Opóźniony fazowy sen
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Opóźniony fazowy sen (DSPD) to przewlekłe zaburzenie rytmu okołodobowego charakteryzujące się przesunięciem głównego okresu snu, co skutkuje trudnościami w zasypianiu i budzeniu się o społecznie akceptowalnych porach. Diagnostyka powinna uwzględniać precyzyjny pomiar fazy okołodobowej, np. opóźnienie początku wydzielania melatoniny (DLMO), które można przewidzieć z wykorzystaniem modeli regresji opartych na ekspozycji na światło, wieku, płci i chronotypie. W badaniu klinicznym 57% pacjentów z DSPD miało prawdziwe opóźnienie fazy okołodobowej, co wiązało się z większą podatnością na depresję. Leczenie wymaga podejścia wieloczynnikowego, obejmującego strategiczne podawanie melatoniny, terapię światłem po przebudzeniu oraz terapię poznawczo-behawioralną ukierunkowaną na bezsenność (CBT-I), szczególnie po osiągnięciu docelowego przyspieszenia fazy. Warto podkreślić, że DSPD często współwystępuje z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, takimi jak ADHD, ASD, zaburzenia afektywne i OCD, co komplikuje obraz kliniczny i wymaga kompleksowego podejścia terapeutycznego.

Wprowadzenie do opóźnionego fazowego snu

Opóźniony fazowy sen (ang. Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, DSPD lub Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder, DSWPD) jest najczęściej występującym zaburzeniem rytmu okołodobowego snu i czuwania. Charakteryzuje się przesunięciem głównego okresu snu, co powoduje trudności z zasypianiem i budzeniem się o społecznie akceptowalnych porach.12 Często bywa mylony z bezsennością z trudnościami z zasypianiem, choć mechanizm powstawania tych zaburzeń jest odmienny.3

Warto zaznaczyć, że DSPD nie jest przejściowym stanem, ale przewlekłym zaburzeniem, które nie ustępuje samoistnie i wymaga ciągłego leczenia.4 U wielu pacjentów z DSPD występują również współistniejące problemy ze zdrowiem psychicznym, co może komplikować obraz kliniczny i wpływać na skuteczność leczenia.5

Prognoza i przebieg długoterminowy

Długoterminowe wskaźniki sukcesu leczenia DSPD były rzadko poddawane systematycznej ocenie. Doświadczeni klinicyści przyznają, że opóźniony fazowy sen jest niezwykle trudny do leczenia.6 Główną trudnością w terapii DSPD jest utrzymanie wcześniejszego harmonogramu snu po jego ustaleniu.7

Niektórzy pacjenci z DSPD, mimo wieloletniego leczenia, nie są w stanie dostosować się do wcześniejszych godzin snu.8 Część osób z tym zaburzeniem drzemie w ciągu dnia, nawet przyjmując 4-5 godzin snu rano i 4-5 wieczorem, co stanowi mechanizm adaptacyjny, ale nie rozwiązuje problemu zaburzonego rytmu okołodobowego.9

Przewidywanie prognozy w oparciu o markery biologiczne

Badania wykazały, że dokładny pomiar fazy okołodobowej jest istotny dla diagnozy i odpowiedniego leczenia DSPD w warunkach klinicznych. Modelowanie oparte na informacjach o ekspozycji na światło i wzorcach snu i czuwania może dostarczyć stosunkowo dokładnych szacunków fazy okołodobowej u nawet 75% pacjentów.10 Modele dynamiczne i statystyczne wykazują dobrą użyteczność jako narzędzia przesiewowe w DSPD i wykorzystują informacje, które są już rutynowo zbierane w podejściach diagnostycznych dla zaburzeń rytmu okołodobowego snu.11

W szczególności, model regresji wykorzystujący średnią ekspozycję na światło podczas faz opóźnienia i przyspieszenia ludzkiej krzywej odpowiedzi fazowej (PRC), w połączeniu z płcią, wiekiem, godzinami snu/czuwania i chronotypem, pozwala przewidzieć opóźnienie początku wydzielania melatoniny (DLMO) znacznie dokładniej niż przy użyciu samych czasów snu/budzenia.12 To sugeruje, że przewidywanie fazy okołodobowej na podstawie danych dotyczących ekspozycji na światło jest skuteczną techniką poprawiającą badania przesiewowe, diagnozę i leczenie DSPD.13

Wpływ na osiągnięcia akademickie i zawodowe

Badania wskazują na wyraźny związek między nieregularnymi harmonogramami snu a opóźnionym rytmem okołodobowym i niższymi osiągnięciami akademickimi.14 U studentów z nieregularnym harmonogramem snu/czuwania obserwuje się znaczące opóźnienie fazy okołodobowej w czasie wydzielania endogennej melatoniny oraz w rytmie skłonności do snu, odpowiadające podróży przez dwie do trzech stref czasowych na zachód w porównaniu do studentów z bardziej regularnym harmonogramem snu/czuwania.15

Regularność snu jest pozytywnie skorelowana z wynikami akademickimi.16 To sugeruje, że interwencje oparte na świetle mogą być skuteczne w leczeniu nieregularnego snu w tej populacji.17

W życiu zawodowym, pacjenci z DSPD często są błędnie diagnozowani lub etykietowani jako leniwi i niekompetentni pracownicy przez wiele lat, zanim otrzymają właściwą diagnozę.18 Błędne diagnozowanie zaburzeń rytmu okołodobowego snu jako stanów psychiatrycznych powoduje znaczny stres u pacjentów i ich rodzin oraz prowadzi do niewłaściwego przepisywania leków psychoaktywnych niektórym pacjentom.19

Czynniki wpływające na prognozę

Podtypy DSPD i ich znaczenie prognostyczne

Badania kliniczne ujawniły, że nie wszyscy pacjenci z DSPD mają opóźnioną fazę okołodobową. Niedawne australijskie badanie na próbie klinicznej 182 pacjentów z DSPD wykazało, że tylko 57% miało prawdziwe opóźnienie fazy.20 U wielu pacjentów występuje opóźniony epizod snu z normalnie dostosowanym i zsynchronizowanym czasem okołodobowym.21

Co istotne, pacjenci z prawdziwym okołodobowym DSPD (opóźnionym wydzielaniem melatoniny) są bardziej podatni na depresję niż osoby z nie-okołodobowym DSPD.22 Ta różnica między podtypami może mieć istotne implikacje dla prognozy i odpowiedzi na leczenie.

Choroby współistniejące i ich wpływ na rokowanie

Do skutecznego leczenia DSPD konieczne jest podejście wieloczynnikowe, które uwzględnia początkowe przyspieszenie fazy (inicjację), następnie utrzymanie fazy (podtrzymanie) oraz należyte uwzględnienie innych zaburzeń, które mogą być związane z problemem lub go zaostrzać, w szczególności ADHD, zaburzenia ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD), zaburzenia afektywne i zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjne (OCD).23

Leczenie współistniejącej bezsenności jest również bardzo ważne, a pacjenci mogą odnieść korzyści z terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej ukierunkowanej na bezsenność po osiągnięciu docelowego przyspieszenia fazy.24

Opcje terapeutyczne i ich wpływ na długoterminowe wyniki

Stosowanie melatoniny

Grupa zadaniowa (TF) sugeruje, aby klinicyści leczyli DSPD u dorosłych z depresją i bez strategicznie podawaną melatoniną (w porównaniu z brakiem leczenia).25 Podobnie, TF sugeruje stosowanie strategicznie podawanej melatoniny u dzieci i młodzieży z DSPD (bez chorób współistniejących) oraz u dzieci i młodzieży z DSPD współistniejącym z zaburzeniami psychicznymi.26

Choć melatonina jest tradycyjnie głównym i prawdopodobnie najlepiej opisanym leczeniem DSPD, jej stosowanie rzadko jest systematycznie przepisywane lub przestrzegane.27 W literaturze medycznej można znaleźć kilka badań dotyczących skuteczności melatoniny w leczeniu DSPD, w tym meta-analizy oraz badania oceniające długoterminową skuteczność.28

Terapia światłem

TF sugeruje, aby klinicyści leczyli dzieci i młodzież z DSPD terapią światłem po przebudzeniu w połączeniu z leczeniem behawioralnym (w porównaniu z brakiem leczenia).29 Badania wykazały, że interwencje oparte na świetle mogą być skuteczne w leczeniu zaburzeń snu związanych z nieregularnym rytmem okołodobowym.30

Istnieją również doniesienia o skuteczności połączonego leczenia jasnym światłem i melatoniną w DSPD, choć liczba wysokiej jakości badań klinicznych jest ograniczona.31

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna ukierunkowana na bezsenność (CBT-I) może być skutecznym uzupełnieniem leczenia DSPD, szczególnie po osiągnięciu docelowego przyspieszenia fazy.32 Przeprowadzono badania nad CBT jako leczeniem uzupełniającym do terapii światłem w DSPD u młodych dorosłych, choć są to głównie badania wykonalności.33

Jeśli pacjenci czują się rozstrojeni z powodu braku snu, zaleca się rozmowę z lekarzem, który może zalecić dodatkowe leczenie, takie jak udział w terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej.34

Adaptacja społeczna i zawodowa

W przypadku pacjentów cierpiących na niepełnosprawność związaną z zaburzeniami rytmu okołodobowego, zaleca się zaakceptowanie faktu, że cierpią na trwałą niepełnosprawność, a ich jakość życia może się poprawić tylko wtedy, gdy są gotowi poddać się rehabilitacji.35

W Stanach Zjednoczonych Ustawa o Amerykanach z Niepełnosprawnościami (Americans with Disabilities Act) wymaga, aby pracodawcy wprowadzali rozsądne udogodnienia dla pracowników z zaburzeniami snu.36 Dla wielu pacjentów sama diagnoza DSPD jest przełomem zmieniającym życie, ponieważ dostarcza wyjaśnienia dla ich trudności i otwiera drogę do odpowiedniego leczenia.37

Trendy w badaniach i przyszłe kierunki

Istnieje coraz więcej dowodów na to, że oprócz problemów z cyklem okołodobowym, procesy homeostazy snu faktycznie różnią się u pacjentów z DSPD w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną.38 Ma to naturalnie konsekwencje dla postępowania terapeutycznego, ale także dla obecnego podejścia do patogenezy, w którym DSPD jest uważane za czyste zaburzenie okołodobowe.39

Brakuje wieloskalowych randomizowanych badań kontrolowanych w populacjach pacjentów, dlatego istnieje niewiele dowodów klinicznych, które mogłyby kierować najlepszymi praktykami w zarządzaniu tym zaburzeniem.40 Przyszłe badania powinny skupić się na lepszym zrozumieniu mechanizmów leżących u podstaw DSPD oraz opracowaniu skuteczniejszych interwencji terapeutycznych.

Pojawiły się również interesujące doniesienia o przypadkach rozwiązania DSPD podczas pandemii, co sugeruje, że zmiana warunków społecznych i zawodowych może mieć istotny wpływ na przebieg zaburzenia.41

Wnioski końcowe

Większość osób z opóźnionym fazowym snem ma pozytywne rokowanie, jeśli są w stanie przestrzegać planu leczenia, aby dostosować swój harmonogram snu do pożądanego.42 Jednak nieleczony DSPD może mieć znaczący wpływ na codzienne życie.43

Opóźniony fazowy sen jest stosunkowo powszechnym zaburzeniem snu z wyraźnymi powiązaniami i namacalnymi, prawdopodobnymi mechanizmami patofizjologicznymi.44 Ścisły harmonogram i dobra higiena snu są niezbędne do utrzymania pozytywnych efektów leczenia.45

Nieregularne wzorce snu/czuwania i ekspozycji na światło u studentów są związane z opóźnionym rytmem okołodobowym i niższymi osiągnięciami akademickimi, co podkreśla znaczenie regularności snu dla ogólnego funkcjonowania.46 Rozpoznanie i odpowiednie leczenie DSPD może znacząco poprawić jakość życia pacjentów i ich funkcjonowanie społeczne oraz zawodowe.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is the most commonly encountered of the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs), and is often confused with sleep initiation insomnia. […] The resulting abnormal entrainment and chronic sleep restriction are thought to contribute to numerous deleterious physical and mental health effects, the impact of which are only just beginning to become more appreciated. […] However, a high proportion of people with the disorder will just have a delayed sleep episode, with normally aligned and entrained circadian timing. […] The disorder is felt to be most prevalent in teenagers. […] Many patients with DSWPD will have co-existent mental health concerns. […] Of interest, it would seem that patients with true circadian DSWPD (delayed timing of melatonin secretion) are more prone to depression than those with non-circadian DSWPD.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    Delayed sleepwake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. […] There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. […] This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. […] This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.
  • #3 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is the most commonly encountered of the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs), and is often confused with sleep initiation insomnia. […] The resulting abnormal entrainment and chronic sleep restriction are thought to contribute to numerous deleterious physical and mental health effects, the impact of which are only just beginning to become more appreciated. […] However, a high proportion of people with the disorder will just have a delayed sleep episode, with normally aligned and entrained circadian timing. […] The disorder is felt to be most prevalent in teenagers. […] Many patients with DSWPD will have co-existent mental health concerns. […] Of interest, it would seem that patients with true circadian DSWPD (delayed timing of melatonin secretion) are more prone to depression than those with non-circadian DSWPD.
  • #4 Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14295-delayed-sleep-phase-syndrome-dsps
    Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is a shift in your biological clock that makes it difficult to fall asleep and wake up. […] Treatment is effective at improving your sleep to reduce your symptoms. […] Most people have a positive outlook if theyre able to follow a treatment plan to get their sleep schedule where they want it. […] Untreated DSPS can impact your daily life. […] Delayed sleep phase syndrome doesnt go away. Treatment is ongoing to manage it. […] If you feel out of sorts due to your lack of sleep, talk to a healthcare provider. They might recommend additional treatment like participating in cognitive behavioral therapy.
  • #5 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is the most commonly encountered of the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs), and is often confused with sleep initiation insomnia. […] The resulting abnormal entrainment and chronic sleep restriction are thought to contribute to numerous deleterious physical and mental health effects, the impact of which are only just beginning to become more appreciated. […] However, a high proportion of people with the disorder will just have a delayed sleep episode, with normally aligned and entrained circadian timing. […] The disorder is felt to be most prevalent in teenagers. […] Many patients with DSWPD will have co-existent mental health concerns. […] Of interest, it would seem that patients with true circadian DSWPD (delayed timing of melatonin secretion) are more prone to depression than those with non-circadian DSWPD.
  • #6 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #7 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #8 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #9 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #10 Light-based methods for predicting circadian phase in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89924-8
    A measure of circadian timing is important for the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of DSWPD in a clinical setting. Here we have shown that modeling approaches that rely on lightdark and sleepwake information produce reasonably accurate estimates of circadian phase in up to 75% of participants. Both the dynamic and statistical models show good utility as screening tools in DSWPD and use information that is already routinely collected in diagnostic approaches for DSWPD and other circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
  • #11 Light-based methods for predicting circadian phase in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89924-8
    A measure of circadian timing is important for the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of DSWPD in a clinical setting. Here we have shown that modeling approaches that rely on lightdark and sleepwake information produce reasonably accurate estimates of circadian phase in up to 75% of participants. Both the dynamic and statistical models show good utility as screening tools in DSWPD and use information that is already routinely collected in diagnostic approaches for DSWPD and other circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
  • #12 Light-based methods for predicting circadian phase in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89924-8
    Methods for predicting circadian phase have been developed for healthy individuals. It is unknown whether these methods generalize to clinical populations, such as delayed sleepwake phase disorder (DSWPD), where circadian timing is associated with functional outcomes. […] We conclude that circadian phase prediction from light data is a viable technique for improving screening, diagnosis, and treatment of DSWPD. […] Our study showed that a regression model using mean light exposure during the delay and advance portions of the human PRC, in combination with sex, age, bed/wake times, and chronotype, could predict DLMO significantly more accurately than using bed/wake times alone. […] The results of the current study show that, in addition to predicting actual DLMO timing for the majority of patients within1 h, both models perform equally well at classifying patients with circadian DSWPD.
  • #13 Light-based methods for predicting circadian phase in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89924-8
    Methods for predicting circadian phase have been developed for healthy individuals. It is unknown whether these methods generalize to clinical populations, such as delayed sleepwake phase disorder (DSWPD), where circadian timing is associated with functional outcomes. […] We conclude that circadian phase prediction from light data is a viable technique for improving screening, diagnosis, and treatment of DSWPD. […] Our study showed that a regression model using mean light exposure during the delay and advance portions of the human PRC, in combination with sex, age, bed/wake times, and chronotype, could predict DLMO significantly more accurately than using bed/wake times alone. […] The results of the current study show that, in addition to predicting actual DLMO timing for the majority of patients within1 h, both models perform equally well at classifying patients with circadian DSWPD.
  • #14 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.
  • #15 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.
  • #16 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.
  • #17 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.
  • #18 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that employers make reasonable accommodations for employees with sleeping disorders. […] By the time DSPD sufferers receive an accurate diagnosis, they often have been misdiagnosed or labelled as lazy and incompetent workers or students for years. […] Misdiagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders as psychiatric conditions causes considerable distress to patients and their families, and leads to some patients being inappropriately prescribed psychoactive drugs. […] For many patients, diagnosis of DSPD is itself a life-changing breakthrough.
  • #19 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that employers make reasonable accommodations for employees with sleeping disorders. […] By the time DSPD sufferers receive an accurate diagnosis, they often have been misdiagnosed or labelled as lazy and incompetent workers or students for years. […] Misdiagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders as psychiatric conditions causes considerable distress to patients and their families, and leads to some patients being inappropriately prescribed psychoactive drugs. […] For many patients, diagnosis of DSPD is itself a life-changing breakthrough.
  • #20 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    A recent Australian study from a clinic-based sample of 182 DSWPD patients found that only 57% had a true phase-delay. […] A multifactorial approach is needed for the treatment of DSWPD, which addresses initial phase advancement (initiation), subsequent phase retention (maintenance), and due consideration of other disorders which may be associated with, or exacerbating, the problem, most notably ADHD, ASD, affective disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Large-scale randomised-controlled trials in patient populations are lacking, and therefore little clinical evidence exists to guide best practice management of the disorder. […] While Melatonin is the traditional mainstay, and perhaps best described, treatment for DSWPD, its use is seldom systematically prescribed or adhered to.
  • #21 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is the most commonly encountered of the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs), and is often confused with sleep initiation insomnia. […] The resulting abnormal entrainment and chronic sleep restriction are thought to contribute to numerous deleterious physical and mental health effects, the impact of which are only just beginning to become more appreciated. […] However, a high proportion of people with the disorder will just have a delayed sleep episode, with normally aligned and entrained circadian timing. […] The disorder is felt to be most prevalent in teenagers. […] Many patients with DSWPD will have co-existent mental health concerns. […] Of interest, it would seem that patients with true circadian DSWPD (delayed timing of melatonin secretion) are more prone to depression than those with non-circadian DSWPD.
  • #22 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is the most commonly encountered of the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs), and is often confused with sleep initiation insomnia. […] The resulting abnormal entrainment and chronic sleep restriction are thought to contribute to numerous deleterious physical and mental health effects, the impact of which are only just beginning to become more appreciated. […] However, a high proportion of people with the disorder will just have a delayed sleep episode, with normally aligned and entrained circadian timing. […] The disorder is felt to be most prevalent in teenagers. […] Many patients with DSWPD will have co-existent mental health concerns. […] Of interest, it would seem that patients with true circadian DSWPD (delayed timing of melatonin secretion) are more prone to depression than those with non-circadian DSWPD.
  • #23 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    A recent Australian study from a clinic-based sample of 182 DSWPD patients found that only 57% had a true phase-delay. […] A multifactorial approach is needed for the treatment of DSWPD, which addresses initial phase advancement (initiation), subsequent phase retention (maintenance), and due consideration of other disorders which may be associated with, or exacerbating, the problem, most notably ADHD, ASD, affective disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Large-scale randomised-controlled trials in patient populations are lacking, and therefore little clinical evidence exists to guide best practice management of the disorder. […] While Melatonin is the traditional mainstay, and perhaps best described, treatment for DSWPD, its use is seldom systematically prescribed or adhered to.
  • #24 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Treatment of co-morbid insomnia is also very important, and patients may well benefit from a course of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia once a target phase advance has been approximated. […] Delayed sleep wake phase disorder is a relatively common sleep disorder with clear associations and tangible likely pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • #25 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-W
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4582061/
    5.2.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat DSWPD in adults with and without depression with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD (and no comorbidities) with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD comorbid with psychiatric conditions with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.9.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD with post-awakening light therapy in conjunction with behavioral treatments (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.3.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians use strategically timed melatonin for the treatment of N24SWD in blind adults (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR]
  • #26 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-W
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4582061/
    5.2.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat DSWPD in adults with and without depression with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD (and no comorbidities) with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD comorbid with psychiatric conditions with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.9.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD with post-awakening light therapy in conjunction with behavioral treatments (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.3.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians use strategically timed melatonin for the treatment of N24SWD in blind adults (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR]
  • #27 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    A recent Australian study from a clinic-based sample of 182 DSWPD patients found that only 57% had a true phase-delay. […] A multifactorial approach is needed for the treatment of DSWPD, which addresses initial phase advancement (initiation), subsequent phase retention (maintenance), and due consideration of other disorders which may be associated with, or exacerbating, the problem, most notably ADHD, ASD, affective disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Large-scale randomised-controlled trials in patient populations are lacking, and therefore little clinical evidence exists to guide best practice management of the disorder. […] While Melatonin is the traditional mainstay, and perhaps best described, treatment for DSWPD, its use is seldom systematically prescribed or adhered to.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. […] Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). […] A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: Effects on subjective and objective sleep. […] Outcome of combined melatonin and bright light treatments for delayed sleep phase disorder. […] Ramelteon for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a case report. […] Ultra-low-dose early night ramelteon administration for the treatment of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: case reports with a pharmacological review. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment to light therapy for delayed sleep phase disorder in young adults: a randomized controlled feasibility study. […] Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. […] Resolving delayed sleep-wake phase disorder with a pandemic: two case reports.
  • #29 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (ASWPD), Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder (N24SWD), and Irregular Sleep-W
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4582061/
    5.2.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat DSWPD in adults with and without depression with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.1a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD (and no comorbidities) with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.6.2.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD comorbid with psychiatric conditions with strategically timed melatonin (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.2.9.2a The TF suggests that clinicians treat children and adolescents with DSWPD with post-awakening light therapy in conjunction with behavioral treatments (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR] […] 5.3.6.1a The TF suggests that clinicians use strategically timed melatonin for the treatment of N24SWD in blind adults (versus no treatment). [WEAK FOR]
  • #30 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.
  • #31
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. […] Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). […] A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: Effects on subjective and objective sleep. […] Outcome of combined melatonin and bright light treatments for delayed sleep phase disorder. […] Ramelteon for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a case report. […] Ultra-low-dose early night ramelteon administration for the treatment of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: case reports with a pharmacological review. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment to light therapy for delayed sleep phase disorder in young adults: a randomized controlled feasibility study. […] Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. […] Resolving delayed sleep-wake phase disorder with a pandemic: two case reports.
  • #32 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Treatment of co-morbid insomnia is also very important, and patients may well benefit from a course of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia once a target phase advance has been approximated. […] Delayed sleep wake phase disorder is a relatively common sleep disorder with clear associations and tangible likely pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • #33
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. […] Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). […] A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: Effects on subjective and objective sleep. […] Outcome of combined melatonin and bright light treatments for delayed sleep phase disorder. […] Ramelteon for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a case report. […] Ultra-low-dose early night ramelteon administration for the treatment of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: case reports with a pharmacological review. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment to light therapy for delayed sleep phase disorder in young adults: a randomized controlled feasibility study. […] Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. […] Resolving delayed sleep-wake phase disorder with a pandemic: two case reports.
  • #34 Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14295-delayed-sleep-phase-syndrome-dsps
    Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is a shift in your biological clock that makes it difficult to fall asleep and wake up. […] Treatment is effective at improving your sleep to reduce your symptoms. […] Most people have a positive outlook if theyre able to follow a treatment plan to get their sleep schedule where they want it. […] Untreated DSPS can impact your daily life. […] Delayed sleep phase syndrome doesnt go away. Treatment is ongoing to manage it. […] If you feel out of sorts due to your lack of sleep, talk to a healthcare provider. They might recommend additional treatment like participating in cognitive behavioral therapy.
  • #35 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #36 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that employers make reasonable accommodations for employees with sleeping disorders. […] By the time DSPD sufferers receive an accurate diagnosis, they often have been misdiagnosed or labelled as lazy and incompetent workers or students for years. […] Misdiagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders as psychiatric conditions causes considerable distress to patients and their families, and leads to some patients being inappropriately prescribed psychoactive drugs. […] For many patients, diagnosis of DSPD is itself a life-changing breakthrough.
  • #37 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that employers make reasonable accommodations for employees with sleeping disorders. […] By the time DSPD sufferers receive an accurate diagnosis, they often have been misdiagnosed or labelled as lazy and incompetent workers or students for years. […] Misdiagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep disorders as psychiatric conditions causes considerable distress to patients and their families, and leads to some patients being inappropriately prescribed psychoactive drugs. […] For many patients, diagnosis of DSPD is itself a life-changing breakthrough.
  • #38
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    Delayed sleepwake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. […] There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. […] This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. […] This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.
  • #39
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    Delayed sleepwake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. […] There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. […] This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. […] This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.
  • #40 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    A recent Australian study from a clinic-based sample of 182 DSWPD patients found that only 57% had a true phase-delay. […] A multifactorial approach is needed for the treatment of DSWPD, which addresses initial phase advancement (initiation), subsequent phase retention (maintenance), and due consideration of other disorders which may be associated with, or exacerbating, the problem, most notably ADHD, ASD, affective disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Large-scale randomised-controlled trials in patient populations are lacking, and therefore little clinical evidence exists to guide best practice management of the disorder. […] While Melatonin is the traditional mainstay, and perhaps best described, treatment for DSWPD, its use is seldom systematically prescribed or adhered to.
  • #41
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4
    The use of exogenous melatonin in delayed sleep phase disorder: a meta-analysis. […] Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). […] A randomized controlled trial with bright light and melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder: Effects on subjective and objective sleep. […] Outcome of combined melatonin and bright light treatments for delayed sleep phase disorder. […] Ramelteon for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a case report. […] Ultra-low-dose early night ramelteon administration for the treatment of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: case reports with a pharmacological review. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment to light therapy for delayed sleep phase disorder in young adults: a randomized controlled feasibility study. […] Long-term course of adult patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. […] Resolving delayed sleep-wake phase disorder with a pandemic: two case reports.
  • #42 Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14295-delayed-sleep-phase-syndrome-dsps
    Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is a shift in your biological clock that makes it difficult to fall asleep and wake up. […] Treatment is effective at improving your sleep to reduce your symptoms. […] Most people have a positive outlook if theyre able to follow a treatment plan to get their sleep schedule where they want it. […] Untreated DSPS can impact your daily life. […] Delayed sleep phase syndrome doesnt go away. Treatment is ongoing to manage it. […] If you feel out of sorts due to your lack of sleep, talk to a healthcare provider. They might recommend additional treatment like participating in cognitive behavioral therapy.
  • #43 Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14295-delayed-sleep-phase-syndrome-dsps
    Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is a shift in your biological clock that makes it difficult to fall asleep and wake up. […] Treatment is effective at improving your sleep to reduce your symptoms. […] Most people have a positive outlook if theyre able to follow a treatment plan to get their sleep schedule where they want it. […] Untreated DSPS can impact your daily life. […] Delayed sleep phase syndrome doesnt go away. Treatment is ongoing to manage it. […] If you feel out of sorts due to your lack of sleep, talk to a healthcare provider. They might recommend additional treatment like participating in cognitive behavioral therapy.
  • #44 Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder – Nesbitt – Journal of Thoracic Disease
    https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/18434/html
    Treatment of co-morbid insomnia is also very important, and patients may well benefit from a course of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia once a target phase advance has been approximated. […] Delayed sleep wake phase disorder is a relatively common sleep disorder with clear associations and tangible likely pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • #45 Delayed sleep phase disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder
    A strict schedule and good sleep hygiene are essential in maintaining any good effects of treatment. […] Long-term success rates of treatment have seldom been evaluated. However, experienced clinicians acknowledge that DSPD is extremely difficult to treat. […] A chief difficulty of treating DSPD is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established. […] Some DSPD individuals nap, even taking 45 hours of sleep in the morning and 45 in the evening. […] Some people with the disorder are unable to adapt to earlier sleeping times, even after many years of treatment. […] Patients suffering from SWSD disability should be encouraged to accept the fact that they suffer from a permanent disability, and that their quality of life can only be improved if they are willing to undergo rehabilitation.
  • #46 Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poorer academic performance and delayed circadian and sleep/wake timing | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-03171-4
    The association of irregular sleep schedules with circadian timing and academic performance has not been systematically examined. […] These findings show that irregular sleep and light exposure patterns in college students are associated with delayed circadian rhythms and lower academic performance. […] Our findings demonstrate that irregular sleep schedules in a specific population of college students are associated with a significant circadian phase delay in the timing of both the endogenous melatonin rhythm and in the sleep propensity rhythm equivalent to traveling two to three time zones westward compared to students on a more regular sleep/wake schedule. […] We also found that sleep regularity is positively correlated with academic performance. […] This suggests that light-based interventions may be successful in treating irregular sleep in this population.