being older when you have your first baby, Giving birth to a large baby, Aging, Obesity, Prior pelvic surgery, Chronic constipation or often straining during bowel movements, Family history of weak connective tissue, Being Hispanic or white, Chronic coughing, such as from smoking. […] Uterine prolapse often happens with prolapse of other pelvic organs.

• #2 Epidemiology and Psychosocial Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders | Plastic Surgery Key

  https://plasticsurgerykey.com/epidemiology-and-psychosocial-impact-of-pelvic-floor-disorders/

  Because the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders increases with age, the changing demographics of the U.S. population will result in even more affected women. […] In studies of women who were not seeking care for prolapse, mild to moderate prolapse (at or above the hymen, stages III prolapse by ICS standards) has been found in up to 48% of women. […] In 412 women enrolled in the Womens Health Initiative, Handa et al. (2004) reported an annual average incidence of 1.5 cases of uterine prolapse per 100 women per year. […] For uterine prolapse, regression analyses showed a 16% to 20% increase in the odds ratio (OR) for having prolapse by decade of life. […] In the Womens Health Initiative, at baseline, uterine prolapse was observed in 14.2% of 16,616 women.

• #2 Pelvic organ prolapse: clinical review | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/pelvic-organ-prolapse-clinical-review/womens-health/article/1433744

  Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse is most common among hispanic American women and least common in African American women. […] The increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse in obese women is likely because of the effects of chronic increased pressure on the pelvic floor. […] The increased risk of pelvic organ prolapse in women who smoke is likely because of the chronic cough associated with smoking. […] Jobs involving heavy lifting have been associated with pelvic organ prolapse. […] There is a strong association between chronic constipation and pelvic organ prolapse. […] Evidence suggests a link between menopause and development of pelvic organ prolapse. […] There is evidence of an increased risk of prolapse in women with a first degree relative who has pelvic organ prolapse. […] Patients with joint hypermobility syndrome and connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos and Marfan syndromes, have a higher incidence of pelvic organ prolapse.

• #2 Prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse in women, associated factors and impact on quality of life in rural Pakistan: population-based study | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-020-00934-6

  Overall more than 60% of women reported symptoms as greatly or moderately impacting their overall quality of life and almost half reported that their everyday life activities were also affected greatly or moderately. […] This large population-based study with high response rate and robust sampling and data collection methods has shown that POP was highly prevalent in a Pakistan rural population.

• #2 Pelvic organ prolapse in females: Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pelvic-organ-prolapse-in-women-epidemiology-risk-factors-clinical-manifestations-and-management

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP), the herniation of the pelvic organs to or beyond the vaginal walls, is a common condition. […] The health care impact of prolapse is likely to expand based upon estimates of an increasing prevalence in the growing population of older adult women. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and general principles of management are reviewed here.

• #2 “Epidemiology of Surgically Managed Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence” (1997), by Ambre L. Olsen, Virginia J. Smith, John O. Bergstrom, Joyce C. Colling, and Amanda L. Clark | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/epidemiology-surgically-managed-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence-1997-ambre-l

  The authors state that the difference in population characteristics between women affected by pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence could suggest that the conditions have different causes. […] The authors explain that their data uncovered a lack of consistent descriptions among physicians for categorizing and explain the overall severity of the pelvic floor dysfunction. […] They state that may explain why many of the surgeries were not successful. […] Olsen and colleagues also encouraged further research into the long-term effectiveness of surgical treatment for both pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.

• #2 Neglect of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence are exemplary of human rights violations towards women: moving towards a resolution | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/neglect-pelvic-organ-prolapse-urinary-incontinence-exemplary-human-rights-violations

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and female urinary incontinence (UI) extend beyond physical discomfort and highlight health disparities facing women globally. […] Although estimates of POP prevalence differ by country and method of diagnosis, it is estimated that globally up to 50% of women will experience POP in their lifetimes, with 11.1% of women undergoing prolapse surgery in high-income countries. […] Resource inequities including access to trained professionals and adequate health care infrastructure for both prevention and management continue to be a barrier. […] Female UI and POP are not mere health conditions of women to be referred to a urogynaecologist. They are a significant part of the post-reproductive morbidity of women. […] These violations perpetuate shame, inequality and disparities in health care access, particularly in LMICs.

• #2 Uterine prolapse and its impact on quality of life in the Jhaukhel–Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur, Nepal – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=1933bf5e-2a38-4b94-a70c-67f232fe10ec

  Uterine prolapse (UP) is a reproductive health problem and public health issue in low-income countries including Nepal. […] We aimed to identify the contributing factors and stages of UP and its impact on quality of life in the Jhaukhel–Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site of Bhaktapur, Nepal. […] Our three-phase study used descriptive cross-sectional analysis to assess quality of life and stages of UP and case–control analysis to identify contributing factors. […] Self-reported UP prevalence (8.7%) included all treated and non-treated cases. […] The odds of having UP were threefold higher among illiterate women compared with literate women (OR=3.02, 95% CI 1.76–5.17), 50% lower among women from nuclear families compared with extended families (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.90) and lower among women with 1–2 parity compared to >5 parity (OR=0.33, 95% CI 0.14–0.75). […] The stages of UP correlated with quality of life resulting from varied perceptions regarding physical health, emotional stress, and social limitation. […] Our results suggest the importance of developing policies and programs that are focused on early health care for UP.

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