Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash is the most common dermatitis found in infancy. Prevalence has been variably reported from 4-35% in the first 2 years of life. Incidence triples in babies with diarrhea. It is not unusual for every child to have at least 1 episode of diaper rash by the time he or she is toilet-trained. […] Because fewer than 10% of all diaper rashes are reported by the family, the actual incidence of this condition is likely underestimated if office visits are used as the screening site. […] The incidence is lower among breastfed infants perhaps due to the less acidic nature of their urine and stool. […] Babies wearing superabsorbent disposable diapers with a central gelling material have fewer episodes of diaper dermatitis compared with their counterparts wearing cloth diapers. […] Few investigations have been reported regarding prevalence outside of the United States. However, one study performed in Italy showed a prevalence of 15.2%, and a peak incidence of 19.4% in those aged 3-6 months.

• #2 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper dermatitis commonly affects infants, with peak incidence occurring when the individual is aged 9-12 months. One study determined that at any given time, diaper dermatitis is prevalent in 7-35% of the infant population. […] Diaper dermatitis can affect persons of any age who wear diapers, in particular, elderly people. […] No racial difference is observed. […] No sexual difference is noted.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/ajpd/fulltext/2023/01010/diaper_dermatitis___a_narrative_review.7.aspx

  The reported incidence of diaper dermatitis varies worldwide, as there is difference in practices such as diaper use, toilet training and hygiene, in different countries. […] In infants, the estimated prevalence of diaper dermatitis ranges from 7 to over 40 percent. […] Diaper dermatitis peak incidence is between 9-12 months of age but can develop as early as one week of age.

• #4 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash is the most common skin condition in young infants. […] Diaper rash is very common. More than half of babies between 4 and 15 months of age will have a diaper rash at least once in a two-month period. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Research suggests that diaper rash is less common with the use of disposable diapers. However, what’s more important than the type of diaper is how often it’s changed. […] Diaper rash is the most common skin condition in babies.

• #5

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/diaper-dermatitis-in-newborns-knowledgelevel-and-practices-of-nursing-mothers-in-its-preventive-management-in-the-azire-health-are-27397.html

  Diaper dermatitis, also known as diaper rash, is a common skin irritation that affects infants and children who wear diapers. It is characterized by erythema and inflammation of the skin in the diaper area. Diaper dermatitis has a reported prevalence of 7-35% among infants. […] The reported incidence and prevalence of diaper dermatitis in current literature and throughout the world varies greatly. Approximately 50% to 65% of babies will suffer from diaper rash at some time. Diaper dermatitis prevalence allegedly reaches its peak at around nine to twelve months of age. […] Key risk factors for the development of diaper dermatitis include prolonged contact with urine and stool, use of inappropriate diaper products, inappropriate cleansing techniques, and greater frequency of stools. The skin pH, moisture, friction, and irritants found in urine and stool interact to breakdown the skin barrier in the diaper area.

• #6 Diaper Rash | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617277/all/Diaper_Rash?q=Lymphadenopathy

  The reported incidence varies worldwide due to differences in diaper use, toilet training, hygiene, and child-rearing practices. […] Can develop in the 1st week of life but unlikely once the child is no longer in diapers. […] Estimated prevalence ranges from 7% to 35%.

• #7 British Journal Of Midwifery – Nappy rash: current evidence for the prevention and management

  https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/clinical-practice/nappy-rash-current-evidence-for-the-prevention-and-management/

  Nappy rash affects up to 25% of nappy wearing infants and can be distressing for the infant, their family and carers. […] Nappy rash, also known as diaper rash, nappy dermatitis, diaper dermatitis or irritant diaper dermatitis, is one of the most common skin conditions found in infants and is an acute inflammatory reaction of the skin in the nappy area most commonly caused by an irritant contact dermatitis. […] There are no differences between boys, girls or ethnic groups (Merrill, 2015) and prevalence varies geographically, depending on cultural differences in the use of nappies, toilet training and skincare practices (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] CKS, 2018). […] It affects up to 25% of nappy wearing infants within the first four weeks of life to as much as 100% at some point in infancy (Ravanfar et al 2012, Burdall et al 2019) with the highest prevalence between 9-12 months of age (Cohen, 2017).

• #8 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  One large British study reported diaper dermatitis in 25% of children aged 1 month. […] A Nigerian study conducted in 1995-1996 identified diaper dermatitis in 7% of children. […] A study in Kuwait noted that diaper dermatitis occurs in 4% of pediatric dermatology cases. […] Atopic dermatitis and related diaper dermatitis are more common among African American patients. […] Diaper rashes can start in the neonatal period as soon as the child begins to wear diapers. The incidence peaks in those aged 7-12 months, then decreases with age. Diaper rash stops being a problem once the child is toilet trained, usually around age 2 years.

• #9 A Study to Investigate the Prevalence of Nappy Rash among Babies Aged 0 to 36 Months Old in a Tropical Country

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v2-id1040.php

  Only 380 pairs were finalized for data analysis and 303 (79.7%) babies were found to have a history of at least one episode of nappy rash, with a peak at the age of 7 to 12 months. […] The prevalence of nappy rash has been found to vary from country to country, ranging from 15% in Italy, 16% in UK, 43.8% in China, 75% in US and 87% in Japan. […] Nappy rash was reported among 204 (67.3%) using disposable nappies exclusively, followed by 95 (31.6%) of the babies using both cloth and disposable nappies and 4 (1.3%) using cloth nappy exclusively. […] The highest rate of nappy rash was noted among babies who lived in the central plateau of the island (n=154; 50.8%), followed by those staying in the north (n=49; 16.2%), south (n=34; 11.2%), west (n=34; 11.2%) and in the eastern region (n=32; 10.6%).

• #10 Diaper dermatitis: a survey of risk factors in Thai children aged under 24 months | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-019-0089-1

  To identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with diaper dermatitis in Thai children aged 124months. […] The prevalence of diaper dermatitis among the study population was 36.1%, a rate which significantly decreased with age. […] There is a high prevalence of diaper dermatitis among children who require diapering. The estimated overall prevalence has been found to range from 7 to 43.8% and varies according to setting, hygiene practices, and age group. […] Risk factors that had a statistically significant association with diaper dermatitis in both univariate and multivariate analysis were i) diaper changing fewer than three times/night, ii) previous episodes of diaper rash, iii) using cloth diapers, and iv) topical application of baby talcum powder to the diaper area. […] Frequent diaper changings during the daytime do not compensate for fewer changings during the night.

• #11

  https://sljm.org/journal/index.php/sljm/article/view/19

  Diaper rash is a common dermatological condition in infant and toddlers. This condition is also commonly seen particularly among children with malnutrition at Ola During Childrens Hospital (ODCH), Freetown, Sierra Leone. However, the prevalence of this condition in Sierra Leone is not known. This study therefore was conducted to determine the prevalence of prevalence diaper rash and associated factors in infants and toddlers admitted to ODCH. […] The prevalence of diaper rash was 52%. […] The prevalence of diaper rash is high among infants and toddlers seen at the ODCH, Freetown, Sierra Leone. Factors associated with diaper rash include type of diet, nutritional status and immediate caregiver.

• #12 Prevalence of diaper need and diaper dermatitis and associated risk factors among children aged 1–24 months in a referral hospital in Ghana: A cross-sectional study

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ohe-2022-0033/html?lang=en

  This study further revealed that mothers from households in which monthly income was more than $167 were less likely to have diaper need compared with those with less than $167 as monthly income. […] The current prevalence as reported in this study was significantly lower than in similar studies conducted in Central Ethiopia and Turkey where the prevalence of DD was 62.5 and 67.3%, respectively. […] This study revealed the prevalence of DD to be 27.4%. This result was higher compared with a similar study conducted in Thailand, which reported DD at 17.2%. The result was, however, similar to a previous study conducted in Kenya that also reported a DD prevalence of 27.3%. […] The study showed a moderately positive correlation between diaper need and DD (r = 0.3, p < 0.001). The correlation can be explained by the unmet need for diapers.

• #13 Behind the diaper: Unveiling prevalence and associated factors of diaper rash among infants | Galle Medical Journal

  https://gmj.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/gmj.v29i2.8218

  Commonly termed diaper rash (DR), diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the perineal area of infants. Given its frequent occurrence, understanding its epidemiology is crucial. This study aims to determine the prevalence of DR and identify its associated factors among infants attending immunization clinics in the Bope-Poddala Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area. […] DR was observed in 24 infants (9.4%), with significant associations found between its occurrence and both concomitant diarrhoeal illness (=28.496, p0.05) and infrequent daytime diaper changes (=12.129, p0.05). […] DR affects approximately one-tenth of infants, with less frequent daytime diaper changes and concurrent diarrhoeal illnesses being significant risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of improving caregiver awareness and diaper hygiene practices to potentially reduce DR prevalence.

• #14 Knowledge of mothers on diaper dermatitis management and associated factors in Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88742-6

  According to recent studies, mothers have low awareness regarding diaper dermatitis and its management. […] The major risk factors for diaper dermatitis include parents with low educational levels, unemployment, and low socioeconomic status. […] The findings of the current study are higher compared to the study carried out in Iraq, 43.3%, 45.33% in Ethiopia, 58.2% in Lithuania, and 59.7% in Korea. […] In the current study, nearly two-thirds (65.4%) of children experienced diaper dermatitis in the last 6 months. […] Out of those who experienced diaper dermatitis, only 23.6% experienced visiting health facilities due to the case. […] The findings from this study indicate that further effort is required, for the study site was the second-largest city next to the capital, and we believe that the current study population has comparatively greater access to healthcare and better hygiene practices. […] The study, therefore, recommends that the Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, and all interested agencies give more emphasis to the subject and design strategies for an organized educational campaign to increase mothers understanding of diaper dermatitis, including how to manage and prevent it.

• #14 Knowledge of mothers on diaper dermatitis management and associated factors in Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88742-6

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reactions of the skin under a diaper due to prolonged skin contact with irritants (urine and faeces), seborrhoea, allergic reaction, fungal (candida), and bacterial infections. It is more common in children aged 124 months, with the majority of instances occurring in newborns younger than one year. Over half of newborns suffer from the case at least once throughout their diaper-wearing phase. […] In low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia, there is a lack of published data regarding the degree of parental knowledge of diaper dermatitis, its management, and the risk factors associated with the disease. Moreover, the topic receives little to no attention. […] The study found that although the majority of mothers have self-reported good knowledge, a significant number of them have no awareness of the diapering practice, how to treat DD, when to seek medical attention, and how to take care of their skin after a bowel movement.

• #15 Diaper dermatitis prevalence and severity: Global perspective on the impact of caregiver behavior

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7027557/

  Diaper dermatitis was highest in the perianal area, followed by the intertriginous, genital, and buttock regions. […] In general, DD was significantly lower in babies in China, highest in Germany, and intermediate in the USA. […] The lower DD observed in China was associated with lower skin pH and TEWL on diapered skin and decreased RH in the diaper. […] These data suggest caregiver behaviors including prophylactic use of topical products, thorough cleaning after stooling and reduced time in an overnight diaper are associated with less DD, lower superficial skin pH, and enhanced skin barrier. […] Literature estimates of DD rates vary greatly, ranging from 16% to 65%, and given the short duration of DD (typically 24 days), most cases are not seen by a medical professional. […] Previous investigations on DD are derived from hospital admissions or doctor office visits, which are unlikely to reflect real-world settings, and do not consistently report the anatomic location or severity.

• #16 Diaper dermatitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/diaper-dermatitis/

  Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Typically seen in infants […] Peak incidence: 9-12 months of age.

• #17 Mothers’ Awareness about Diaper Dermatitis for Children under two Year in Primary Health Centers | Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal

  https://www.azpharmjournal.com/en/2023-vol-22-issue-2/mothers-awareness-about-diaper-dermatitis-for-children-under-two-year-in-primary-health-centers/

  The prevalence is highest in children under 24 months, with the peak occurring between 9 and 12 months of age. […] Diaper dermatitis has been linked to a variety of risk factors. These variables included gastrointestinal illness, the kind of diaper worn, and how frequently diapers were changed. […] The current study shows that there is significant relationship between levels of mothers’ awareness and sociodemographic characteristics such as level of education, occupation, family income and source of information at p. value 0.05, except age of mothers’ there is no significant relationship with levels of mothers’ information about diaper dermatitis. […] The current study demonstrates a significant correlation between mothers’ awareness levels and demographic variables like education level, occupation, family income, and information source.

• #17 Mothers’ Awareness about Diaper Dermatitis for Children under two Year in Primary Health Centers | Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal

  https://www.azpharmjournal.com/en/2023-vol-22-issue-2/mothers-awareness-about-diaper-dermatitis-for-children-under-two-year-in-primary-health-centers/

  The most frequent skin ailment in children younger than 12 months is shown to be diaper dermatitis. […] The objectives of the research were to determine the level of mothers awareness about diaper dermatitis for children under two years. […] According to the study’s findings, only 43.3% of samples of mothers at primary health care centers showed good levels of awareness regarding diaper dermatitis, while 56.7% had poor levels. […] This study is the first to document the prevalence of diaper dermatitis in Iraq for children under 2 years. […] The majority of moms do not have a job, and their families have a modest degree of socioeconomic status. […] Additionally, most mothers learn about diaper dermatitis through their relatives, therefore this and other factors contributed to the low level of awareness.

• #18 A Study to Investigate the Prevalence of Nappy Rash among Babies Aged 0 to 36 Months Old in a Tropical Country

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/dermatology/fulltext/ajd-v2-id1040.php

  Nappy rash was more prominent among babies living in the central plateau of the island, where the humidity level could reach 84% at times. […] Babies aged between 7 and 12 months had highest tendency for nappy rash and an increase was also observed among those aged 24 months or more. […] Nappy rash was reported to be less common among babies who were breast-fed as their stools were of lower pH and contained fewer urease producing bacteria. […] To conclude, nappy rash is very common in Mauritius.

• #19 Diaper dermatitis prevalence and severity: Global perspective on the impact of caregiver behavior

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7027557/

  The rank ordering of DD prevalence and severity between countries (ChinaUSAGermany) parallels the measures of diapered skin pH and TEWL (measures are lowest in the Chinese cohort), the latter being a measure of skin barrier integrity. […] These data signal the importance of maintaining an acidic environment for diapered skin to prevent or reduce DD severity. […] While other factors may explain differences in DD prevalence and severity across regions, caregiver behaviors are likely a contributor. […] The rank order of DD severity across geographies was associated with less time spent in the same diaper overnight, greater prophylactic topical product use, and a robust cleaning routine after a stooling event. […] This study provides important insights on DD prevalence and severity and the impact of caregiver behaviors on DD.

• #20 Diaper dermatitis: a survey of risk factors in Thai children aged under 24 months | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-019-0089-1

  The present study also found that the use of baby talcum powder significantly increased diaper dermatitis when compared to diaper creams in the study population. […] Changing diapers fewer than three times/night and using baby talcum powder increased the risk of diaper dermatitis among the study population.

• #21 Correlation between Duration of Diarrhea and Severity of Diaper Dermatitis in Children Aged 0 – 24 Months

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e187437222308220/FULLTEXT/

  Diaper dermatitis is a skin disease that commonly occurs in babies, especially whose diapers are always wet and rarely changed. […] This study aims to analyze the correlation between duration of diarrhea and severity of diaper dermatitis in children aged 0 24 months. […] There was a correlation between duration of diarrhea and severity of diaper dermatitis in children aged 0 24 months (p=0.0001). […] It was concluded that the longer the duration of diarrhea, more severe is the diaper dermatitis. […] The results showed a positive correlation between the duration of diarrhea and the severity of diaper dermatitis, meaning that the longer duration of diarrhea experienced by infants, the more severe the diaper dermatitis. […] This study showed that there was a correlation between the duration of diarrhea and the severity of diaper dermatitis in infants who visited Binjai City Health Center, Kebun Lada Health Center, and Tanah Tinggi Health Center.

• #22 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis most often affects babies aged 3 to 15 months of age, especially those wearing traditional cloth nappies (50%). It is much less prevalent in babies wearing modern breathable and multilayered disposable nappies. […] Napkin dermatitis may predispose the infant to urinary tract infection and, in females, to vaginal infection. […] Napkin dermatitis is much less common with modern disposable napkins than with cloth nappies. […] Ravanfar P, Wallace JS, Pace NC. Diaper dermatitis: a review and update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Aug;24(4):472-9. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835585f2. PubMed. […] Farahani LA, Ghobadzadeh M, Yousefi P. Comparison of the effect of human milk and topical hydrocortisone 1% on diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Nov-Dec;30(6):725-9. doi: 10.1111/pde.12118. PubMed. […] Bonifaz A, Tirado-Snchez A, Graniel MJ, Mena C, Valencia A, Ponce-Olivera RM. The efficacy and safety of sertaconazole cream (2 %) in diaper dermatitis candidiasis. Mycopathologia. 2013 Apr;175(3-4):249-54. doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9642-3. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3622746.

• #23 Diaper rash: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000964.htm

  Diaper rashes are common in babies from 4 to 15 months old. They may be noticed more when babies begin to eat solid foods. […] Diaper rashes caused by infection with a yeast (fungus) called candida are very common in children. Candida grows best in warm, moist places, such as under a diaper. […] Your health care provider can often diagnose a yeast diaper rash by looking at your baby’s skin. A KOH test can confirm if it is candida. […] The rash usually responds well to treatment. […] Contact your child’s provider if: The rash gets worse or does not go away in 2 to 3 days.

• #24 Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis | BMC Dermatology | Full Text

  https://bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12895-020-00104-z

  Rashes around the diaper area are common in the pediatric population, especially among those who are diaper dependent. […] Although IDD is the most common diagnosis in cases of inflammation in the diaper area, there are some less common but sometimes serious cutaneous eruptions associated with systemic diseases that should not be discounted. […] Our finding suggests that when diagnosing rashes that occur in the diaper area, general pediatricians should consider, in addition to IDD, the possibility of less-common conditions. The simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was linked to diagnoses of systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). […] The present study pointed out that many systemic conditions initially presented as rashes in the diaper area and may be misdiagnosed as IDD. Our study found out that the simultaneous presence of cutaneous lesions at other sites was a clue that indicated systemic diseases other than IDD, (P0.001). Thus, when the patients chief complaint is a rash in the diaper area, complete physical examination for such lesions at other sites should be conducted to avoid misdiagnosis.

• #25 Diaper Dermatitis and Childhood Cancer – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/medical-care/clinical-and-home-care/skin-care/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper dermatitis is common in babies and toddlers, especially in infants between 9 and 12 months old. […] During cancer, children have additional risk factors for diaper dermatitis. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy may contribute to diaper dermatitis due to excretion in urine or stool. […] Older children may have a loss of bladder or bowel control (incontinence) due to illness, medications, or disease. These patients may need to wear diapers or pull-ups, increasing risk for incontinence associated dermatitis. […] During cancer, it is important to be take steps to prevent diaper dermatitis. […] Patients at high risk for skin irritation should be checked more often.

• #26 Knowledge of mothers with children age 1 to 24 months on diaper dermatitis management and associated practice in a referral Hospital in Northern Ghana: a cross sectional study

  https://www.one-health.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/8/5/full

  diaper dermatitis is found to be the most common skin condition among children below 24 months. […] The study assessed the knowledge of mothers with children in the diaper-wearing age on diaper dermatitis management and associated practice in a referral hospital in Northern Ghana. […] only a few (23.5%) of the respondents had good knowledge on diaper management with 76.5% reporting poor knowledge. […] Employment status (p=0.011), attachment of diaper to babies (p=0.041), drying methods used after cleaning a child (p=0.039) and substance used to clean infants after bowel movement (p=0.011) were significantly associated with knowledge of diaper dermatitis. […] the study showed a low knowledge of diaper dermatitis. […] Most mothers resort to powder to prevent diaper dermatitis. […] The study, therefore, recommends researchers with similar interest on the subject to consider exploring more themes such as „the effects of disposable diapers use on environmental health”, „factors influencing the use of disposable diapers”, „the factors accounting for low knowledge on diaper dermatitis and ways to improve management practices of diaper dermatitis among caregivers”. […] The Ghana Health Services and all agencies in health need to provide more information on diaper dermatitis prevention.

• #27 Understanding & Preventing Diaper Rash – National Diaper Bank Network

  https://nationaldiaperbanknetwork.org/understanding-preventing-diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash is not only harmful to the baby experiencing the pain and irritation, but the family also often ends up suffering financially in order to treat the problem. […] Diaper rash is often caused by leaving a baby in a soiled diaper for too long, there is a direct correlation between occurrences of diaper rash and families experiencing diaper need. […] In a recent study on the social and economic impacts of the Diaper Bank of Connecticut, it was found that incidences of diaper rash declined 33 percent (from 627 to 420) among children whose families received supplies of clean diapers, plus babies experienced 77 percent fewer days of diaper rash. […] Additionally, the study discovered that providing diapers to families eliminated $4.3 million in medical costs due to reductions in both incidences and days of diaper rash.

• #28 Prevalence of diaper need and diaper dermatitis and associated risk factors among children aged 1–24 months in a referral hospital in Ghana: A cross-sectional study

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ohe-2022-0033/html?lang=en

  This research aimed to determine the prevalence of diaper need and diaper dermatitis (DD) and associated risk factors in children aged 124 months. […] The prevalence of diaper need was found to be 53.5%, with lower odds observed in households with monthly incomes greater than $167 and in children on breastmilk only. Diaper need was higher in parents with no formal education and use of disposable diapers. The prevalence of DD was 27.4%, with lower odds observed in households with monthly incomes greater than $167 and in children less than 6 months old and on breastmilk only. There was a moderately positive correlation between diaper need and DD. […] The researchers recommend affordable alternative diapering methods and educating parents on the importance of frequent diaper changes to improve the prevalence of diaper need and DD. Overall, this study highlights the significant prevalence of diaper need and DD among children and identifies the important associated risk factors.

• #29 Prevalence of diaper need and diaper dermatitis and associated risk factors among children aged 1–24 months in a referral hospital in Ghana: A cross-sectional study

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ohe-2022-0033/html?lang=en

  The first cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate diaper need and their impact on a child’s health among 877 pregnant and parenting women, which reported that 30% endorsed diaper need. […] DD is an inflammatory condition of the baby’s skin around the diaper areas. […] To the best of researchers’ knowledge, little is known about diaper need and DD in Ghana. This study sought to assess the prevalence of DD in children and uncover the magnitude of the unmet need for diapers and associated risk factors at the Tamale West Hospital, Ghana. […] This study found a statistically significant association between diaper need and mothers’ educational level, fathers’ educational level, monthly household income, type of diaper used, the introduction of solid food, and age of the child. […] A logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between diaper need and the mothers’ level of education.

• #30 Diaper Rash: Definition, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diaper-rash-7091468

  Diaper rash can affect anyone who wears a diaper, but babies between 9 months and 12 months old are most at risk for developing the skin condition. […] Diaper rash is an inflammatory reaction of the skin. In most cases, the main cause of diaper rash is contact with certain substances, such as urine and feces, which can irritate the skin. […] Frequent bowel movements (stool) and urine left in a diaper too long may contain substances that inflame the skin around the diaper area. […] Healthcare providers typically diagnose diaper rash by looking at the area. […] Diaper rash usually responds well to treatment. In most cases, a diaper rash can heal within two to three days. […] Sometimes, severe diaper rash can develop into an infection that struggles to respond to treatment.

• #31 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Moderate to severe diaper dermatitis affects nearly 9% of infants in the first year of their life. Commonly known as diaper rash, these reactions are typically caused by some type of contact irritant, but there are a number of differential diagnoses that could also increase the severity of these rashes. […] Contact dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash. Infants spend almost every minute of their day in diapers, and near-constant exposure to urine, stool, and general moisture can irritate the delicate skin in the perianal and genital areas. […] When fever develops alongside dermatitis in the diaper area, treatment may have to be stepped up. […] Fever is a key symptom when it comes to uncovering the cause of severe diaper rash. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. […] Although antibiotics are the treatment of choice for infectious causes of severe diaper rash, treatments for skin conditions that can lead to severe diaper rash vary, especially when it comes to broader dermatologic issues like psoriasis.

• #32 Comparative evaluation of the clinical effects of high Air-Through soft diaper and standard diaper in Indian babies with diaper rash – IJCED

  https://www.ijced.org/html-article/15416

  The incidence of diaper dermatitis (rash) in India is reported to be in the range of four to thirty-five per cent in children up to 2 years of age. […] The present study is the first study to compare the effectiveness of two disposable diapers (High Air-Through Soft Diaper and Standard diaper) for assessing the effect on the skin and total diaper rash score in India. […] In the present study, the above-mentioned features of High Air-Through Soft Diaper may have protected the babies skin from irritation and suppressed the skin troubles as compared to that with the standard diapers. […] The continuous use of both High Air-Through Soft Diaper and standard diaper in babies caused a significant increase in mean total diaper rash score in the first half period of this study. In the last half period of this study, the standard diaper caused a significant increase in mean total diaper rash score, however High Air-Through Soft Diaper caused an insignificant decrease in the mean total diaper rash score. The extent and the degree of rash in the last half period induced by usage of High Air-Through Soft Diaper were significantly less than that during the usage of the standard diaper. Thus, High Air-Through Soft Diaper due to technologies used in it appears to be superior to the standard diaper in reducing the mean total diaper rash score.

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