Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. Prolactinomas are the most common type of hormonally-active pituitary tumor. […] The symptoms caused by a prolactinoma depend upon several factors, including gender and age. Prolactinomas are rare in children; when they occur, they may cause headache and weight gain. […] Prolactinoma symptoms in premenopausal women: Small increases in prolactin cause irregular menstrual periods or complete loss of menses. Because of this noticeable symptom, prolactinomas in premenopausal women are often diagnosed early, when the tumors are small in size. […] It is unusual for a prolactinoma to progress to a large size in premenopausal women. If it does grow in size, it may cause hypopituitarism, visual losses and headache.

• #1 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

  Prolactinoma might not cause any signs or symptoms. However, too much prolactin in your blood (hyperprolactinemia) can cause symptoms. So can pressure on surrounding tissues from a large tumor. […] Because too much prolactin can disrupt the reproductive system (hypogonadism), some of the signs and symptoms of a prolactinoma are specific to females or males. […] In females, prolactinoma can cause: Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause: Erectile dysfunction, Decreased body and facial hair, Smaller muscles, Enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause: Infertility, Weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), Loss of interest in sexual activity.

• #1 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma occurs when some of the cells in the pituitary gland (the ones producing prolactin) multiply more than usual to form a small growth (tumour) in the pituitary gland. The prolactinoma makes too much prolactin and this can cause symptoms. […] High levels of prolactin in the blood can cause various symptoms, such as headaches. The signs and symptoms differ slightly between men, women and children. […] Women may have: Irregular periods or no periods. This symptom is present in 9 out of 10 pre-menopausal women with prolactinoma. Reduced fertility. Reduced sex drive. Milk leaking from the breasts (known as galactorrhoea). This symptom is present in 8 out of 10 women. The milk may leak out by itself, or may only show when the breast is squeezed. Increased growth of hair on the face or body.

• #1 Symptoms of prolactinoma – Pituitary Foundation

  https://www.pituitary.org.uk/information/prolactinoma-symptoms/

  A prolactinoma is a prolactin-producing tumour of the pituitary gland. The symptoms produced by a prolactinoma depend on the sex of the patient and the size of the tumour. […] There are numerous symptoms of a prolactinoma. The symptoms depending on the persons sex and the size of the tumour. […] Most women with prolactinomas are likely to have microprolactinomas. Your first symptoms may relate to loss of periods (amenorrhoea) as excessive prolactin interferes with the pituitarys production of the hormones FSH and LH which control the menstrual cycle. […] You may have reduced interest in sex (low libido) and experience vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse. […] You may also be infertile because of impaired egg release by the ovaries there is usually effective treatment for this problem.

• #1

  https://braintumourresearch.org/blogs/types-of-brain-tumour/prolactinoma?srsltid=AfmBOoohsGQ3iDSZtaRxI6VRXihSB4u3zTTtLxUmDP9tJZ6zFxd-qFTA

  Prolactinoma is a type of low-grade (non-cancerous) tumour that develops in the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. […] When a prolactinoma develops, it can cause an overproduction of prolactin, leading to various symptoms, hormonal imbalances and importantly infertility. […] A prolactinoma can cause the following symptoms: Irregular menstrual periods or loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) in women, Milky discharge from the breasts (galactorrhea) in women, and very occasionally in men, Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant, Decreased libido (sex drive) and erectile dysfunction in men, Headaches, especially if the tumour grows large and increases pressure within the brain. […] People with prolactinomas may develop vision problems, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision, if the tumour presses on the optic nerves.

• #1 Symptoms of prolactinoma – Pituitary Foundation

  https://www.pituitary.org.uk/information/prolactinoma-symptoms/

  You may also develop excess breast milk production (called galactorrhoea), which may leak spontaneously. This is due simply to the biological action of prolactin and is not a sign of breast disease, particularly breast cancer. Women with prolactinomas do not have any increased risk of breast cancer. […] Men with prolactinomas usually have tumours larger than 10mm in diameter (macroprolactinomas). Excessive prolactin reduces production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland. This in turn lowers testosterone levels and may result in a reduced interest in sex (low libido) and in impotence. […] Men may also have infertility due to a low sperm count. […] If you have a large tumour, you may have pressure symptoms such as headache or visual problems. This is because the nerves to your eyes pass over the top of the pituitary gland. In a minority of patients, an increase in pituitary size may cause pressure on these nerves and produce visual disturbance.

• #1 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  Men may have: Reduced fertility. Difficulty having an erection (erectile dysfunction). Reduced sex drive (libido). Breast enlargement (called gynaecomastia). Very rarely, leakage of milk from the breasts. […] Prolactinomas which are large may press on the brain or nearby nerves (the nearest nerves are the optic nerves which go to the eye). Some prolactinomas can get bigger during pregnancy. Larger prolactinomas may cause symptoms such as: Headache. Eye symptoms – you may get reduced vision or double vision. […] Rarely, the prolactinoma may press on the rest of the pituitary gland, stopping it from producing other hormones. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, fainting, low blood pressure, low blood sugar or collapse. […] Large prolactinomas may cause complications if they grow and press on the structures nearby: the pituitary gland, the brain and the nerves to the eye. If untreated, the pressure might eventually lead to nasty side-effects such loss of vision, other hormone problems (which could cause severe illness) or severe headaches.

• #1 Prolactinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459347/

  Signs and Symptoms Due to Mass Effect: Headaches, Vision changes-visual field deficits, blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, Cranial nerve palsies-especially with invasive tumors or with pituitary apoplexy, Seizures, hydrocephalus, and unilateral exophthalmos are rare presentations, Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency because of spontaneous hemorrhage into the pituitary tumor and presents with severe headaches, vision changes, and panhypopituitarism. […] Signs and Symptoms Due to Hyperprolactinemia: Males: Decreased libido, Impotence, Erectile dysfunction, Oilgozoospermia (due to secondary hypogonadism). […] Females: Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, Infertility, loss of libido, Galactorrhea. […] Other features like osteopenia, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and emotional instability can be seen in both sexes. About 10% of prolactinomas can be co-secreting growth hormone, so gigantism/acromegaly can be seen in those patients.

• #1 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

  Bone loss (osteoporosis). Reduced estrogen and testosterone also cause decreased bone strength. This results in weak and brittle bones that can break easily. […] Vision loss. Left untreated, a prolactinoma may grow large enough to press on your optic nerve. This nerve sits near the pituitary gland. The nerve sends images from your eye to your brain so that you can see. The first sign of pressure on the optic nerve is a loss of your side (peripheral) vision. […] Low levels of other pituitary gland hormones. Larger prolactinomas can put pressure on the healthy part of the pituitary gland. This can lead to lower levels of other hormones controlled by the pituitary gland. These include thyroid hormones and cortisol. Cortisol is a stress-response hormone.

• #1 Prolactinomas – Centro Tumori Ipofisari

  http://www.ipofisi.com/prolactinomas/?lang=en

  Prolactinoma symptoms in premenopausal women: Small increases in prolactin cause irregular menstrual periods or complete loss of menses. Because of this noticeable symptom, prolactinomas in premenopausal women are often diagnosed early, when the tumors are small in size. Evidence of milk production by the breasts (galactorrhea). Reduced sex drive. […] It is unusual for a prolactinoma to progress to a large size in premenopausal women. If it does grow in size, it may cause hypopituitarism, visual losses and headache. […] Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland. […] Often, prolactinomas in men and postmenopausal women are discovered when the tumor grows large enough to compress surrounding structures. This causes symptoms including: Vision loss. This occurs when macroadenomas grow upward into the brain cavity, compressing the optic chiasm. A loss of the outer peripheral vision, called a bitemporal hemianopsia. When severe, a patient can only see what is directly in front of them. Many patients do not become aware of their visual loss until it is quite severe. Other visual problems can include: Loss of visual acuity (blurry vision), especially if the macroadenoma grows forward and compresses an optic nerve. Colors not perceived as bright as usual.

• #1 Prolactinoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma

  In men: Decreased sexual interest (libido), Decreased peripheral vision, Enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia), Headache, Erection problems (impotence), Infertility, Vision changes. […] Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger tumor may include: Headache, Lethargy, Nasal drainage, Nausea and vomiting, Problems with the sense of smell, Sinus pain or pressure, Vision changes, such as double vision, drooping eyelids, or visual field loss. […] There may be no symptoms, especially in older men.

• #1 Prolactinoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22007-prolactinoma

  Left untreated, high prolactin levels can also lead to osteopenia and/or osteoporosis. […] If the prolactinoma is large (macroprolactinoma), it may also cause the following symptoms: Headaches, Nausea and/or vomiting, Vision changes, like double vision or decreased peripheral vision, Sinus pain or pressure, Problems with your sense of smell (dysosmia). […] Females often notice symptoms earlier due to changes in their periods or milky nipple discharge. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with prolactinoma is generally good. Medication (dopamine agonists) shrinks small prolactinoma tumors and brings prolactin levels back to normal for 4 out of 5 people receiving this treatment. […] Prolactinoma surgery is also often successful. When an experienced surgeon performs the surgery, it corrects prolactin levels in about 90% of people with small tumors and in 50% of those who have large tumors.

• #1 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

  Pressure from tumor growth can cause: Vision problems, Headache, Reduction of other hormones produced by the pituitary gland. […] Females who are premenopausal tend to notice signs and symptoms early, when tumors are smaller in size. This is probably because of missed or irregular menstrual periods. Females who are postmenopausal are more likely to notice signs and symptoms later, when tumors are larger and more likely to cause headache or vision problems. Males are also more likely to notice signs and symptoms later. […] Complications of prolactinoma may include: Infertility. A prolactinoma can interfere with reproduction. Too much prolactin reduces the production of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Too much prolactin also can prevent the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle (anovulation) in females. In males, too much prolactin also can lead to decreased sperm production.

• #1 Prolactinoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/363

  Prolactinomas represent approximately 50% of all pituitary adenomas, with a female preponderance. […] Women usually present with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Men may present with sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, and sometimes gynaecomastia, all related to the hyperprolactinaemia. […] Premenopausal women present earlier due to menstrual irregularity and hence usually have microprolactinomas. Men and post-menopausal women often present later with macroadenomas, which may be invasive or giant tumours. […] Treatment with dopamine agonists usually results in prolactin normalisation, symptom improvement, and tumour shrinkage.

• #1 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland. […] Often, prolactinomas in men and postmenopausal women are discovered when the tumor grows large enough to compress surrounding structures. This causes symptoms including: Vision loss. This occurs when macroadenomas grow upward into the brain cavity, compressing the optic chiasm. […] Increased compression of the normal gland can cause hormone insufficiency, called hypopituitarism. The symptoms depend upon which hormone is involved. […] More severe hypopituitarism can lead to hypothyroidism or abnormally low cortisol levels, causing: Appetite loss, Weight loss or gain, Fatigue and decreased energy, Decreased mental function, Dizziness, Joint pain. […] If severe, this can be life threatening. […] Rarely, pituitary apoplexy may occur. This is when acute bleeding into the tumor occurs, causing a sudden headache, visual loss, double vision and/or pituitary failure. Immediate medical attention is usually required.

• #1 Prolactinoma | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20376943/

  In females, prolactinoma can cause irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, and acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause erectile dysfunction, decreased body and facial hair, smaller muscles, and enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause infertility, weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), and loss of interest in sexual activity. […] Pressure from tumor growth can cause vision problems, headache, and reduction of other hormones produced by the pituitary gland. […] Females who are premenopausal tend to notice signs and symptoms early, when tumors are smaller in size. This is probably because of missed or irregular menstrual periods. Females who are postmenopausal are more likely to notice signs and symptoms later, when tumors are larger and more likely to cause headache or vision problems. Males are also more likely to notice signs and symptoms later.

• #1 Prolactinoma Treatment – Expert Guidance

  https://pituitarysociety.org/prolactinoma/

  Doctors use different terms to describe the tumor based on its size. Prolactinomas are called MICROADENOMAS if they are smaller than 10 mm (about inch) and MACROADENOMAS if they are 10 mm or larger. Most prolactinomas in women are microadenomas. Prolactinomas in men are more likely to be macroadenomas, although microadenomas are also seen. The large tumors can be associated with extremely high prolactin levels (sometimes greater than 1000 ng/ml). […] The major disadvantage of bromocriptine and cabergoline is that stopping either drug leads to the recurrence of hyperprolactinemia and tumor regrowth. […] If you have a microadenoma, your doctor will likely recommend treatment for at least two years before considering tapering or stopping the drug. […] Since tumor regrowth often occurs, close follow-up and repeat measurements of prolactin will be necessary after stopping medical therapy. Successful long-term discontinuation of the drug may be possible in a few patients, but patients with macroadenomas will likely need medical therapy indefinitely.

• #1 Prolactinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/124634-overview

  Patients with microprolactinoma generally have an excellent prognosis. In up to 95% of patients, these pituitary tumors do not enlarge over a 4- to 6-year follow-up period. Macroprolactinomas have a tendency to grow with time and require aggressive treatment to prevent complications. The growth rate varies with the individual and cannot be reliably predicted.

• #1 Prolactinomas | Pituitary Network Association – International non-profit organization for patients with pituitary tumors and disorders

  https://pituitary.org/disorders/prolactinomas/

  The diagnosis of a prolactinoma is confirmed by demonstrating persistently elevated blood levels of prolactin. A prolactin level of over 150-200 ng/ml is almost always due to a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma. […] In general, the first line of treatment for patients with a prolactinoma is medical rather than surgical. Approximately 80% of patients will have their prolactin levels restored to normal with dopamine agonist therapy. The most commonly used agents are bromocriptine (Parlodel) or cabergoline (Dostinex). Most women also have a return of menses and many become fertile again. The size of the prolactinoma will be reduced in the majority of patients to varying degrees, which often results in improved vision and resolution of headaches. […] Patients with macro-prolactinomas may have acute hemorrhage into the tumor (pituitary apoplexy) causing relatively sudden onset of headache, visual loss, double vision, and/or pituitary failure. Urgent transsphenoidal surgery is generally required for such patients.

• #1 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  The outlook (prognosis) for most people with a prolactinoma is very good. Most prolactinomas are successfully treated with medication. If this does not work, surgery is usually successful. […] Prolactinomas can come back, even after successful treatment with medication or surgery. You will still need monitoring (such as regular blood tests) to check that the prolactinoma has not come back. If it has, then treatment can be restarted.

• #1 Prolactinoma

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20376943

  Females who are premenopausal tend to notice signs and symptoms early, when tumors are smaller in size. This is probably because of missed or irregular menstrual periods. Females who are postmenopausal are more likely to notice signs and symptoms later, when tumors are larger and more likely to cause headache or vision problems. Males are also more likely to notice signs and symptoms later. […] Complications of prolactinoma may include infertility, bone loss (osteoporosis), pregnancy complications, vision loss, and low levels of other pituitary gland hormones. […] For most people, treatment can eliminate or improve problems caused by increased prolactin levels, such as irregular menstrual periods, infertility, and loss of interest in sexual activity. […] Signs or symptoms from tumor pressure, such as headaches or vision problems, can also be improved with treatment.

• #1 Prolactinoma | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/benign-brain-tumor/prolactinoma

  Changes in your hormones affect you both inside and out. If you’re having headaches and visions problems, you may have a benign brain tumor. If these also come with fertility problems or fluid leaking from your chest, you may have a prolactinoma. […] Prolactinomas affect your reproductive hormones. Because of that, the symptoms are different for women and men. […] Symptoms in women: Periods are irregular or stop altogether, Breasts start to make milk (called galactorrhea, most common in women taking oral contraceptives), Reduced sex drive, Infertility, Osteoporosis. […] Symptoms in men: Reduced sex drive, Erectile dysfunction, Infertility, Enlargement of the breasts, called gynecomastia, Osteoporosis, Vision loss. […] In larger tumors, usually in men, reproductive function may not return and additional treatment with replacement testosterone is required.

• #1 Prolactinoma | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary adenoma a noncancerous tumor on the pea-size pituitary gland. A prolactinoma causes the body to make too much prolactin, a hormone. […] Some symptoms are related to high levels of prolactin. Others, such as vision problems, are linked to a tumor pressing on an optic nerve. […] Women may have: Production of breast milk when not pregnant or nursing, Menstrual changes, such as irregular periods or no periods, Infertility, Reduced sex drive, Headaches, Vision problems. […] Men may have: Headaches, Vision problems, Impotence, Infertility, Decreased interest in sex. […] Untreated, a prolactinoma can cause: Reduced hormone production if the tumor presses on the pituitary gland, which may lead to symptoms such as weight loss or fatigue, Osteoporosis (brittle, fragile bones), Pregnancy complications. […] Prolactinomas can come back within five years. We will monitor you, especially if you had a large prolactinoma. Our research shows that these tumors can be especially aggressive in men.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

  Prolactinoma might not cause any signs or symptoms. However, too much prolactin in your blood (hyperprolactinemia) can cause symptoms. So can pressure on surrounding tissues from a large tumor. […] Because too much prolactin can disrupt the reproductive system (hypogonadism), some of the signs and symptoms of a prolactinoma are specific to females or males. […] In females, prolactinoma can cause: Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause: Erectile dysfunction, Decreased body and facial hair, Smaller muscles, Enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause: Infertility, Weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), Loss of interest in sexual activity.

• #2 Prolactinoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22007-prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is a noncancerous tumor that makes extra prolactin. It can cause symptoms like infertility, irregular periods and milky nipple discharge. […] Symptoms of prolactinoma may include milky nipple discharge, low sex drive, infertility, erectile dysfunction and more. […] The symptoms of prolactinoma can vary depending on how much prolactin it produces and its size. […] Symptoms of prolactinoma in adults include: Changes in menstruation that arent related to menopause, like irregular periods or no periods (amenorrhea), Milky nipple discharge when not pregnant or breastfeeding (galactorrhea), Vaginal dryness, which can make penetrative sex painful, Male infertility or female infertility, Low libido (sex drive), Weight gain, Erectile dysfunction (ED), Enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia) in males.

• #2 Prolactinoma & Hyperprolactinemia | Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/hyperprolactinemia-prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor of the pituitary gland that causes hyperprolactinemia. […] This tumor causes a condition called hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by an increased production of the hormone prolactin. […] If the tumor grows, it may place pressure on the brain and cause: Headache, Fatigue, Nausea and/or vomiting, Nasal drainage accompanied by complications with sense of smell, Visual disturbances such as drooping eyelid or double vision. […] Prolactinoma in women may cause: Infertility and changes in the menstrual cycle, Milky discharge from the breasts (when not breastfeeding), Vaginal dryness, Acne, Excess growth in body and facial hair. […] Prolactinoma in men may cause: Erectile dysfunction, Enlargement of the breasts, Decreased muscle mass, Decreased facial and body hair.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-disorders/prolactinoma

  Galactorrhea is the most common symptom of a prolactinoma. […] Men with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors typically have headaches or visual difficulties. About two thirds of affected men have loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. […] Hyperprolactinemia may occur with other menstrual cycle disturbances besides amenorrhea, including infrequent ovulation and corpus luteum dysfunction. […] The initial treatment for both sexes is usually a dopamine agonist such as bromocriptine 1.25 to 5 mg orally twice a day or the longer-acting cabergoline 0.25 to 1.0 mg orally once or twice a week, which lower prolactin levels. […] Patients with concomitant hypogonadism who elect to not use dopamine agonist therapy can be treated with estrogen (with or without a progestin, as indicated) or testosterone.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/prolactinoma

  About two thirds of men with prolactinomas lose interest in sex (reduced libido) and have erectile dysfunction. They often have low levels of testosterone. […] When a prolactinoma is large, it may press on the nerves of the brain that are located just above the pituitary gland, causing the person to have headaches or to become blind in specific visual fields.

• #2 Prolactinoma | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma may not cause noticeable warning signs, especially if it is small. However, symptoms may develop if the tumor presses on surrounding tissues or increases the level of prolactin in the bloodstream (hyperprolactinemia). The symptoms can vary depending on the size and behavior of the tumor. In some cases, prolactinoma causes infertility. […] Prolactinoma symptoms that can be felt include: Decreased libido, Erectile dysfunction in men, Vaginal dryness in women that causes pain during sexual intercourse, Headaches, Weakened bones and frequent fractures. […] Prolactinoma symptoms that can be seen include: Breast enlargement (gynecomastia) in men, Muscle atrophy in men, Milk production (galactorrhea) in nonpregnant women, Acne and excessive facial and body hair growth in women, Vision problems.

• #2 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  Men may have: Reduced fertility. Difficulty having an erection (erectile dysfunction). Reduced sex drive (libido). Breast enlargement (called gynaecomastia). Very rarely, leakage of milk from the breasts. […] Prolactinomas which are large may press on the brain or nearby nerves (the nearest nerves are the optic nerves which go to the eye). Some prolactinomas can get bigger during pregnancy. Larger prolactinomas may cause symptoms such as: Headache. Eye symptoms – you may get reduced vision or double vision. […] Rarely, the prolactinoma may press on the rest of the pituitary gland, stopping it from producing other hormones. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, fainting, low blood pressure, low blood sugar or collapse. […] Large prolactinomas may cause complications if they grow and press on the structures nearby: the pituitary gland, the brain and the nerves to the eye. If untreated, the pressure might eventually lead to nasty side-effects such loss of vision, other hormone problems (which could cause severe illness) or severe headaches.

• #2 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/prolactinoma-tumor

  The signs of a prolactinoma are different in men and women. For women, typical symptoms of a small tumor include: Irregular menstrual periods, Lack of menstrual periods, Low sex drive, Painful intercourse (caused by vaginal dryness), Problems with fertility, Unusual production of breast milk. […] When a prolactinoma becomes large, it may press up against other nearby tissues. Symptoms then can include vision loss, vision changes, and headaches. […] When a man is diagnosed with a prolactinoma, it tends to be large. Men often aren’t diagnosed when they have early signs, which include: Problems getting or maintaining an erection, Decreased interest in sex, Breast milk production in rare cases. […] Headaches or vision problems are usually the symptoms that bring men to the doctor.

• #2 Symptoms of prolactinoma – Pituitary Foundation

  https://www.pituitary.org.uk/information/prolactinoma-symptoms/

  You may also develop excess breast milk production (called galactorrhoea), which may leak spontaneously. This is due simply to the biological action of prolactin and is not a sign of breast disease, particularly breast cancer. Women with prolactinomas do not have any increased risk of breast cancer. […] Men with prolactinomas usually have tumours larger than 10mm in diameter (macroprolactinomas). Excessive prolactin reduces production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland. This in turn lowers testosterone levels and may result in a reduced interest in sex (low libido) and in impotence. […] Men may also have infertility due to a low sperm count. […] If you have a large tumour, you may have pressure symptoms such as headache or visual problems. This is because the nerves to your eyes pass over the top of the pituitary gland. In a minority of patients, an increase in pituitary size may cause pressure on these nerves and produce visual disturbance.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  A prolactinoma might not cause any signs or symptoms. However, too much prolactin in your blood (hyperprolactinemia) can cause symptoms. So can pressure on surrounding tissues from a large tumor. […] In females, prolactinoma can cause: Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause: Erectile dysfunction, Decreased body and facial hair, Smaller muscles, Enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause: Infertility, Weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), Loss of interest in sexual activity. […] Pressure from tumor growth can cause: Vision problems, Headache, Reduction of other hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  Females who are premenopausal tend to notice signs and symptoms early, when tumors are smaller in size. This is probably because of missed or irregular menstrual periods. Females who are postmenopausal are more likely to notice signs and symptoms later, when tumors are larger and more likely to cause headache or vision problems. Males are also more likely to notice signs and symptoms later. […] Complications of prolactinoma may include: Infertility. A prolactinoma can interfere with reproduction. Too much prolactin reduces the production of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Too much prolactin also can prevent the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle (anovulation) in females. In males, too much prolactin also can lead to decreased sperm production. […] Bone loss (osteoporosis). Reduced estrogen and testosterone also cause decreased bone strength. This results in weak and brittle bones that can break easily. […] Vision loss. Left untreated, a prolactinoma may grow large enough to press on your optic nerve. This nerve sits near the pituitary gland. The nerve sends images from your eye to your brain so that you can see. The first sign of pressure on the optic nerve is a loss of your side (peripheral) vision.

• #2 Prolactinoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22007-prolactinoma

  Left untreated, high prolactin levels can also lead to osteopenia and/or osteoporosis. […] If the prolactinoma is large (macroprolactinoma), it may also cause the following symptoms: Headaches, Nausea and/or vomiting, Vision changes, like double vision or decreased peripheral vision, Sinus pain or pressure, Problems with your sense of smell (dysosmia). […] Females often notice symptoms earlier due to changes in their periods or milky nipple discharge. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with prolactinoma is generally good. Medication (dopamine agonists) shrinks small prolactinoma tumors and brings prolactin levels back to normal for 4 out of 5 people receiving this treatment. […] Prolactinoma surgery is also often successful. When an experienced surgeon performs the surgery, it corrects prolactin levels in about 90% of people with small tumors and in 50% of those who have large tumors.

• #2 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland. […] Often, prolactinomas in men and postmenopausal women are discovered when the tumor grows large enough to compress surrounding structures. This causes symptoms including: Vision loss. This occurs when macroadenomas grow upward into the brain cavity, compressing the optic chiasm. […] Increased compression of the normal gland can cause hormone insufficiency, called hypopituitarism. The symptoms depend upon which hormone is involved. […] More severe hypopituitarism can lead to hypothyroidism or abnormally low cortisol levels, causing: Appetite loss, Weight loss or gain, Fatigue and decreased energy, Decreased mental function, Dizziness, Joint pain. […] If severe, this can be life threatening. […] Rarely, pituitary apoplexy may occur. This is when acute bleeding into the tumor occurs, causing a sudden headache, visual loss, double vision and/or pituitary failure. Immediate medical attention is usually required.

• #2 Prolactinoma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma

  In men: Decreased sexual interest (libido), Decreased peripheral vision, Enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia), Headache, Erection problems (impotence), Infertility, Vision changes. […] Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger tumor may include: Headache, Lethargy, Nasal drainage, Nausea and vomiting, Problems with the sense of smell, Sinus pain or pressure, Vision changes, such as double vision, drooping eyelids, or visual field loss. […] There may be no symptoms, especially in older men.

• #2 Prolactinoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000336.htm

  Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger tumor may include: Headache, Lethargy, Nasal drainage, Nausea and vomiting, Problems with the sense of smell, Sinus pain or pressure, Vision changes, such as double vision, drooping eyelids, or visual field loss. […] There may be no symptoms, especially in older men.

• #2 Prolactinoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces a hormone. It makes up about 30% of all pituitary adenomas. Almost all pituitary tumors are noncancerous (benign). Prolactinoma may occur as part of an inherited condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). […] Prolactinomas occur most commonly in people under age 40. They are more common in women than in men and are rare in children. […] Larger tumors are more common in men. They tend to occur at an older age. The tumor can grow to a large size before symptoms appear. Tumors larger than 3/8 inch (1 cm) in diameter are called macroprolactinomas. […] The tumor is often detected at an earlier stage in young women than in men because the high prolactin causes irregular menstrual periods. […] Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger tumor may include: Headache, Lethargy, Nasal drainage, Nausea and vomiting, Problems with the sense of smell, Sinus pain or pressure, Vision changes, such as double vision, drooping eyelids, or visual field loss. […] There may be no symptoms, especially in older men.

• #2 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/prolactinoma

  Symptoms in men include: Enlarged breasts (rarely), Erectile disfunction, Reduced growth in body and facial hair. […] Prolactinomas can cause several predictable complications: Reduced bone density: High prolactin levels can decrease the manufacture of estrogen and testosterone. These hormones impact bone density and vulnerability to osteoporosis. […] Vision loss: Vision problems are a common symptom of prolactinomas. Undiagnosed or untreated pituitary gland tumors can expand to compress the neighboring optic nerves. […] Tumor growth during pregnancy: High levels of estrogen produced during normal pregnancy can accelerate the growth of prolactinomas. This rapid expansion of the tumor can trigger headaches and vision abnormalities. […] Decreased levels of essential hormones: Increased prolactinoma levels can lower the production of other essential hormones. Reduction in hormones like cortisol can cause weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.

• #2 Prolactinoma Symptoms & Treatment | PNI Pituitary Disorders

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/pituitary-disorders/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma/

  Prolactinomas are common pituitary adenomas that cause excess prolactin production. […] The excess prolactin leads to unique symptoms, such as irregular menstrual periods in women, reduced libido in men, and possible infertility in both genders. […] In most women, prolactinomas are detected when they are smaller (microadenomas) and the prolactin level is moderately elevated (50-300 ng/ml). A relatively small elevation in prolactin will cause irregular menstrual periods or amenorrhea and galactorrhea. […] In contrast, in men prolactinomas are typically detected when they are larger (macroadenomas), with prolactin levels over 500-1000 ng/ml. Most men with a prolactinoma have some degree of pituitary failure (Hypopituitarism), especially hypogonadism. […] Women and men also typically have a reduced sex drive (decreased libido) and weight gain. With larger tumors, headaches and visual loss (from compression of the optic nerves or optic chiasm) can occur. A minority of patients with large tumors may have hemorrhage into a tumor (pituitary apoplexy) causing rapid onset of headache, visual loss, double vision, and pituitary failure.

• #2

  https://braintumourresearch.org/blogs/types-of-brain-tumour/prolactinoma?srsltid=AfmBOoohsGQ3iDSZtaRxI6VRXihSB4u3zTTtLxUmDP9tJZ6zFxd-qFTA

  The prognosis for people diagnosed with a prolactinoma is very good. Most prolactinomas are successfully treated with medication, or surgery. […] Regular monitoring and follow-up care by an endocrine specialist are essential to assess treatment response, manage any side-effects, and ensure the best control of prolactin levels. […] Prolactinomas are a type of pituitary tumour that overproduces the hormone prolactin. There are two main types of prolactinomas based on their size: Microprolactinomas: These are small prolactinomas measuring less than 10mm in diameter. They are typically low-grade (non-cancerous). They often respond well to medication therapy. […] Macroprolactinomas: These are larger prolactinomas measuring 10mm or more in diameter. Macroprolactinomas can range in size from a few centimetres to several centimetres. They may have more significant effects on hormone levels and can cause symptoms due to their size and potential compression of surrounding structures.

• #2 Prolactinoma – WikiLectures

  https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is one possible pituitary adenoma. It is a benign tumor whose main characteristic is an increased production and level of prolactin (hyperprolactinemia). Despite its benign nature, it can cause serious complications, such as intracranial hypertension or visual impairment. […] In women: galactorrhea excretion of breast milk outside the lactation period, amenorrhea missing menstruation in at least two cycles, impotence and infertility. […] In men: galactorrhea is usually not expressed, impotence, decreased libido, due to the relatively uncharacteristic symptoms of prolactinoma in men, the development of intracranial hypertension and visual symptoms (bitemporal hemianopsia) from oppression of the chiasm opticum by the tumor often occurs. […] Patients with microprolactinoma (diameter 10 mm) have an excellent prognosis, with 95% of tumors showing no growth after 4 to 6 years. Macroprolactinomas (diameter 10 mm) often require more aggressive therapy and the prognosis of patients is very individual.

• #2 Prolactinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459347/

  The majority of patients with microprolactinomas have an excellent prognosis. These patients can be managed medically for extended periods. Macroprolactinomas, on the other hand, can grow over time and require more aggressive treatment. The growth rate of macroprolactinomas is unpredictable, and the patient must be closely followed up. The decision to taper medical therapy requires sound judgment because the tumor can grow in size without treatment.

• #2 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  The outlook (prognosis) for most people with a prolactinoma is very good. Most prolactinomas are successfully treated with medication. If this does not work, surgery is usually successful. […] Prolactinomas can come back, even after successful treatment with medication or surgery. You will still need monitoring (such as regular blood tests) to check that the prolactinoma has not come back. If it has, then treatment can be restarted.

• #2 Prolactinoma & Hyperprolactinemia | Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/hyperprolactinemia-prolactinoma

  Prolactin levels before surgery will most likely indicate the likelihood that the hyperprolactinemia will resolve after removal of the tumor. The higher prolactin levels are, the less likely it is that they will return to normal after surgery. […] If surgical intervention is required, prognosis typically depends on the size and location of the tumor. If the tumor is small, surgery typically corrects the accompanying hyperprolactinemia. However, many prolactinoma tumors return within five years of surgery. For this reason, it is extremely important to schedule and attend all follow-up appointments recommended by the physician in order to monitor for prolactinoma recurrence.

• #2 Prolactinoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/prolactinoma?content_id=CON-20376943

  Pressure from tumor growth can cause vision problems, headache, reduction of other hormones produced by the pituitary gland. […] Complications of prolactinoma may include infertility, bone loss (osteoporosis), pregnancy complications, vision loss, low levels of other pituitary gland hormones. […] A prolactinoma can interfere with reproduction. Too much prolactin reduces the production of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. […] Reduced estrogen and testosterone also cause decreased bone strength. […] During a typical pregnancy, the production of estrogen increases. This may cause tumor growth. […] Left untreated, a prolactinoma may grow large enough to press on your optic nerve. […] Surgery corrects the prolactin level in most people with small prolactinomas. However, tumors may come back within several years of surgery. […] For most people, treatment can eliminate or improve problems caused by increased prolactin levels, such as irregular menstrual periods, infertility and loss of interest in sexual activity.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Pituitary Foundation

  https://www.pituitary.org.uk/information/prolactinoma/

  A prolactinoma is a prolactin-producing tumour of the pituitary gland. The symptoms produced by a prolactinoma depend on the sex of the patient and the size of the tumour. […] Prolactinomas can occur in men and women. The symptoms produced by a prolactinoma depend on the sex of the patient and the size of the tumour. […] A prolactinoma is a prolactin-producing tumour of the pituitary gland. The symptoms produced by a prolactinoma depend on the sex of the patient and the size of.

• #3 Prolactinoma – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/prolactinoma

  Having a prolactinoma can lead to different symptoms and problems among women and men. Some of these are caused by having too much prolactin in the body, while others are linked to the size and location of the tumor. […] Among women, common symptoms of having a prolactinoma include changes in menstruation, such as irregular periods or no periods, infertility, milky discharge from the breasts, also called galactorrhea, loss of interest in sex, pain or discomfort during sex due to vaginal dryness. […] Among men, common symptoms include loss of interest in sex associated with low levels of testosterone, erectile dysfunction. […] Women often report symptoms earlier than men because they may notice changes in their periods or milky discharge from their breasts when they are not pregnant or breastfeeding.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/pituitary-gland-disorders/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas are noncancerous tumors made up from special cells (lactotrophs) in the pituitary gland. The most common symptom of a prolactinoma is galactorrhea, which is the production of breast milk in men or in women other than during and following pregnancy. […] Prolactinomas cause the overproduction of the hormone prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) by the pituitary gland. Hyperprolactinemia can cause galactorrhea, or unexpected milk production, and infertility in both men and women. […] In both sexes, the most common cause of galactorrhea is a prolactin-secreting tumor (prolactinoma) in the pituitary gland. Prolactinomas usually are very small when first diagnosed. They tend to be larger in men than in women, possibly because they may come to attention later. […] Although unexpected breast milk production may be the only symptom of a prolactinoma, many women also stop menstruating (amenorrhea) or have less frequent menstrual periods. Women with prolactinomas often have low levels of estrogen, which can lead to vaginal dryness, and thus discomfort during sexual intercourse. Some women also have reduced libido and hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face and body). Some women (and rarely, men) have infertility.

• #3 Prolactinoma | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma may not cause noticeable warning signs, especially if it is small. However, symptoms may develop if the tumor presses on surrounding tissues or increases the level of prolactin in the bloodstream (hyperprolactinemia). The symptoms can vary depending on the size and behavior of the tumor. In some cases, prolactinoma causes infertility. […] Prolactinoma symptoms that can be felt include: Decreased libido, Erectile dysfunction in men, Vaginal dryness in women that causes pain during sexual intercourse, Headaches, Weakened bones and frequent fractures. […] Prolactinoma symptoms that can be seen include: Breast enlargement (gynecomastia) in men, Muscle atrophy in men, Milk production (galactorrhea) in nonpregnant women, Acne and excessive facial and body hair growth in women, Vision problems.

• #3 Patient education: High prolactin levels and prolactinomas (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-prolactin-levels-and-prolactinomas-beyond-the-basics/print

  Females — When a high blood prolactin concentration interferes with the function of the ovaries in a premenopausal female, secretion of estradiol (the main female sex hormone [estrogen] in females) decreases. Symptoms include irregular or absent menstrual periods, infertility, menopausal symptoms (hot flashes and vaginal dryness), and, after several years, osteoporosis (thinning and weakening of the bones). High prolactin levels can also cause milk discharge from the breasts. […] Males — When a high blood prolactin concentration interferes with the function of the testicles, the production of testosterone (the main male sex hormone) and sperm production decrease. Low testosterone causes decreased energy, sex drive, muscle mass and strength, and blood count (anemia). If levels remain low for several years, bone strength may decrease (osteoporosis). High levels of prolactin in the blood also cause difficulty in getting an erection, as well as breast tenderness and enlargement.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958

  Prolactinoma might not cause any signs or symptoms. However, too much prolactin in your blood (hyperprolactinemia) can cause symptoms. So can pressure on surrounding tissues from a large tumor. […] Because too much prolactin can disrupt the reproductive system (hypogonadism), some of the signs and symptoms of a prolactinoma are specific to females or males. […] In females, prolactinoma can cause: Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause: Erectile dysfunction, Decreased body and facial hair, Smaller muscles, Enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause: Infertility, Weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), Loss of interest in sexual activity.

• #3 Prolactinoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/prolactinoma

  Men may have: Reduced fertility. Difficulty having an erection (erectile dysfunction). Reduced sex drive (libido). Breast enlargement (called gynaecomastia). Very rarely, leakage of milk from the breasts. […] Prolactinomas which are large may press on the brain or nearby nerves (the nearest nerves are the optic nerves which go to the eye). Some prolactinomas can get bigger during pregnancy. Larger prolactinomas may cause symptoms such as: Headache. Eye symptoms – you may get reduced vision or double vision. […] Rarely, the prolactinoma may press on the rest of the pituitary gland, stopping it from producing other hormones. This can cause symptoms such as tiredness, fainting, low blood pressure, low blood sugar or collapse. […] Large prolactinomas may cause complications if they grow and press on the structures nearby: the pituitary gland, the brain and the nerves to the eye. If untreated, the pressure might eventually lead to nasty side-effects such loss of vision, other hormone problems (which could cause severe illness) or severe headaches.

• #3 Prolactinoma & Hyperprolactinemia | Symptoms, Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/hyperprolactinemia-prolactinoma

  Prolactinoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor of the pituitary gland that causes hyperprolactinemia. […] This tumor causes a condition called hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by an increased production of the hormone prolactin. […] If the tumor grows, it may place pressure on the brain and cause: Headache, Fatigue, Nausea and/or vomiting, Nasal drainage accompanied by complications with sense of smell, Visual disturbances such as drooping eyelid or double vision. […] Prolactinoma in women may cause: Infertility and changes in the menstrual cycle, Milky discharge from the breasts (when not breastfeeding), Vaginal dryness, Acne, Excess growth in body and facial hair. […] Prolactinoma in men may cause: Erectile dysfunction, Enlargement of the breasts, Decreased muscle mass, Decreased facial and body hair.

• #3 Hyperprolactinemia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22284-hyperprolactinemia

  Hyperprolactinemia can cause infertility and other issues that can impact your quality of life. […] Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia can include: low bone mass, infertility, low sex drive, irregular periods and more. […] For anyone, hyperprolactinemia can cause the following symptoms: Infertility, Loss of interest in sex (low libido), Low bone mass (osteopenia), Milky discharge from your nipples when not pregnant or breastfeeding (galactorrhea). […] For women, symptoms of hyperprolactinemia include: Changes in menstruation not related to menopause, like irregular periods or no periods, Pain during penetrative sex due to vaginal dryness. […] For men, common symptoms of hyperprolactinemia include: Erectile dysfunction (ED), Low levels of testosterone, Enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia). […] Although hyperprolactinemia isn’t life-threatening, it can cause certain issues like infertility and irregular periods.

• #3 Prolactinoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22007-prolactinoma

  Left untreated, high prolactin levels can also lead to osteopenia and/or osteoporosis. […] If the prolactinoma is large (macroprolactinoma), it may also cause the following symptoms: Headaches, Nausea and/or vomiting, Vision changes, like double vision or decreased peripheral vision, Sinus pain or pressure, Problems with your sense of smell (dysosmia). […] Females often notice symptoms earlier due to changes in their periods or milky nipple discharge. […] The prognosis (outlook) for someone with prolactinoma is generally good. Medication (dopamine agonists) shrinks small prolactinoma tumors and brings prolactin levels back to normal for 4 out of 5 people receiving this treatment. […] Prolactinoma surgery is also often successful. When an experienced surgeon performs the surgery, it corrects prolactin levels in about 90% of people with small tumors and in 50% of those who have large tumors.

• #3 Prolactinoma Treatment – Expert Guidance

  https://pituitarysociety.org/prolactinoma/

  Prolactinomas come to attention because of the effect of elevated prolactin on the reproductive system and/or the size of the tumor. A very large tumor may cause pressure on the optic nerves or nearby brain tissue, leading to headaches and/or vision problems. […] High levels of prolactin made by the tumor interfere with the ability of the ovaries to make estrogen. When estrogen levels are low, women will have absent or irregular menstrual periods, low sex drive, vaginal dryness, and difficulty achieving a pregnancy. Because of the effect of elevated prolactin levels on breast tissue, women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding frequently experience a milky breast discharge. This condition is called GALACTORRHEA. […] Women with prolactinomas will rarely have headaches, visual symptoms, or other complaints related to tumor size because most prolactinomas in women are small and often do not progressively increase in size.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prolactinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20376958?_escaped_fragment_=&p=1

  A prolactinoma might not cause any signs or symptoms. However, too much prolactin in your blood (hyperprolactinemia) can cause symptoms. So can pressure on surrounding tissues from a large tumor. […] In females, prolactinoma can cause: Irregular menstrual periods or no menstrual periods, Milky discharge from the breasts when not pregnant or breastfeeding, Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness, Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth. […] In males, prolactinoma can cause: Erectile dysfunction, Decreased body and facial hair, Smaller muscles, Enlarged breasts. […] In both females and males, prolactinoma can cause: Infertility, Weak and brittle bones that break easily (osteoporosis), Loss of interest in sexual activity. […] Pressure from tumor growth can cause: Vision problems, Headache, Reduction of other hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland. […] Often, prolactinomas in men and postmenopausal women are discovered when the tumor grows large enough to compress surrounding structures. This causes symptoms including: Vision loss. This occurs when macroadenomas grow upward into the brain cavity, compressing the optic chiasm. […] Increased compression of the normal gland can cause hormone insufficiency, called hypopituitarism. The symptoms depend upon which hormone is involved. […] More severe hypopituitarism can lead to hypothyroidism or abnormally low cortisol levels, causing: Appetite loss, Weight loss or gain, Fatigue and decreased energy, Decreased mental function, Dizziness, Joint pain. […] If severe, this can be life threatening. […] Rarely, pituitary apoplexy may occur. This is when acute bleeding into the tumor occurs, causing a sudden headache, visual loss, double vision and/or pituitary failure. Immediate medical attention is usually required.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion Iconphone iconSecond Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/prolactinoma/

  In women, prolactinoma symptoms can look like: […] In men, prolactinoma symptoms can look like: […] It’s possible to have a prolactinoma but not to show any symptoms. […] As a whole, women tend to report their symptoms earlier than men because their symptoms are more outwardly observable—abrupt changes to their menstrual cycle or discharge from their breasts when they’re not pregnant or breastfeeding. […] With the proper treatment, the prognosis for those with prolactinoma is very promising. […] Medication or surgery generally normalizes prolactin levels, reduces tumor size, and alleviates symptoms. […] However, to prevent recurrence and monitor for complications, ongoing monitoring of prolactinomas is recommended.

• #3 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor (adenoma) that produces an excessive amount of the hormone prolactin. Prolactinomas are the most common type of hormonally-active pituitary tumor. […] The symptoms caused by a prolactinoma depend upon several factors, including gender and age. Prolactinomas are rare in children; when they occur, they may cause headache and weight gain. […] Prolactinoma symptoms in premenopausal women: Small increases in prolactin cause irregular menstrual periods or complete loss of menses. Because of this noticeable symptom, prolactinomas in premenopausal women are often diagnosed early, when the tumors are small in size. […] It is unusual for a prolactinoma to progress to a large size in premenopausal women. If it does grow in size, it may cause hypopituitarism, visual losses and headache.

• #3 Prolactinoma Symptoms & Treatment | PNI Pituitary Disorders

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/pituitary-disorders/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma/

  Prolactinomas are common pituitary adenomas that cause excess prolactin production. […] The excess prolactin leads to unique symptoms, such as irregular menstrual periods in women, reduced libido in men, and possible infertility in both genders. […] In most women, prolactinomas are detected when they are smaller (microadenomas) and the prolactin level is moderately elevated (50-300 ng/ml). A relatively small elevation in prolactin will cause irregular menstrual periods or amenorrhea and galactorrhea. […] In contrast, in men prolactinomas are typically detected when they are larger (macroadenomas), with prolactin levels over 500-1000 ng/ml. Most men with a prolactinoma have some degree of pituitary failure (Hypopituitarism), especially hypogonadism. […] Women and men also typically have a reduced sex drive (decreased libido) and weight gain. With larger tumors, headaches and visual loss (from compression of the optic nerves or optic chiasm) can occur. A minority of patients with large tumors may have hemorrhage into a tumor (pituitary apoplexy) causing rapid onset of headache, visual loss, double vision, and pituitary failure.

• #3 Prolactinoma | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20376943/

  Complications of prolactinoma may include infertility, bone loss (osteoporosis), pregnancy complications, vision loss, and low levels of other pituitary gland hormones. […] A prolactinoma can interfere with reproduction. Too much prolactin reduces the production of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Too much prolactin also can prevent the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle (anovulation) in females. In males, too much prolactin also can lead to decreased sperm production. […] Reduced estrogen and testosterone also cause decreased bone strength. This results in weak and brittle bones that can break easily. […] Left untreated, a prolactinoma may grow large enough to press on your optic nerve. This nerve sits near the pituitary gland. The nerve sends images from your eye to your brain so that you can see. The first sign of pressure on the optic nerve is a loss of your side (peripheral) vision.

• #3 Prolactinoma – THAIS ALIABADI MD

  https://www.draliabadi.com/womens-health-blog/prolactinoma/

  The pituitary gland controls many other hormones in addition to prolactin. With larger tumors, pressure on the normal pituitary gland can cause dysfunction of other hormones controlled by the pituitary, resulting in hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and growth hormone deficiency. […] During a normal pregnancy, the production of estrogen increases. If you are pregnant and have a large prolactinoma, these high levels of estrogen may cause tumor growth and associated signs and symptoms, such as headaches and changes in vision. […] A prolactinoma may grow large enough to block the optic nerve, leading to vision loss.

• #3

• #3 Prolactinomas | Pituitary Network Association – International non-profit organization for patients with pituitary tumors and disorders

  https://pituitary.org/disorders/prolactinomas/

  The diagnosis of a prolactinoma is confirmed by demonstrating persistently elevated blood levels of prolactin. A prolactin level of over 150-200 ng/ml is almost always due to a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma. […] In general, the first line of treatment for patients with a prolactinoma is medical rather than surgical. Approximately 80% of patients will have their prolactin levels restored to normal with dopamine agonist therapy. The most commonly used agents are bromocriptine (Parlodel) or cabergoline (Dostinex). Most women also have a return of menses and many become fertile again. The size of the prolactinoma will be reduced in the majority of patients to varying degrees, which often results in improved vision and resolution of headaches. […] Patients with macro-prolactinomas may have acute hemorrhage into the tumor (pituitary apoplexy) causing relatively sudden onset of headache, visual loss, double vision, and/or pituitary failure. Urgent transsphenoidal surgery is generally required for such patients.

• #3 Prolactinoma | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary adenoma a noncancerous tumor on the pea-size pituitary gland. A prolactinoma causes the body to make too much prolactin, a hormone. […] Some symptoms are related to high levels of prolactin. Others, such as vision problems, are linked to a tumor pressing on an optic nerve. […] Women may have: Production of breast milk when not pregnant or nursing, Menstrual changes, such as irregular periods or no periods, Infertility, Reduced sex drive, Headaches, Vision problems. […] Men may have: Headaches, Vision problems, Impotence, Infertility, Decreased interest in sex. […] Untreated, a prolactinoma can cause: Reduced hormone production if the tumor presses on the pituitary gland, which may lead to symptoms such as weight loss or fatigue, Osteoporosis (brittle, fragile bones), Pregnancy complications. […] Prolactinomas can come back within five years. We will monitor you, especially if you had a large prolactinoma. Our research shows that these tumors can be especially aggressive in men.

• #4 Prolactinoma – Pituitary & Skull Base Tumor | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/prolactinoma

  Prolactinomas in men are often very large, and may invade structures adjacent to the normal pituitary gland. […] Often, prolactinomas in men and postmenopausal women are discovered when the tumor grows large enough to compress surrounding structures. This causes symptoms including: Vision loss. This occurs when macroadenomas grow upward into the brain cavity, compressing the optic chiasm. […] Increased compression of the normal gland can cause hormone insufficiency, called hypopituitarism. The symptoms depend upon which hormone is involved. […] More severe hypopituitarism can lead to hypothyroidism or abnormally low cortisol levels, causing: Appetite loss, Weight loss or gain, Fatigue and decreased energy, Decreased mental function, Dizziness, Joint pain. […] If severe, this can be life threatening. […] Rarely, pituitary apoplexy may occur. This is when acute bleeding into the tumor occurs, causing a sudden headache, visual loss, double vision and/or pituitary failure. Immediate medical attention is usually required.

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