Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema

  There is no way to fully prevent pulmonary edema. Those at high risk should seek immediate attention if they develop symptoms. […] The best way to try and prevent pulmonary edema is by taking good care of your health: […] Remain on diuretics after an episode of pulmonary edema to prevent a reoccurrence. […] You can also decrease your risk for heart failure, the most common cause of pulmonary edema with the following steps:

• #2 Pulmonary Edema (Fluid in Lungs) Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pulmonary_edema/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent pulmonary edema? […] Depending on the cause of pulmonary edema, some preventive measures can be taken. Long-term prevention of heart disease and heart attacks, slow elevation to high altitudes, or avoidance of drug overdose can be considered preventive. […] On the other hand, some causes may not be completely avoidable or preventable, such as ARDS due to an overwhelming infection or trauma.

• #3 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/edema/pulmonary-edema/

  Since cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of pulmonary edema, maintaining heart health is key to prevention. There are a number of lifestyle changes you can make to prevent the condition, including: […] Controlling your blood pressure. Starting at 20, the AHA recommends getting your blood pressure checked every two years if its below 120/80 mm Hg. You can also control your blood pressure by maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, and reducing sodium in your diet. […] Watching your cholesterol. Your total cholesterol should be less than 200 mg/dl. If youre at risk for cardiovascular disease, your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol should be less than 100 mg/dl, and your triglycerides should be no more than 150 mg/dl. Keep your cholesterol low by reducing trans fats and saturated fats, quitting smoking, exercising, and reducing stress levels.

• #4 Pulmonary edema primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_edema_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoid tobacco, treat dyslipidemia, low salt diet, controlling hypertension, avoid cardiotoxic agents, controling diabetes. […] Effective measures for the primary prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema include, encourage healthy lifestyle and exercise, gradual ascent, preacclimization, avoiding alcohol ingestion, high carbohydrate in diet, adequate hydration, vigorous exertion during the first few days at high altitude, oxygen enrichment. […] Primary prevention include: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, Avoid tobacco, Treat dyslipidemia, Low salt diet, Controlling hypertension, Avoid cardiotoxic agents, Controling diabetes. […] Consider additional measures in selected patients: Administer ACE-I if history of myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome and reduced ejection fraction to prevent symptoms and reduce mortality, Administer beta-blockers if history of myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome and reduced ejection fraction to reduce mortality, Administer statins if history of myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrometo prevent symptoms, Consider ICD placement to prevent sudden death if one of the following: Asymptomatic ischemic cardiomyopathy, 40 days post-MI, LVEF 30%, On adequate medical therapy, Good 1 year survival.

• #5 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009

  You may be able to prevent pulmonary edema by managing existing heart or lung conditions and following a healthy lifestyle. […] For example, controlling cholesterol and blood pressure can help lower the risk of heart disease. Follow these tips to keep your heart healthy: Eat a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy, and a variety of proteins. Don’t smoke. Get regular exercise. Limit salt and alcohol. Manage stress. Manage weight. […] To prevent HAPE, gradually ascend to high elevations. Although recommendations vary, most experts advise increasing elevation no more than 1,000 to 1,200 feet (about 300 to 360 meters) a day once you reach 8,200 feet (about 2,500 meters). […] Some climbers take prescription medications such as acetazolamide or nifedipine (Procardia) to help prevent symptoms of HAPE. To prevent HAPE, start taking the medication at least one day before ascent. Ask your health care provider how long you need to take the medication after you’ve arrived at your high-altitude destination.

• #6 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/edema/pulmonary-edema/

  Eating a heart healthy diet, like the Mediterranean diet. This diet includes eating seafood, whole grains, healthy fats, and fruits and vegetables. Research shows that a Mediterranean diet can reduce cholesterol and can cut your risk of developing heart disease. […] Reducing your salt intake. Excess salt can lead to water retention, so its best for those with pulmonary edema to go on a low-salt diet to minimize fluid retention. To reduce your consumption of salt, check food labels for salt content, buy fresh foods, and avoid adding table salt to your food. […] Exercising. The AHA recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity five days a week, or 25 minutes of high-intensity aerobic activity three days a week. […] Maintaining a healthy weight. Make sure you stay within a healthy body mass index (BMI) range for your age, height, and weight. Excess abdominal fat places you at risk for a number of diseases, like type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and high blood pressure.

• #7 Pulmonary edema (Fluid in the lungs): Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167533

  People with an increased risk of developing pulmonary edema should follow a doctors advice to manage the condition. […] If a person has congestive heart failure, following a healthy, balanced diet and maintaining a moderate body weight can help ease symptoms and reduce the risk of future episodes of pulmonary edema. […] Regular exercise also improves heart health, as do other lifestyle habits, including: […] Reducing salt intake: Excess salt can lead to water retention, which requires the heart to work harder. […] Lowering cholesterol levels: High cholesterol can lead to fatty deposits in the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke in addition to pulmonary edema. […] Smoking cessation: Tobacco increases the risk of a number of health conditions, including heart disease, lung disease, and circulatory problems. […] It is possible to minimize altitude-induced pulmonary edema by making a gradual ascent, taking medications before traveling, and avoiding excess exertion while progressing to higher altitudes.

• #8 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24218-pulmonary-edema

  How can I prevent pulmonary edema? […] If you’re at a higher risk of pulmonary edema, you can take steps to take care of yourself. These steps include: […] Take medications as directed if you have a heart condition. […] Get routine vaccinations. […] See your healthcare provider regularly and if you have problems breathing. […] Eat a healthy diet low in salt. […] Don’t smoke. […] Maintain a healthy weight. […] Talk to your provider if you’re planning activities (such as mountain climbing) that can cause pulmonary edema.

• #9 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema

  There is no way to fully prevent pulmonary edema. Those at high risk should seek immediate attention if they develop symptoms. […] The best way to try and prevent pulmonary edema is by taking good care of your health: […] Remain on diuretics after an episode of pulmonary edema to prevent a reoccurrence. […] You can also decrease your risk for heart failure, the most common cause of pulmonary edema with the following steps:

• #10 Pulmonary edema: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000140.htm

  Take all your medicines as directed if you have a disease that can lead to pulmonary edema or a weakened heart muscle. […] Following a healthy diet that is low in salt and fat, and controlling your other risk factors can reduce the risk of developing this condition.

• #11 Pulmonary Oedema

  https://www.svhlunghealth.com.au/conditions/pulmonary-oedema

  Pulmonary oedema that comes on suddenly is a medical emergency. […] If you might be at risk of developing pulmonary oedema or have had it already, you’ll need to focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Get regular vaccinations, take your prescribed medications, and talk to your doctor about preventative strategies. […] Quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular exercise, and controlling your blood pressure are essential steps for you to take. If you have had pulmonary oedema due to a known cause, such as high altitude exercise or drug taking, avoid these activities. […] Speak to your doctor if you are worried you may be at risk of pulmonary oedema.

• #12 Prevention and treatment of high-altitude pulmonary edema – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20417343/

  We distinguish two forms of high altitude illness, a cerebral form called acute mountain sickness and a pulmonary form called high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). […] Susceptible individuals can prevent HAPE by slow ascent, average gain of altitude not exceeding 300 m/d above an altitude of 2500 m. […] If progressive high altitude acclimatization would not be possible, prophylaxis with nifedipine or tadalafil for long sojourns at high altitude or dexamethasone for a short stay of less than 5 days should be recommended.

• #13

  https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2013/03000/high_altitude_pulmonary_edema__diagnosis,.16.aspx

  High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a lethal, noncardiogenic form of pulmonary edema that afflicts susceptible individuals after rapid ascent to high altitude above 2,500 m. Prevention of HAPE is achieved most effectively by gradual ascent allowing time for proper acclimatization. Certain prophylactic medications may further reduce the risk of ascending to high altitude in individuals with a prior history of HAPE. […] Gradual ascent is therefore the primary recommended method for preventing HAPE. At elevations above 2,500 m (approximately 8,200 ft), sleeping altitudes should be limited to an ascent rate of 300 to 350 m (approximately 1,000 to 1,200 ft) per day. An extra acclimatization day with rest should be added for every 600 to 1,200 m (approximately 2,000 to 4,000 ft) above 2,500 m (approximately 8,200 ft). Pharmacologic prophylaxis is recommended as adjunctive therapy for individuals with a prior history of HAPE and those who must ascend more than 3,000 m (approximately 10,000 ft) in a 24-h period, as may be required in some rescue or military operational scenarios.

• #14 Prevention and treatment of high-altitude pulmonary edema – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20417343/

  We distinguish two forms of high altitude illness, a cerebral form called acute mountain sickness and a pulmonary form called high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). […] Susceptible individuals can prevent HAPE by slow ascent, average gain of altitude not exceeding 300 m/d above an altitude of 2500 m. […] If progressive high altitude acclimatization would not be possible, prophylaxis with nifedipine or tadalafil for long sojourns at high altitude or dexamethasone for a short stay of less than 5 days should be recommended.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2013/03000/high_altitude_pulmonary_edema__diagnosis,.16.aspx

  High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a lethal, noncardiogenic form of pulmonary edema that afflicts susceptible individuals after rapid ascent to high altitude above 2,500 m. Prevention of HAPE is achieved most effectively by gradual ascent allowing time for proper acclimatization. Certain prophylactic medications may further reduce the risk of ascending to high altitude in individuals with a prior history of HAPE. […] Gradual ascent is therefore the primary recommended method for preventing HAPE. At elevations above 2,500 m (approximately 8,200 ft), sleeping altitudes should be limited to an ascent rate of 300 to 350 m (approximately 1,000 to 1,200 ft) per day. An extra acclimatization day with rest should be added for every 600 to 1,200 m (approximately 2,000 to 4,000 ft) above 2,500 m (approximately 8,200 ft). Pharmacologic prophylaxis is recommended as adjunctive therapy for individuals with a prior history of HAPE and those who must ascend more than 3,000 m (approximately 10,000 ft) in a 24-h period, as may be required in some rescue or military operational scenarios.

• #16

  https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.02.015

  Gradual ascent and staged ascent are the most effective methods of prevention of HAPE […] Pharmacologic prophylaxis with nifedipine should only be considered for individuals with a history of HAPE. […] Descent should be initiated and oxygen therapy should be started when HAPE is suspected or diagnosed. […] If these methods are unavailable, nifedipine or Gamow bag can be used.

• #17 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009

  You may be able to prevent pulmonary edema by managing existing heart or lung conditions and following a healthy lifestyle. […] For example, controlling cholesterol and blood pressure can help lower the risk of heart disease. Follow these tips to keep your heart healthy: Eat a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy, and a variety of proteins. Don’t smoke. Get regular exercise. Limit salt and alcohol. Manage stress. Manage weight. […] To prevent HAPE, gradually ascend to high elevations. Although recommendations vary, most experts advise increasing elevation no more than 1,000 to 1,200 feet (about 300 to 360 meters) a day once you reach 8,200 feet (about 2,500 meters). […] Some climbers take prescription medications such as acetazolamide or nifedipine (Procardia) to help prevent symptoms of HAPE. To prevent HAPE, start taking the medication at least one day before ascent. Ask your health care provider how long you need to take the medication after you’ve arrived at your high-altitude destination.

• #18 Pulmonary edema | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-edema?content_id=CON-20376993

  You may be able to prevent pulmonary edema by managing existing heart or lung conditions and following a healthy lifestyle. […] To prevent HAPE, gradually ascend to high elevations. Although recommendations vary, most experts advise increasing elevation no more than 1,000 to 1,200 feet (about 300 to 360 meters) a day once you reach 8,200 feet (about 2,500 meters). […] Some climbers take prescription medications such as acetazolamide or nifedipine (Procardia) to help prevent symptoms of HAPE. To prevent HAPE, start taking the medication at least one day before ascent. Ask your health care provider how long you need to take the medication after you’ve arrived at your high-altitude destination.

• #19 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-treatment

  Prophylaxis for high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is indicated for persons who have been identified (from past experience) as being susceptible to developing high-altitude illness or who must ascend rapidly to a high altitude. Acetazolamide and dexamethasone have been shown to be effective agents for prophylaxis against high-altitude illness. These agents must be started 24 hours before ascent and continued for 48-72 hours at altitude. Acetazolamide, which appears to hasten acclimatization, is considered the drug of choice because of a low incidence of significant adverse effects. […] Because acetazolamide hastens acclimatization, it should be effective at preventing all forms of acute altitude illness. It has been shown to blunt hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction but there are no data specifically supporting a role in HAPE prevention. Clinical observations suggest acetazolamide may prevent reentry HAPE, a disorder seen in individuals who reside at high altitude, travel to lower elevation, and then develop HAPE upon rapid return to their homes.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2013/03000/high_altitude_pulmonary_edema__diagnosis,.16.aspx

  A randomized, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that both tadalafil (10 mg twice daily) and dexamethasone (16 mg twice daily in divided doses) are effective in preventing HAPE in susceptible individuals. […] Regardless of which drug is utilized to reduce the risk of HAPE, ideally, any chemoprophylaxis should be initiated on the day prior to ascent and continued until either descent is initiated or the individual has spent 5 d at the target maximum elevation.

• #21 Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557611/

  Nifedipine has been utilized in the prophylaxis and treatment of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). This calcium channel blocker counteracts the hypoxia-mediated vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vasculature. This leads to the lowering of the pulmonary arterial pressure with subsequent improvements in gas exchange, exercise capability, and chest radiography.[15] […] Nifedipine is only used as a prophylactic strategy when altitude acclimatization cannot be achieved in high-risk individuals and situations, including a rapid rate of ascent, extreme physical exertion, recent respiratory tract infection, and low altitude of native place of residence.[16]

• #22 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-treatment

  Based on a single randomized, placebo-controlled study and extensive clinical experience, the Wilderness Medical Society recommends nifedipine for HAPE prevention in high risk individuals. […] Other preventive measures include: Eating a high-carbohydrate diet, Avoiding heavy exertion at high altitude, Slow ascent, Avoiding abrupt ascent to sleeping elevations higher than 3000 m: If possible, spend 2 nights at altitudes of 2500-3000 m before further ascent, Avoiding alcohol and sedatives.

• #23 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  The primary recommendation for the prevention of HAPE is gradual ascent. The suggested rate of ascent is the same that applies to the prevention of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral edema. […] The Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) recommends that, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), climbers not increase the sleeping elevation by more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) a day, and include a rest day every 3-4 days (i.e., no additional ascent). […] In the event that adherence to these recommendations is limited by terrain or logistical factors, the WMS recommends rest days either before or after days with large gains. Overall, WMS recommends that the average ascent rate of the entire trip be less than 500 metres (1,600 ft) per day. […] The most studied and preferred medication for prevention of HAPE is nifedipine, a pulmonary vasodilator which prevents the altitude induced pulmonary hypertension.

• #24 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  The recommendation for its use is strongest for individuals with a history of HAPE. According to published data, treatment is most effective if given one day prior to ascent and continued for four to five days, or until descent below 2,500 meters (8,200 feet). […] Additional medications that are being considered for prevention but require further research to determine efficacy and treatment guidelines include acetazolamide, salmeterol, tadalafil (and other PDE5 inhibitors), and dexamethasone. […] Acetazolamide has proven to be clinically effective, but formal studies are lacking. […] Use of dexamethasone is currently indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acute mountain sickness, as well as high-altitude cerebral edema. It has also been found to prevent HAPE, but its routine use is not yet recommended. […] Notably, each of these medications acts to block hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, lending evidence to the proposed pathophysiology of HAPE outlined above. […] It is recommended that those who go to high altitude avoid alcohol or sleeping medications.

• #25 What is High-altitude Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms | Treatment | Prevention

  https://indiahikes.com/blog/what-is-high-altitude-pulmonary-edema

  How to prevent high-altitude pulmonary edema? The first thing I am going to suggest here is to plan your itinerary mindfully. Give yourself rest days in between so your body gets enough time to acclimatise well. […] Another, we recommend you follow a preventive course of Diamox. It helps with acclimatization. (Read more about how Diamox helps at high altitudes.) […] So for most treks that gain altitude too quickly, taking a preventive course of Diamox really helps, especially if your trek climbs above 13,000 – 14,000 ft. […] In fact, even for those who suddenly go up to high altitudes, like those who drive or fly to Leh, we recommend Diamox. […] Dosage: Start with a dosage of 125 mg (half a tablet) every 12 hours 2 days prior to your trek (usually when you arrive at Delhi). Increase it to 250 mg (full tablet) every 12 hours from the day you get to the base camp and continue until you complete the trek. […] Don’t stop the course in between. […] While Diamox reduces the chances of AMS hitting you, it isn’t a fool-proof medicine. Even those who are on a course of Diamox can get hit by AMS.

• #26 NIFEDIPINE AS PROPHYLAXIS FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA.logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/jw199111010000006/1991/11/01/nifedipine-prophylaxis-high-altitude-pulmonary

  NIFEDIPINE AS PROPHYLAXIS FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA. […] A rapid ascent to high altitudes causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in susceptible persons. This edema is related to increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressure secondary to hypoxic vasoconstriction. […] Hypothesizing that prophylactic nifedipine would prevent pulmonary edema, a Swiss team conducted a randomized trial in 21 mountaineers with a history of high-altitude pulmonary edema who were about to climb to 4559 meters or higher. […] Pulmonary edema developed in only 1 of these subjects, as compared to 7 of the 11 subjects who took placebo. […] This study is relatively small, but it appears to show that nifedipine reduces the likelihood of high-altitude pulmonary edema in susceptible persons.

• #27 Acute Altitude Illness: Updated Prevention and Treatment Guidelines from the Wilderness Medical Society | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0415/p505.html

  Controlling the rate of ascent specifically, gradually increasing sleeping altitude over several days is recommended to prevent AMS and HACE. […] Staged ascent allows compensatory increases in ventilation and oxygenation, and blunts the pulmonary artery pressure response. […] Preacclimatization refers to repeated exposure to hypoxia before ascent. […] Acetazolamide aids in acclimatization and should be strongly considered for high-altitude travelers at moderate to high risk of AMS. […] Dexamethasone can prevent AMS and HACE in adults at moderate to high risk, although it does not help with acclimatization. […] Pharmacologic prophylaxis should be considered only for people with a history of HAPE, especially recurrent episodes. […] The preferred medication is extended-release nifedipine, 30 mg every 12 hours starting the day before ascent and continuing for four to seven days after reaching target elevation or until descent.

• #28 Pulmonary edema primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_edema_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of altitude sickness include: Encourage healthy lifestyle and exercise, Gradual ascent, Pre-acclimatization, Avoiding alcohol ingestion, High carbohydrate in diet, Adequate hydration, Vigorous exertion during the first few days at high altitude, Oxygen enrichment.

• #29 The Effects of High Altitude Pulmonary Edema | Aspen Valley Hospital

  https://www.aspenhospital.org/healthy-journey/effects-high-altitude-pulmonary-edema/

  If youre planning a trip to altitude, or live in the mountains and are looking to explore those soaring peaks, make sure to take proper precautions to help avoid HAPE. […] When heading into the mountains, ascend slowly. This helps your body properly acclimate and adjust. Many experts and mountaineering guides recommend climbing no more than 1,000 1,200 feet per day above 8,200 feet. […] Drink plenty of water. Staying hydrated is always a good idea. […] Many lifestyle choices can help prevent and manage pulmonary edema. A wholesome plant-based diet can help keep blood pressure low, which in turn contributes to heart health. Avoid smoking and alcohol and try to minimize your salt intake.

• #30 Immersion Pulmonary Edema – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/diving-and-compressed-air-injuries/immersion-pulmonary-edema

  Doctors will screen people who have had immersion pulmonary edema for […] Immersion pulmonary edema tends to recur in susceptible individuals; therefore, such people should be evaluated for treatable risk factors before returning to diving or competitive swimming.

• #31 Immersion Pulmonary Edema – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/injury-during-diving-or-work-in-compressed-air/immersion-pulmonary-edema

  Prevention efforts aim to identify people at high risk. Individuals who have experienced immersion pulmonary edema should be screened for predisposing conditions such as hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and lung disorders. […] Immersion pulmonary edema tends to recur in susceptible individuals, thus before such individuals return to diving or competitive swimming they should be evaluated for treatable risk factors.

• #32 Immersion Pulmonary Edema: What You Need to Know – PADI Pros

  https://pros-blog.padi.com/immersion-pulmonary-edema-what-you-need-to-know-2/

  Divers can reduce risk by using appropriate thermal protection, avoiding extreme effort in the water, maintaining physical fitness and addressing any potential health-related risk factors before getting in the water. […] IPE is likely to reoccur if relevant risk factors are not identified and addressed.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11936-025-01075-5

  To examine the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, early recognition, and prevention of immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) in swimmers and divers. Additionally, we give specific attention to tactical athletes who face unique occupational exposures. […] Optimized hydration and physical fitness coupled with medical screenings appear critical to reducing IPE risk. […] Early recognition and preventative strategies, including cardiovascular screening and education, are essential. […] An important consideration in treatment is prevention. Currently, most recreational dive certifications only require an initial fitness-to-dive evaluation. […] Encouraging divers and swimmers to be actively involved in their periodic fitness evaluations is integral in reducing morbidity related to IPE. […] The first step in preventing IPE is identifying those at highest risk or with high-risk cardiovascular conditions through pre-certification questionnaires and pre-participation medical screenings created via expert opinion and primarily targeting recreational divers.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11936-025-01075-5

  In those with underlying heart disease, it is advisable to mitigate excess preload and afterload by medication compliance, avoiding over-hydration, excess salt consumption, cold water immersion, and highly vigorous activity. […] Avoiding overhydration and excess salt consumption in IPE-predisposed individuals is reasonable. […] Lastly, overexertion or swimming to exhaustion in predisposed individuals should be avoided.

• #35

  https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1244334

  Sildenafil: Possible Prophylaxis against Swimming-induced Pulmonary Edema. […] Oral sildenafil 50 mg 1 h before immersed exercise reduced PA pressure and PA wedge pressure, suggesting that sildenafil may prevent SIPE. […] This case supports sildenafil as an effective prophylactic agent against SIPE during competitive surface swimming.

• #36 Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Postoperative Pulmonary

  https://www.amhsr.org/articles/diagnosis-prevention-and-management-of-postoperative-pulmonary-edema.html

  Postoperative pulmonary edema is a wellknown postoperative complication caused as a result of numerous etiological factors which can be easily detected by a careful surveillance during postoperative period. […] The aims were to review the possible etiologic and diagnostic challenges in timely detection of postoperative pulmonary edema and to discuss the various management strategies for prevention of this postoperative complication so as to decrease morbidity and mortality. […] The present review is focused on identification of possible etiology, pathology, and appropriate management of postoperative pulmonary edema. […] The excessive amount of fluids in the postoperative period are usually given to replace the various losses during the surgical period such as continuing third space losses, evaporative losses, blood loss and insensible losses.

• #37 Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Postoperative Pulmonary

  https://www.amhsr.org/articles/diagnosis-prevention-and-management-of-postoperative-pulmonary-edema.html

  The quantity of fluid required to induce pulmonary edema in postoperative patients who do not have serious cardiovascular, hepatic or renal disorders depends upon age, body weight, tissue turgor, cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary functions, plasma vasopressin levels, plasma proteins, and the volume of the third space. […] The fluid and electrolyte balance in early postoperative period is an essential factor in prevention of postoperative pulmonary edema. […] The management of postoperative pulmonary edema usually is aimed at treatment of the underlying cause. […] The cardiogenic pulmonary edema responds to the therapy directed towards the cardiac event causing pulmonary edema while that due to fluid overload usually responds to fluid restriction and diuretic therapy. […] Noninvasive ventilatory support has gained immense popularity in the recent past and has replaced the traditional invasive intubation and ventilation strategies throughout the globe for the treatment of respiratory failure.

• #38 Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Postoperative Pulmonary

  https://www.amhsr.org/articles/diagnosis-prevention-and-management-of-postoperative-pulmonary-edema.html

  The role of noninvasive ventilation in treatment of pulmonary edema can be significant as it drastically reduces the increased work of breathing and thereby preventing muscle fatigue. […] In conclusion, postoperative pulmonary edema remains an important and fairly common complication which can easily be prevented by careful vigilance of the clinicians involved in postoperative care of patients.

• #39 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154

  To reduce or eliminate NPPE, several prevention strategies have been investigated. Oropharyngeal secretions of patients should be thoroughly aspirated before extubation, as bloody secretions may induce laryngospasm. An increased number of laryngoscopy attempts is associated with an increased incidence of laryngospasm. A dose of 5 mg of dexamethasone may be used before extubation to reduce laryngeal edema caused by multiple intubation attempts. This effect is associated with a reduction in the frequency of laryngospasms by deepening anesthesia and enhancing muscle relaxation. A dose of 1-2 mg/kg of lidocaine 5 min before tracheal extubation has been reported to reduce laryngospasm in children. Propofol at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg administered 60 sec before extubation was also effective in reducing the incidence of laryngospasm. In addition, the cuff leak test could help prevent the risk of post-extubation edema. The cuff leak test is based on the principle that air leaks around the tracheal tube where the cuff is deflated will be inversely proportional to the degree of laryngeal obstruction resulting from laryngeal edema. Extubation may be successful if air leaks can be heard when the patient coughs during PEEP.

• #40 Pulmonary Edema-Possible Prevention, Cause – Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation

  https://www.apsf.org/article/pulmonary-edema-possible-prevention-cause/

  This is in response to the Letters to the Editor on the subject of postoperative pulmonary edema. In our institution, we have observed and recorded episodes of pulmonary edema in young, strong, healthy patients after suffering airway obstruction following extubation since we started our quality improvement program several years ago. We have assumed for quite some time that the diagnosis was negative pressure pulmonary edema. […] For the last two years we have been using topical lidocaine prior to emergence and allowed the patients to wake up with the endotracheal tube in place. By doing so we were able to eliminate or greatly minimize bucking, coughing and also (as a by-product) laryngospasm and/or any other form of upper airway obstruction that may result in pulmonary edema. Negative pressure pulmonary edema following laryngospasm was decreased to one in 10,000.

• #41 Pulmonary Edema-Possible Prevention, Cause – Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation

  https://www.apsf.org/article/pulmonary-edema-possible-prevention-cause/

  ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE constructed to administer local anesthetic solution to the trachea as patient is emerging from general anesthesia. Top: Syringe 0 local anesthetic attached to injection port, entirely separate from cuff pilot tube. Bottom: Injection of local anesthetic through multiple side holes intended to disperse solution and bathe tracheal mucosa prior to emergence to prevent or reduce coughing and bucking thought to lead to, in some cases, postoperative negative pressure pulmonary edema.

• #42 Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia – Postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema

  https://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/details/1536/en-US

  Although postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema is rare (occurring in 3% to 5% of cases), it is a serious complication and is almost always fatal. […] Prevention is the best way to avoid postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema and must be performed in a multidisciplinary fashion, involving the entire medical staff – from the initiation of anesthesia through the surgical procedure and extending into the critical care management phase. […] Equally important is early identification and testing of patients at risk for postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema when there is clinical suspicion of this serious complication. […] A preveno a melhor forma de evit-lo e deve ser realizada de maneira multifatorial, envolvendo toda a equipe mdica, desde o momento da anestesia at os cuidados cirrgicos e na terapia intensiva. No entanto, to importante quanto a preveno, a suspeita clnica precoce, identificando os pacientes em risco para essa grave complicao.

• #43 SciELO Brazil – Edema pulmonar pós-pneumonectomia Edema pulmonar pós-pneumonectomia

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jbpneu/a/6ddxrRxPThQQHrKtWMTymNy/?lang=en

  Although postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema is rare (occurring in 3% to 5% of cases), it is a serious complication and is almost always fatal. […] Prevention is the best way to avoid postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema and must be performed in a multidisciplinary fashion, involving the entire medical staff – from the initiation of anesthesia through the surgical procedure and extending into the critical care management phase. […] Equally important is early identification and testing of patients at risk for postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema when there is clinical suspicion of this serious complication. […] Prevention is still the best means of reducing mortality. Until the physiopathology of PPE is thoroughly understood, prevention must be performed in a multidisciplinary fashion, attempting to assimilate all of the positive results obtained by the various authors who have studied this condition. Nevertheless, equally as important as prevention is early clinical suspicion, identifying the patients at risk for developing this serious complication.

• #44 Reexpansion pulmonary edema – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Reexpansion_pulmonary_edema

  Consider using smaller bore chest tubes […] Other strategies include applying water seal only or attaching only a Heimlich valve without suction.

• #45 Pulmonary edema post-adenotonsillectomy in children | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/39/6/551

  Post-adenotonsillectomy pulmonary edema (pATPE) is a life-threatening condition that necessitates immediate clinical intervention. […] In order to minimize postoperative intensive care unit admission rates of pATPE, utilization of preoperative clinical assessment, operative/postoperative monitoring tools, and procedural precautions are discussed. […] The aim of this study is to perform a cost-benefit analysis of ICU admissions following adenotonsillectomy in OSA patients for fear of developing pulmonary edema. […] It has been found that 80% of pulmonary edema occurs within minutes after relief of upper airway obstruction. […] In order to minimize ICU admission rates, it is necessary to analyze the root causes leading to ICU admissions. […] A pre-operative clinical assessment of patients could dramatically help rule out children with comorbid risk factors, generally decreasing the rate of post-operative ICU admissions.

• #46 Pulmonary edema post-adenotonsillectomy in children | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/39/6/551

  With prompt diagnosis and intervention, most pATPE patients can be treated without complications. […] Since PE develops in a matter of minutes after adenotonsillectomy, simply monitoring the oxygen saturation in the operating room and post-anesthesia care unit using pulse oximetry usually identifies patients at risk and in need of in-patient hospitalization rather than ICU admission. […] Intensive care unit admissions should be limited to cases that require multiple-organ support or advanced respiratory support such as severe PE in which pulmonary venous pressure exceeds 30 mm Hg and which requires invasive mechanical ventilation/CPAP/BPAP via trans-laryngeal tracheal or tracheostomy.

• #47 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema

  There is no known way to completely prevent the development of pulmonary edema. You can take action to improve your health and reduce the likelihood of experiencing this condition. […] Pulmonary edema prevention methods include: Stop smoking, Avoid recreational drug use, Avoid high altitudes, Limit toxin exposure, Maintain healthy weight, Eat a healthy diet, Get vaccinated, Consistent medical checkups.

• #48 Pulmonary Oedema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/pulmonary-oedema

  Pulmonary oedema can only be prevented by preventing the causes of the oedema. The most common cause is heart problems. You can help to keep your heart healthy by: […] Not smoking. […] Drinking no more than the recommended amounts of alcohol (14 units per week for women and 21 units per week for men). […] Eating a balanced, healthy diet. […] Taking regular, physical exercise. […] Keeping to a healthy weight. […] Keeping your blood pressure under control. […] Keeping diabetes under control if you have it. […] Taking any medication you are prescribed, especially if you have a heart condition. […] If you are going to a high altitude region, take expert advice before you travel.

• #49 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention

  https://regencyhealthcare.in/blog/what-is-pulmonary-edema-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  You cant completely prevent pulmonary edema. Those at high risk should seek immediate attention if they develop symptoms of this condition. […] The best way to prevent pulmonary edema is by taking good care of your health. Follow these tips: […] Get a pneumonia vaccine […] Get flu vaccine, if you have heart problems or if you are old (above 50) […] To prevent the re-occurrence of pulmonary edema, be on diuretics […] You can also decrease your risk for heart failure, which is the most common cause of pulmonary edema by: […] Visiting your doctor regularly […] Not smoking […] Not using recreational drugs […] Exercising regularly […] Incorporating healthy foods into your diet […] Maintaining a normal weight.

• #50 Can Pulmonary edema Be Treated? – Germanten Hospital

  https://www.germantenhospitals.com/can-pulmonary-edema-be-treated/

  Here are some preventative measures you can take to reduce your risk of developing pulmonary edema: […] High blood pressure is one of the major risk factors for pulmonary edema. By managing your blood pressure, you can significantly reduce your risk. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, a healthy diet, and reducing stress can help manage blood pressure. Some may need medications. […] Excess weight can strain the heart and lungs, increasing the risk of pulmonary edema. By maintaining a healthy weight, one can reduce your risk significantly. It can be done by eating a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly. […] Smoking cigarettes poses a great risk for pulmonary edema. Quitting smoking improves overall health, and it can significantly help to prevent the development of this condition.

• #51 Can Pulmonary edema Be Treated? – Germanten Hospital

  https://www.germantenhospitals.com/can-pulmonary-edema-be-treated/

  High salt intake can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure, increasing the risk of pulmonary oedema. Reducing your salt intake can help prevent this condition. Try to limit processed and packaged foods and add more fresh fruits and vegetables to your diet. […] High cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease and other conditions leading to fluid buildup in the lungs, increasing the risk of pulmonary edema. By regulating your cholesterol levels, you can reduce your risk.

• #52 Pulmonary edema secondary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_edema_secondary_prevention

  The major complications of cardiogenic pulmonary edema are respiratory failure and sudden cardiac death secondary to cardiac arrhythmia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are effective for secondary prevention in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Effective measures for the secondary prevention of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include prompt diagnosis and treatment. […] The major complications associated with cardiogenic pulmonary edema are respiratory fatigue and failure. Prompt diagnosis and treatment usually prevent these complications. […] Continuous monitoring of heart rhythm is effective to prevent sudden cardiac death secondary to arrhythmia.

• #53 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/pulmonary-edema-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Pulmonary edema patients often require supplemental oxygen to alleviate symptoms and improve oxygen saturation levels. This may be delivered through a nasal cannula or a mask covering the mouth and nose. […] For those experiencing difficulty breathing due to pulmonary edema, sitting up and dangling the legs over the side of the bed can reduce pressure in the lungs and help ease breathing. […] Patients with conditions that predispose them to pulmonary edema, such as heart failure, may be advised to follow a low-sodium diet. Reducing sodium intake can help prevent fluid accumulation. […] For individuals at risk of pulmonary edema, sudden weight gain may be a sign of fluid retention. Regularly monitoring weight and reporting any significant changes to a healthcare provider is essential.

• #54 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/pulmonary-edema-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  These medications can be prescribed to reduce pressure in the heart and improve its pumping ability, helping to alleviate pulmonary edema. […] In addition to managing underlying conditions and monitoring weight, individuals at risk for pulmonary edema should avoid tobacco products, exercise regularly (as advised by a healthcare provider), and manage stress levels to promote overall heart health.

• #55

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-edema/

  Manage underlying conditions: Many cases of pulmonary edema are secondary to conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, high blood pressure, or lung diseases like pneumonia. Proper management of these underlying conditions through medication, lifestyle changes, and regular medical care can help prevent pulmonary edema. […] Monitor fluid intake: For individuals with heart or kidney problems, monitoring fluid intake is crucial. Following a fluid restriction recommended by a healthcare provider can prevent excess fluid buildup in the body, which can contribute to pulmonary edema. […] Medication compliance: If prescribed medications for conditions like heart failure or high blood pressure, it’s essential to take them as directed by a healthcare provider. Medications such as diuretics help reduce fluid buildup and can prevent pulmonary edema when taken regularly.

• #56

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-edema/

  Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet low in sodium, and avoiding smoking can contribute to overall cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of conditions that can lead to pulmonary edema. […] Monitor symptoms: Being aware of early signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, such as shortness of breath, coughing, or swelling, can prompt early intervention and prevent worsening of the condition. Regular monitoring, especially for individuals with known risk factors, is crucial. […] Avoid high altitudes: For individuals with underlying heart or lung conditions, exposure to high altitudes can exacerbate symptoms and increase the risk of pulmonary edema. If travel to high altitudes is unavoidable, gradual acclimatization and proper hydration are essential. […] Follow a heart-healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help maintain cardiovascular health and prevent conditions that can lead to pulmonary edema.

• #57

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-edema/

  Manage stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development and exacerbation of heart conditions. Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can promote heart health and reduce the risk of pulmonary edema. […] Regular medical check-ups: Regular visits to healthcare providers allow for monitoring of underlying conditions and adjustments to treatment plans as needed, reducing the risk of complications such as pulmonary edema.

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