Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prolactinoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22007-prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is a generally benign (noncancerous) tumor that forms in your pituitary gland and makes more prolactin a hormone than you need. About 50% of pituitary tumor (pituitary adenoma) cases are prolactinomas, making them the most common type of pituitary tumor. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of prolactinoma. Many cases happen randomly (sporadically). But certain genetic conditions can increase your risk for prolactinoma, including: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1, MEN type 4, Familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA).

• #2 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/prolactinoma-tumor

  Doctors don’t know what causes it, but it’s fairly common. It happens more often in women than men, and it’s rare in kids. […] Sometimes, a tumor grows on the pituitary gland and makes too much prolactin. This kind of tumor is called a prolactinoma. It’s the most common type of pituitary tumor and is most often benign, which means its not cancer.

• #3 Prolactinoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces a hormone. It makes up about 30% of all pituitary adenomas. […] Prolactinoma may occur as part of an inherited condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). […] High levels of estrogen or testosterone may be involved in the growth of a prolactinoma.

• #4 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Prolactinoma | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20376943

  Prolactinoma is one type of tumor that develops in the pituitary gland. The cause of prolactinoma is usually unknown. […] A prolactinoma causes the pituitary gland to make too much of a hormone called prolactin. This results in a decreased level of some sex hormones namely, estrogen and testosterone. […] Making too much prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) can also happen for reasons other than a prolactinoma. These can include: Medications, Other types of pituitary tumors, Kidney disease, Underactive thyroid gland, Pregnancy and breastfeeding.

• #5 Prolactinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459347/

  Prolactinomas arise from monoclonal expansion of pituitary lactotrophs that have undergone somatic mutation. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) overexpression and mutation of a receptor of fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) have been found in pituitary adenoma, mainly prolactinoma. Most prolactinomas are sporadic in origin but can also occur as part of familial syndromes. Familial isolated prolactinoma and other pituitary adenomas have been described. It can be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1); up to 15 to 60% of patients with MEN1 can have a pituitary adenoma, and the majority of them are prolactinomas. […] The exact cause of prolactinoma is poorly understood.

• #6 Prolactinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is most frequently a sporadic tumor, occurring in people without any concrete risk factors or family members with similar conditions. In a minority of cases, genetics predispose the patient to having one or more pituitary gland tumors during their lifetime. Most cases of prolactinoma have no known causes or risk factors. […] Though most pituitary tumors are sporadic, some genetic syndromes include increased risk for pituitary adenomas including Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (caused by a mutation in the MEN1 gene), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN4 gene), Carney complex, and Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). […] Among cases of sporadic prolactinoma, in patients with no family history of pituitary tumors, the splicing factor 3B1 gene (SF3B1) has been found as a common causative mutation. This mutation, most commonly a missense mutation replacing a single amino acid, has also been identified in some familial cases of prolactinoma. However, it is more commonly a somatic mutation, occurring later in life in someone who was not born with the mutated gene. […] Sporadic cases of prolactinoma which are not related to a mutation of SF3B1 remain poorly understood. However, many studies show a link between estrogen and prolactinoma. This is theorized to be related to why prolactinomas are more common in women than men.

• #7 What Is a Prolactinoma?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/endocrine-health/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma is a benign tumor that affects the pituitary gland. The exact cause of prolactinomas is unknown. In general, tumors happen due to DNA changes that lead to increased growth and division of cells. […] In some situations, inherited genetic conditions may contribute to their development. For example, 15% to 60% of people with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 have pituitary tumors, many of which are prolactinomas. […] Women are also more likely to develop prolactinomas than men.

• #8 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Surgery, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/prolactinoma/article.htm

  A prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. This type of pituitary tumor produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. […] Although research continues to find causes of disordered cell growth, the sources of many pituitary tumors, including prolactinomas, remain unknown. Most pituitary tumors appear sporadically, meaning that no one else in the family has had a pituitary tumor. Some patients with prolactinomas have a genetic disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1). MEN1 is an inherited condition characterized by a high frequency of peptic ulcer disease and abnormal hormone production from the pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary glands. Prolactinomas are a characteristic feature of MEN1. […] A small number of people have a familial tendency to develop prolactinomas but do not appear to have MEN1. The gene(s) responsible for such cases of prolactinoma has not yet been fully identified.

• #9 Orphanet: Prolactinoma

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/2965

  Prolactinoma is a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. The mechanism that leads to this benign growth of prolactin secreting cells is still unknown in most cases, however; very rarely, inactivating mutations of the AIP gene (11q13.3) in young patients can rarely lead to sporadic, isolated prolactinoma. […] Prolactinoma can rarely occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). Causes of hyperprolactinemia without pituitary adenoma include: pregnancy, lactation, exercise, stress and polycystic ovary syndrome.

• #10 Prolactinoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/hormones-and-body-chemistry/prolactinoma/

  The exact reasons why Prolactinoma, a type of benign tumor that develops in the pituitary gland, develops is not well known. It appears to occur when pituitary gland cells that produce the hormone prolactin multiply due to some cell mutations. […] Theres a certain gene, known as Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), which often shows up in higher amounts and sometimes appears to have mutations in people with this condition. This doesnt necessarily mean it causes the condition, however. […] Another component which has been found to have mutations in people who get pituitary gland tumors, especially prolactinoma, is a receptor for something called fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), a protein which is involved in a variety of biological processes. […] While most prolactinomas happen spontaneously and arent connected to any known risk factors, some can occur in families or as part of genetic syndromes. Examples of these include familial isolated prolactinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). […] In fact, between 15 to 60% of people diagnosed with MEN1, a disorder affecting the bodys endocrine glands, may also have a pituitary gland tumor and most of these tumors are prolactinomas.

• #11 Prolactinoma – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas are noncancerous tumors composed of lactotrophs, which are prolactin-secreting adenomas. Prolactin is produced in cells called lactotrophs that constitute about 30% of the cells of the anterior pituitary. In humans, the major function of prolactin is stimulating milk production. Prolactin is the hormone most frequently produced in excess by pituitary tumors. In contrast to other anterior pituitary hormones, prolactin is regulated primarily by suppression by dopamine, and not by negative feedback from peripheral hormones. […] Galactorrhea is generally due to a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma) but may result from any cause of hyperprolactinemia. Most tumors in women are microadenomas (10 mm in diameter), but a small percentage are macroadenomas (10 mm) when diagnosed. The frequency of microadenomas is much lower in men, perhaps because of later recognition; however, for reasons that are unclear, prolactin secreting adenomas have more aggressive growth and cause more severe symptoms of mass effect (eg headaches or visual complaints) and fewer symptoms related to hormone deficiency in men. Nonfunctioning pituitary mass lesions also can increase prolactin levels by compressing the pituitary stalk and thus interrupting the action of dopamine, which normally suppresses prolactin secretion.

• #12 Prolactinoma (pituitary tumor) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/prolactinoma/

  A prolactinoma develops when the genetic material of the prolactin-producing cells of the pituitary gland changes or is misread. As a result, the cells grow or divide uncontrollably and form new tissue. As this tissue consists exclusively of prolactin-producing cells, the prolactin level in the body rises above the normal level. […] Why a prolactinoma develops is not yet fully understood. In rare cases, this is due to a hereditary disease. In multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1, around 20 percent of those affected develop a prolactinoma during the course of their illness. […] Experts have also not yet been able to fully explain the causes of prolactinoma. There are therefore no direct measures that can prevent the development of prolactinoma.

• #13 Prolactinoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000336.htm

  A prolactinoma is a noncancerous (benign) pituitary tumor that produces a hormone called prolactin. This results in too much prolactin in the blood. […] Prolactinoma may occur as part of an inherited condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). […] Prolactinomas occur most commonly in people under age 40. […] High levels of estrogen or testosterone may be involved in the growth of a prolactinoma.

• #14 Prolactinoma | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma causes the pituitary gland to produce too much prolactin, a hormone responsible for breast tissue development, milk production, and lactation. […] Based on the research performed to date, scientists believe prolactinoma most likely arises due to a yet-undetermined combination of genetic, hormonal, and/or environmental factors. […] One possible cause of sporadic prolactinoma is an overgrowth of prolactin-producing cells in the pituitary gland, leading to the formation of a tumor. […] However, hormonal imbalances, such as increased estrogen and decreased dopamine (a neurotransmitter that inhibits prolactin production), may contribute to the development of prolactinoma. […] Certain antipsychotic drugs can increase the risk of prolactinoma by disrupting dopamine levels in the brain. […] Additionally, an inherited condition known as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 is a known risk factor.

• #15 From Genes to Growth – What Causes Prolactinoma? – The Endocrine Co.

  https://theendocrineco.com/what-causes-prolactinoma/

  Prolactinoma is a type of tumor that affects the pituitary gland, leading to overproduction of the hormone prolactin. Several factors can contribute to the development of prolactinoma. […] Dr. Penelope Penny Pauley points out several causes that can contribute to the development of this condition: […] 1. Genetics: Prolactinoma can be inherited from family members who have a history of pituitary tumors. […] 2. Hormonal imbalances: Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as estrogen or thyroid hormones, can trigger the growth of prolactinoma. […] 3. Medications: Certain drugs, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants, can increase prolactin levels and lead to the development of prolactinoma. […] 4. Pregnancy: The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy can sometimes cause prolactinoma to develop.

• #16 Hyperprolactinemia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22284-hyperprolactinemia

  Hyperprolactinemia happens when you have high levels of prolactin in your blood. The most common cause is a prolactinoma, a benign (noncancerous) tumor in your pituitary gland. […] Several factors and conditions can cause hyperprolactinemia, including: Prolactinoma (a pituitary gland tumor). […] A prolactinoma is the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia. A prolactinoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor (adenoma). It forms in your pituitary gland. It causes excess production of prolactin. […] Large tumors (other than prolactinomas) in or near your pituitary gland may cause hyperprolactinemia. This is usually because the tumor prevents dopamine from reaching your pituitary gland. Dopamine stops prolactin production. […] The only known risk factor for hyperprolactinemia is having multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 (MEN1). MEN1 is an inherited condition that can cause prolactinoma.

• #17 Causes of hyperprolactinemia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-hyperprolactinemia

  Prolactin is secreted solely by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary gland. As a result, hyperprolactinemia results almost exclusively from diseases that cause hypersecretion of prolactin by lactotroph cells. Some of these causes are physiologic and others pathologic. […] Serum prolactin concentrations normally increase substantially during pregnancy and to a lesser degree in response to nipple stimulation during breastfeeding, physical exertion, and stress. […] The probable cause of the hyperprolactinemia is the increasing serum estradiol concentrations during pregnancy. […] Nipple stimulation during breastfeeding increases serum prolactin concentrations, presumably via a neural pathway. The magnitude of the increase is directly proportional to the degree of preexisting lactotroph hyperplasia due to estrogen.

• #18 Prolactinoma Symptoms & Treatment | PNI Pituitary Disorders

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/pituitary-disorders/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma/

  Prolactinomas are common pituitary adenomas that cause excess prolactin production. […] Prolactinomas secrete excess prolactin and are the most common pituitary adenoma. […] A prolactin level of over 150-200 ng/ml is almost always due to a prolactinoma. […] However, moderate prolactin elevations (30-200 ng/ml) can occur from other causes such as pregnancy, stress (discomfort, exercise), low thyroid function (hypothyroidism), kidney or liver failure and medications (e.g., haloperidol, antidepressants, verapamil). […] An additional cause of high prolactin level is stalk compression effect from a pituitary or brain tumor that compresses the pituitary stalk. […] Prolactinomas can best be visualized on a pituitary MRI performed with and without Gadolinium.

• #19 Prolactinomas | Pituitary Network Association – International non-profit organization for patients with pituitary tumors and disorders

  https://pituitary.org/disorders/prolactinomas/

  These pituitary tumors (also called adenomas) secrete excessive amounts of prolactin and are the most common type of pituitary tumor seen clinically. […] The most common causes are listed below: pregnancy or in the post-partum period, stress (discomfort, exercise, low blood sugar), low thyroid function (hypothyroidism), kidney failure, liver failure, medications (such as anti-ulcer and antidepressants), stalk effect. […] The stalk effect: This may be seen with any disease within or near the pituitary gland and stalk that interferes with the delivery of dopamine (a neurotransmitter) from the hypothalamus to the prolactin secreting cells of the pituitary. Therefore, other types of pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas or other tumors or masses may cause modest elevations in prolactin.

• #20 Hyperprolactinemia – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion Iconphone iconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/hyperprolactinemia/

  Hyperprolactinemia describes abnormally high levels of the hormone prolactin. […] Most often, the underlying cause of excess prolactin levels is a prolactinoma, a benign or noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland that secretes too much prolactin. […] The underlying cause of these excess prolactin levels is frequently a prolactinoma. […] Other potential causes of hyperprolactinemia include the following: Pituitary stalk compression: A tumor or mass that presses on the pituitary stalk can reduce dopamine inhibition, which increases prolactin levels. […] Hypothalamic tumors: Abnormal growths on the hypothalamus gland—such as craniopharyngiomas, germinomas, and hypothalamic hamartomas—can disrupt dopamine signaling, which inhibits prolactin secretion. […] Medications: Certain medications can block dopamine’s ability to inhibit prolactin, including: Antipsychotics like risperidone or haloperidol, Antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclics, Opioids, Antihypertensives used to lower blood pressure.

• #21 Prolactinoma – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/prolactinoma

  Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea also may be caused by ingestion of certain medications, including phenothiazines and some other antipsychotics, certain antihypertensives (especially alpha-methyldopa and verapamil), and opioids. Primary hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea also may be caused by ingestion of certain medications, including phenothiazines and some other antipsychotics, certain antihypertensives (especially alpha-methyldopa and verapamil), and opioids. Primary hypothyroidism can cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea because increased levels of thyroid-releasing hormone increase secretion of prolactin as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Prolactin levels may rise in circulation as a consequence of renal insufficiency due to impaired renal clearance of prolactin. Nipple stimulation and pregnancy are physiologic causes of increased prolactin secretion. Hyperprolactinemia may be associated with hypogonadotropism and hypogonadism probably through inhibition of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release or action on the pituitary gonadotropes.

• #22 Prolactinoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://anavara.com/treatment/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is an abnormal growth and common type of hormone-producing pituitary gland tumor. The tumor causes the pituitary gland to produce too much prolactin, resulting in hyperprolactinemia. Prolactinoma is almost always benign, which means it is non-cancerous. […] Several conditions cause prolactinoma, but the reason behind the development of the tumor is unknown. […] The potential cause can be: Traumatic brain injury, Brain inflammation (due to bacterial or viral infection), Complications associated with granulomatous and infiltrative processes, Metabolic disorders (linked with irreversible change or replacement of normal liver tissue with connective tissue), Chronic renal failure. […] Other conditions that cause a high level of prolactin are: Prolactin-secreting adenomas, Medications, Stress, Pregnancy, Hypothyroidism, Kidney disease, Chest injury.

• #23 Hyperprolactinemia – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion Iconphone iconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/hyperprolactinemia/

  Hypothyroidism: Also known as low thyroid hormone levels, this condition can cause increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin stimulation hormone, which stimulates prolactin release. […] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This hormonal disorder that occurs during the reproductive years of women can cause irregular menstrual cycles and can cause mild cases of hyperprolactinemia. […] Infiltrative diseases: Diseases like sarcoidosis or tuberculosis can also affect the hypothalamus, affecting prolactin secretion. […] Other causes include chronic stress and excessive exercise, which can temporarily elevate prolactin levels. Chronic kidney disease or liver disease can also impair the clearance of prolactin from the blood, leading to excess prolactin.

• #24 Prolactinoma Treatment – Expert Guidance

  https://pituitarysociety.org/prolactinoma/

  A prolactinoma is an abnormal growth, or tumor, on the pituitary gland. The tumor causes the pituitary to produce too much prolactin, leading to hyperprolactinemia. About 1 in 10,000 people will develop a prolactinoma for which a clear cause is not known. […] There are a few conditions other than prolactinomas that may be associated with hyperprolactinemia. […] An underactive thyroid or inadequate thyroid hormone replacement can also raise prolactin levels, as can kidney disease, pregnancy, stress, and chest trauma. […] Causes of Hyperprolactinemia include Prolactinomas, Medications (phenothiazines, metoclopramide, risperidone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, estrogens, verapamil), Stress, Pregnancy, Hypothyroidism, Kidney disease, and Chest Trauma.

• #25 Hyperprolactinaemia – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/hyperprolactinaemia.html

  Several illnesses can cause hyperprolactinaemia. […] A number of drugs impair hypothalamic dopamine release leading to increased secretion of prolactin (prolactin 5004000 mIU/L). Hyperprolactinaemia develops in patients taking antipsychotics such as risperidone. […] If hyperprolactinaemia is drug-induced, concentrations usually normalise if the drug is ceased for 72 hours.

• #26

  https://braintumourresearch.org/blogs/types-of-brain-tumour/prolactinoma?srsltid=AfmBOopsvy8cibJjPaWG3_V–thgIcc5JR-ANNxNIZo8PPGj9A37AGFq

  The main cause of prolactinomas is often unknown. However, several factors may contribute to their development. These factors include hormonal imbalances, disruptions in dopamine regulation, genetic predisposition in rare cases, certain medications, and other factors like pregnancy or breastfeeding. Prolactinoma levels in the blood can vary, but significantly elevated levels, typically above 200-250 mcg/L, are often indicative of a prolactinoma. […] Prolactinomas are a type of pituitary tumour that overproduces the hormone prolactin. There are two main types of prolactinomas based on their size: […] The classification of prolactinomas into microprolactinomas or macroprolactinomas is primarily based on their size, with a cut-off of 10mm used to differentiate between the two types. It’s important to note that the size of the prolactinoma does not necessarily indicate its behaviour or potential for causing symptoms. Both microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas can be treated effectively with medication therapy and, in some cases, surgery or radiation therapy may be considered.

• #27 Hyperprolactinaemia – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/hyperprolactinaemia.html

  Serum prolactin should only be measured in patients with a pituitary mass or the clinical symptoms and signs of hyperprolactinaemia. […] There are many causes of hyperprolactinaemia, including drugs. It is important to identify the underlying cause to guide appropriate treatment. […] Most prolactinomas are microprolactinomas. They usually do not grow sufficiently to cause hypopituitarism or visual field loss. […] Prolactinomas are tumours arising from the prolactin secreting cells in the pituitary. Most prolactinomas (90%) are microadenomas (1 cm in diameter), which are 10 times more common in women than in men. […] Macroadenomas (1 cm in diameter) are less common and giant prolactinomas (4 cm in diameter) are rare. […] Other hypothalamic and pituitary masses can also cause hyperprolactinaemia.

• #28 Prolactinoma – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary adenoma and is also referred to as a prolactin-secreting adenoma of the pituitary. These tumors account for at least 30% of all pituitary adenomas. […] Prolactinomas occur most commonly in those under 40 years old. They are rare in children. These tumors are about five times as common in women as men. […] Prolactin is a hormone that induces lactation or milk production. The size of the prolactinoma correlates with the excess prolactin level; the larger the tumor, the higher the level of prolactin that is secreted.

• #29 Prolactinoma | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/benign-brain-tumor/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas are a kind of benign tumor of the pituitary gland. They’re also called pituitary adenomas. They aren’t cancer, but they can affect your whole body. […] Excess prolactin from prolactinomas causes reduced reproductive function by inhibiting secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. Normally GnRH stimulates the pituitary to produce luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates secretion of sex hormones. Inhibition of GnRH secretion by high levels of prolactin results in reproductive-related symptoms. […] Prolactinomas are the most common type of hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. Women are 5 times more likely than men to have them. […] Dopamine agonist drugs mimic the effect of dopamine, which normally inhibits the secretion of prolactin. […] In larger tumors, usually in men, reproductive function may not return and additional treatment with replacement testosterone is required.

• #30 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. Prolactinomas are the most common type of hormonally-active pituitary tumor. […] The symptoms caused by a prolactinoma depend upon several factors, including gender and age. Prolactinomas are rare in children; when they occur, they may cause headache and weight gain. […] Prolactinoma symptoms in premenopausal women: Small increases in prolactin cause irregular menstrual periods or complete loss of menses. Because of this noticeable symptom, prolactinomas in premenopausal women are often diagnosed early, when the tumors are small in size. […] In men, the function of prolactin is less clear and may not be very important. […] Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland.

• #31

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acd5275

  A prolactinoma is a tumour on the pituitary gland that makes too much of the hormone prolactin. This type of tumour is benign, which means it’s not cancer. […] It’s not normal for women who aren’t pregnant or nursing to have a high level of prolactin. For both men and women, too much of this hormone can make the breasts produce milk. It also can cause low sex drive and infertility. […] In women, an increase in prolactin can lower the level of estrogen. That can cause infertility, menstrual changes, and less desire to have sex. […] In men, it can lower the level of testosterone. That can cause erection problems and less desire to have sex.

• #32 Psychotic Symptoms Subsequent to Chronic Untreated Prolactinoma: A Case Report

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/psychiatry-mental-disorders/fulltext/jpmd-v6-id1035.php

  Prolactinomas are prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors originating from the lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. […] Moreover, high level of prolactin effects on mood and behavior thus may lead to depression, anxiety, and hostility through unknown mechanisms. […] Although the mechanisms underlying the prolactinoma-induced psychotic disorders remain to be unclear, it is known that the release of prolactin from pituitary is inhibited by dopamine whereas a deficiency of this neurotransmitter increases prolactin secretion. […] It is the high level of prolactin that led to the menstrual irregularity and amenorrhea in the patient. […] However, it is the symptoms of hypogonadism that did induce the psychotic symptoms of the patient, who became unsociable and eccentric, and was unwilling to communicate with the others, followed by delusion of persecution and auditory hallucination. […] Bromocriptine administration significantly lowered her serum prolactin level and decreased the size of pituitary macroadenoma but did not exacerbate her psychotic symptoms.

• #33 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  Increased compression of the normal gland can cause hormone insufficiency, called hypopituitarism. The symptoms depend upon which hormone is involved. […] Diagnosing a prolactinoma requires special care, expertise and specialized laboratory equipment. An experienced pituitary tumor team understands the nuances of the diagnostic procedure. […] Certain medications and conditions may mildly elevate prolactin levels, and therefore must be considered before making the diagnosis of prolactinoma. […] The optimal treatment of a prolactinoma depends on multiple factors, including the suddenness and severity of visual loss and response to drug treatment. […] Medication is the first line of treatment for a prolactinoma. Your doctor will prescribe a medication that mimics the effects of dopamine, the brain chemical that normally inhibits the release of prolactin by the pituitary gland.

• #34 Prolactinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124634-overview

  Prolactinomas, benign lesions that produce the hormone prolactin, are the most common hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. Causing hyperprolactinemia, prolactinomas can reduce estrogen levels in women and testosterone concentrations in men and may result in infertility. […] Tumor formation is due to neoplastic transformation of anterior pituitary lactotrophs, resulting in excess synthesis and secretion of prolactin (PRL). Linkage to aryl hydrocarbon-interacting protein gene (AIP) mutation has been identified in some families with prolactinoma and in childhood-onset pituitary adenomas. […] Prolactinoma is one of the several causes of pathologic hyperprolactinemia. […] A retrospective study by Peng et al of 102 patients found that growth hormone deficiency and hypogonadism were the most frequent types of pituitary hormone dysfunction in adult males with prolactinomas, with hypocortisolism occurring less often.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.14310/horm.2002.1380

  Malignant prolactinoma is an exceedingly rare endocrine tumor and cannot be diagnosed on histological grounds alone. […] We here present the unusual case of an unfortunate young man with an aggressive prolactinoma, the complications of which led to his premature death. […] Headaches, vision changes, and symptoms of androgen deficiency syndrome can be manifestations of an aggressive prolactinoma that might require surgery and additional medical therapy including cabergoline and temozolomide with an unpredictable time of survival. […] What are the markers of aggressiveness in prolactinomas? Changes in cell biology, extracellular matrix components, angiogenesis, and genetics.

• #36 Prolactinoma | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is associated with inherited conditions that lead to the formation of tumors on the pituitary and other glands. […] A cause cannot be established in other cases. […] Researchers are working to understand whether prolactinomas and other pituitary tumors are caused by genetic mutations, hormonal abnormalities, or a combination of these and other factors.

• #37 Hyperprolactinaemia and Prolactinoma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hyperprolactinaemia-and-prolactinoma

  Hyperprolactinaemia is defined as a raised level of prolactin in the blood. […] Prolactinomas are benign, prolactin-producing tumours of the pituitary gland. […] Common causes are prolactinomas, hypothyroidism, and drug-induced (eg, antipsychotics). […] High levels of prolactin may be caused directly by a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour; or indirectly by a non-secreting pituitary tumour that prevents dopamine (which inhibits prolactin release) from reaching the normal prolactin-producing cells. […] Abnormally high levels of prolactin may be caused by a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour or by a non-secreting pituitary tumour that prevents dopamine (prolactin release-inhibiting hormone) from reaching normal prolactin-producing cells. […] Prolactinomas occur in about 20% of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). […] There is a significant risk of tumour enlargement in pregnancy, particularly with macroadenoma.

• #38 Prolactinoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

  https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/endocrine/prolactinoma-93

  Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin. […] Although the precise cause of prolactinoma remains unclear, researchers believe that genetic mutations and hormonal imbalances may play a role in its development. […] The exact cause of prolactinoma remains poorly understood, but several factors and conditions have been identified as potential contributors to the development of this condition. […] Genetic Factors: Most prolactinomas occur sporadically, but a small percentage can be attributed to genetic predisposition. Familial cases are rare but can occur as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or other familial syndromes. […] Hormonal Influence: The exact cause of prolactinoma is not well understood. It is believed to result from genetic mutations that disrupt the normal function of the pituitary gland cells. These mutations lead to uncontrolled growth and prolactin secretion. […] Other Factors: Some prolactinomas may be influenced by external factors such as certain medications (e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants), stress, and thyroid disorders. These factors are not direct causes of the tumor itself but can mimic or exacerbate symptoms.

• #39 Prolactinoma

  https://www.impendo.co.uk/for-patients/endocrine-services/pituitary-multidisciplinary-service/the-pituitary-gland/prolactinoma

  Prolactin is a hormone from the pituitary gland. There are a number of causes of a raised prolactin level including pregnancy, medication or an underactive thyroid; the stress of the blood test itself can increase prolactin levels. A pituitary tumour called a prolactinoma can also produce high levels of the pituitary hormone prolactin. […] Prolactinomas are the most common type of functioning pituitary tumour and produce high levels of the pituitary hormone prolactin. […] As there are a number of causes for a raised prolactin level, several prolactin measurements are made to confirm that prolactin is definitely high. Following confirmation that prolactin is high and not due to other causes, you will be offered a pituitary MRI scan.

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