Przelew płucny – Etiologia i przyczyny

Przelew płucny
Etiologia i przyczyny

Przełew płucny to patologiczne nagromadzenie płynu w pęcherzykach płucnych i przestrzeni śródmiąższowej, prowadzące do zaburzeń wymiany gazowej. Etiologia dzieli się na kardiogenną, wynikającą ze wzrostu ciśnienia hydrostatycznego w naczyniach płucnych (np. niewydolność lewokomorowa, ostry zespół wieńcowy, wady zastawkowe, arytmie, nadciśnienie tętnicze), oraz niekardiogenną, związaną ze zwiększoną przepuszczalnością bariery pęcherzykowo-włośniczkowej (np. ARDS, infekcje, wysokościowy przełew płucny, neurogenny przełew, zatorowość płucna, toksyny). W kardiogennym przelewie płucnym ciśnienie w naczyniach włosowatych przekracza około 18 mmHg (norma 4-12 mmHg), co powoduje przesączanie płynu o charakterze przesięku (stosunek białka w płynie do osocza <0,5). W niekardiogennym mechanizm opiera się na uszkodzeniu śródbłonka i zwiększonej przepuszczalności, skutkując wysiękiem (stosunek białka >0,5). Specyficzne formy to m.in. błyskawiczny przełew płucny (SCAPE), wysokościowy przełew płucny (HAPE) oraz neurogenny przełew płucny.

Przyczyny przelewu płucnego (etiologia)

Kardiogenny przełew płucny
Niekardiogenny przełew płucny
Szczególne postacie przelewu płucnego
Czynniki ryzyka przelewu płucnego

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne przelewu płucnego

Kardiogenny mechanizm
Niekardiogenny mechanizm
Mieszane mechanizmy

Szczegółowe przyczyny przelewu płucnego

Przyczyny kardiogenne
Przyczyny niekardiogenne

Przyczyny mieszane i szczególne przypadki

Przyczyny mieszane
Szczególne przypadki kliniczne

Etiologia przelewu płucnego – podsumowanie

Kolejne rozdziały

Przyczyny przelewu płucnego (etiologia)

Przełew płucny jest stanem chorobowym charakteryzującym się nieprawidłowym gromadzeniem płynu w pęcherzykach płucnych i przestrzeni śródmiąższowej, co prowadzi do upośledzenia wymiany gazowej i trudności w oddychaniu. Etiologię przelewu płucnego można podzielić na dwie główne kategorie: kardiogenne (związane z sercem) oraz niekardiogenne (niezwiązane z sercem).¹²³

Kardiogenny przełew płucny

Kardiogenny przełew płucny powstaje w wyniku zwiększonego ciśnienia hydrostatycznego w naczyniach płucnych, spowodowanego zaburzeniami funkcji lewej części serca. Gdy lewa komora nie jest w stanie efektywnie pompować krwi, dochodzi do wzrostu ciśnienia w lewym przedsionku, żyłach płucnych i naczyniach włosowatych płuc. Zwiększone ciśnienie w naczyniach włosowatych prowadzi do przesączania płynu do przestrzeni pęcherzykowej.⁴⁵⁶

Główne przyczyny kardiogennego przelewu płucnego obejmują:

Niewydolność serca – najczęstsza przyczyna kardiogennego przelewu płucnego, zarówno przewlekła niewydolność serca, jak i ostra dekompensacja⁷⁸
Ostry zespół wieńcowy i zawał mięśnia sercowego – osłabienie funkcji skurczowej lewej komory⁹¹⁰
Wady zastawkowe – zwłaszcza stenoza mitralna, niedomykalność mitralna, stenoza aortalna¹¹¹²
Kardiomiopatie – zarówno skurczowe jak i rozkurczowe, prowadzące do dysfunkcji lewej komory¹³¹⁴
Arytmie – szczególnie migotanie przedsionków z szybką akcją komór, które mogą prowadzić do szybkiego wzrostu ciśnienia w lewym przedsionku¹⁵¹⁶
Nadciśnienie tętnicze – zwłaszcza przy przełomie nadciśnieniowym, powodujące nagłe zwiększenie obciążenia następczego lewej komory¹⁷¹⁸
Zapalenie mięśnia sercowego – prowadzące do upośledzenia funkcji lewej komory¹⁹²⁰

Ważnym patofizjologicznym mechanizmem kardiogennego przelewu płucnego jest wzrost ciśnienia w naczyniach włosowatych płucnych powyżej ciśnienia onkotycznego osocza, co prowadzi do przesączania płynu do pęcherzyków płucnych.²¹ W przypadku przewlekłej niewydolności serca aktywacja układu renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron oraz współczulnego układu nerwowego prowadzi do retencji sodu i wody, co dodatkowo przyczynia się do rozwoju przelewu płucnego.²²

Niekardiogenny przełew płucny

Niekardiogenny przełew płucny rozwija się w wyniku zwiększonej przepuszczalności błony pęcherzykowo-włośniczkowej, bez pierwotnego wzrostu ciśnienia hydrostatycznego w naczyniach płucnych. Prowadzi to do przesączania płynu bogatego w białko do pęcherzyków płucnych.²³²⁴

Główne przyczyny niekardiogennego przelewu płucnego to:

Zespół ostrej niewydolności oddechowej (ARDS) – najczęstsza przyczyna niekardiogennego przelewu płucnego, spowodowana ostrym uszkodzeniem płuc w przebiegu ciężkich infekcji, sepsy, urazów, aspiracji treści żołądkowej²⁵²⁶²⁷
Infekcje płucne – ciężkie zapalenie płuc, sepsa²⁸²⁹
Wysokościowy przełew płucny (HAPE) – występujący u osób przebywających na dużych wysokościach (zwykle powyżej 2400 metrów), szczególnie przy zbyt szybkiej aklimatyzacji³⁰³¹³²
Neurogeniczny przełew płucny – w następstwie urazu głowy, krwawienia podpajęczynówkowego, napadów padaczkowych, operacji neurochirurgicznych³³³⁴³⁵
Reakcje na leki i przedawkowanie – w tym opioidów, aspiryny, kokainy, heroiny i innych substancji³⁶³⁷³⁸
Zatorowość płucna – zakrzep przemieszczający się z naczyń żylnych nóg do płuc³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹
Inhalacja toksyn – wdychanie dymu, chloru, amoniaku i innych substancji toksycznych powodujących bezpośrednie uszkodzenie płuc⁴²⁴³
Tonięcie i podtopienie – aspiracja wody do płuc⁴⁴⁴⁵
Ujemne ciśnienie w płucach (negative pressure pulmonary edema) – powstający w wyniku obstrukcji górnych dróg oddechowych i silnego wysiłku wdechowego⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸
Ostre uszkodzenie płuc związane z transfuzją (TRALI) – powikłanie po przetoczeniu preparatów krwiopochodnych⁴⁹⁵⁰
Infekcje wirusowe – takie jak wywołane przez hantawirus czy wirus dengi⁵¹⁵²

Szczególne postacie przelewu płucnego

Oprócz typowego podziału na kardiogenny i niekardiogenny przełew płucny, wyróżnia się także pewne specyficzne postacie kliniczne:

Błyskawiczny przełew płucny (flash pulmonary edema)

Jest to szczególnie dramatyczna forma przelewu płucnego, charakteryzująca się nagłym początkiem i gwałtownym przebiegiem. Najczęściej występuje w przebiegu przełomu nadciśnieniowego, ostrego niedokrwienia mięśnia sercowego, świeżej arytmii lub ciężkiej wady zastawkowej.⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵

Szczególnym podtypem błyskawicznego przelewu płucnego jest SCAPE (Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema), który powstaje na podłożu zwiększonej aktywności współczulnej, prowadzącej do skurczu naczyń obwodowych, wzrostu obciążenia następczego i przemieszczenia krwi do krążenia płucnego.⁵⁶

Wysokościowy przełew płucny (HAPE)

Ten rodzaj przelewu płucnego występuje u osób przebywających na dużych wysokościach, zwykle powyżej 2400-3000 metrów nad poziomem morza. Zmniejszone ciśnienie parcjalne tlenu prowadzi do hipoksycznego skurczu naczyń płucnych, co zwiększa ciśnienie w tętnicach płucnych i prowadzi do przesączania płynu do pęcherzyków płucnych. Dotyczy szczególnie osób, które zbyt szybko się aklimatyzują lub podejmują intensywny wysiłek fizyczny na dużych wysokościach.⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹

Neurogenny przełew płucny

Jest to przełew płucny wtórny do ostrego uszkodzenia ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Masywne wyrzuty katecholamin powodują zarówno zwiększenie ciśnienia hydrostatycznego w naczyniach płucnych (teoria blastu), jak i bezpośrednie uszkodzenie przepuszczalności naczyń płucnych. Najczęstsze przyczyny to krwawienie śródczaszkowe, uraz głowy i stan padaczkowy.⁶⁰⁶¹

Czynniki ryzyka przelewu płucnego

Do czynników zwiększających ryzyko rozwoju przelewu płucnego należą:

Choroby serca – niewydolność serca, choroba wieńcowa, kardiomiopatia, wady zastawkowe⁶²⁶³
Nadciśnienie tętnicze – szczególnie niekontrolowane⁶⁴⁶⁵
Niewydolność nerek – prowadząca do retencji płynów⁶⁶⁶⁷
Choroby płuc – przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc, ciężka astma⁶⁸
Podeszły wiek – zwiększający podatność na kardiogenny przełew płucny⁶⁹
Otyłość – szczególnie w połączeniu z innymi czynnikami ryzyka⁷⁰⁷¹
Cukrzyca – zwiększająca ryzyko chorób sercowo-naczyniowych⁷²
Bezdech senny – powodujący hipoksemię i nadciśnienie płucne⁷³⁷⁴
Ciąża – szczególnie u kobiet z otyłością i nadciśnieniem tętniczym⁷⁵⁷⁶

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne przelewu płucnego

Zrozumienie mechanizmów patofizjologicznych przelewu płucnego jest kluczowe dla właściwego rozpoznania i leczenia. W normanych warunkach równowaga między siłami Starlinga utrzymuje odpowiednią homeostazę płynową w płucach.⁷⁷

Kardiogenny mechanizm

W kardiogennym przelewie płucnym kluczowe znaczenie ma wzrost ciśnienia hydrostatycznego w naczyniach włosowatych płuc. Mechanizm ten obejmuje:⁷⁸⁷⁹

Wzrost ciśnienia końcowo-rozkurczowego w lewej komorze – spowodowany upośledzeniem funkcji skurczowej lub rozkurczowej lewej komory⁸⁰
Wzrost ciśnienia w lewym przedsionku – prowadzący do wzrostu ciśnienia w żyłach płucnych⁸¹
Wzrost ciśnienia w naczyniach włosowatych płuc – gdy przekracza ono wartość około 18 mmHg (normalne wynosi 4-12 mmHg), dochodzi do przesączania płynu do przestrzeni śródmiąższowej i pęcherzyków płucnych⁸²⁸³
Aktywacja układu renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron i współczulnego układu nerwowego – prowadząca do retencji sodu i wody oraz zwiększenia obciążenia serca⁸⁴

W kardiogennym przelewie płucnym przesączający się płyn ma charakter przesięku (transudatu) o niskiej zawartości białka. Stosunek stężenia białka w płynie pęcherzykowym do stężenia w osoczu wynosi zwykle poniżej 0,5 (najczęściej około 0,3).⁸⁵

Niekardiogenny mechanizm

W niekardiogennym przelewie płucnym głównym mechanizmem jest zwiększona przepuszczalność barierpy pęcherzykowo-włośniczkowej, co prowadzi do:⁸⁶⁸⁷

Uszkodzenia śródbłonka naczyń włosowatych – spowodowane bezpośrednim działaniem czynników uszkadzających (np. toksyn, mediatorów zapalnych)⁸⁸
Zwiększonej przepuszczalności naczyń – umożliwiającej przesączanie płynu bogatego w białko⁸⁹
Zaburzeń surfaktantu płucnego – prowadzących do zwiększonej tendencji do zapadania się pęcherzyków płucnych i nasilenia obrzęku⁹⁰
Reakcji zapalnej – z uwalnianiem mediatorów prozapalnych zwiększających przepuszczalność naczyń⁹¹

W niekardiogennym przelewie płucnym przesączający się płyn ma charakter wysięku (exudate) o wysokiej zawartości białka. Stosunek stężenia białka w płynie pęcherzykowym do stężenia w osoczu wynosi zwykle powyżej 0,5 (najczęściej około 0,7-0,8).⁹²

Mieszane mechanizmy

W niektórych przypadkach przełew płucny może być wynikiem współistnienia mechanizmów kardiogennych i niekardiogennych. Przykładowo, pacjent z niewydolnością serca może rozwinąć zapalenie płuc, co prowadzi do nakładania się obu mechanizmów i bardziej złożonego obrazu klinicznego.⁹³⁹⁴⁹⁵

Szczegółowe przyczyny przelewu płucnego

Przyczyny kardiogenne

Niewydolność lewokomorowa

Niewydolność lewokomorowa jest najczęstszą przyczyną kardiogennego przelewu płucnego. Może być związana z:⁹⁶⁹⁷

Dysfunkcją skurczową – osłabienie siły skurczu mięśnia sercowego, obniżenie frakcji wyrzutowej lewej komory⁹⁸⁹⁹
Dysfunkcją rozkurczową – upośledzenie relaksacji i napełniania lewej komory, często w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego, przerostu mięśnia sercowego, amyloidozy¹⁰⁰¹⁰¹

Choroba wieńcowa

Choroba wieńcowa i ostre zespoły wieńcowe mogą prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹⁰²¹⁰³

Ostre niedokrwienie mięśnia sercowego – prowadzące do dysfunkcji skurczowej lewej komory¹⁰⁴
Zawał mięśnia sercowego – powodujący martwicę kardiomiocytów i osłabienie funkcji skurczowej¹⁰⁵
Mechaniczne powikłania zawału – pęknięcie przegrody międzykomorowej, pęknięcie mięśnia brodawkowatego z ostrą niedomykalnością zastawki mitralnej¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷

Wady zastawkowe

Wady zastawkowe mogą prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez zwiększenie ciśnienia w lewym przedsionku i żyłach płucnych:¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹

Stenoza mitralna – utrudniony przepływ krwi z lewego przedsionka do lewej komory¹¹⁰¹¹¹
Niedomykalność mitralna – cofanie się krwi do lewego przedsionka podczas skurczu komory¹¹²
Stenoza aortalna – utrudniony odpływ krwi z lewej komory¹¹³
Niedomykalność aortalna – przeciążenie objętościowe lewej komory¹¹⁴

Zaburzenia rytmu serca

Arytmie mogą prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹¹⁵¹¹⁶

Migotanie przedsionków z szybką akcją komór – skrócenie czasu napełniania komór, utrata skurczu przedsionka¹¹⁷
Częstoskurcze nadkomorowe – prowadzące do szybkiej akcji serca i upośledzenia napełniania komór¹¹⁸
Bradyarytmie – bloki przewodzenia mogą prowadzić do zastoju krwi w krążeniu płucnym¹¹⁹

Nadciśnienie tętnicze

Nadciśnienie tętnicze, szczególnie przełom nadciśnieniowy, może prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹²⁰¹²¹

Nagły wzrost obciążenia następczego lewej komory – prowadzący do niewydolności lewokomorowej¹²²
Dysfunkcję rozkurczową – przewlekłe nadciśnienie prowadzi do przerostu lewej komory i upośledzenia napełniania¹²³
Zwężenie tętnicy nerkowej – szczególna postać nadciśnienia prowadząca do tzw. zespołu Pickeringa (zwężenie tętnicy nerkowej z nawracającymi epizodami przelewu płucnego)¹²⁴

Przyczyny niekardiogenne

Zespół ostrej niewydolności oddechowej (ARDS)

ARDS jest najczęstszą przyczyną niekardiogennego przelewu płucnego, powstającą w wyniku bezpośredniego lub pośredniego uszkodzenia płuc:¹²⁵¹²⁶

Bezpośrednie uszkodzenie płuc – zapalenie płuc, aspiracja treści żołądkowej, inhalacja toksyn¹²⁷
Pośrednie uszkodzenie płuc – sepsa, ciężki uraz, ostre zapalenie trzustki, masywne przetoczenia krwi¹²⁸¹²⁹

Infekcje płucne

Ciężkie infekcje płucne mogą prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹³⁰¹³¹

Bezpośrednie uszkodzenie pneumocytów i śródbłonka naczyń – przez patogeny¹³²
Reakcję zapalną – z uwolnieniem mediatorów prozapalnych zwiększających przepuszczalność naczyń¹³³
Sepsa – ogólnoustrojowa reakcja zapalna z upośledzeniem funkcji śródbłonka naczyń¹³⁴

Wysokościowy przełew płucny (HAPE)

Wysokościowy przełew płucny występuje u osób przebywających na dużych wysokościach (zwykle powyżej 2400-3000 m n.p.m.) i jest spowodowany:¹³⁵¹³⁶

Hipoksycznym skurczem naczyń płucnych – prowadzącym do nadciśnienia płucnego¹³⁷
Nierównomiernym skurczem naczyń płucnych – powodującym zwiększone ciśnienie w niektórych obszarach krążenia płucnego¹³⁸
Szybką aklimatyzacją – brak wystarczającego czasu na adaptację do zmniejszonego ciśnienia parcjalnego tlenu¹³⁹
Intensywnym wysiłkiem fizycznym – nasilającym hipoksję i nadciśnienie płucne¹⁴⁰

Reakcje na leki i toksyny

Różne substancje mogą prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹⁴¹¹⁴²

Bezpośrednie uszkodzenie pęcherzyków płucnych – przez toksyny wziewne (chlor, amoniak, dym)¹⁴³
Przedawkowanie opioidów – poprzez złożone mechanizmy, w tym bezpośrednie uszkodzenie naczyń płucnych i neurogenną regulację przepływu płucnego¹⁴⁴
Reakcje polekowe – w tym na aspirynę, niektóre chemioterapeutyki, amiodaron¹⁴⁵¹⁴⁶

Neurogenny przełew płucny

Uszkodzenie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego może prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹⁴⁷¹⁴⁸

Masywny wyrzut katecholamin – powodujący skurcz naczyń obwodowych i redystrybucję krwi do łożyska płucnego¹⁴⁹
Bezpośrednie uszkodzenie przepuszczalności naczyń płucnych – pod wpływem mediatorów neurohormonalnych¹⁵⁰
Uszkodzenie mięśnia sercowego – przez masywny wyrzut katecholamin¹⁵¹

Neurogenny przełew płucny najczęściej występuje w przebiegu krwawienia śródczaszkowego, urazu głowy, stanu padaczkowego, ale może również towarzyszyć zabiegom neurochirurgicznym.¹⁵²¹⁵³

Zatorowość płucna

Zator tętnicy płucnej może prowadzić do przelewu płucnego poprzez:¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵

Blokadę przepływu krwi – prowadzącą do redystrybucji przepływu do pozostałych naczyń płucnych¹⁵⁶
Uwalnianie mediatorów zapalnych – zwiększających przepuszczalność naczyń płucnych¹⁵⁷
Zwiększenie ciśnienia w prawej komorze – potencjalnie prowadzące do niewydolności prawokomorowej¹⁵⁸

Ujemne ciśnienie w płucach (negative pressure pulmonary edema)

Powstaje w wyniku obstrukcji górnych dróg oddechowych i silnego wysiłku wdechowego, prowadzącego do:¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁰

Wytworzenia silnie ujemnego ciśnienia w jamie opłucnowej – zwiększającego różnicę ciśnień między naczyniami płucnymi a przestrzenią pęcherzykową¹⁶¹
Zwiększonego powrotu żylnego do prawego serca – prowadzącego do przeciążenia objętościowego krążenia płucnego¹⁶²
Aktywacji układu współczulnego – w odpowiedzi na hipoksję¹⁶³

Ten rodzaj przelewu płucnego może wystąpić w przebiegu laryngospazmu po znieczuleniu ogólnym, obturacyjnego bezdechu sennego, obecności guza górnych dróg oddechowych czy przerostu migdałków.¹⁶⁴¹⁶⁵

Inne przyczyny niekardiogenne

Do innych niekardiogennych przyczyn przelewu płucnego należą:¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷

Ostre uszkodzenie płuc związane z transfuzją (TRALI) – reakcja immunologiczna po przetoczeniu preparatów krwiopochodnych¹⁶⁸
Tonięcie i podtopienie – aspiracja wody do płuc powodująca uszkodzenie surfaktantu¹⁶⁹
Inhalacja dymu – zawierającego substancje chemiczne uszkadzające barierę pęcherzykowo-włośniczkową¹⁷⁰
Przełew płucny związany z wysiłkiem – występujący podczas intensywnego pływania, nurkowania czy innych form wysiłku fizycznego¹⁷¹¹⁷²
Stan przedrzucawkowy i rzucawka – zwiększające przepuszczalność naczyń płucnych przez mechanizmy zapalne i immunologiczne¹⁷³¹⁷⁴
Przełew płucny po reperfuzji – po usunięciu zatoru płucnego lub po transplantacji płuc¹⁷⁵

Przyczyny mieszane i szczególne przypadki

W niektórych sytuacjach przełew płucny może być wynikiem współistnienia mechanizmów kardiogennych i niekardiogennych lub specyficznych okoliczności klinicznych.¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷

Przyczyny mieszane

Niewydolność serca z towarzyszącym zapaleniem płuc – nakładanie się mechanizmów kardiogennych i zapalnych¹⁷⁸
Stan po zatrzymaniu krążenia – uszkodzenie mięśnia sercowego z towarzyszącym uszkodzeniem płuc w mechanizmie niedokrwienia-reperfuzji¹⁷⁹
Ciężka sepsa – powodująca zarówno bezpośrednie uszkodzenie płuc, jak i kardiomiopatię septyczną¹⁸⁰

Szczególne przypadki kliniczne

Przełew płucny u pacjentów dializowanych – związany z przewodnieniem, dysfunkcją lewej komory i potencjalnie reakcją na błonę dializacyjną¹⁸¹
Przełew płucny po odwróceniu działania opioidów – po podaniu naloksonu, związany z gwałtownym wzrostem aktywności współczulnej¹⁸²
Przełew płucny w przebiegu preeklampsji – związany z dysfunkcją śródbłonka, zaburzeniami hemodynamiki i retencją płynów¹⁸³
Przełew płucny związany z aktywnością seksualną – u osób bez chorób serca, mechanizm nie jest w pełni poznany, może być pierwszym objawem utajonej wady zastawkowej¹⁸⁴

Etiologia przelewu płucnego – podsumowanie

Przełew płucny jest poważnym stanem patologicznym, który może mieć różnorodną etiologię. Zasadniczo przyczyny można podzielić na kardiogenne (związane z dysfunkcją serca, skutkującą zwiększonym ciśnieniem hydrostatycznym w naczyniach płucnych) oraz niekardiogenne (związane z uszkodzeniem bariery pęcherzykowo-włośniczkowej).¹⁸⁵¹⁸⁶

Najczęstszą przyczyną kardiogennego przelewu płucnego jest niewydolność lewokomorowa, zarówno o charakterze skurczowym jak i rozkurczowym. Inne istotne przyczyny kardiogenne to zawał mięśnia sercowego, wady zastawkowe, zaburzenia rytmu serca i przełom nadciśnieniowy.¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸

W przypadku niekardiogennego przelewu płucnego najczęstszą przyczyną jest zespół ostrej niewydolności oddechowej (ARDS), ale istotną rolę odgrywają również infekcje płucne, wysokościowy przełew płucny, neurogenny przełew płucny, reakcje na leki i toksyny, zatorowość płucna i wiele innych.¹⁸⁹¹⁹⁰

Prawidłowe rozpoznanie przyczyny przelewu płucnego jest kluczowe dla wdrożenia odpowiedniego leczenia, które poza terapią objawową powinno być ukierunkowane na podstawową przyczynę schorzenia.¹⁹¹¹⁹²

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. […] In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations. […] The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts. […] If a heart problem causes the pulmonary edema, it’s called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Most often, the fluid buildup in the lungs is due to a heart condition. […] If pulmonary edema is not heart related, it’s called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Sometimes, pulmonary edema can be caused by both a heart problem and a nonheart problem.
#2 Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557611/
Pulmonary edema can be broadly classified into cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Cardiogenic or volume-overload pulmonary edema arises due to a rapid elevation in the hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary capillaries. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by lung injury with a resultant increase in pulmonary vascular permeability leading to the movement of fluid, rich in proteins, to the alveolar and interstitial compartments. […] Its etiology is either due to a cardiogenic process with the inability to remove sufficient blood away from the pulmonary circulation or non-cardiogenic precipitated by injury to the lung parenchyma.
#3 Pulmonary edema – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema
Pulmonary edema has multiple causes and is traditionally classified as cardiogenic (caused by the heart) or noncardiogenic (all other types not caused by the heart). […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing increased fluid in the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. […] Noncardiogenic causes are associated with the oncotic pressure as discussed above causing malfunctioning barriers in the lungs (increased microvascular permeability). […] Some of the common causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include: Acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure which is due to the heart’s inability to pump the blood out of the pulmonary circulation at a sufficient rate resulting in elevation in pulmonary wedge pressure and edema. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased microvascular permeability (increased oncotic pressure) leading to increased fluid transfer into the alveolar spaces. […] There are multiple causes of noncardiogenic edema with multiple subtypes within each cause.
#4 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is defined as pulmonary edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure. CPE reflects the accumulation of fluid with a low-protein content in the lung interstitium and alveoli as a result of cardiac dysfunction (see the image below). (See Etiology.) […] Pulmonary edema can be caused by the following major pathophysiologic mechanisms: Imbalance of Starling forces – ie, increased pulmonary capillary pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased negative interstitial pressure […] Increased hydrostatic pressure leading to pulmonary edema may result from many causes, including excessive intravascular volume administration, pulmonary venous outflow obstruction (eg, mitral stenosis or left atrial [LA] myxoma), and LV failure secondary to systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle.
#5 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#6 Pulmonary Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is acute, severe left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous hypertension and alveolar flooding. […] If left ventricular (LV) filling pressure increases suddenly, plasma fluid moves rapidly from pulmonary capillaries into interstitial spaces and alveoli, causing pulmonary edema. […] Although precipitating causes vary by age and country, about one half of cases result from acute coronary ischemia; some from decompensation of significant underlying heart failure (HF), including HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) due to hypertension; and the rest from arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload often due to IV fluids. […] Specific additional treatment depends on etiology: […] Acute pulmonary edema can result from acute coronary ischemia, decompensation of underlying heart failure, arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload.
#7 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a serious condition that occurs when the lungs fill with fluid. This prevents the body from gaining the oxygen it needs. It is typically caused by another condition, such as heart failure or altitude sickness. […] Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of pulmonary edema. […] Heart failure happens when the heart can no longer pump blood properly throughout the body. This creates a backup of pressure in the small blood vessels in the lungs, which causes the vessels to leak fluid. […] Other less common medical conditions that can cause pulmonary edema include: heart attack, or other heart diseases; leaking, narrowed, or damaged heart valves; cardiomyopathy; cardiac arrhythmias; sudden high blood pressure; pneumonia; kidney failure; lung damage caused by severe infection; severe sepsis of the blood, or blood poisoning caused by infection.
#8 Pathophysiology of cardiogenic pulmonary edema – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-of-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a common and potentially fatal cause of acute respiratory failure. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is most often a result of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The clinical presentation is characterized by the development of dyspnea associated with the rapid accumulation of fluid within the lung’s interstitial and/or alveolar spaces, which is the result of acutely elevated cardiac filling pressures. […] ADHF is most commonly due to left ventricular (LV) systolic and/or diastolic impairment, with or without additional cardiac pathology, such as coronary artery disease or valve abnormalities. However, a variety of conditions or events can cause cardiogenic pulmonary edema in the absence of heart disease, including primary fluid overload (eg, due to blood transfusion), severe hypertension, renal artery stenosis, and severe renal disease.
#9 Pulmonary Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is acute, severe left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous hypertension and alveolar flooding. […] If left ventricular (LV) filling pressure increases suddenly, plasma fluid moves rapidly from pulmonary capillaries into interstitial spaces and alveoli, causing pulmonary edema. […] Although precipitating causes vary by age and country, about one half of cases result from acute coronary ischemia; some from decompensation of significant underlying heart failure (HF), including HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) due to hypertension; and the rest from arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload often due to IV fluids. […] Specific additional treatment depends on etiology: […] Acute pulmonary edema can result from acute coronary ischemia, decompensation of underlying heart failure, arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload.
#10 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#11 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22941-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is an accumulation of extra fluid in your lungs that can be life-threatening. This comes from pressure going up and blood collecting on the left side of your heart, usually because of heart failure. […] Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of heart edema. Other causes include: Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), Cardiomyopathy, Problems with the valves on the left side of your heart, such as narrowing or regurgitation (blood going the wrong way), Heart attack. […] Pulmonary edema is life-threatening, but your prognosis depends on what caused it. One year after discharge from a hospital, about 50% survive cardiac edema.
#12 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#13 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#14 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#15 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
New-onset rapid atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia can be responsible for CPE. […] These can increase LV stiffness and end-diastolic pressure, with pulmonary edema resulting from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. […] LV volume overload occurs in a variety of cardiac or noncardiac conditions. […] One of the mechanical complications of MI can be the rupture of ventricular septum or papillary muscle. […] Acute obstruction of the aortic valve can cause pulmonary edema.
#16 Managing acute pulmonary oedema – Australian Prescriber
https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/managing-acute-pulmonary-oedema.html
Acute pulmonary oedema is a medical emergency which requires immediate management. It is characterised by dyspnoea and hypoxia secondary to fluid accumulation in the lungs which impairs gas exchange and lung compliance. The most common causes of acute pulmonary oedema include myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation), acute valvular dysfunction and fluid overload. Other causes include pulmonary embolus, anaemia and renal artery stenosis. Non-adherence to treatment and adverse drug effects can also precipitate pulmonary oedema. […] The underlying cause of the patients acute pulmonary oedema should be treated. This includes reviewing their medicines to see if any drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, verapamil or diltiazem, could have contributed to the problem.
#17 Pulmonary Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnosis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/the-facts-about-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a buildup of fluid in your lungs. That can make it hard for you to breathe. […] There are two main kinds of pulmonary edema: cardiogenic and noncardiogenic. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema This type is caused by a problem with your heart. […] In many cases, your left ventricle (one of the chambers of your heart) isnt able to pump out blood that enters through blood vessels from your lung. This creates a buildup of pressure and fluid. […] Narrow arteries, heart muscle damage, heart valve problems, and high blood pressure are among the conditions that can weaken your left ventricle. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema This type isnt related to heart problems. Other causes include: […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) […] Blood clots […] Brain surgery or conditions such as seizures and head injuries
#18 Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) – EMCrit Project
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/scape/
SCAPE usually results from the combination of an underlying substrate plus an acute trigger. This should be evaluated as these disorders may require specific treatment: […] The underlying substrate of SCAPE is usually present: Chronic left ventricular failure (especially diastolic heart failure): On the contrary, preserved right ventricular function might also predispose patients to have SCAPE (if the right ventricle is outperforming the left ventricle, this will cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs). […] History of hypertension in ~90% of patients (especially labile hypertension). Renal artery stenosis, in particular, predisposes to SCAPE (a combination known as Pickering syndrome). […] Acute triggers of SCAPE may include: Nonadherence with antihypertensives (especially vasodilators such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers). Volume overload (e.g., missed hemodialysis sessions, nonadherence with diuretics). Sympathomimetic intoxication. Withdrawal (e.g., from clonidine). Acute MI. Exertion, stress, or anxiety. Rare causes of acute heart failure (e.g., acute valve dehiscence or viral cardiomyopathy). […] The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. […] SCAPE patients may be euvolemic or hypovolemic. The problem is a shift of fluid into the lungs, rather than hypervolemia.
#19 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#20
https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/121716/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema secondary to an acute increase in left ventricular filling pressure and left atrial volume, which increases pulmonary capillary wedge pressure […] causes of impaired left ventricular function […] coronary artery disease […] hypertension […] valvular disease […] dilated cardiomyopathy […] metabolic conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism) […] myocarditis […] toxins […] ventricular hypertrophy […] outflow obstruction […] impaired left ventricular contractility decreases cardiac output, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system […] salt and water retention contribute to pulmonary edema […] causes include […] acute respiratory distress syndrome […] high altitude […] opioid overdose […] based on the patient’s clinical history and imaging findings demonstrating pulmonary edema
#21 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#22
https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/121716/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema secondary to an acute increase in left ventricular filling pressure and left atrial volume, which increases pulmonary capillary wedge pressure […] causes of impaired left ventricular function […] coronary artery disease […] hypertension […] valvular disease […] dilated cardiomyopathy […] metabolic conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism) […] myocarditis […] toxins […] ventricular hypertrophy […] outflow obstruction […] impaired left ventricular contractility decreases cardiac output, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system […] salt and water retention contribute to pulmonary edema […] causes include […] acute respiratory distress syndrome […] high altitude […] opioid overdose […] based on the patient’s clinical history and imaging findings demonstrating pulmonary edema
#23 Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557611/
Pulmonary edema can be broadly classified into cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Cardiogenic or volume-overload pulmonary edema arises due to a rapid elevation in the hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary capillaries. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by lung injury with a resultant increase in pulmonary vascular permeability leading to the movement of fluid, rich in proteins, to the alveolar and interstitial compartments. […] Its etiology is either due to a cardiogenic process with the inability to remove sufficient blood away from the pulmonary circulation or non-cardiogenic precipitated by injury to the lung parenchyma.
#24 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#25 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased pressures in the heart. […] It’s usually a result of heart failure. When a diseased or overworked left lower heart chamber (left ventricle) can’t pump out enough of the blood it gets from the lungs, pressures in the heart go up. The increased pressure pushes fluid through the blood vessel walls into the air sacs. […] Medical conditions that can cause heart failure and lead to pulmonary edema include: […] Non-heart-related (noncardiogenic) pulmonary edema. […] Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. […] Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema.
#26 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1
Pulmonary edema that is not caused by increased pressures in the heart is called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. Many conditions can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including severe injury (trauma), widespread infection (sepsis), pneumonia and severe bleeding. Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema. Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. But people who live at high altitudes can get HAPE with no elevation change if they have a respiratory illness.
#27 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#28
https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-edema/
Pneumonia: Severe cases of pneumonia can lead to pulmonary edema due to inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs. […] High altitude: Exposure to high altitudes can cause pulmonary edema in some individuals, especially if they ascend too quickly. This is known as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). […] Near-drowning: Aspiration of water into the lungs, whether through near-drowning accidents or other water-related incidents, can cause pulmonary edema. […] Lung injury: Trauma to the chest or lungs, such as from a severe blow or penetrating injury, can result in pulmonary edema. […] Kidney failure: When the kidneys are unable to remove excess fluid and waste from the body effectively, fluid can accumulate in various tissues, including the lungs. […] There are several causes of pulmonary edema, including heart failure, kidney problems, lung infections, and exposure to high altitudes. These underlying conditions can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart or kidneys, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
#29 What Is Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatment
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_edema/article_em.htm
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less common and occurs because of damage to the lung tissue and subsequent inflammation of lung tissue. […] The following are some examples of causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Inhaled toxins (for example, ammonia or chlorine gas, and smoke inhalation) can cause direct damage to lung tissue. […] High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a condition that occurs in people who exercise at altitudes above 8,000ft without having first acclimated to the high altitude. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication observed in trauma victims, in patients with sepsis, and shock. […] Bacterial or viral pneumonia infections are quite common; however, occasionally become complicated as a collection of fluid develops in the section of the lung that is infected.
#30 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#31 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1
Pulmonary edema that is not caused by increased pressures in the heart is called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. Many conditions can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including severe injury (trauma), widespread infection (sepsis), pneumonia and severe bleeding. Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema. Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. But people who live at high altitudes can get HAPE with no elevation change if they have a respiratory illness.
#32 Understanding the causes of pulmonary edema
https://www.mercyone.org/newsroom/blog-articles/understanding-causes-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is caused by the buildup of too much fluid in the lungs. It can be a serious and life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. […] Pulmonary edema is often caused by underlying conditions. Heart conditions, like congestive heart failure, are the leading cause, but not the only one. […] Healthy people normally living at low altitude who travel to altitudes above 8,200 ft are susceptible to pulmonary edema. The reduced oxygen levels at high altitudes can cause blood vessels in the lungs to constrict, leading to increased pressure. Consequently, fluid may leak from the blood vessels into the lung tissues and eventually accumulate in the air sacs. […] Severe lung infections can lead to pulmonary edema because of lung tissue damage.
#33 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Nervous system conditions or surgeries. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain surgery. […] Smoke inhalation. Smoke from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries. The damage allows fluid to enter the lungs. […] Transfusion-related lung injury. Blood transfusions may cause fluid overload in the left ventricle, leading to pulmonary edema. […] Viral illnesses. Viruses such as the hantavirus and dengue virus can cause pulmonary edema.
#34 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300813-overview
Any acute central nervous system (CNS) insult can result in pulmonary edema. The most common causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) are subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury (TBI), COVID-19, and seizures. Other conditions, including nonhemorrhagic stroke, medication overdose, arteriovenous malformation, meningitis/encephalitis, and spinal cord infarction, have been reported and linked to the formation of NPE. […] The pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is not completely understood. Because the most common neurological events are associated with increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hypertension is considered a key etiologic factor. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema trigger zones may exist in these structures, with specific neurologic foci or centers producing massive sympathetic discharges that lead to neurogenic pulmonary edema. […] An increase in capillary permeability can result in neurogenic pulmonary edema without elevation of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, because causative hemodynamic alteration is inconsistent.
#35
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. It is thought to be the result of poor uteroplacental circulation caused by inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries that happens between weeks 8 and 18 of pregnancy. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
#36 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased pressures in the heart. […] It’s usually a result of heart failure. When a diseased or overworked left lower heart chamber (left ventricle) can’t pump out enough of the blood it gets from the lungs, pressures in the heart go up. The increased pressure pushes fluid through the blood vessel walls into the air sacs. […] Medical conditions that can cause heart failure and lead to pulmonary edema include: […] Non-heart-related (noncardiogenic) pulmonary edema. […] Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. […] Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema.
#37 Pulmonary Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnosis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/the-facts-about-pulmonary-edema
High pressure in your chest after your airway is blocked […] Contact with ammonia, chlorine, or other toxins […] Inhaling smoke that has certain chemicals […] Lung injury after removal of blood clots […] Near-drowning […] Reaction to some drugs, including aspirin […] Opioid overdose […] Blood transfusion […] Viral infections […] Pneumonia […] Blood poisoning or sepsis. […] Pulmonary edema also can be brought on from being in high altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet.
#38
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. It is thought to be the result of poor uteroplacental circulation caused by inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries that happens between weeks 8 and 18 of pregnancy. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
#39 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#40 Symptoms and Causes of Pulmonary Edema
https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-edema-4020740
Non-cardiac pulmonary edema (or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema), occurs when capillaries in the lungs become damaged for reasons unrelated to the heart. […] Noncardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema include: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A potentially fatal form of respiratory failure, Drug side effects or overdose: Including chemotherapy, street drugs like heroin, and heart medications like amiodarone, High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): A severe manifestation of high-altitude illness, Inhaled toxins: Including smoke, chlorine, or ammonia, Near-drowning: Results in disruption of alveolar tissues and makes them more porous, Negative pressure pulmonary edema: A blocked upper airway, often the result of intubation and general anesthesia, Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE): Including neurological problems like stroke, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis, Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot in the lungs, Transfusion-related lung injury: Caused when transfused blood overloads the heart muscle, placing pressure on the lungs, Tropical viral illnesses: Including hantavirus and dengue virus.
#41
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli. […] The distinction between noncardiogenic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema is, at times, difficult. The clinical syndrome, along with signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, may represent several different disorders. Distinguishing between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is vital because treatment varies significantly depending on the fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms.
#42 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#43 Pulmonary Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnosis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/the-facts-about-pulmonary-edema
High pressure in your chest after your airway is blocked […] Contact with ammonia, chlorine, or other toxins […] Inhaling smoke that has certain chemicals […] Lung injury after removal of blood clots […] Near-drowning […] Reaction to some drugs, including aspirin […] Opioid overdose […] Blood transfusion […] Viral infections […] Pneumonia […] Blood poisoning or sepsis. […] Pulmonary edema also can be brought on from being in high altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet.
#44 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#45 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health
https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema
Near drowning A near-drowning can also lead to fluid in the lungs. This is because when you’re underwater, your lungs fill with water instead of air. […] Infections Viral infections such as the flu can also cause pulmonary edema. Pneumonia is another infection that can lead to fluid in the lungs. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) This is a condition that can occur after a severe injury or infection. It’s characterized by fluid leaking into the air spaces of the lungs. […] Smoke inhalation Breathing in smoke can damage your lungs and lead to fluid buildup. […] High altitudes If you ascend to a high altitude too quickly, it can result in damage to your lungs. This is because there’s less oxygen at high altitudes, which can lead to an excess burden on your lungs. […] Brain surgery Surgery or injury to the brain or head is connected to pulmonary edema.
#46 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#47 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a complication resulting from acute or chronic upper airway obstruction, often posing challenges in recognition and diagnosis for clinicians. […] The primary pathophysiological mechanism of NPPE involves the need for high inspiratory pressure to counteract upper airway obstruction, subsequently causing a progressive rise in negative pressure within the pleural cavity. Consequently, this results in increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, leading to the infiltration of pulmonary capillary fluid into the alveoli. NPPE exhibits numerous risk factors and causes, with laryngospasm following anesthesia and extubation being the most prevalent. […] Several acute or chronic diseases can cause upper airway obstruction and each of them could lead to NPPE. Upper airway trauma and, more commonly, laryngospasm account for ~50% of NPPE after obstruction. In addition, upper airway infections and vocal cord dysfunction are also potential causes of NPPE.
#48 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Chronic upper airway obstruction is a prevalent condition observed in patients with various underlying factors, including obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, tonsil or gland hypertrophy, upper airway tumor, mediastinal tumor, nasopharyngeal mass, goiter and acromegaly. […] Hypoxemic and hyperadrenergic states that accompany upper airway obstruction can also contribute to the development of pulmonary edema. […] Increased pulmonary capillary membrane permeability and pulmonary microvascular pressure, which result from the strong release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, are currently considered to be the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema.
#49 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Nervous system conditions or surgeries. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain surgery. […] Smoke inhalation. Smoke from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries. The damage allows fluid to enter the lungs. […] Transfusion-related lung injury. Blood transfusions may cause fluid overload in the left ventricle, leading to pulmonary edema. […] Viral illnesses. Viruses such as the hantavirus and dengue virus can cause pulmonary edema.
#50
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is often clinically recognized by the presence of alveolar fluid accumulation on chest imaging without hemodynamic evidence to suggest a cardiogenic etiology, such as a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 18 mm Hg or less (normal, 4 to 12 mm Hg). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines. […] TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. This is a rare but potentially fatal problem of all plasma-containing blood products, such as packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma.
#51 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Nervous system conditions or surgeries. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain surgery. […] Smoke inhalation. Smoke from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries. The damage allows fluid to enter the lungs. […] Transfusion-related lung injury. Blood transfusions may cause fluid overload in the left ventricle, leading to pulmonary edema. […] Viral illnesses. Viruses such as the hantavirus and dengue virus can cause pulmonary edema.
#52 Pulmonary Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnosis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/the-facts-about-pulmonary-edema
High pressure in your chest after your airway is blocked […] Contact with ammonia, chlorine, or other toxins […] Inhaling smoke that has certain chemicals […] Lung injury after removal of blood clots […] Near-drowning […] Reaction to some drugs, including aspirin […] Opioid overdose […] Blood transfusion […] Viral infections […] Pneumonia […] Blood poisoning or sepsis. […] Pulmonary edema also can be brought on from being in high altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet.
#53 Pathophysiology of cardiogenic pulmonary edema – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-of-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
„Flash” pulmonary edema is a term that is used to describe a particularly dramatic form of cardiogenic alveolar pulmonary edema. In „flash” pulmonary edema, the underlying pathophysiologic principles, etiologic triggers, and initial management strategies are similar to those of less severe ADHF, although there is a greater degree of urgency to the implementation of initial therapies and the search for triggering causes. Often, „flash” pulmonary edema is related to a sudden rise in left-sided intracardiac filling pressures in the setting of hypertensive emergency, acute ischemia, new onset tachyarrhythmia, or obstructive valvular disease.
#54 Flash Pulmonary Edema: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/flash-pulmonary-edema
More than 1 million people are admitted to medical facilities each year with a diagnosis of pulmonary edema related to problems with their heart. […] Flash pulmonary edema is often the result of an abrupt change in the heart muscle or its functioning, as in the case of a heart attack. […] While heart conditions like congestive heart failure are a common cause of pulmonary edema, other potential causes include pneumonia, trauma, inhalation of toxic chemicals, certain medications, and travel to or exercise at high elevations. […] Congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition in which fluid fills up the heart and causes it to pump ineffectively. […] This increased pressure may cause fluid to push through the blood vessel walls into the lungs air sacs. This is how congestive heart failure can lead to pulmonary edema.
#55 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Non cardiogenic non renal flash pulmonary edema is a dramatic form of acute heart failure syndrome with rapid progression of symptoms giving the emergency physicians a narrow time window (few minutes to hours) to intervene and improve patient outcome. […] The not so common cause of Flash Pulmonary Edema (FPE), secondary to renal artery stenosis, is also now being increasingly recognized since the initial description. […] Other rarer cause of flash pulmonary edema, with diverse etiology-neurogenic upper airway obstruction anaphylaxis, amniotic fluid embolism, swimming and scuba diving exertion in cold environmental and sexual intercourse etc. have been described in literature, generally as case reports. […] Acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema developing in patients without any underlying cardiac abnormality has been reported in variety of dissimilar conditions including- upper airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, fluid maldistribution, severe CNS trauma or SAH and other acute CNS conditions, drugs, extreme emotional stress, swimming, scuba diving and sexual intercourse.
#56 Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) – EMCrit Project
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/scape/
SCAPE usually results from the combination of an underlying substrate plus an acute trigger. This should be evaluated as these disorders may require specific treatment: […] The underlying substrate of SCAPE is usually present: Chronic left ventricular failure (especially diastolic heart failure): On the contrary, preserved right ventricular function might also predispose patients to have SCAPE (if the right ventricle is outperforming the left ventricle, this will cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs). […] History of hypertension in ~90% of patients (especially labile hypertension). Renal artery stenosis, in particular, predisposes to SCAPE (a combination known as Pickering syndrome). […] Acute triggers of SCAPE may include: Nonadherence with antihypertensives (especially vasodilators such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers). Volume overload (e.g., missed hemodialysis sessions, nonadherence with diuretics). Sympathomimetic intoxication. Withdrawal (e.g., from clonidine). Acute MI. Exertion, stress, or anxiety. Rare causes of acute heart failure (e.g., acute valve dehiscence or viral cardiomyopathy). […] The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. […] SCAPE patients may be euvolemic or hypovolemic. The problem is a shift of fluid into the lungs, rather than hypervolemia.
#57 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#58 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24218-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a buildup of fluid in your lungs. A main cause of pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure. […] The causes of pulmonary edema can be broken down into two groups: cardiogenic (heart-related) or noncardiogenic (not heart-related). […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema means fluid backs up in your lungs from a heart problem. The most common cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs when other diseases cause fluid to accumulate in your lungs. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is another common name for noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema can occur after a blockage in your upper airway. […] In high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), your pulmonary blood vessels constrict and become leaky. […] Severe cases of pulmonary edema can be life-threatening if you dont receive treatment right away.
#59
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. […] Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft). […] Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli.
#60 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300813-overview
Any acute central nervous system (CNS) insult can result in pulmonary edema. The most common causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) are subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury (TBI), COVID-19, and seizures. Other conditions, including nonhemorrhagic stroke, medication overdose, arteriovenous malformation, meningitis/encephalitis, and spinal cord infarction, have been reported and linked to the formation of NPE. […] The pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is not completely understood. Because the most common neurological events are associated with increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hypertension is considered a key etiologic factor. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema trigger zones may exist in these structures, with specific neurologic foci or centers producing massive sympathetic discharges that lead to neurogenic pulmonary edema. […] An increase in capillary permeability can result in neurogenic pulmonary edema without elevation of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, because causative hemodynamic alteration is inconsistent.
#61 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema (NPE), as seen in case 1 of our series is a poorly understood and relatively rare condition following a critically ill neurological ailment. […] The postulated mechanism included changes that increase the hydrostatic pulmonary pressure (The blast theory), increased pulmonary capillary permeability (Permeable defect theory) and neurocardiac or neurodynamic mechanism. […] The Blast theory postulates that the abrupt increase in the systemic and pulmonary pressures due to a marked sudden catecholamine surge results in shift of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation, leading to development of transudative pulmonary edema. […] Although NPE is classified as a non-cardiogenic form of pulmonary edema, but in a subset of patients, severe neurological insult causes direct myocardial injury with resultant pulmonary edema.
#62 Pulmonary edema | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema, buildup of excess fluid in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. […] In many cases the primary cause of pulmonary edema is underlying heart disease; this type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Other forms of heart dysfunction, including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and inflammation of the heart, or sudden and severe hypertension (high blood pressure) can also cause pulmonary edema. […] Non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema are wide-ranging. Examples include pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a major chest-wall injury, kidney failure, and high-altitude exposure. […] Nervous system-related, or neurogenic, pulmonary edema can occur as a result of stroke or head injury. […] Various risk factors for pulmonary edema have been identified. Examples include older age and sex, the condition being more common in the elderly and in males. Heart disease, lung damage, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, alcohol use, drug use, and smoking are other risk factors.
#63 Symptoms and Causes of Pulmonary Edema
https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-edema-4020740
Pulmonary edema is a very serious condition associated with heart disease but one that can occur due to non-heart-related causes. […] Pulmonary edema is broadly characterized as either cardiac pulmonary edema (involving the cardiovascular system) or non-cardiac pulmonary edema (not involving the cardiovascular system). Both are more common in older adults and people with chronic diseases. […] Cardiac pulmonary edema (or cardiogenic pulmonary edema) is the most common form of the disease. It occurs when a heart condition increases blood pressure within the heart. The pressure is then transferred to the lungs’ capillaries, causing fluid to leak into the airways and accumulate in the alveoli. […] Almost any kind of heart disease can lead to pulmonary edema. The most common causes include: Cardiac arrhythmia: Abnormal heart rhythms, Cardiomyopathy; Heart muscle damage, Congestive heart failure: The inability of the heart to pump blood efficiently, Coronary artery disease: Caused by the buildup of plaque on artery walls, Heart valve diseases: Dysfunction of the valves that direct blood flow, Hypertension: High blood pressure, Hypertensive kidney disease: High blood pressure caused by renal artery stenosis, Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle.
#64 Pulmonary Edema (Fluid in the Lungs) Symptoms To Know – BuzzRx Select permission for Location
https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by heart problems such as congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, problems with the heart valves, arrhythmias, myocarditis, high blood pressure, and kidney disease which can lead to hypertension. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is non-heart-related, such as infections like pneumonia which can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), drug overdose, alcohol use, pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs), near drowning, smoke inhalation, viral illnesses, and injuries related to blood transfusions, and immersion pulmonary edema. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema is caused by damage to the central nervous system, which leads to fluid buildup in the lungs. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) affects people who donât take enough time to acclimatize to high altitudes.
#65 Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) – EMCrit Project
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/scape/
SCAPE usually results from the combination of an underlying substrate plus an acute trigger. This should be evaluated as these disorders may require specific treatment: […] The underlying substrate of SCAPE is usually present: Chronic left ventricular failure (especially diastolic heart failure): On the contrary, preserved right ventricular function might also predispose patients to have SCAPE (if the right ventricle is outperforming the left ventricle, this will cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs). […] History of hypertension in ~90% of patients (especially labile hypertension). Renal artery stenosis, in particular, predisposes to SCAPE (a combination known as Pickering syndrome). […] Acute triggers of SCAPE may include: Nonadherence with antihypertensives (especially vasodilators such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers). Volume overload (e.g., missed hemodialysis sessions, nonadherence with diuretics). Sympathomimetic intoxication. Withdrawal (e.g., from clonidine). Acute MI. Exertion, stress, or anxiety. Rare causes of acute heart failure (e.g., acute valve dehiscence or viral cardiomyopathy). […] The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. […] SCAPE patients may be euvolemic or hypovolemic. The problem is a shift of fluid into the lungs, rather than hypervolemia.
#66
https://www.mgvsurgery.com/blog/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-pulmonary-edema.html
Most pulmonary edema is caused by an underlying problem with your heart (usually congestive heart failure). This type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] When pulmonary edema isn’t related to a heart condition, it’s called non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] In addition to heart-related causes, other common risk factors for pulmonary edema include: Hypertension (high blood pressure), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Obesity, Diabetes, Severe asthma, Pneumonia, Lung infection, Sepsis (widespread infection) or blood infection, Smoke or toxin inhalation, Illicit drug use or overdose, Alcohol abuse, Exposure to high altitudes, Near drowning, Severe trauma or injury.
#67 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health
https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema
Sepsis This is a life-threatening condition that occurs when an infection spreads throughout the body. Sepsis is also known as blood poisoning. […] Blocked airway An obstructed airway can place stress on your lungs and prevent enough oxygen from reaching your blood. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by heart valve issues, myocardial infarction, or arrhythmias. This type of pulmonary edema typically occurs when fluid spills out of blood vessels in your lungs and accumulates in the air spaces. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is not caused by heart problems. Causes of this type of pulmonary edema are infection, blood clots, viral infections, or exposure to toxins.
#68
https://www.mgvsurgery.com/blog/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-pulmonary-edema.html
Most pulmonary edema is caused by an underlying problem with your heart (usually congestive heart failure). This type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] When pulmonary edema isn’t related to a heart condition, it’s called non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] In addition to heart-related causes, other common risk factors for pulmonary edema include: Hypertension (high blood pressure), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Obesity, Diabetes, Severe asthma, Pneumonia, Lung infection, Sepsis (widespread infection) or blood infection, Smoke or toxin inhalation, Illicit drug use or overdose, Alcohol abuse, Exposure to high altitudes, Near drowning, Severe trauma or injury.
#69 Pulmonary edema | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema, buildup of excess fluid in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. […] In many cases the primary cause of pulmonary edema is underlying heart disease; this type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Other forms of heart dysfunction, including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and inflammation of the heart, or sudden and severe hypertension (high blood pressure) can also cause pulmonary edema. […] Non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema are wide-ranging. Examples include pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a major chest-wall injury, kidney failure, and high-altitude exposure. […] Nervous system-related, or neurogenic, pulmonary edema can occur as a result of stroke or head injury. […] Various risk factors for pulmonary edema have been identified. Examples include older age and sex, the condition being more common in the elderly and in males. Heart disease, lung damage, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, alcohol use, drug use, and smoking are other risk factors.
#70
https://www.mgvsurgery.com/blog/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-pulmonary-edema.html
Most pulmonary edema is caused by an underlying problem with your heart (usually congestive heart failure). This type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] When pulmonary edema isn’t related to a heart condition, it’s called non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] In addition to heart-related causes, other common risk factors for pulmonary edema include: Hypertension (high blood pressure), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Obesity, Diabetes, Severe asthma, Pneumonia, Lung infection, Sepsis (widespread infection) or blood infection, Smoke or toxin inhalation, Illicit drug use or overdose, Alcohol abuse, Exposure to high altitudes, Near drowning, Severe trauma or injury.
#71 Pulmonary edema Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/pulmonary-edema
Symptoms may start suddenly and get worse quickly. They include: […] The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure. But not every case is due to heart problems. Other risk factors for pulmonary edema include: […] Pregnant women who are obese and have high blood pressure are at higher risk for pulmonary edema. People with heart failure may have complications, including sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusions.
#72
https://www.mgvsurgery.com/blog/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-pulmonary-edema.html
Most pulmonary edema is caused by an underlying problem with your heart (usually congestive heart failure). This type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] When pulmonary edema isn’t related to a heart condition, it’s called non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] In addition to heart-related causes, other common risk factors for pulmonary edema include: Hypertension (high blood pressure), Kidney disease or kidney failure, Obesity, Diabetes, Severe asthma, Pneumonia, Lung infection, Sepsis (widespread infection) or blood infection, Smoke or toxin inhalation, Illicit drug use or overdose, Alcohol abuse, Exposure to high altitudes, Near drowning, Severe trauma or injury.
#73 Pulmonary edema | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema, buildup of excess fluid in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. […] In many cases the primary cause of pulmonary edema is underlying heart disease; this type of pulmonary edema is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Other forms of heart dysfunction, including heart attack, coronary heart disease, and inflammation of the heart, or sudden and severe hypertension (high blood pressure) can also cause pulmonary edema. […] Non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema are wide-ranging. Examples include pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a major chest-wall injury, kidney failure, and high-altitude exposure. […] Nervous system-related, or neurogenic, pulmonary edema can occur as a result of stroke or head injury. […] Various risk factors for pulmonary edema have been identified. Examples include older age and sex, the condition being more common in the elderly and in males. Heart disease, lung damage, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, alcohol use, drug use, and smoking are other risk factors.
#74 Pulmonary edema Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/pulmonary-edema
Symptoms may start suddenly and get worse quickly. They include: […] The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure. But not every case is due to heart problems. Other risk factors for pulmonary edema include: […] Pregnant women who are obese and have high blood pressure are at higher risk for pulmonary edema. People with heart failure may have complications, including sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusions.
#75 Pulmonary edema Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/pulmonary-edema
Symptoms may start suddenly and get worse quickly. They include: […] The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure. But not every case is due to heart problems. Other risk factors for pulmonary edema include: […] Pregnant women who are obese and have high blood pressure are at higher risk for pulmonary edema. People with heart failure may have complications, including sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusions.
#76
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. […] Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft). […] Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli.
#77 Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/noncardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is due to the movement of excess fluid into the alveoli as a result of an alteration in one or more of Starling’s forces. In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. […] The distinction between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic causes is not always possible, since the clinical syndrome may represent a combination of several different disorders.
#78 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is defined as pulmonary edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure. CPE reflects the accumulation of fluid with a low-protein content in the lung interstitium and alveoli as a result of cardiac dysfunction (see the image below). (See Etiology.) […] Pulmonary edema can be caused by the following major pathophysiologic mechanisms: Imbalance of Starling forces – ie, increased pulmonary capillary pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased negative interstitial pressure […] Increased hydrostatic pressure leading to pulmonary edema may result from many causes, including excessive intravascular volume administration, pulmonary venous outflow obstruction (eg, mitral stenosis or left atrial [LA] myxoma), and LV failure secondary to systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle.
#79 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#80 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is characterized by the development of acute respiratory failure associated with the accumulation of fluid in the lungâs alveolar spaces due to an elevated cardiac filling pressure. All cardiac diseases, characterized by an increasing pressure in the left side of the heart, can cause CPE. […] CPE is defined as pulmonary edema caused by the accumulation of excessive fluid in the lungâs interstitial and alveolar spaces due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure, which is the result of elevated cardiac filling pressures. All the cardiac diseases that contribute to increased pressure in the left side of the heart can cause CPE. […] Patients with CPE represent a heterogeneous population. CPE is most commonly due to left cardiac dysfunction. However, a variety of other conditions may promote the development of CPE, causing elevated cardiac filling pressures even without heart disease. They include primary fluid overload, severe hypertension (particularly renovascular hypertension), and severe renal disease.
#81 Pulmonary Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is acute, severe left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous hypertension and alveolar flooding. […] If left ventricular (LV) filling pressure increases suddenly, plasma fluid moves rapidly from pulmonary capillaries into interstitial spaces and alveoli, causing pulmonary edema. […] Although precipitating causes vary by age and country, about one half of cases result from acute coronary ischemia; some from decompensation of significant underlying heart failure (HF), including HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) due to hypertension; and the rest from arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload often due to IV fluids. […] Specific additional treatment depends on etiology: […] Acute pulmonary edema can result from acute coronary ischemia, decompensation of underlying heart failure, arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload.
#82
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is often clinically recognized by the presence of alveolar fluid accumulation on chest imaging without hemodynamic evidence to suggest a cardiogenic etiology, such as a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 18 mm Hg or less (normal, 4 to 12 mm Hg). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines. […] TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. This is a rare but potentially fatal problem of all plasma-containing blood products, such as packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma.
#83 Pulmonary edema (Proceedings)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/pulmonary-edema-proceedings-0
Risk factors for the development of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include heart disease, high sodium meals and overzealous fluid therapy (crystalloid or colloid). Risk factors for the development of non-cardiogenic edema include accidental exposure to a trigger or severe underlying illness. […] In all forms of pulmonary edema, the diagnostic test of choice is thoracic radiographs. […] Measurement of the ratio of the protein content of the pulmonary edema fluid to the protein content of the plasma is also useful to determine the etiology (cardiogenic Vs non-cardiogenic) of the edema. Cardiogenic edema fluid is low protein and the ratio is 0.5 (usually 0.3) and in non-cardiogenic edema the protein is high and the ratio 0.5 (usually 0.7-0.8). […] Treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema centers on oxygen, rest, diuretics and vasodilators. […] Treatment of animals with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less straightforward than treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
#84
https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/121716/pulmonary-edema
pulmonary edema secondary to an acute increase in left ventricular filling pressure and left atrial volume, which increases pulmonary capillary wedge pressure […] causes of impaired left ventricular function […] coronary artery disease […] hypertension […] valvular disease […] dilated cardiomyopathy […] metabolic conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism) […] myocarditis […] toxins […] ventricular hypertrophy […] outflow obstruction […] impaired left ventricular contractility decreases cardiac output, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system […] salt and water retention contribute to pulmonary edema […] causes include […] acute respiratory distress syndrome […] high altitude […] opioid overdose […] based on the patient’s clinical history and imaging findings demonstrating pulmonary edema
#85 Pulmonary edema (Proceedings)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/pulmonary-edema-proceedings-0
Risk factors for the development of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include heart disease, high sodium meals and overzealous fluid therapy (crystalloid or colloid). Risk factors for the development of non-cardiogenic edema include accidental exposure to a trigger or severe underlying illness. […] In all forms of pulmonary edema, the diagnostic test of choice is thoracic radiographs. […] Measurement of the ratio of the protein content of the pulmonary edema fluid to the protein content of the plasma is also useful to determine the etiology (cardiogenic Vs non-cardiogenic) of the edema. Cardiogenic edema fluid is low protein and the ratio is 0.5 (usually 0.3) and in non-cardiogenic edema the protein is high and the ratio 0.5 (usually 0.7-0.8). […] Treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema centers on oxygen, rest, diuretics and vasodilators. […] Treatment of animals with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less straightforward than treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
#86 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#87
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
Although acute respiratory distress syndrome is the most common cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, critical care nurses also should be familiar with several other less common causes, including transfusion-related acute lung injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, preeclampsia/eclampsia, opioid overdose, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and pulmonary embolism. […] The most common cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, a thorough exploration of ARDS is beyond the scope of this article. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines.
#88 What Is Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatment
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_edema/article_em.htm
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less common and occurs because of damage to the lung tissue and subsequent inflammation of lung tissue. […] The following are some examples of causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Inhaled toxins (for example, ammonia or chlorine gas, and smoke inhalation) can cause direct damage to lung tissue. […] High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a condition that occurs in people who exercise at altitudes above 8,000ft without having first acclimated to the high altitude. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication observed in trauma victims, in patients with sepsis, and shock. […] Bacterial or viral pneumonia infections are quite common; however, occasionally become complicated as a collection of fluid develops in the section of the lung that is infected.
#89 The shocking truth about non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema – VetBloom
https://vetbloom.com/non-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema/
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) is defined as a pathologic accumulation of fluid within the lungs of a patient without primary cardiac disease. It results from an increase in permeability at the alveolar-capillary bed coupled with an increased hydrostatic pressure in the vasculature surrounding the lungs. A number of conditions can cause NCPE and therefore it can be routinely seen in the clinical setting. […] Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema can be broken down into three types: neurogenic, post-obstructive and ARDS/ALI. All three have a slightly different etiology and pathophysiology but all three create an accumulation of protein-rich, exudate effusion in the lungs, resulting in respiratory distress. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur secondary to conditions such as status epilepticus, head trauma, and electrocution and results from hydrostatic and pulmonary permeability changes. […] Post-obstructive pulmonary edema can result after a patient has sustained any upper airway obstruction. […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) are true critical care syndromes that arise secondary to a local or systemic insult.
#90 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Left cardiac dysfunction resulting in CPE includes the following conditions: (i) systolic heart failure, (ii) diastolic heart failure, (iii) heart failure related to left-sided valvular disease, and (iv) heart failure related to arrhythmias. […] The most common causes of diastolic dysfunction are chronic disorders, such as hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Other causes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases (i.e., sarcoidosis and amyloidosis). […] Diuretics are considered the cornerstone of CPE treatment, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be considered in an early stage. […] Elevated serum levels of surfactant protein B levels could be used to identify CPE patients with associated barrier damage.
#91
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is often clinically recognized by the presence of alveolar fluid accumulation on chest imaging without hemodynamic evidence to suggest a cardiogenic etiology, such as a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 18 mm Hg or less (normal, 4 to 12 mm Hg). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines. […] TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. This is a rare but potentially fatal problem of all plasma-containing blood products, such as packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma.
#92 Pulmonary edema (Proceedings)
https://www.dvm360.com/view/pulmonary-edema-proceedings-0
Risk factors for the development of cardiogenic pulmonary edema include heart disease, high sodium meals and overzealous fluid therapy (crystalloid or colloid). Risk factors for the development of non-cardiogenic edema include accidental exposure to a trigger or severe underlying illness. […] In all forms of pulmonary edema, the diagnostic test of choice is thoracic radiographs. […] Measurement of the ratio of the protein content of the pulmonary edema fluid to the protein content of the plasma is also useful to determine the etiology (cardiogenic Vs non-cardiogenic) of the edema. Cardiogenic edema fluid is low protein and the ratio is 0.5 (usually 0.3) and in non-cardiogenic edema the protein is high and the ratio 0.5 (usually 0.7-0.8). […] Treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema centers on oxygen, rest, diuretics and vasodilators. […] Treatment of animals with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less straightforward than treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
#93 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. […] In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations. […] The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts. […] If a heart problem causes the pulmonary edema, it’s called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Most often, the fluid buildup in the lungs is due to a heart condition. […] If pulmonary edema is not heart related, it’s called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Sometimes, pulmonary edema can be caused by both a heart problem and a nonheart problem.
#94 Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/noncardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is due to the movement of excess fluid into the alveoli as a result of an alteration in one or more of Starling’s forces. In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. […] The distinction between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic causes is not always possible, since the clinical syndrome may represent a combination of several different disorders.
#95 Pulmonary edema – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pulmonary-edema/
Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lung interstitium and alveoli. Causes can be broadly classified as cardiogenic, most commonly acute decompensated heart failure (e.g., due to acute myocardial infarction), and noncardiogenic, most commonly ARDS (e.g., due to pneumonia). […] The etiology of pulmonary edema is multifactorial in 10% of patients. […] Causes of acute heart failure (left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction), e.g.: Acute coronary syndrome, Acute myocarditis, Nonischemic cardiomyopathy, Circulatory overload, e.g.: IV fluid overload, TACO, Cardiorenal syndrome (type 3 or type 4). […] Pulmonary and nonpulmonary causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can occur simultaneously.
#96 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a serious condition that occurs when the lungs fill with fluid. This prevents the body from gaining the oxygen it needs. It is typically caused by another condition, such as heart failure or altitude sickness. […] Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of pulmonary edema. […] Heart failure happens when the heart can no longer pump blood properly throughout the body. This creates a backup of pressure in the small blood vessels in the lungs, which causes the vessels to leak fluid. […] Other less common medical conditions that can cause pulmonary edema include: heart attack, or other heart diseases; leaking, narrowed, or damaged heart valves; cardiomyopathy; cardiac arrhythmias; sudden high blood pressure; pneumonia; kidney failure; lung damage caused by severe infection; severe sepsis of the blood, or blood poisoning caused by infection.
#97 Pulmonary Edema (Fluid in the Lungs) Symptoms To Know – BuzzRx Select permission for Location
https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is the medical term for the buildup of fluid in the lungs. It is a condition in which fluid movement occurs into the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. This fluid buildup in the lungs makes it difficult for them to function properly, resulting in breathing problems. […] The most common cause of pulmonary edema (buildup of fluid in the lungs) is congestive heart failure (CHF). Commonly, CHF is a chronic condition in which the heart muscle is too weak to pump blood effectively to meet the bodyâs demands. […] When the heart cannot pump efficiently, blood gets backed up in the blood vessels in the lungs. When the pressure in the blood vessels increases, fluid leaks into the air sacs in the lungs. […] Other conditions that can cause pulmonary edema include pneumonia, exposure to toxins, medication side effects, chest wall trauma or injuries, travel to high altitudes from lower altitude, and pulmonary embolism.
#98 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#99 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Left cardiac dysfunction resulting in CPE includes the following conditions: (i) systolic heart failure, (ii) diastolic heart failure, (iii) heart failure related to left-sided valvular disease, and (iv) heart failure related to arrhythmias. […] The most common causes of diastolic dysfunction are chronic disorders, such as hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Other causes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases (i.e., sarcoidosis and amyloidosis). […] Diuretics are considered the cornerstone of CPE treatment, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be considered in an early stage. […] Elevated serum levels of surfactant protein B levels could be used to identify CPE patients with associated barrier damage.
#100 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
CPE is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to transudation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. Increased LA pressure increases pulmonary venous pressure and pressure in the lung microvasculature, resulting in pulmonary edema. […] CPE predominantly occurs secondary to LA outflow impairment or LV dysfunction. For pulmonary edema to develop secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, the pulmonary capillary pressure must rise to a level higher than the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. […] LV systolic dysfunction, a common cause of CPE, is defined as decreased myocardial contractility that reduces cardiac output. […] Chronic LV failure is usually the result of congestive heart failure (CHF) or cardiomyopathy. […] LV diastolic dysfunction signals a decrease in LV diastolic distensibility (compliance).
#101 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Left cardiac dysfunction resulting in CPE includes the following conditions: (i) systolic heart failure, (ii) diastolic heart failure, (iii) heart failure related to left-sided valvular disease, and (iv) heart failure related to arrhythmias. […] The most common causes of diastolic dysfunction are chronic disorders, such as hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Other causes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases (i.e., sarcoidosis and amyloidosis). […] Diuretics are considered the cornerstone of CPE treatment, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be considered in an early stage. […] Elevated serum levels of surfactant protein B levels could be used to identify CPE patients with associated barrier damage.
#102 Pulmonary Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is acute, severe left ventricular failure with pulmonary venous hypertension and alveolar flooding. […] If left ventricular (LV) filling pressure increases suddenly, plasma fluid moves rapidly from pulmonary capillaries into interstitial spaces and alveoli, causing pulmonary edema. […] Although precipitating causes vary by age and country, about one half of cases result from acute coronary ischemia; some from decompensation of significant underlying heart failure (HF), including HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) due to hypertension; and the rest from arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload often due to IV fluids. […] Specific additional treatment depends on etiology: […] Acute pulmonary edema can result from acute coronary ischemia, decompensation of underlying heart failure, arrhythmia, an acute valvular disorder, or acute volume overload.
#103 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#104 What Is Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatment
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_edema/article_em.htm
Pulmonary edema literally means an excess collection of watery fluid in the lungs. However, the lung is a complex organ, and there are many causes of this excess fluid accumulation. […] If excess fluid enters the alveolus or if fluid builds up in the space between the alveolar wall and the capillary wall, the oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have a greater distance to travel and may not be able to be transferred between the lung and the bloodstream. […] Pulmonary edema is often classified as cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is the most common type and is sometimes referred to as heart failure or congestive heart failure. […] Pulmonary edema is a common complication of atherosclerotic (coronary artery) disease. […] When the heart muscle is not able to pump effectively there is a backup of blood returning from the lungs to the heart; this backup causes an increase in pressure within the blood vessels of the lung, resulting in excess fluid leaking from the blood vessels into lung tissue.
#105 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22941-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is an accumulation of extra fluid in your lungs that can be life-threatening. This comes from pressure going up and blood collecting on the left side of your heart, usually because of heart failure. […] Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of heart edema. Other causes include: Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), Cardiomyopathy, Problems with the valves on the left side of your heart, such as narrowing or regurgitation (blood going the wrong way), Heart attack. […] Pulmonary edema is life-threatening, but your prognosis depends on what caused it. One year after discharge from a hospital, about 50% survive cardiac edema.
#106 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
New-onset rapid atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia can be responsible for CPE. […] These can increase LV stiffness and end-diastolic pressure, with pulmonary edema resulting from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. […] LV volume overload occurs in a variety of cardiac or noncardiac conditions. […] One of the mechanical complications of MI can be the rupture of ventricular septum or papillary muscle. […] Acute obstruction of the aortic valve can cause pulmonary edema.
#107 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#108 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22941-cardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is an accumulation of extra fluid in your lungs that can be life-threatening. This comes from pressure going up and blood collecting on the left side of your heart, usually because of heart failure. […] Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of heart edema. Other causes include: Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), Cardiomyopathy, Problems with the valves on the left side of your heart, such as narrowing or regurgitation (blood going the wrong way), Heart attack. […] Pulmonary edema is life-threatening, but your prognosis depends on what caused it. One year after discharge from a hospital, about 50% survive cardiac edema.
#109 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#110 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is defined as pulmonary edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure. CPE reflects the accumulation of fluid with a low-protein content in the lung interstitium and alveoli as a result of cardiac dysfunction (see the image below). (See Etiology.) […] Pulmonary edema can be caused by the following major pathophysiologic mechanisms: Imbalance of Starling forces – ie, increased pulmonary capillary pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased negative interstitial pressure […] Increased hydrostatic pressure leading to pulmonary edema may result from many causes, including excessive intravascular volume administration, pulmonary venous outflow obstruction (eg, mitral stenosis or left atrial [LA] myxoma), and LV failure secondary to systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle.
#111 Pulmonary Edema
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/PlmnryEdm.htm
Pulmonary Edema, Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema […] Abnormal fluid accumulation in the extravascular lung compartments (lung parenchyma) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure) […] Malnutrition and Protein-losing conditions […] Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (lung parenchymal injury) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure) […] Atrial Outflow Obstruction (e.g. Mitral Stenosis, atrial Myxoma) […] Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction (Subaortic Stenosis, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Coarctation) […] Cardiomyopathy (e.g. acute Myocarditis) […] Dysrhythmia (e.g. Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Rate, third degree AV Block) […] Acute Myocardial Infarction […] Acute Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure
#112 Pulmonary edema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-oedema?lang=us
Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung. […] Broadly causes can be classified as cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic: […] cardiogenic pulmonary edema: left heart failure, congestive cardiac failure, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, myocardial pathology (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy). […] non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: fluid overload, pulmonary edema with acute asthma, postobstructive pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema in pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary edema due to air embolism, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, near-drowning pulmonary edema, ARDS, heroin-induced pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following administration of cytokines, transfusion-related acute lung injury, high-altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following lung transplantation, re-expansion pulmonary edema, post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema, post lung volume reduction pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema from anti-snake venom administration, activity-related (swimming-induced pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, exercise-induced pulmonary edema), acute selenium toxicity.
#113 Pulmonary edema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-oedema?lang=us
Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung. […] Broadly causes can be classified as cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic: […] cardiogenic pulmonary edema: left heart failure, congestive cardiac failure, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, myocardial pathology (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy). […] non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: fluid overload, pulmonary edema with acute asthma, postobstructive pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema in pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary edema due to air embolism, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, near-drowning pulmonary edema, ARDS, heroin-induced pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following administration of cytokines, transfusion-related acute lung injury, high-altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following lung transplantation, re-expansion pulmonary edema, post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema, post lung volume reduction pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema from anti-snake venom administration, activity-related (swimming-induced pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, exercise-induced pulmonary edema), acute selenium toxicity.
#114 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#115 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Etiology, Prognosis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157452-overview
New-onset rapid atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia can be responsible for CPE. […] These can increase LV stiffness and end-diastolic pressure, with pulmonary edema resulting from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. […] LV volume overload occurs in a variety of cardiac or noncardiac conditions. […] One of the mechanical complications of MI can be the rupture of ventricular septum or papillary muscle. […] Acute obstruction of the aortic valve can cause pulmonary edema.
#116 Managing acute pulmonary oedema – Australian Prescriber
https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/managing-acute-pulmonary-oedema.html
Acute pulmonary oedema is a medical emergency which requires immediate management. It is characterised by dyspnoea and hypoxia secondary to fluid accumulation in the lungs which impairs gas exchange and lung compliance. The most common causes of acute pulmonary oedema include myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation), acute valvular dysfunction and fluid overload. Other causes include pulmonary embolus, anaemia and renal artery stenosis. Non-adherence to treatment and adverse drug effects can also precipitate pulmonary oedema. […] The underlying cause of the patients acute pulmonary oedema should be treated. This includes reviewing their medicines to see if any drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, verapamil or diltiazem, could have contributed to the problem.
#117 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Left cardiac dysfunction resulting in CPE includes the following conditions: (i) systolic heart failure, (ii) diastolic heart failure, (iii) heart failure related to left-sided valvular disease, and (iv) heart failure related to arrhythmias. […] The most common causes of diastolic dysfunction are chronic disorders, such as hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Other causes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases (i.e., sarcoidosis and amyloidosis). […] Diuretics are considered the cornerstone of CPE treatment, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be considered in an early stage. […] Elevated serum levels of surfactant protein B levels could be used to identify CPE patients with associated barrier damage.
#118 Pulmonary Edema
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/PlmnryEdm.htm
Pulmonary Edema, Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema […] Abnormal fluid accumulation in the extravascular lung compartments (lung parenchyma) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure) […] Malnutrition and Protein-losing conditions […] Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (lung parenchymal injury) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure) […] Atrial Outflow Obstruction (e.g. Mitral Stenosis, atrial Myxoma) […] Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction (Subaortic Stenosis, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Coarctation) […] Cardiomyopathy (e.g. acute Myocarditis) […] Dysrhythmia (e.g. Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Rate, third degree AV Block) […] Acute Myocardial Infarction […] Acute Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure
#119 Pulmonary Edema
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/PlmnryEdm.htm
Pulmonary Edema, Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema […] Abnormal fluid accumulation in the extravascular lung compartments (lung parenchyma) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure) […] Malnutrition and Protein-losing conditions […] Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (lung parenchymal injury) […] Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema (increased left atrial pressure) […] Atrial Outflow Obstruction (e.g. Mitral Stenosis, atrial Myxoma) […] Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction (Subaortic Stenosis, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Coarctation) […] Cardiomyopathy (e.g. acute Myocarditis) […] Dysrhythmia (e.g. Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Rate, third degree AV Block) […] Acute Myocardial Infarction […] Acute Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure
#120 Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) – EMCrit Project
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/scape/
SCAPE usually results from the combination of an underlying substrate plus an acute trigger. This should be evaluated as these disorders may require specific treatment: […] The underlying substrate of SCAPE is usually present: Chronic left ventricular failure (especially diastolic heart failure): On the contrary, preserved right ventricular function might also predispose patients to have SCAPE (if the right ventricle is outperforming the left ventricle, this will cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs). […] History of hypertension in ~90% of patients (especially labile hypertension). Renal artery stenosis, in particular, predisposes to SCAPE (a combination known as Pickering syndrome). […] Acute triggers of SCAPE may include: Nonadherence with antihypertensives (especially vasodilators such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers). Volume overload (e.g., missed hemodialysis sessions, nonadherence with diuretics). Sympathomimetic intoxication. Withdrawal (e.g., from clonidine). Acute MI. Exertion, stress, or anxiety. Rare causes of acute heart failure (e.g., acute valve dehiscence or viral cardiomyopathy). […] The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. […] SCAPE patients may be euvolemic or hypovolemic. The problem is a shift of fluid into the lungs, rather than hypervolemia.
#121 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#122 Flash Pulmonary Edema: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/flash-pulmonary-edema
Other risk factors for flash pulmonary edema and pulmonary edema in general can include sleep apnea, high blood pressure, heart disease, irregular heart rhythms, alcohol use, diabetes, and renal artery stenosis, especially when the narrowing of the renal arteries occurs in both kidneys. […] Any pulmonary edema that comes on quickly is potentially life threatening. […] Pulmonary edema can lead to low oxygen in the blood, which can cause serious organ damage throughout the body. […] Treatment for pulmonary edema typically includes additional oxygen and medication. […] Its also important to address the underlying cause of the pulmonary edema as soon as possible. […] Flash pulmonary edema comes on quickly and can leave an individual gasping for air or coughing up bloody phlegm. This condition is often caused by heart failure and may occur without much warning. […] This is a serious medical condition and requires immediate treatment.
#123 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Left cardiac dysfunction resulting in CPE includes the following conditions: (i) systolic heart failure, (ii) diastolic heart failure, (iii) heart failure related to left-sided valvular disease, and (iv) heart failure related to arrhythmias. […] The most common causes of diastolic dysfunction are chronic disorders, such as hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Other causes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases (i.e., sarcoidosis and amyloidosis). […] Diuretics are considered the cornerstone of CPE treatment, and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) should be considered in an early stage. […] Elevated serum levels of surfactant protein B levels could be used to identify CPE patients with associated barrier damage.
#124 Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema (SCAPE) – EMCrit Project
https://emcrit.org/ibcc/scape/
SCAPE usually results from the combination of an underlying substrate plus an acute trigger. This should be evaluated as these disorders may require specific treatment: […] The underlying substrate of SCAPE is usually present: Chronic left ventricular failure (especially diastolic heart failure): On the contrary, preserved right ventricular function might also predispose patients to have SCAPE (if the right ventricle is outperforming the left ventricle, this will cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs). […] History of hypertension in ~90% of patients (especially labile hypertension). Renal artery stenosis, in particular, predisposes to SCAPE (a combination known as Pickering syndrome). […] Acute triggers of SCAPE may include: Nonadherence with antihypertensives (especially vasodilators such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers). Volume overload (e.g., missed hemodialysis sessions, nonadherence with diuretics). Sympathomimetic intoxication. Withdrawal (e.g., from clonidine). Acute MI. Exertion, stress, or anxiety. Rare causes of acute heart failure (e.g., acute valve dehiscence or viral cardiomyopathy). […] The central, defining pathophysiological feature of SCAPE is pathologically elevated afterload due to systemic vasoconstriction and hypertension. […] SCAPE patients may be euvolemic or hypovolemic. The problem is a shift of fluid into the lungs, rather than hypervolemia.
#125 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased pressures in the heart. […] It’s usually a result of heart failure. When a diseased or overworked left lower heart chamber (left ventricle) can’t pump out enough of the blood it gets from the lungs, pressures in the heart go up. The increased pressure pushes fluid through the blood vessel walls into the air sacs. […] Medical conditions that can cause heart failure and lead to pulmonary edema include: […] Non-heart-related (noncardiogenic) pulmonary edema. […] Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. […] Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema.
#126 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#127 What Is Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatment
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_edema/article_em.htm
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less common and occurs because of damage to the lung tissue and subsequent inflammation of lung tissue. […] The following are some examples of causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Inhaled toxins (for example, ammonia or chlorine gas, and smoke inhalation) can cause direct damage to lung tissue. […] High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a condition that occurs in people who exercise at altitudes above 8,000ft without having first acclimated to the high altitude. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication observed in trauma victims, in patients with sepsis, and shock. […] Bacterial or viral pneumonia infections are quite common; however, occasionally become complicated as a collection of fluid develops in the section of the lung that is infected.
#128 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#129 Latest on Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema
https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/current-thinking-acute-congestive-heart-failure-and-pulmonary-edema?language_content_entity=en
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an imbalance in pump function in which the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood adequately. The most severe manifestation of CHF, pulmonary edema, develops when this imbalance causes an increase in lung fluid secondary to leakage from pulmonary capillaries into the interstitium and alveoli of the lung. […] The etiologies of pulmonary edema can be placed in the following categories. Pulmonary edema secondary to altered capillary permeability – this category includes acute respiratory deficiency syndrome (ARDS), infectious causes, inhaled toxins, circulating exogenous toxins, vasoactive substances, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), immunologic processes reactions, uremia, near drowning, and other aspirations. […] Pulmonary edema secondary to increased pulmonary capillary pressure – this comprises cardiac causes and noncardiac causes, including pulmonary venous thrombosis, stenosis or veno-occlusive disease, and volume overload. Pulmonary edema may be secondary to decreased oncotic pressure found with hypoalbuminemia, and can be secondary to lymphatic insufficiency. It can also occur secondary to large negative pleural pressure with increased end expiratory volume. […] Pulmonary edema secondary to mixed or unknown mechanisms including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, heroin or other overdoses, pulmonary embolism, eclampsia, postcardioversion, postanesthetic, postextubation, and post-cardiopulmonary bypass.
#130 Pulmonary edema (Fluid in the lungs): Causes, symptoms, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167533
Pulmonary edema is when fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can result from heart disease, pneumonia, and other health issues. […] Common causes of pulmonary edema include: pneumonia, sepsis or blood infection, exposure to certain chemicals, organ failure that causes fluid accumulation, such as congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, near-drowning, inflammation, trauma, reaction to certain medications, overdose of certain drugs, including opioids. […] Pulmonary edema also occurs as part of a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe inflammation of the lungs that leads to significant breathing difficulties. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a common cause of pulmonary edema. In this condition, the left ventricle is unable to pump out enough blood to meet the body’s needs. […] Causes of pulmonary edema that are not due to poor heart function are called noncardiogenic and are often the result of ARDS. […] Pulmonary edema can be a result of several conditions, including congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and sepsis.
#131
https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-edema/
Pneumonia: Severe cases of pneumonia can lead to pulmonary edema due to inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs. […] High altitude: Exposure to high altitudes can cause pulmonary edema in some individuals, especially if they ascend too quickly. This is known as high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). […] Near-drowning: Aspiration of water into the lungs, whether through near-drowning accidents or other water-related incidents, can cause pulmonary edema. […] Lung injury: Trauma to the chest or lungs, such as from a severe blow or penetrating injury, can result in pulmonary edema. […] Kidney failure: When the kidneys are unable to remove excess fluid and waste from the body effectively, fluid can accumulate in various tissues, including the lungs. […] There are several causes of pulmonary edema, including heart failure, kidney problems, lung infections, and exposure to high altitudes. These underlying conditions can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart or kidneys, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.
#132 Pulmonary Edema (Fluid in the Lungs) Symptoms To Know – BuzzRx Select permission for Location
https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/pulmonary-edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by heart problems such as congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, problems with the heart valves, arrhythmias, myocarditis, high blood pressure, and kidney disease which can lead to hypertension. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is non-heart-related, such as infections like pneumonia which can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), drug overdose, alcohol use, pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs), near drowning, smoke inhalation, viral illnesses, and injuries related to blood transfusions, and immersion pulmonary edema. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema is caused by damage to the central nervous system, which leads to fluid buildup in the lungs. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) affects people who donât take enough time to acclimatize to high altitudes.
#133 What Is Pulmonary Edema? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatment
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_edema/article_em.htm
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less common and occurs because of damage to the lung tissue and subsequent inflammation of lung tissue. […] The following are some examples of causes of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Inhaled toxins (for example, ammonia or chlorine gas, and smoke inhalation) can cause direct damage to lung tissue. […] High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a condition that occurs in people who exercise at altitudes above 8,000ft without having first acclimated to the high altitude. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication observed in trauma victims, in patients with sepsis, and shock. […] Bacterial or viral pneumonia infections are quite common; however, occasionally become complicated as a collection of fluid develops in the section of the lung that is infected.
#134 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health
https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema
Sepsis This is a life-threatening condition that occurs when an infection spreads throughout the body. Sepsis is also known as blood poisoning. […] Blocked airway An obstructed airway can place stress on your lungs and prevent enough oxygen from reaching your blood. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by heart valve issues, myocardial infarction, or arrhythmias. This type of pulmonary edema typically occurs when fluid spills out of blood vessels in your lungs and accumulates in the air spaces. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is not caused by heart problems. Causes of this type of pulmonary edema are infection, blood clots, viral infections, or exposure to toxins.
#135 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#136 Understanding the causes of pulmonary edema
https://www.mercyone.org/newsroom/blog-articles/understanding-causes-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is caused by the buildup of too much fluid in the lungs. It can be a serious and life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. […] Pulmonary edema is often caused by underlying conditions. Heart conditions, like congestive heart failure, are the leading cause, but not the only one. […] Healthy people normally living at low altitude who travel to altitudes above 8,200 ft are susceptible to pulmonary edema. The reduced oxygen levels at high altitudes can cause blood vessels in the lungs to constrict, leading to increased pressure. Consequently, fluid may leak from the blood vessels into the lung tissues and eventually accumulate in the air sacs. […] Severe lung infections can lead to pulmonary edema because of lung tissue damage.
#137 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24218-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a buildup of fluid in your lungs. A main cause of pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure. […] The causes of pulmonary edema can be broken down into two groups: cardiogenic (heart-related) or noncardiogenic (not heart-related). […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema means fluid backs up in your lungs from a heart problem. The most common cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs when other diseases cause fluid to accumulate in your lungs. […] Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is another common name for noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema can occur after a blockage in your upper airway. […] In high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), your pulmonary blood vessels constrict and become leaky. […] Severe cases of pulmonary edema can be life-threatening if you dont receive treatment right away.
#138 Immersion Pulmonary Edema – Divers Alert Network
https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/immersion-pulmonary-edema/
Pulmonary edema is an abnormal leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the alveoli, the microscopic air sacs in the lungs. It is most often the result of heart failure or other cardiac problems. […] Sometimes, however, pulmonary edema is observed in swimmers and divers when no underlying medical cause is apparent. This condition, immersion pulmonary edema (IPE), presents as a rapid onset of shortness of breath, cough and sometimes blood-tinged, frothy sputum. […] The exact mechanism is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of the increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries that occurs with immersion in water and the presence of a gradient between the hydrostatic pressure at mouth level and at chest level when a diver is upright. […] Divers with conditions such as hypertension or underlying cardiovascular disease, especially those with weakened heart muscle function, are less able to tolerate these physiologic changes and are thus more prone to pulmonary edema.
#139 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1
Pulmonary edema that is not caused by increased pressures in the heart is called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. Many conditions can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including severe injury (trauma), widespread infection (sepsis), pneumonia and severe bleeding. Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema. Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. But people who live at high altitudes can get HAPE with no elevation change if they have a respiratory illness.
#140 Immersion Pulmonary Edema – Divers Alert Network
https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/immersion-pulmonary-edema/
High-intensity surface swimming causes it; this has been reported in triathletes and U.S. Navy SEALs. […] Reduced diastolic relaxation (usually a result of long-standing hypertension) can lead to increased venous pressure in the lungs the usual cause of pulmonary edema from cardiac problems. […] The mechanisms of IPE are not well understood. […] We do not know what causes IPE nor can we currently predict which people are at increased risk of developing this condition.
#141 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by increased pressures in the heart. […] It’s usually a result of heart failure. When a diseased or overworked left lower heart chamber (left ventricle) can’t pump out enough of the blood it gets from the lungs, pressures in the heart go up. The increased pressure pushes fluid through the blood vessel walls into the air sacs. […] Medical conditions that can cause heart failure and lead to pulmonary edema include: […] Non-heart-related (noncardiogenic) pulmonary edema. […] Causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema include: […] Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This serious disorder occurs when the lungs suddenly fill with fluid. […] Drug reaction or drug overdose. Many drugs ranging from aspirin to illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine are known to cause pulmonary edema.
#142 Pulmonary Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Diagnosis
https://www.webmd.com/lung/the-facts-about-pulmonary-edema
High pressure in your chest after your airway is blocked […] Contact with ammonia, chlorine, or other toxins […] Inhaling smoke that has certain chemicals […] Lung injury after removal of blood clots […] Near-drowning […] Reaction to some drugs, including aspirin […] Opioid overdose […] Blood transfusion […] Viral infections […] Pneumonia […] Blood poisoning or sepsis. […] Pulmonary edema also can be brought on from being in high altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet.
#143 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health
https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is when your lungs fill with fluid. This can happen when your heart is not able to pump blood properly, or when there is damage to the lungs themselves. […] There are two main pulmonary edema causes. These causes include heart issues and pressure on your lungs. […] The main causes of pulmonary edema include: […] Weakened left heart ventricle This is one of the most common causes of pulmonary edema. When the left ventricle doesn’t properly pump blood, fluid leaks from your blood vessels and into your air spaces. […] Drug reaction Certain medications can cause pulmonary edema. For example, an overdose on opioids. […] Toxins Exposure to chemicals such as chlorine and ammonia can lead to pulmonary edema. […] Blood clots Blockages in the blood vessels can result in a build-up of fluid that can damage the lungs.
#144
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. It is thought to be the result of poor uteroplacental circulation caused by inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries that happens between weeks 8 and 18 of pregnancy. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
#145 Symptoms and Causes of Pulmonary Edema
https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-edema-4020740
Non-cardiac pulmonary edema (or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema), occurs when capillaries in the lungs become damaged for reasons unrelated to the heart. […] Noncardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema include: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A potentially fatal form of respiratory failure, Drug side effects or overdose: Including chemotherapy, street drugs like heroin, and heart medications like amiodarone, High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): A severe manifestation of high-altitude illness, Inhaled toxins: Including smoke, chlorine, or ammonia, Near-drowning: Results in disruption of alveolar tissues and makes them more porous, Negative pressure pulmonary edema: A blocked upper airway, often the result of intubation and general anesthesia, Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE): Including neurological problems like stroke, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis, Pulmonary embolism: A blood clot in the lungs, Transfusion-related lung injury: Caused when transfused blood overloads the heart muscle, placing pressure on the lungs, Tropical viral illnesses: Including hantavirus and dengue virus.
#146 Pulmonary Edema – Symptom, Causes, Treatment And Prevention
https://www.lybrate.com/topic/pulmonary-edema
Occasionally, both heart issues and non-heart issues might contribute to pulmonary edema. […] Learning how the heart and lungs interact might partially explain why pulmonary edema might develop. […] TNF IV radiographic contrast agents, methotrexate, protamine, tamoxifen, carbamazepine, cytarabine, erythromycin, and hydrochlorothiazide are all drugs that can cause pulmonary edema.
#147 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Nervous system conditions or surgeries. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain surgery. […] Smoke inhalation. Smoke from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries. The damage allows fluid to enter the lungs. […] Transfusion-related lung injury. Blood transfusions may cause fluid overload in the left ventricle, leading to pulmonary edema. […] Viral illnesses. Viruses such as the hantavirus and dengue virus can cause pulmonary edema.
#148 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300813-overview
Any acute central nervous system (CNS) insult can result in pulmonary edema. The most common causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) are subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury (TBI), COVID-19, and seizures. Other conditions, including nonhemorrhagic stroke, medication overdose, arteriovenous malformation, meningitis/encephalitis, and spinal cord infarction, have been reported and linked to the formation of NPE. […] The pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is not completely understood. Because the most common neurological events are associated with increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hypertension is considered a key etiologic factor. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema trigger zones may exist in these structures, with specific neurologic foci or centers producing massive sympathetic discharges that lead to neurogenic pulmonary edema. […] An increase in capillary permeability can result in neurogenic pulmonary edema without elevation of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, because causative hemodynamic alteration is inconsistent.
#149 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema (NPE), as seen in case 1 of our series is a poorly understood and relatively rare condition following a critically ill neurological ailment. […] The postulated mechanism included changes that increase the hydrostatic pulmonary pressure (The blast theory), increased pulmonary capillary permeability (Permeable defect theory) and neurocardiac or neurodynamic mechanism. […] The Blast theory postulates that the abrupt increase in the systemic and pulmonary pressures due to a marked sudden catecholamine surge results in shift of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation, leading to development of transudative pulmonary edema. […] Although NPE is classified as a non-cardiogenic form of pulmonary edema, but in a subset of patients, severe neurological insult causes direct myocardial injury with resultant pulmonary edema.
#150 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema (NPE), as seen in case 1 of our series is a poorly understood and relatively rare condition following a critically ill neurological ailment. […] The postulated mechanism included changes that increase the hydrostatic pulmonary pressure (The blast theory), increased pulmonary capillary permeability (Permeable defect theory) and neurocardiac or neurodynamic mechanism. […] The Blast theory postulates that the abrupt increase in the systemic and pulmonary pressures due to a marked sudden catecholamine surge results in shift of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation, leading to development of transudative pulmonary edema. […] Although NPE is classified as a non-cardiogenic form of pulmonary edema, but in a subset of patients, severe neurological insult causes direct myocardial injury with resultant pulmonary edema.
#151 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema (NPE), as seen in case 1 of our series is a poorly understood and relatively rare condition following a critically ill neurological ailment. […] The postulated mechanism included changes that increase the hydrostatic pulmonary pressure (The blast theory), increased pulmonary capillary permeability (Permeable defect theory) and neurocardiac or neurodynamic mechanism. […] The Blast theory postulates that the abrupt increase in the systemic and pulmonary pressures due to a marked sudden catecholamine surge results in shift of blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation, leading to development of transudative pulmonary edema. […] Although NPE is classified as a non-cardiogenic form of pulmonary edema, but in a subset of patients, severe neurological insult causes direct myocardial injury with resultant pulmonary edema.
#152 Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300813-overview
Any acute central nervous system (CNS) insult can result in pulmonary edema. The most common causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) are subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury (TBI), COVID-19, and seizures. Other conditions, including nonhemorrhagic stroke, medication overdose, arteriovenous malformation, meningitis/encephalitis, and spinal cord infarction, have been reported and linked to the formation of NPE. […] The pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is not completely understood. Because the most common neurological events are associated with increased intracranial pressure, intracranial hypertension is considered a key etiologic factor. […] Neurogenic pulmonary edema trigger zones may exist in these structures, with specific neurologic foci or centers producing massive sympathetic discharges that lead to neurogenic pulmonary edema. […] An increase in capillary permeability can result in neurogenic pulmonary edema without elevation of pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, because causative hemodynamic alteration is inconsistent.
#153
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. It is thought to be the result of poor uteroplacental circulation caused by inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries that happens between weeks 8 and 18 of pregnancy. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
#154 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#155
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli. […] The distinction between noncardiogenic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema is, at times, difficult. The clinical syndrome, along with signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, may represent several different disorders. Distinguishing between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is vital because treatment varies significantly depending on the fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms.
#156 Pulmonary Edema Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health
https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is when your lungs fill with fluid. This can happen when your heart is not able to pump blood properly, or when there is damage to the lungs themselves. […] There are two main pulmonary edema causes. These causes include heart issues and pressure on your lungs. […] The main causes of pulmonary edema include: […] Weakened left heart ventricle This is one of the most common causes of pulmonary edema. When the left ventricle doesn’t properly pump blood, fluid leaks from your blood vessels and into your air spaces. […] Drug reaction Certain medications can cause pulmonary edema. For example, an overdose on opioids. […] Toxins Exposure to chemicals such as chlorine and ammonia can lead to pulmonary edema. […] Blood clots Blockages in the blood vessels can result in a build-up of fluid that can damage the lungs.
#157
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. […] Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft). […] Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli.
#158 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
The mechanism for non-cardiogenic oedema is unknown in some conditions – eg, narcotic overdose, high-altitude or neurogenic pulmonary oedema. […] What are the causes of acute pulmonary oedema? (Aetiology) Raised pulmonary capillary pressure: Heart: Coronary heart disease: acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome. […] Mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome (eg, rupture of interventricular septum, mitral valve chordal rupture, right ventricular infarction). […] Valvular – acute aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, severe aortic stenosis, endocarditis. […] Hypertensive crisis. […] Acute pulmonary embolism. […] Acute arrhythmia: rapid arrhythmia or severe bradycardia/conduction disturbance. […] Acute myocarditis. […] Left atrial myxoma. […] Cardiac tamponade.
#159 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). A blood clot moving from the blood vessels in the legs to the lungs can cause pulmonary edema. […] Exposure to certain toxins. Inhaling toxins or breathing in some stomach contents when vomiting (aspiration) causes intense irritation of the small airways and air sacs, resulting in fluid buildup. […] High altitudes. Pulmonary edema has been seen in mountain climbers, skiers, hikers and other people who travel to high elevations, usually above 8,000 feet (about 2,400 meters). High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs in those who don’t take the days or weeks needed to become used to the elevation. […] Near drowning. Inhaling water causes fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. A blocked upper airway causes negative pressure in the lungs from trying to breathe through the blockage.
#160 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a complication resulting from acute or chronic upper airway obstruction, often posing challenges in recognition and diagnosis for clinicians. […] The primary pathophysiological mechanism of NPPE involves the need for high inspiratory pressure to counteract upper airway obstruction, subsequently causing a progressive rise in negative pressure within the pleural cavity. Consequently, this results in increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, leading to the infiltration of pulmonary capillary fluid into the alveoli. NPPE exhibits numerous risk factors and causes, with laryngospasm following anesthesia and extubation being the most prevalent. […] Several acute or chronic diseases can cause upper airway obstruction and each of them could lead to NPPE. Upper airway trauma and, more commonly, laryngospasm account for ~50% of NPPE after obstruction. In addition, upper airway infections and vocal cord dysfunction are also potential causes of NPPE.
#161 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a complication resulting from acute or chronic upper airway obstruction, often posing challenges in recognition and diagnosis for clinicians. […] The primary pathophysiological mechanism of NPPE involves the need for high inspiratory pressure to counteract upper airway obstruction, subsequently causing a progressive rise in negative pressure within the pleural cavity. Consequently, this results in increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, leading to the infiltration of pulmonary capillary fluid into the alveoli. NPPE exhibits numerous risk factors and causes, with laryngospasm following anesthesia and extubation being the most prevalent. […] Several acute or chronic diseases can cause upper airway obstruction and each of them could lead to NPPE. Upper airway trauma and, more commonly, laryngospasm account for ~50% of NPPE after obstruction. In addition, upper airway infections and vocal cord dysfunction are also potential causes of NPPE.
#162 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Chronic upper airway obstruction is a prevalent condition observed in patients with various underlying factors, including obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, tonsil or gland hypertrophy, upper airway tumor, mediastinal tumor, nasopharyngeal mass, goiter and acromegaly. […] Hypoxemic and hyperadrenergic states that accompany upper airway obstruction can also contribute to the development of pulmonary edema. […] Increased pulmonary capillary membrane permeability and pulmonary microvascular pressure, which result from the strong release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, are currently considered to be the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema.
#163 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Chronic upper airway obstruction is a prevalent condition observed in patients with various underlying factors, including obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, tonsil or gland hypertrophy, upper airway tumor, mediastinal tumor, nasopharyngeal mass, goiter and acromegaly. […] Hypoxemic and hyperadrenergic states that accompany upper airway obstruction can also contribute to the development of pulmonary edema. […] Increased pulmonary capillary membrane permeability and pulmonary microvascular pressure, which result from the strong release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, are currently considered to be the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema.
#164 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a complication resulting from acute or chronic upper airway obstruction, often posing challenges in recognition and diagnosis for clinicians. […] The primary pathophysiological mechanism of NPPE involves the need for high inspiratory pressure to counteract upper airway obstruction, subsequently causing a progressive rise in negative pressure within the pleural cavity. Consequently, this results in increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, leading to the infiltration of pulmonary capillary fluid into the alveoli. NPPE exhibits numerous risk factors and causes, with laryngospasm following anesthesia and extubation being the most prevalent. […] Several acute or chronic diseases can cause upper airway obstruction and each of them could lead to NPPE. Upper airway trauma and, more commonly, laryngospasm account for ~50% of NPPE after obstruction. In addition, upper airway infections and vocal cord dysfunction are also potential causes of NPPE.
#165 Negative pressure pulmonary edema (Review)
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2023.12154
Chronic upper airway obstruction is a prevalent condition observed in patients with various underlying factors, including obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, tonsil or gland hypertrophy, upper airway tumor, mediastinal tumor, nasopharyngeal mass, goiter and acromegaly. […] Hypoxemic and hyperadrenergic states that accompany upper airway obstruction can also contribute to the development of pulmonary edema. […] Increased pulmonary capillary membrane permeability and pulmonary microvascular pressure, which result from the strong release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, are currently considered to be the main pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema.
#166 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#167 Pulmonary edema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-oedema?lang=us
Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung. […] Broadly causes can be classified as cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic: […] cardiogenic pulmonary edema: left heart failure, congestive cardiac failure, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, myocardial pathology (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy). […] non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: fluid overload, pulmonary edema with acute asthma, postobstructive pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema in pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary edema due to air embolism, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, near-drowning pulmonary edema, ARDS, heroin-induced pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following administration of cytokines, transfusion-related acute lung injury, high-altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following lung transplantation, re-expansion pulmonary edema, post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema, post lung volume reduction pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema from anti-snake venom administration, activity-related (swimming-induced pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, exercise-induced pulmonary edema), acute selenium toxicity.
#168
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is often clinically recognized by the presence of alveolar fluid accumulation on chest imaging without hemodynamic evidence to suggest a cardiogenic etiology, such as a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 18 mm Hg or less (normal, 4 to 12 mm Hg). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines. […] TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. This is a rare but potentially fatal problem of all plasma-containing blood products, such as packed red blood cells, whole blood, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma.
#169 Pulmonary oedema | Deranged Physiology
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-230/pulmonary-oedema
Non-cardiogenic: Increased capillary permeability, ARDS; systemic inflammatory state, Reperfusion (eg. following relief of an embolic occlusion), Reperfusion of transplant lung, Near drowning (surfactant loss), Neurogenic pulmonary oedema, Intracranial haemorrhage, Seizures, Electroconvulsive therapy, Drug-induced pulmonary oedema, Opiate induced (eg. heroin overdose), Salicylate overdose, Raised pulmonary arterial pressure, High altitude pulmonary oedema, Massive PE, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Post pneumonectomy, Air embolism, Negative pressure pulmonary oedema, Airway obstruction, Re-expansion pulmonary oedema, eg. following the drainage of a particularly large pleural effusion. […] The college answer suggested TTE, BNP, PICCO and PAWP measurement. […] BNP has been well validated in that setting (Maisel et al, 2002) and appears to be more accurate than any historical information, physical examination findings or other laboratory investigations.
#170 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Nervous system conditions or surgeries. A type of pulmonary edema called neurogenic pulmonary edema can occur after a head injury, seizure or brain surgery. […] Smoke inhalation. Smoke from a fire contains chemicals that damage the membrane between the air sacs and the capillaries. The damage allows fluid to enter the lungs. […] Transfusion-related lung injury. Blood transfusions may cause fluid overload in the left ventricle, leading to pulmonary edema. […] Viral illnesses. Viruses such as the hantavirus and dengue virus can cause pulmonary edema.
#171 Immersion Pulmonary Edema – Divers Alert Network
https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/immersion-pulmonary-edema/
High-intensity surface swimming causes it; this has been reported in triathletes and U.S. Navy SEALs. […] Reduced diastolic relaxation (usually a result of long-standing hypertension) can lead to increased venous pressure in the lungs the usual cause of pulmonary edema from cardiac problems. […] The mechanisms of IPE are not well understood. […] We do not know what causes IPE nor can we currently predict which people are at increased risk of developing this condition.
#172 Pulmonary edema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-oedema?lang=us
Pulmonary edema is a broad descriptive term and is usually defined as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular compartments of the lung. […] Broadly causes can be classified as cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic: […] cardiogenic pulmonary edema: left heart failure, congestive cardiac failure, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, myocardial pathology (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy). […] non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: fluid overload, pulmonary edema with acute asthma, postobstructive pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema in pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary edema due to air embolism, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, near-drowning pulmonary edema, ARDS, heroin-induced pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following administration of cytokines, transfusion-related acute lung injury, high-altitude pulmonary edema, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema following lung transplantation, re-expansion pulmonary edema, post-pneumonectomy pulmonary edema, post lung volume reduction pulmonary edema, pulmonary edema from anti-snake venom administration, activity-related (swimming-induced pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, exercise-induced pulmonary edema), acute selenium toxicity.
#173
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
TRALI is defined as noncardiogenic pulmonary edema temporally related to the transfusion of blood products. […] Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft). […] Acute pulmonary edema can be caused by a massive PE, as well as multiple smaller emboli.
#174 Acute Pulmonary Oedema | What is a pulmonary oedema?
https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema
Aortic dissection. […] Cardiomyopathy – eg, peripartum cardiomyopathy. […] Drugs: myocardial depression (eg, alcohol), fluid retention (eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)). […] Surgery and peri-operative problems. […] Renal: Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease. […] Renal artery stenosis. […] Iatrogenic fluid overload. […] High-output heart failure – eg, septicaemia, thyrotoxic crisis, anaemia, shunts. […] Increased pulmonary capillary permeability: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). […] High altitude. […] Inhaled or aspirated toxic substances. […] Radiation. […] Liver failure. […] Fat embolism or amniotic fluid embolism. […] Lymphatic obstruction – eg, mediastinal carcinomatosis, silicosis. […] Acute or chronic upper airway obstruction. […] Neurogenic (associated with changes in capillary hydrostatic pressure and changes in pulmonary capillary permeability): develops within a few hours after a neurological insult – eg, status epilepticus, head injury or cerebrovascular insult.
#175 Pulmonary oedema | Deranged Physiology
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-230/pulmonary-oedema
Non-cardiogenic: Increased capillary permeability, ARDS; systemic inflammatory state, Reperfusion (eg. following relief of an embolic occlusion), Reperfusion of transplant lung, Near drowning (surfactant loss), Neurogenic pulmonary oedema, Intracranial haemorrhage, Seizures, Electroconvulsive therapy, Drug-induced pulmonary oedema, Opiate induced (eg. heroin overdose), Salicylate overdose, Raised pulmonary arterial pressure, High altitude pulmonary oedema, Massive PE, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Post pneumonectomy, Air embolism, Negative pressure pulmonary oedema, Airway obstruction, Re-expansion pulmonary oedema, eg. following the drainage of a particularly large pleural effusion. […] The college answer suggested TTE, BNP, PICCO and PAWP measurement. […] BNP has been well validated in that setting (Maisel et al, 2002) and appears to be more accurate than any historical information, physical examination findings or other laboratory investigations.
#176 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. […] In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations. […] The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts. […] If a heart problem causes the pulmonary edema, it’s called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Most often, the fluid buildup in the lungs is due to a heart condition. […] If pulmonary edema is not heart related, it’s called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Sometimes, pulmonary edema can be caused by both a heart problem and a nonheart problem.
#177 Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/noncardiogenic-pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is due to the movement of excess fluid into the alveoli as a result of an alteration in one or more of Starling’s forces. In contrast, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by various disorders in which factors other than elevated pulmonary capillary pressure are responsible for protein and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. […] The distinction between cardiogenic and noncardiogenic causes is not always possible, since the clinical syndrome may represent a combination of several different disorders.
#178 Pulmonary edema – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pulmonary-edema/
Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lung interstitium and alveoli. Causes can be broadly classified as cardiogenic, most commonly acute decompensated heart failure (e.g., due to acute myocardial infarction), and noncardiogenic, most commonly ARDS (e.g., due to pneumonia). […] The etiology of pulmonary edema is multifactorial in 10% of patients. […] Causes of acute heart failure (left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction), e.g.: Acute coronary syndrome, Acute myocarditis, Nonischemic cardiomyopathy, Circulatory overload, e.g.: IV fluid overload, TACO, Cardiorenal syndrome (type 3 or type 4). […] Pulmonary and nonpulmonary causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can occur simultaneously.
#179 Pulmonary oedema | Deranged Physiology
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-230/pulmonary-oedema
Non-cardiogenic: Increased capillary permeability, ARDS; systemic inflammatory state, Reperfusion (eg. following relief of an embolic occlusion), Reperfusion of transplant lung, Near drowning (surfactant loss), Neurogenic pulmonary oedema, Intracranial haemorrhage, Seizures, Electroconvulsive therapy, Drug-induced pulmonary oedema, Opiate induced (eg. heroin overdose), Salicylate overdose, Raised pulmonary arterial pressure, High altitude pulmonary oedema, Massive PE, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Post pneumonectomy, Air embolism, Negative pressure pulmonary oedema, Airway obstruction, Re-expansion pulmonary oedema, eg. following the drainage of a particularly large pleural effusion. […] The college answer suggested TTE, BNP, PICCO and PAWP measurement. […] BNP has been well validated in that setting (Maisel et al, 2002) and appears to be more accurate than any historical information, physical examination findings or other laboratory investigations.
#180 Pulmonary edema (Fluid in the lungs): Causes, symptoms, and more
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167533
Pulmonary edema is when fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can result from heart disease, pneumonia, and other health issues. […] Common causes of pulmonary edema include: pneumonia, sepsis or blood infection, exposure to certain chemicals, organ failure that causes fluid accumulation, such as congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, near-drowning, inflammation, trauma, reaction to certain medications, overdose of certain drugs, including opioids. […] Pulmonary edema also occurs as part of a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe inflammation of the lungs that leads to significant breathing difficulties. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a common cause of pulmonary edema. In this condition, the left ventricle is unable to pump out enough blood to meet the body’s needs. […] Causes of pulmonary edema that are not due to poor heart function are called noncardiogenic and are often the result of ARDS. […] Pulmonary edema can be a result of several conditions, including congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and sepsis.
#181 Pulmonary edema – WikEM
https://wikem.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 18 mmHg differentiates noncardiogenic from cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. […] Neurogenic causes. […] Iatrogenic fluid overload. […] Other causes include high altitude pulmonary edema, hypertensive emergency, ARDS, flash pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, missed dialysis in kidney failure, and naloxone reversal.
#182 Pulmonary edema – WikEM
https://wikem.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 18 mmHg differentiates noncardiogenic from cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Cardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema. […] Neurogenic causes. […] Iatrogenic fluid overload. […] Other causes include high altitude pulmonary edema, hypertensive emergency, ARDS, flash pulmonary edema, immersion pulmonary edema, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, missed dialysis in kidney failure, and naloxone reversal.
#183
https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202004000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=5499134
Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema require an injury or event of the central nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and seizure activity, especially status epilepticus. […] Women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for life-threatening events, including pulmonary edema and progression to eclampsia. […] The pathophysiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia is not entirely understood. It is thought to be the result of poor uteroplacental circulation caused by inadequate remodeling of the spiral arteries that happens between weeks 8 and 18 of pregnancy. […] The literature documents that any opioid can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, especially fentanyl mixed with heroin, and methadone overdose. […] High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) generally occurs above 2,500 m (8,000 ft) and is uncommon below 3,000 m (10,000 ft).
#184 Flash Pulmonary Odema-4 Rare Cases of Non-Cardiogenic, Non-Renal
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/flash-pulmonary-odema4-rare-cases-of-noncardiogenic-nonrenal-etiology-100764.html
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema (NPPE), the possible cause in case 2 and 3 of our series, is an uncommon complication of anesthesia, usually resulting from laryngospasm, with a prevalence rate of around 0.1%. […] The management of NPPE depends upon the severity of symptoms. […] Sexual intercourse inducing pulmonary edema, as in case 4 of our series, in otherwise normal individuals is yet another rare cause of FPE. […] In addition to affecting apparently normal individuals, the clinician should be aware that sexual activity induced pulmonary edema could be the first symptoms of a silent/ asymptomatic mitral valve disease and coronary ischemia.
#185 Pulmonary edema – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20377009
Pulmonary edema is a condition caused by too much fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the many air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. […] In most cases, heart problems cause pulmonary edema. But fluid can collect in the lungs for other reasons. These include pneumonia, contact with certain toxins, medications, trauma to the chest wall, and traveling to or exercising at high elevations. […] The causes of pulmonary edema vary. Pulmonary edema falls into two categories, depending on where the problem starts. […] If a heart problem causes the pulmonary edema, it’s called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Most often, the fluid buildup in the lungs is due to a heart condition. […] If pulmonary edema is not heart related, it’s called noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Sometimes, pulmonary edema can be caused by both a heart problem and a nonheart problem.
#186 Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557611/
Pulmonary edema can be broadly classified into cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] Cardiogenic or volume-overload pulmonary edema arises due to a rapid elevation in the hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary capillaries. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by lung injury with a resultant increase in pulmonary vascular permeability leading to the movement of fluid, rich in proteins, to the alveolar and interstitial compartments. […] Its etiology is either due to a cardiogenic process with the inability to remove sufficient blood away from the pulmonary circulation or non-cardiogenic precipitated by injury to the lung parenchyma.
#187 Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema
Pulmonary edema is a serious condition that occurs when the lungs fill with fluid. This prevents the body from gaining the oxygen it needs. It is typically caused by another condition, such as heart failure or altitude sickness. […] Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of pulmonary edema. […] Heart failure happens when the heart can no longer pump blood properly throughout the body. This creates a backup of pressure in the small blood vessels in the lungs, which causes the vessels to leak fluid. […] Other less common medical conditions that can cause pulmonary edema include: heart attack, or other heart diseases; leaking, narrowed, or damaged heart valves; cardiomyopathy; cardiac arrhythmias; sudden high blood pressure; pneumonia; kidney failure; lung damage caused by severe infection; severe sepsis of the blood, or blood poisoning caused by infection.
#188 Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Emergency Medicine
https://www.mdpi.com/2543-6031/91/5/34
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is characterized by the development of acute respiratory failure associated with the accumulation of fluid in the lungâs alveolar spaces due to an elevated cardiac filling pressure. All cardiac diseases, characterized by an increasing pressure in the left side of the heart, can cause CPE. […] CPE is defined as pulmonary edema caused by the accumulation of excessive fluid in the lungâs interstitial and alveolar spaces due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure, which is the result of elevated cardiac filling pressures. All the cardiac diseases that contribute to increased pressure in the left side of the heart can cause CPE. […] Patients with CPE represent a heterogeneous population. CPE is most commonly due to left cardiac dysfunction. However, a variety of other conditions may promote the development of CPE, causing elevated cardiac filling pressures even without heart disease. They include primary fluid overload, severe hypertension (particularly renovascular hypertension), and severe renal disease.
#189 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542230/
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: […] Arguably, the most recognized form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that has an acute onset secondary to an underlying inflammatory process such as sepsis, pneumonia, gastric aspiration, blood transfusion, pancreatitis, multisystem trauma or trauma to the chest wall, or drug overdose. […] The scope of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is much broader than ARDS. It includes other etiologies, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), neurogenic pulmonary edema, opioid overdose, salicylate toxicity, pulmonary embolism, reexpansion pulmonary edema, reperfusion pulmonary edema, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variety of etiologies that include: ARDS, HAPE, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Opioid overdose, Salicylate toxicity, Pulmonary embolism, Reexpansion pulmonary edema, Reperfusion pulmonary edema, TRALI.
#190
https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2019/03000/uncommon_causes_of_noncardiogenic_pulmonary_edema.3.aspx
Although acute respiratory distress syndrome is the most common cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, critical care nurses also should be familiar with several other less common causes, including transfusion-related acute lung injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, preeclampsia/eclampsia, opioid overdose, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and pulmonary embolism. […] The most common cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, a thorough exploration of ARDS is beyond the scope of this article. […] Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary permeability. Causes include excessive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, impaired nitric oxide synthesis, increased endothelin levels, and/or excessive circulating catecholamines.
#191
https://step2.medbullets.com/pulmonary/121716/pulmonary-edema
what is key is differentiating cardiogenic from non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema […] e.g., progressive dyspnea, weight gain, peripheral edema, crackles in the lung bases, and jugular venous distension suggest that the pulmonary edema is due to congestive heart failure […] Treatment directed at the underlying etiology.
#192 Q&A: Acute pulmonary edema etiologies | ACDIS
https://acdis.org/articles/qa-acute-pulmonary-edema-etiologies
Its important for the non-cardiogenic etiology to be clearly documented. If the documentation is unclear, clarification would be needed. […] Treatment will be based on the underlying etiology in addition to oxygen supplementation that can include non-invasive or mechanical ventilation depending on the severity and the underlying cause. Prompt identification of the underlying etiology is necessary due to the rapid progression that can occur without treatment.