Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly – misshapen head

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Plagiocephaly_and_brachycephaly_-_misshapen_head/

  Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly are common conditions where a babys head is misshapen. […] Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly may change a babys physical appearance, but they do not affect brain growth. […] Plagiocephaly is a condition where a babys head is flat on one side. It causes the head to appear misshapen or uneven. Plagiocephaly is common and does not affect brain growth. If left untreated, it may change a babys physical appearance by causing their face and head to grow unevenly. […] Brachycephaly is where the back of a babys head is flat. Like plagiocephaly, brachycephaly does not affect brain growth. However, it may change a babys physical appearance. […] There are many reasons why a baby may develop plagiocephaly or brachycephaly. Some babies are born with a misshapen head because of their position in the womb during pregnancy, while others develop a misshapen head after birth.

• #2 Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly (flat head syndrome)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/plagiocephaly-brachycephaly/

  Babies sometimes develop a flattened head when they’re a few months old, usually as a result of them spending a lot of time lying on their back. […] The skull is made up of plates of bone that strengthen and join together as a child gets older. […] A young baby’s skull is still relatively soft and can change shape if there’s constant pressure on a particular part of their head. […] Occasionally, a flattened head can be caused by the plates of the skull joining together too early. This is known as craniosynostosis. […] If your baby has difficulty turning their head, physiotherapy may help loosen and strengthen their neck muscles. […] Corrective surgery may be needed if they have craniosynostosis.

• #3 Plagiocephaly vs Brachycephaly | The Key Differences

  https://www.technologyinmotion.com/blog/key-differences-plagiocephaly-brachycephaly

  Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly are two of the most common types of flat head syndrome diagnosed every year in the UK. […] Brachycephaly refers to a head shape that is disproportionately wide compared to the depth. […] If your baby has brachycephaly, at about eight weeks, you may notice that the flattening appears across the back of the skull, causing the head shape to appear much wider than usual. […] Brachycephaly is usually seen in the first few months of a baby’s life when the skull is still soft, malleable and susceptible to external pressures. […] Plagiocephaly is the most common type of flat head syndrome and refers to an asymmetrical head shape with a flattening to one side of the head. […] The most common form of plagiocephaly is diagnosed as positional plagiocephaly. […] Classifying the severity of plagiocephaly can be difficult without carrying out a clinical assessment.

• #4 Plagiocephaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564334/

  Plagiocephaly is defined as an asymmetric shape of the head due to unilateral flattening. The term flathead can be used as a synonym. Plagiocephaly can be categorized into synostotic or deformational types. […] The International Classification of Diseases defines isolated synostotic plagiocephaly as a form of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis characterized by premature fusion of one coronal or lambdoid suture leading to skull deformity and facial asymmetry. Unilateral coronal synostosis produces anterior plagiocephaly. Premature fusion of lambdoid suture causes synostotic posterior plagiocephaly. Deformational plagiocephaly is due to intrauterine or postnatal deformational forces. Deformational plagiocephaly is also known as positional plagiocephaly. […] The etiology of craniosynostosis can be multifactorial due to intrinsic bone abnormalities, genetic mutations, and environmental factors. Craniosynostosis can be associated with metabolic conditions such as hypophosphatemia, rickets, and hyperthyroidism, pre-term delivery, low birth weight, exposure to teratogens, valproic acid, and shunted hydrocephalus.

• #5

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/Cleft-Craniofacial/Pages/Positional-Skull-Deformities-and-Torticollis.aspx

  A baby’s skull has soft, bony plates that haven’t yet fused together. The bony plates can move a bit, which helps the baby’s head to pass through the birth canal. The plates also allow room for the brain to grow during the first year of life. […] There are many things that can cause a positional skull deformity, such as: […] Deformational brachycephaly is when the head is symmetrically (evenly) flat in the back and wide from side to side. The bone above the ears might seem to stick out. This is often seen in babies who spend a lot of time on their backs and do not get enough tummy time. […] Deformational plagiocephaly is when the head is asymmetrically (unevenly) flat in the back on one side. The forehead may be more prominent, causing the head to look like a parallelogram. The ear may also shift forward on the flat side. This is often seen in babies who prefer to sleep with their heads turned to one side and those with torticollis.

• #6 Flat head syndrome (positional plagiocephaly and brachycephaly)

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/healthaz/plastics/flat-head-syndrome-positional-plagiocephaly-and-brachycephaly/?hub=yourbaby&hubSite=https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/

  Flat head syndrome describes an atypical head shape that develops during a babys first year of life. The medical terms positional plagiocephaly and brachycephaly describe the location of the flatness. […] Flat head syndrome resulting from a positional preference does not affect how a baby’s brain develops. It can affect a baby’s appearance and cause the head and face to develop unevenly. […] During the first year of life, a babys skull is relatively soft and grows rapidly, reaching 85% of its adult size. This makes a baby’s head malleable, especially during the first few months of life, and prolonged pressure on one part of the skull can lead to flattening. […] Positional plagiocephaly and torticollis are closely associated with one another. […] A corrective helmet uses gentle holding pressures to reshape the skull over time as it redirects the heads growth into the areas that are flat.

• #7 Flat head syndrome (positional plagiocephaly and brachycephaly)

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/plagiocephaly

  Flat head syndrome describes an atypical head shape that develops during a babys first year of life. The medical terms positional plagiocephaly and brachycephaly describe the location of the flatness. […] Flat head syndrome resulting from a positional preference does not affect how a baby’s brain develops. It can affect a baby’s appearance and cause the head and face to develop unevenly. […] During the first year of life, a babys skull is relatively soft and grows rapidly, reaching 85% of its adult size. This makes a baby’s head malleable, especially during the first few months of life, and prolonged pressure on one part of the skull can lead to flattening. […] A baby with flat head syndrome may also have another condition called torticollis. Torticollis occurs when a muscle of the neck, called the sternocleidomastoid, is shorter (or tighter) on one side of the neck than the other.

• #8 A pediatric epidemic: Deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly and congenital muscular torticollis

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/pediatric-epidemic-deformational-plagiocephalybrachycephaly-and-congenital-muscular

  A pediatric epidemic is sweeping the country. The incidence of infant deformational plagiocephaly and brachycephaly (DPB) and congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) has been on an upward spiral since 1992 when the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) instituted the Back to Sleep campaign. Infants are spending more time supine and in reclined positions day and night and less time prone than in the past. We postulate that the widespread increase in DPB and CMT is multifactorial, including frequent use of and/or sleeping in reclined positioners and chairs such as bouncy seats, reclined rockers, swings, and car seats, and dramatically decreased tummy time. […] Deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly occurs from prolonged pressure on the baby’s skull in utero or soon after birth, causing an asymmetric (plagiocephaly) and/or wide (brachycephalic) head shape. The skull is soft and malleable until ossification begins at age 5 to 6 months. When a baby develops a preferred position, the skull will flatten in that area. If the misshapen area is unilateral, the ear, forehead, and cheek will shift anteriorly and impact cosmesis. If the misshapen area is bilateral, the back of the head will widen and may look tall or turricephalic. Incidence of DPB ranges from 18% to 19.7%.

• #9 Flat Head Syndrome is fast becoming a pediatric epidemic – Katy Birth Center Home

  https://katybirthcenter.com/natural-birth-learnings/flat-head-syndrome-is-fast-becoming-a-pediatric-epidemic/

  Deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly occurs from prolonged pressure on the babys skull in utero or soon after birth, causing an asymmetric (plagiocephaly) and/or wide (brachycephalic) head shape. […] The skull is soft and malleable until ossification begins at age 5 to 6 months. […] When a baby develops a preferred position, the skull will flatten in that area. […] If the misshapen area is unilateral, the ear, forehead, and cheek will shift anteriorly and impact cosmesis. […] If the misshapen area is bilateral, the back of the head will widen and may look tall or turricephalic. […] Incidence of DPB ranges from 18% to 19.7%. […] Congenital muscular torticollis occurs when the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle becomes shortened or restricted unilaterally. […] The head then turns to the opposite side and/or tilts downward to the same side, resulting in a preferred head position.

• #10 Plagiocephaly and Brachycephaly | Thames Valley Children’s Centre

  https://www.tvcc.on.ca/resource/plagiocephaly-and-brachycephaly

  Up until about 12 months of age a babys skull bones are very soft. […] During this time it is possible to improve head shape by using different strategies such as tummy time, exercises, and positional techniques. […] Some families choose to have a custom molded helmet which can help reshape the skull. […] Helmets are made by an orthotist. […] Starting these strategies early means a greater chance of improvement. […] Try to avoid putting pressure on the flat areas of your babys head when holding and carrying your baby. […] Discuss with a specialist if helmet therapy would be a good option for your baby.

• #11 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Flat Head Syndrome: Plagiocephaly, Brachycephaly, and Dolichocephaly | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-to-head-shape-flatness-in-infants-plagiocephaly

  Infant flat head syndrome is an atypical flattening or deformation of the skull that may present as: […] Plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, and dolichocephaly are different types of infant flat head syndrome. […] These shape types are caused by external forces on the baby’s head before or after birth. […] The main cause of flat head syndrome is the baby’s positioning within their environment. […] Physical therapists help determine the cause of the head flattening and the best treatment. […] The sooner a family sees a physical therapist, the better the chances of improving or preventing further head shape deformities. […] Plagiocephaly is the most common type of infant flat head syndrome. […] Brachycephaly is the second most common type of flat head syndrome. […] Dolichocephaly is the flattening of the head from side to side.

• #12 Quick & Easy Guide to Different Types of Flat Head Syndrome

  https://www.technologyinmotion.com/blog/a-quick-and-easy-guide-to-the-different-types-of-flat-head-syndrome

  Flat head syndrome is the umbrella term used to describe various conditions whereby a deformity in a head shape is present. […] One of the most commonly heard of variations of flat head syndrome is named plagiocephaly. This condition is characterised by an asymmetrical head shape, which many parents notice when their baby is around eight weeks of age. […] When looking down on a baby’s head, plagiocephaly can usually be identified as a flattening to the side of the skull behind the ear. Additionally, you might also see that the brow and the cheek on this side is pushed forward. […] A plagiocephaly head shape resembles a parallelogram whereby there is a flattening at the back on one side of the head and a bulging area on the same side at the front. […] Another type of flat head syndrome is known as brachycephaly, which shows as a wide head shape and a flattening across the back of the skull. The key difference between plagiocephaly and brachycephaly is that, unlike plagiocephaly, brachycephaly does not involve any asymmetry, rather just a wider head shape.

• #13 Brachycephaly – Treatment and Results

  https://www.plagiocefalia.com/en/brachycephaly/

  Positional brachycephaly is a cranial deformity consisting of a more or less symmetrical flattening of the entire back of the head. A baby is considered to have brachycephaly when the width (distance from ear to ear) of its skull exceeds 81% of its length (front to back). The head of these babies is shorter than normal, and to compensate, it can be wider when viewed from the front or taller when viewed from the side. In some cases the cranial index is very high, between 90 and 100, which gives rise to a practically square head. […] Infants with brachycephaly are usually hypotonic and have motor retardation. […] The treatment consists of using a custom-made orthopedic helmet to take advantage of the growth of the head and thus correct the deformity. […] The treatment has an average duration of 4 months. It is advisable to treat brachycephaly as early as possible.

• #14 Plagiocephaly, Positional Plagiocephaly, Flat Head Syndrome: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10691-plagiocephaly-flat-head-syndrome

  Positional plagiocephaly, or flat head syndrome, is a condition in which your infants head develops a flat spot or is misshapen. It usually affects one side of your babys head. This can make your babys head look abnormal or asymmetrical. […] Babies skulls are soft and somewhat moldable. And infants sleep on their backs for many hours every day. While sleeping, they may consistently turn their head to one side. […] If your baby sleeps with a turned head too often, the same section of their head may rest on a surface frequently. Regular pressure can flatten that section of your babys soft head. […] Some babies with plagiocephaly also have a condition called congenital muscular torticollis. It occurs when tightening in your infants neck muscles causes their head to twist and rotate to one side. Torticollis can be treated with physical therapy.

• #15 Cranial Asymmetry | Hanger Clinic

  https://hangerclinic.com/library/cranial-asymmetry/

  Brachycephaly generally appears as flattening across the back of the head with a prominent forehead, widening above the ears, and the height of the baby’s head may appear taller. […] Asymmetric brachycephaly is a combination of plagiocephaly and brachycephaly. It causes a baby to have flatness across the back of their head, which is worse on one side than the other. The baby’s head will also look wide from side to side, compared to the length. […] Scaphocephaly is typically observed as a long, narrow head shape. It is commonly seen in premature babies who spent time in the NICU or consistently rest on either side of the head. […] The majority of cranial asymmetries will correct on their own during the first weeks of life. However, a head shape that is not getting better, or may be getting worse, should be evaluated. […] Tummy time and repositioning are two important early interventions that may help a flattened head shape. […] A noninvasive custom cranial remolding orthosis, also known as a helmet, is recommended for babies with cranial asymmetries to improve the shape of the head.

• #16 Quick & Easy Guide to Different Types of Flat Head Syndrome

  https://www.technologyinmotion.com/blog/a-quick-and-easy-guide-to-the-different-types-of-flat-head-syndrome

  It is important to note that many babies with flat head syndrome have a combination of both plagiocephaly and brachycephaly, so the conditions can look very different between babies. […] Scaphocephaly is the term used to describe a long and thin head shape, and sometimes the ears are not aligned for babies with this condition. […] A scaphocephaly head shape can be caused by an early fusion of one or more of the sutures between the head bones. […] As the prevalence of flat head syndrome increased after the important back to sleep campaign in the 1990’s, the true effects of untreated flat head syndrome haven’t had a lot of coverage as many of that generation are still relatively young. However, it is truly important for parents to be aware of the effects of untreated conditions when deciding whether to opt for treatment or not. Our previous guide explains the long-term effects associated with plagiocephaly, which are also relevant to brachycephaly.

• #17 Flat Head Syndrome (Positional Plagiocephaly)

  https://www.theperfectnoggin.com/post/flat-head-syndrome-positional-plagiocephaly?srsltid=AfmBOoqPkXcgszhQwqztUTfzA6JcxOkKiNoyITVfLaEuQSZnNKPeCwgS

  Flat head syndrome occurs when a baby consistently rests their head in the same position. As the head grows, the area of contact with the bed becomes progressively flatter. This is analogous to how a pumpkin flattens as it grows in a field. When this is on one side of the head, this condition is termed plagiocephaly. When the flattening appears evenly across the back, it is termed brachycephaly. This condition occurs in approximately 30% of infants who are slept on their back and nearly all of this occurs during the first 4-5 months of life. After that age, the risk of head flattening diminishes greatly as the baby begins to move independently. […] Head flattening is primarily associated with sleep position and any condition that limits independent and full neck mobility. The most common cause is torticollis or tight neck muscles, a condition that arises in utero from fetal constraint. Other conditions that increase the risk of plagiocephaly are prematurity and developmental delay.

• #18 Flat head syndrome – London Neurosurgery Partnership

  https://lnpuk.com/flat-head-syndrome/

  Plagiocephaly is the flattening on one side of the baby’s head. This can be caused due to continued pressure on one side of the head and causes it to look asymmetrical. […] Brachycephaly is the flattening of the back of the head, resulting in a wider and shorter head. This can be caused when the baby is laying down on their back for a long period of time. […] The causes of these conditions do vary. Here are some of the reasons as to why babies can be born with or develop plagiocephaly or brachycephaly: Problems in the womb Due to increased pressure in the womb or a decrease in amniotic fluid, the baby may be a bit squashed with not much room to move around, which causes the skull to flatten. […] Premature babies can be vulnerable to flat head syndrome because their skulls are underdeveloped.

• #19 Neurodevelopmental Implications of “Deformational” Plagiocephaly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3393045/

  Over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in referrals to specialty clinics, craniofacial centers, plastic surgeons, and neurosurgeons for assessment and treatment of deformational plagiocephaly (DP). […] However, mechanisms to account for this association have not been hypothesized or empirically tested. […] We outline directions for research on incidence and prevalence, developmental outcomes, sex differences, determinants of treatment participation, and craniofacial appearance. […] Despite the paucity of existing research, preliminary findings suggest that children with this condition should be screened and monitored for developmental delays or deficits, as we await more conclusive information from future studies. […] DP is a descriptive diagnosis that is potentially relevant for a very heterogeneous group of children with cranial asymmetry. […] The etiology, by definition, relates to pre- or post-natal external forces (i.e., surfaces that the fetus/ infants head rests against) that are believed to mold and ultimately distort the shape of the infants skull. […] Other intrauterine factors that induce constraint and/or limit fetal mobility in utero include large fetal size, uterine anomalies, decreased amniotic fluid, and multiple gestation pregnancy; all of these factors have been associated with prenatal development of plagiocephaly.

• #20 Positional Plagiocephaly (Flat Head Syndrome) | Pediatric Neurosurgery | University Hospitals Rainbow & Children’s | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-neurosurgery/conditions-and-treatments/positional-plagiocephaly

  What is positional plagiocephaly? Also known as flat head syndrome, positional plagiocephaly is a condition in which an area of an infant’s head develops an abnormally flattened shape. […] A babys sleep position is the most common cause of a flattening of the head. […] When a flattening occurs at the back of the head, the condition is referred to as brachycephaly. […] Because their skulls are softer than those of full-term babies, premature babies are more likely to develop positional plagiocephaly than full-term newborns. […] Positional plagiocephaly can begin before birth if the presence of a twin or the mothers own pelvis creates abnormal pressure on the babys skull. […] Another cause of flat head syndrome is a neck condition called torticollis. […] Because babies with this condition have difficulty turning their heads, they tend to keep their heads in the same position when lying down. As such, torticollis sometimes leads to a flattening of the skull.

• #21 Baby Flat Head Syndrome (Plagiocephaly): Causes & Treatment

  https://www.momjunction.com/articles/flat-head-syndrome_00457821/

  The following are the reasons behind a flat head syndrome in babies: Prolonged sleeping/lying with the head in one position: Flat head can develop in babies sleeping on the side, with the head turned to one side. […] Intrauterine complications: An abnormal fetal position can also cause pressure and change the shape of the baby’s skull or cranial bones. […] Premature birth: Preterm infants have a much softer skull compared to full-term babies. […] Problems with neck muscles: A condition called torticollis in babies can cause the head to twist in one direction due to the contraction of neck muscles. […] Craniosynostosis: This congenital problem leads to the fusion of one or more skull bones. […] Assisted delivery techniques: In case there are complications during the birth process, the doctor might suggest using assisted delivery techniques such as vacuum delivery or forceps.

• #22 What is Deformational Plagiocephaly? (Flat Head Syndrome) – Starband

  https://starbandkids.com/blog/what-is-deformational-plagiocephaly-flat-head-syndrome/

  Deformational plagiocephaly (also known as Flat Head Syndrome) is an abnormal shape of a baby’s head caused by external forces. The baby’s head may appear to be misshapen or asymmetrical immediately after birth, or the abnormal shape may become noticeable in the first few months of life. […] There are several causes of deformational plagiocephaly, and some of them occur before the baby is even born. Restricted space inside the mother’s womb can create excessive contact in some regions of the baby’s head. This contact is often the cause of deformation in babies positioned in a breech position, cramped in utero due to multiple fetuses, or babies who spend excessive time with the head confined in the birth canal. […] Suppose your baby is diagnosed with deformational plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, or scaphocephaly and is between the ages of 3 and 18 months. In that case, your pediatrician or specialist may refer you to a practitioner who specializes in providing plagiocephaly helmet therapy. Each Starband cranial remolding orthosis is custom-made of plastic and foam to gently correct your baby’s head shape as they grow.

• #23

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=custom.ab_positional_plagio_brachycephaly_inst

  Head shape changes are common in babies. A flat area can develop quickly on your babys head in the first 4 months. Most often, flat spots develop from your baby lying with their head in the same position for long periods of time. The 2 most common changes to head shape are plagiocephaly and brachycephaly. […] If your baby has a flat spot on one side of the back of their head, this is called plagiocephaly. […] If your baby has a flat spot across the back of their head, this is called brachycephaly. […] A babys head shape may be affected by how the baby was positioned before they were born. It can also be affected by the birth process. These changes will usually resolve in the first few weeks following birth. […] Torticollis can also lead to a flat area on your babys head. Torticollis is a problem with your babys neck muscles that causes them to keep their head turned to one side.

• #24 Does your baby need helmet therapy? 5 facts about flat head syndrome | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/does-your-baby-need-helmet-therapy-5-facts-about-flat-head-syndrome

  Babies come in all different shapes and sizes. But if your infants head shape is giving you cause for concern, it may be plagiocephaly a condition where your baby has a flat spot or misshapen head. […] More often, an infant develops positional plagiocephaly because of the way their head is positioned during pregnancy, birth or infancy. […] The good news is that this common type of plagiocephaly, also called flat head syndrome, generally does not interfere with your childs development. And its highly treatable. […] Causes of positional plagiocephaly include: Birth complications, such as a difficult labor, the babys position in the birth canal or the use of forceps or vacuum during birth. […] According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, about 50% of children will develop positional plagiocephaly.

• #25 Flat Head Syndrome: When to Worry & What to Do | Growing Bones

  https://www.growingbones.com.au/my-baby-has-a-flat-spot-when-should-i-be-concerned/

  Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly are two of the most common types of flat head syndrome, affecting 48% of babies. […] Compensatory changes occur because your baby’s skull is soft and deforms to maintain the same volume for the growing brain. […] The most common cause of flat head syndrome is postural preferences after birth. […] Babies with symmetrical flattening (brachycephaly) also have a postural preference- however in these cases they don’t turn their head either way to sleep. […] Early support is required when a baby has a strong postural preference for example looking one way, that is not improving with general advice and repositioning. […] Plagiocephaly does not usually affect the development of a baby’s brain, but if left untreated it may change their physical appearance by causing uneven growth of their face and head. […] Positional Plagiocephaly or Brachycephaly develops because of a limited ability to move in a free and balanced way.

• #26 positional plagiocephaly/ flat head syndrome | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/patients-visitors/services/neurosurgery/about-us/conditions-we-treat/positional-plagiocephaly-flat

  Positional plagiocephaly is flattening or molding of an infants skull due to prolonged contact with external surfaces. […] Infants with flattening across the entire back of the head have a kind of plagiocephaly called brachycephaly. […] The use of these multi-purpose infant seats was found to be a risk factor for plagiocephaly. […] This is because the infant no longer needed to be repositioned. The infant stayed in the same position for prolonged periods of time during the day. […] Early referral to a neurosurgeon for evaluation and treatment is important. This is because the most rapid head growth occurs between birth and six months of age, followed by ages six months to 12 months. […] Helmet therapy is often used only when a case is moderate to severe. It’s also usually not considered useful after 12 months of age.

• #27 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Flat Head Syndrome: Plagiocephaly, Brachycephaly, and Dolichocephaly | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-to-head-shape-flatness-in-infants-plagiocephaly

  Since the early 1990s, the number of cases of flat head syndrome has grown dramatically. […] Major factors contributing to the increase include the following changes in the modern infant’s environment: […] Doctors and pediatric physical therapists began noticing changes in infant motor development. […] The following conditions also may be present with flat head syndrome: […] Head shape deformities, especially if left untreated, can lead to: […] Parents should be educated before and after the baby’s birth and encouraged to seek an evaluation with a pediatric physical therapist, especially if they notice head flattening before the pediatrician. […] Pediatric physical therapists have the expertise and experience to properly screen, evaluate, and diagnose posture and skeletal imbalances.

• #28 Plagiocephaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiocephaly

  Plagiocephaly, also known as flat head syndrome, is a condition characterized by an asymmetrical distortion (flattening of one side) of the skull. A mild and widespread form is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in a supine position for prolonged periods. […] Depending on whether synostosis is involved, plagiocephaly divides into two groups: synostotic, with one or more fused cranial sutures, and non-synostotic (deformational). […] The incidence of plagiocephaly has increased dramatically since the advent of anti-sudden infant death syndrome recommendations for parents to keep their babies on their backs. […] Plagiocephaly is associated with motor and language developmental delays. […] While developmental delay is more commonplace among babies with plagiocephaly, it cannot be inferred that plagiocephaly is the cause of the delay.

• #29 Plagiocephaly–Flat Head SyndromeCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/plagiocephaly-flat-head-syndrome

  Pressure against baby’s soft skull can change its shape, just like a ball of Silly Putty will flatten out on the bottom after you leave it on the table for a while. Most plagiocephaly cases can be traced back to the following: […] In 1994, the American Academy of Pediatrics launched the Back to Sleep campaign to encourage parents to put babies on their backs to sleep. This simple move cut the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome by more than 50 percent, saving thousands of babies lives—but it drastically increased the number of cases of flat head syndrome. “The nature of back-sleeping has the baby lying in a more static position than stomach-sleeping,” Cunningham says. “So these infants are at a greater risk of developing flattening.” […] With the exception of craniosynostosis, which restricts brain growth, plagiocephaly is usually temporary and typically doesn’t cause problems; the brain continues to grow normally, just in a different shape. Still, many parents would prefer to avoid plagiocephaly if possible.

• #30 What is flat head syndrome (plagiocephaly or brachycephaly)? | NCT

  https://www.nct.org.uk/information/baby-toddler/baby-and-toddler-health/what-flat-head-syndrome-plagiocephaly-or-brachycephaly

  Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly develop when constant pressure is placed on one side of the babys skull (GOSH, 2017). […] Until theyre about one, the bones of a babys head are very thin and flexible, which makes them soft and easy to mould (NHS, 2018). […] The mattresses babies lie on are also firmer and that combination is thought to have led to an increase in the number of babies with positional plagiocephaly (GOSH, 2017). […] Some researchers suggest plagiocephaly may be a marker of elevated risk of developmental delays (Martiniuk et al, 2017). […] And others agree that the relationship between abnormal neonatal cranial shape and early developmental delays isn’t very well understood.

• #31 Plagiocephaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564334/

  The incidence of anterior plagiocephaly is around one out of 10,000 live births. It occurs in 13% to 16% of children with craniosynostosis. The incidence of unilateral coronal craniosynostosis is four to seven times that of bilateral coronal synostosis. […] The principal differential diagnosis in plagiocephaly determines if it is deformational (positional) or synostotic due to a suture’s premature closure. Anterior plagiocephaly is due to coronal synostosis. Posterior plagiocephaly should be differentiated as synostotic or deformational. […] In deformational plagiocephaly, satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with conservative treatments if the treatments are initiated at an early stage of the disease. The plasticity of the skull is good in infancy. […] Surgical treatment is indicated in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis to reduce the morphologic abnormality, prevent increased ICP, and prevent psychosocial issues. Surgical aims are to achieve sufficient intracranial volume for brain growth and correct the skull’s shape.

• #32 Flat head syndrome – London Neurosurgery Partnership

  https://lnpuk.com/flat-head-syndrome/

  Sometimes due to babies constantly sleeping on their back, it can cause the head to become flat at the back because of the constant pressure when the baby is sleeping. […] Some babies can have tight neck muscles which can prevent them from turning their head, this can cause the head to flatten due to increased pressure on one side. […] Craniosynostosis is a birth defect where the fibrous joints in the baby’s skull close too early before the brain is fully formed. As the skull bones (sutures) have fused, the brain will still continue to grow and expand as the baby develops over which will lead to abnormal and misshapen appearance.

• #33 Plagiocephaly Treatment | Flat Head Helmet for BabiesVisit our FacebookVisit our InstagramVisit our TwitterVisit our LinkedInVisit our YouTube channelVisit our FacebookVisit our TwitterVisit our YouTube channelth-listclosechevron-downphonelinkedinfacebook

  https://njcraniofacialcenter.com/treatments/plagiocephaly-head-shape/

  „Plagiocephaly is derived from the Greek words plagios (oblique) and kephale (head) and refers to skull asymmetry that may be congenital or acquired.” […] „One condition that can cause babies to have a misshapen head is plagiocephaly, which occurs when babies have pressure on one side of their head.” […] „While plagiocephaly in kids can occur on its own, it often occurs in conjunction with another condition called brachycephaly.” […] „Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly are both types of deformational or positional plagiocephaly, which means they are caused by external forces acting on the head.” […] „Deformational or positional plagiocephaly is different from skull changes or abnormalities caused by craniosynostosis.” […] „Positional plagiocephaly is the most common type and occurs when babies spend extended periods lying in the same position.”

• #34 Flat head syndrome linked to motor, language and cognitive delays

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-01-flat-syndrome-linked-motor-language.html

  Babies with flat head syndrome may be at heightened risk of developmental delays, a new study has found. […] The study by Associate Professor Alexandra Martiniuk, from The George Institute for Global Health at the University of Sydney, is the first, rigorous systematic review examining the link between developmental delay and flat head, which affects one in every five babies. […] Associate Professor Martiniuk said: „Our study shows that positional plagiocephaly (or flat head) is associated with an increased risk of developmental delays, in particular motor skills.” […] The review of 19 papers published in the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics found: Delays in motor skills, language and cognition were detected in infants as young six months old and remained for up to 3 years.

• #35 Flattened head | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/flattened-head

  Occasionally, specialist treatment is necessary to treat a flattened head. Generally, assessment starts with a physiotherapist who will recommend active exercises and strategies on positioning to improve head shape. Sometimes referral to a paediatrician, plastic surgeon or orthotist is needed. […] A small number of babies (less than 1 in 10) with plagiocephaly will have a deformity of their head shape and need to be fitted with a helmet. Helmet therapy helps to reshape the skull by taking pressure off the flat area and allowing the skull to grow into the space provided. […] Plagiocephaly does not affect brain development. However, it can influence a babys appearance because of uneven growth of the face and head.

• #36 Frequently Asked Questions About Positional Plagiocephaly | Little Feet Therapy | Pediatric Occupational & Physical Therapy Clinic

  https://littlefeettherapy.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-positional-plagiocephaly/

  Plagiocephaly belongs to an umbrella category of conditions called infant flat head syndrome. […] Plagiocephaly is the most common form of infant flat head syndrome. […] With brachycephaly (also known as short head), the back of your babys head may appear shorter or wider. […] In craniosynostosis, however, your babys skull fuses earlier than they should. […] The symptoms of mild plagiocephaly are generally cosmetic in nature, and wont affect cognitive development. […] If left untreated, though, plagiocephaly can sometimes cause cognitive issues. […] Plagiocephaly is a very common condition that occurs in babies. […] If your baby does not receive treatment, their plagiocephaly symptoms may worsen. […] More severe cases of plagiocephaly may cause: feeding issues, a limited field of vision, issues with balance and coordination, delays in speech and language development, delays in gross motor skills development, delays in fine motor skills development, delays in thinking and learning skills development, ADHD. […] Cranial band therapy is also called helmet therapy. […] This helmet changes the shape of your babys skull. […] If physical therapy begins before your baby is 3 months old, their head is typically reshaped without a cranial band.

• #37 Neurodevelopmental Implications of “Deformational” Plagiocephaly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3393045/

  There are few data on the effects of DP on infants neurodevelopment or other outcomes, perhaps because the condition has been considered so benign. […] However, recent studies of children with single-suture synostoses (once regarded as having no functional significance) indicate significantly elevated risk for developmental delays and subsequent learning disorders. […] These findings have prompted investigators to reconsider the neurodevelopmental implications of DP, with initial studies tentatively suggesting that children with DP also have elevated risk of developmental delays or deficits. […] Taken together, the results of these studies very tentatively suggest that DP is associated with increased risk for developmental delay; however, a causal association should not be presumed. […] Although there may be adverse effects resulting from brain development in an asymmetric skull, it is also plausible that DP is merely a marker for other conditions that impede development (e.g., primary neuromuscular condition, environmental constraints).

• #38 Neurodevelopmental Implications of “Deformational” Plagiocephaly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3393045/

  At present, pathways 2 and 3, in which DP is conceptualized as a correlate or marker of neurodevelopmental problems but not a cause, seem the most plausible. […] The combination of pathways 2 and 3 is also possible, in which primary CNS dysfunction and environmental positioning limitations contribute to DP and associated motor delays or deficits. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has provided a number of recommendations regarding the prevention and medical management of DP, including infant positioning strategies, mechanical adjustments, exercises, and use of orthotic helmets. […] Given emerging data suggestive of at least mild neurodevelopmental problems among infants with DP, and the fact that early detection and educational and psychomotor interventions are highly successful in preventing or reducing the impact of developmental delays or deficits, infants meeting diagnostic criteria for DP should be routinely screened and monitored for neurodevelopmental problems.

• #39 Plagiocephaly And Cognitive Development – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/plagiocephaly-and-cognitive-development/

  Plagiocephaly, commonly known as flat head syndrome, is a condition which can develop in babies at a few months of age. The babys head is flattened, usually as a result of prolonged time spent lying down. The effects of this do not usually extend beyond physical appearance and last no longer than several months. However, there is a potential for the abnormal skull structure to either physically damage the underlying brain tissue or restrict its development. […] The links made between plagiocephaly and impaired cognitive development are mostly related to a type of plagiocephaly called craniosynostosis. Its effects can have lasting effects on vision, hearing, speech, feeding and learning. […] Craniosynostosis has a strong correlation with impaired cognitive development, as the premature closing of sutures means the solid skull restricts brain growth at an earlier stage than normal. As a result, the infant is unable to form additional neurons, and will not have as many as unaffected infants who continue to develop neurons until around 18 months old.

• #40 Plagiocephaly And Cognitive Development – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/plagiocephaly-and-cognitive-development/

  The importance of the function of the sutures in an infant’s skull explains why there is a stronger link to impaired cognitive development with craniosynostosis, than with positional plagiocephaly. […] In positional plagiocephaly, limited evidence suggests a link to impaired cognitive development. Links that have been made show that mild developmental delays are seen in infants and toddlers with positional plagiocephaly when compared to those unaffected, but the severity depends on the degree of their plagiocephaly as an infant. […] Plagiocephaly poses concerns for infants, as there are potential implications for cognitive development. The links made between positional plagiocephaly and impaired cognitive development are relatively weak compared to those with craniosynostosis. […] Considering the anatomical changes underpinning each of these conditions through early development, it can be seen that the increased risk with craniosynostosis stems from its characteristic premature closure of sutures in the brain.

• #41 A pediatric epidemic: Deformational plagiocephaly/brachycephaly and congenital muscular torticollis

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/pediatric-epidemic-deformational-plagiocephalybrachycephaly-and-congenital-muscular

  Congenital muscular torticollis occurs when the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle becomes shortened or restricted unilaterally. The head then turns to the opposite side and/or tilts downward to the same side, resulting in a preferred head position. It becomes difficult for the infant to independently alter head position, and prolonged pressure on the same area occurs when the infant is in a reclined position or sleeping. […] Additionally, DPB is strongly associated with CMT-as high as 70% to 95%. […] Lack of intervention or suggesting it will resolve once the baby is rolling and sitting is usually a fallacy. Conservative measures are most effective when the skull is still malleable prior to onset of ossification. If no improvement is observed by the 4-month well-child appointment, referral to a specialist is recommended. Early identification and treatment are critical. They can dramatically improve the patient’s course and provide the momentum to begin to minimize, and hopefully reverse, this epidemic.

• #42 Flat head syndrome (positional plagiocephaly and brachycephaly)

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/plagiocephaly

  Positional plagiocephaly and torticollis are closely associated with one another. […] If your baby has an asymmetric flattening, you should talk to your doctor about repositioning your baby while they are awake. This is called counter-positioning. […] A corrective helmet may be recommended if there is no change in your baby’s head shape with repositioning or if there is a high degree of flattening. […] To prevent your baby from developing a flattened skull, change their position often. Put your baby on their tummy to play several times a day.

• #43 Positional Plagiocephaly (Flat Head Syndrome) | Pediatric Neurosurgery | University Hospitals Rainbow & Children’s | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/rainbow/services/pediatric-neurosurgery/conditions-and-treatments/positional-plagiocephaly

  Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the flexible, fibrous joints (called sutures) that separate the plates of the babys skull close too early, causing problems with normal skull and brain growth. […] Correction of positional plagiocephaly at the clinic focuses on assessment, repositioning, physical therapy and helmet therapy. […] Most babies with positional plagiocephaly also have torticollis to a varying degree. […] In some cases, we will prescribe a special helmet to correct positional plagiocephaly. […] Positional Plagiocephaly does not affect the growth of child’s brain.

• #44 Plagiocephaly – Cranial Therapy Centers

  https://cranialtherapycenters.com/plagiocephaly/

  Plagiocephaly refers to the occurrence of a misshapen or asymmetrical head-shape. It is the most common variation of several related conditions. These include head shapes that are flat on one side resembling a parallelogram from above (plagiocephaly); long and narrow (scaphocephaly); and wide and flat back of head (brachycephaly). […] These conditions typically occur in infants, and can be caused by a restrictive intrauterine environment during pregnancy, pressure exerted on the skull during birth, congenital muscular torticollis, or excessive positioning of the infant on its back. […] However, plagiocephaly most commonly occurs secondary to the presence of Torticollis or CMT, a condition in which difficulty turning the head causes an infant’s head to tilt to one side. […] Research on Plagio-Torticollis relationship has resulted with factual evidence resulting with as much as 70-80% of babies with plagiocephaly will present with torticollis as the primary cause of deformity. […] Moreover, recent studies suggest that plagiocephaly may contribute to developmental difficulties in vision, auditory processing, cerebral function, and dental function.

• #45 Flat Head Syndrome is fast becoming a pediatric epidemic – Katy Birth Center Home

  https://katybirthcenter.com/natural-birth-learnings/flat-head-syndrome-is-fast-becoming-a-pediatric-epidemic/

  It becomes difficult for the infant to independently alter head position, and prolonged pressure on the same area occurs when the infant is in a reclined position or sleeping. […] Also, CMT may develop prenatally due to restricted intrauterine positioning, during delivery, or because of DPB or other external forces. […] This strains the SCM and surrounding neck musculature causing cervical muscle imbalance and positional preference. […] The 2 diagnoses usually occur together, creating a synergistic effect. […] Additionally, DPB is strongly associated with CMT as high as 70% to 95%. […] In the United States, CMT is the third-most common orthopedic diagnosis in infants. […] Like DPB, its incidence has increased, with a reported range of 0.4% to 1.9% in earlier studies. […] A rate as high as 16% was reported by 2008.

• #46 Flat Head Syndrome is fast becoming a pediatric epidemic – Katy Birth Center Home

  https://katybirthcenter.com/natural-birth-learnings/flat-head-syndrome-is-fast-becoming-a-pediatric-epidemic/

  Also, CMT has been associated with comorbidities including DPB, facial asymmetries, mandibular asymmetry (MA), developmental hip dysplasia, and gross motor skill asymmetries. […] A course of PT successfully resolves 90% to 99% of CMT. […] The physical therapist evaluates the patients neck, spine, hips, feet, and provides gross motor skill screening. […] If the infant has CMT, parents and/or guardians are educated about it, taught exercises to begin immediately, and counseled on initiating PT services via outpatient or early intervention (Birth-to-3). […] Up to 99% of CMT resolves with PT and less than 0% to 1% requires surgical intervention. […] The epidemic of DPB and CMT has caused a significant financial burden on the healthcare system, especially when HT is used. […] As the majority of infants are referred too late to institute conservative measures, HT becomes the only option, one that we estimate costs $3.6 million at our center for approximately 900 patients per year. […] We propose, however, that AR and PT initiated early enough have the potential to be as effective as HT in addressing DPB.

• #47 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Flat Head Syndrome: Plagiocephaly, Brachycephaly, and Dolichocephaly | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-to-head-shape-flatness-in-infants-plagiocephaly

  Your child’s physical therapist will conduct a full evaluation. […] Early caregiver education will include tips for proper positioning and ways to create movement opportunities for your baby. […] Correct positioning and regularly changing a baby’s environment are keys to preventing acquired (after birth) flat head syndrome. […] The sooner a baby sees a pediatric physical therapist, the more likely it is to prevent further loss of range of motion or a worsening of the flattened skull. […] Families and caregivers should seek early screening of their newborns for any neck range of motion problems and a flat spot on the baby’s skull. […] All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat a variety of conditions, including infant flat head syndrome.

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