Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #2 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #3 Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3152829/

  Common diaper dermatitis is a group of skin disorders that result from attack of the skin by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial factors in the diaper environment. […] Skin in this weakened state is susceptible to a variety of biological, chemical, and physical insults that can cause or aggravate diaper dermatitis. […] These include attack of the skin by fecal enzymes and other irritants in urine and feces, mechanical abrasion, and infection by C. albicans. […] Diaper dermatitis, by definition, cannot exist in the absence of diapers.

• #4 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #5 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  The most important predisposing factor for diaper dermatitis is the increased moist that results from wearing diapers, which leads to increased friction and maceration, which makes the skin more susceptible to damage and penetration by skin microorganisms and other irritants. […] Changes in skin pH also play an essential role; an increase in pH around the diaper area from the breakdown of urinary urea can, in turn, increase fecal enzyme activity that can further damage the skin. […] Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants. The most common cause is irritant contact dermatitis due to occlusive diapers and prolonged exposure to urine and feces. Candida infection is the second most common cause, but superimposed infection by bacterial microorganisms can also develop.

• #6 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #7 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #8 What Causes Diaper Rash: Pee, Poo, Wiping, Blisters

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-diaper-rash-8696805

  Some main causes of diaper rash are irritation, infection, and allergies. Infants’ immature skin and the changing skin of older adults make these groups more vulnerable to skin irritation. […] Several things can cause diaper rash. Sometimes, it’s a combination of factors. […] Irritant dermatitis happens when the skin in the diaper area spends too much time in contact with urine and stool. […] When stool and urine stay in the diaper too long, they combine to make ammonia, causing a mild chemical burn. […] Diapers can interfere with air circulation, creating a warm and moist environment. […] Urine alters pH levels in the skin, which helps bacteria and fungi (yeast) thrive. […] Skin in the diaper area can have an allergic reaction to any number of things, including baby wipes, disposable diapers, fabric softener, laundry detergent, lotion and creams, and soap. […] Prolonged contact with urine and feces can also affect pH levels in the skin.

• #9 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Overview, Prevention and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is usually caused by skin being exposed to moisture from urine and bowel movements (stool or poop) for too long. The moisture irritates the skin and then the skin starts to break down. The skin gets damaged when it rubs against the diaper. Chemicals in the urine and stool can further hurt the skin and could cause a rash. […] Some other causes of diaper rash may include: Starting to eat solid foods, Diaper is too tight, Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, Allergic reaction to the diaper, baby wipes, or diaper creams, Antibiotics or other new medicines a baby or breastfeeding mom is taking.

• #10 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Prolonged contact of the skin with urine, feces or both. The enzymes in feces (protease and lipase) may irritate babys tender skin. In addition, feces contain organisms that can cause skin infection. Urine further irritates the diaper area. As urine breaks down, it releases ammonia. This causes the pH of the skin to rise (in other words, to become increasingly basic, or alkaline) and the enzymes from babys stool to become more active. This may result in tissue/skin damage and lead to diaper rash.

• #11 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  The most important predisposing factor for diaper dermatitis is the increased moist that results from wearing diapers, which leads to increased friction and maceration, which makes the skin more susceptible to damage and penetration by skin microorganisms and other irritants. […] Changes in skin pH also play an essential role; an increase in pH around the diaper area from the breakdown of urinary urea can, in turn, increase fecal enzyme activity that can further damage the skin. […] Diaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin disorders in infants. The most common cause is irritant contact dermatitis due to occlusive diapers and prolonged exposure to urine and feces. Candida infection is the second most common cause, but superimposed infection by bacterial microorganisms can also develop.

• #12 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis follows damage to the normal skin barrier and is primarily a form of irritant contact dermatitis. […] Urine and occlusion lead to overhydration and skin maceration. […] Faecal bile salts and enzymes break down stratum corneum lipids and proteins. […] A mixture of urine and faeces creates ammonium hydroxide, raising pH. […] The wet skin is colonised by micro-organisms, particularly candida. […] Pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis predispose a baby to napkin dermatitis. […] Other causes of napkin rashes include: Candida albicans, Impetigo, Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis, Miliaria, Acrodermatitis enteropathica, Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions, Biotin responsive dermatosis, Rare disorders. […] Napkin dermatitis is not due to: Allergy to the napkins, Toxins in the napkins, Washing powders (unless these are not thoroughly removed by rinsing), Dermatophyte fungal infections (tinea).

• #13 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Prolonged contact of the skin with urine, feces or both. The enzymes in feces (protease and lipase) may irritate babys tender skin. In addition, feces contain organisms that can cause skin infection. Urine further irritates the diaper area. As urine breaks down, it releases ammonia. This causes the pH of the skin to rise (in other words, to become increasingly basic, or alkaline) and the enzymes from babys stool to become more active. This may result in tissue/skin damage and lead to diaper rash.

• #14 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash is a common condition that can make a baby’s skin sore, red, scaly, and tender. Most cases will clear up with simple changes in diapering. […] Usually, diaper rash is the result of an irritation, infection, or allergy. […] A baby’s skin can get irritated when a diaper is left on for too long and poop (or the diaper itself) rubs against the skin repeatedly. […] Urine (pee) changes the skin’s pH levels, and that lets bacteria and fungi grow more easily. The substances that stop diapers from leaking also prevent air circulation, creating a warm, moist environment where bacteria and fungi can thrive, causing a rash. […] Babies with sensitive skin also can develop rashes. Some types of detergent, soaps, diapers (or dyes from diapers), or baby wipes can affect sensitive skin, causing a rash.

• #15 Irritant diaper dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis

  Diaper rash is also most likely to be diagnosed in infants 8-12 months old, perhaps in response to an increase in eating solid foods and dietary changes around that age that affect fecal composition. […] Any time an infant’s diet undergoes a significant change (i.e. from breast milk to formula or from milk to solids) there appears to be an increased likelihood of diaper rash. […] The link between feces and IDD is also apparent in the observation that infants are more susceptible to developing diaper rash after treating with antibiotics, which affect the intestinal microflora. […] Also, there is an increased incidence of diaper rash in infants who have had diarrhea in the previous 48 hours, which may be because fecal enzymes such as lipase and protease are more active in feces which have passed rapidly through the gastrointestinal tract.

• #16 Diaper Rash Prevention & Treatment | Lurie Children’s | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/preventing-and-treating-diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash occurs for different reasons, and there are different types of diaper rash. Your baby may have: […] Contact diaper rash, or irritant diaper dermatitis, is the most common type. It happens when a wet or soiled diaper touches your babys skin for too long. Substances in pee (urine) and poop (stool) can cause your babys skin to become irritated. […] Some babies get a diaper rash that worsens when it becomes infected by bacteria. When a babys skin becomes irritated, it creates opportunities for bacterial infection, says Dr. Silverio. […] Yeast (fungal) diaper rashes may occur when babies take antibiotic medication for illnesses or infections or the person breastfeeding them is taking antibiotics. Antibiotics can kill bacteria that help control growth of a fungus called candida. When too much candida grows, your baby may get yeast diaper rash. Fungal rashes can also occur when natural fungi on your babys skin or in their digestive tract grow more than they should.

• #17 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. […] More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals.

• #18 Irritant diaper dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis

  Diaper rash is also most likely to be diagnosed in infants 8-12 months old, perhaps in response to an increase in eating solid foods and dietary changes around that age that affect fecal composition. […] Any time an infant’s diet undergoes a significant change (i.e. from breast milk to formula or from milk to solids) there appears to be an increased likelihood of diaper rash. […] The link between feces and IDD is also apparent in the observation that infants are more susceptible to developing diaper rash after treating with antibiotics, which affect the intestinal microflora. […] Also, there is an increased incidence of diaper rash in infants who have had diarrhea in the previous 48 hours, which may be because fecal enzymes such as lipase and protease are more active in feces which have passed rapidly through the gastrointestinal tract.

• #19 4 Foods That Cause Acidic Diaper Rash

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/skin/food-allergies-and-your-babys-skin/

  Did you know that certain foods can cause diaper rash? […] Most parents attribute diaper rash to environmental factors, such as sensitivity to dyes or perfumes, prolonged exposure to urine or feces, or even chafing. But did you know that this skin irritation can also be affected by your little one’s diet? It’s true. Certain foods can cause a type of diaper rash called irritant dermatitis or irritant diaper rash, or what some call „acidic diaper rash.” […] „Acidic diaper rash” is what some call the type of diaper rash that is caused by skin having contact with stools that have high pH levels or are more acidic. One thing that can make a baby’s stool more acidic is the food they eat. […] An irritant diaper rash can also be caused by the changes in stool that are associated with certain food allergies and sensitivities, such as sensitivity to cow’s milk protein, which can cause looser, mushier stool that’s especially irritating to the skin. […] Acidic foods such as citrus and tomato-based sauces are often to blame for irritating baby’s skin and creating an inflamed, sore ring around the anus and sometimes around the mouth as well. […] „Acidic diaper rash” is a type of diaper rash that can be caused by certain foods in your baby’s diet.

• #20 4 Foods That Cause Acidic Diaper Rash

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/skin/food-allergies-and-your-babys-skin/

  Did you know that certain foods can cause diaper rash? […] Most parents attribute diaper rash to environmental factors, such as sensitivity to dyes or perfumes, prolonged exposure to urine or feces, or even chafing. But did you know that this skin irritation can also be affected by your little one’s diet? It’s true. Certain foods can cause a type of diaper rash called irritant dermatitis or irritant diaper rash, or what some call „acidic diaper rash.” […] „Acidic diaper rash” is what some call the type of diaper rash that is caused by skin having contact with stools that have high pH levels or are more acidic. One thing that can make a baby’s stool more acidic is the food they eat. […] An irritant diaper rash can also be caused by the changes in stool that are associated with certain food allergies and sensitivities, such as sensitivity to cow’s milk protein, which can cause looser, mushier stool that’s especially irritating to the skin. […] Acidic foods such as citrus and tomato-based sauces are often to blame for irritating baby’s skin and creating an inflamed, sore ring around the anus and sometimes around the mouth as well. […] „Acidic diaper rash” is a type of diaper rash that can be caused by certain foods in your baby’s diet.

• #21 Diaper rash: causes, treatment and prevention | My Vanderbilt Health

  https://my.vanderbilthealth.com/diaper-rash-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Many factors can collide to cause diaper rash. […] Many factors can work together to make diapers a set-up for rash: […] Moisture from urine and stool, many times a day. […] Friction and occlusion. […] Diet. […] Acidic foods, like mandarin oranges. […] Infections leading to diarrhea and causing skin irritation. […] Antibiotics.

• #22 Diaper Rash – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash can be caused by a number of factors, including: […] Irritation from stool or urine. Babies left in a wet or dirty diaper for too long can get diaper rash. Frequent stools or diarrhea can also irritate the skin. […] Friction. Diapers that rub against the skin or fit too tightly can cause irritation. […] Candida infection. Candida is a fungus that grows in warm, moist places. The rash it causes, also called a yeast infection, is usually bright red with smaller red spots around the edges. […] Allergic reaction. Soap, laundry detergent, fabric softener, disposable diapers, baby wipes, or lotions can irritate your baby’s skin. Watch your baby’s skin carefully for reactions. Stop using products that appear to cause a rash. […] New foods. Changes in your baby’s diet can change the content and frequency of their stools. This can make diaper rash more likely. A breastfed baby could develop a rash in reaction to something the mother has eaten. […] Antibiotics. Yeast infections are common after a baby has been taking antibiotics, or if the mother is on antibiotics while breastfeeding.

• #23 4 Foods That Cause Acidic Diaper Rash

  https://www.parents.com/baby/care/skin/food-allergies-and-your-babys-skin/

  Did you know that certain foods can cause diaper rash? […] Most parents attribute diaper rash to environmental factors, such as sensitivity to dyes or perfumes, prolonged exposure to urine or feces, or even chafing. But did you know that this skin irritation can also be affected by your little one’s diet? It’s true. Certain foods can cause a type of diaper rash called irritant dermatitis or irritant diaper rash, or what some call „acidic diaper rash.” […] „Acidic diaper rash” is what some call the type of diaper rash that is caused by skin having contact with stools that have high pH levels or are more acidic. One thing that can make a baby’s stool more acidic is the food they eat. […] An irritant diaper rash can also be caused by the changes in stool that are associated with certain food allergies and sensitivities, such as sensitivity to cow’s milk protein, which can cause looser, mushier stool that’s especially irritating to the skin. […] Acidic foods such as citrus and tomato-based sauces are often to blame for irritating baby’s skin and creating an inflamed, sore ring around the anus and sometimes around the mouth as well. […] „Acidic diaper rash” is a type of diaper rash that can be caused by certain foods in your baby’s diet.

• #24 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #25 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #26 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash is a common condition that can make a baby’s skin sore, red, scaly, and tender. Most cases will clear up with simple changes in diapering. […] Usually, diaper rash is the result of an irritation, infection, or allergy. […] A baby’s skin can get irritated when a diaper is left on for too long and poop (or the diaper itself) rubs against the skin repeatedly. […] Urine (pee) changes the skin’s pH levels, and that lets bacteria and fungi grow more easily. The substances that stop diapers from leaking also prevent air circulation, creating a warm, moist environment where bacteria and fungi can thrive, causing a rash. […] Babies with sensitive skin also can develop rashes. Some types of detergent, soaps, diapers (or dyes from diapers), or baby wipes can affect sensitive skin, causing a rash.

• #27 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash.

• #30 Diaper rash Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash

  Diaper rashes caused by infection with a yeast (fungus) called candida are very common in children. Candida grows best in warm, moist places, such as under a diaper. […] Other causes of diaper rash include: Acids in the stool (seen more often when the child has diarrhea), Ammonia (a chemical produced when bacteria break down urine), Diapers that are too tight or rub the skin, Reactions to soaps and other products used to clean cloth diapers.

• #31 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #32 Diaper Rash Prevention & Treatment | Lurie Children’s | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/preventing-and-treating-diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash occurs for different reasons, and there are different types of diaper rash. Your baby may have: […] Contact diaper rash, or irritant diaper dermatitis, is the most common type. It happens when a wet or soiled diaper touches your babys skin for too long. Substances in pee (urine) and poop (stool) can cause your babys skin to become irritated. […] Some babies get a diaper rash that worsens when it becomes infected by bacteria. When a babys skin becomes irritated, it creates opportunities for bacterial infection, says Dr. Silverio. […] Yeast (fungal) diaper rashes may occur when babies take antibiotic medication for illnesses or infections or the person breastfeeding them is taking antibiotics. Antibiotics can kill bacteria that help control growth of a fungus called candida. When too much candida grows, your baby may get yeast diaper rash. Fungal rashes can also occur when natural fungi on your babys skin or in their digestive tract grow more than they should.

• #33 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #34 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #35 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash.

• #37 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #38 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #39 How to Treat and Prevent Diaper Rash – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/4474-what-are-common-causes-and-treatments-for-diaper-rash

  Bacteria like staph or streptococcus can sometimes invade the broken skin and cause a rash. This might present as yellow crusted areas or blisters filled with pus. […] A baby may develop a rash when their skin reacts to common allergens which may include baby wipes, laundry detergent and the type of diaper they wear. The rash can occur regardless of whether the diaper is cloth or disposable.

• #40 Diaper Rash

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/diaper-rash/

  Irritant Diaper Rash. Mild rashes can be caused by the drying effect of soaps. […] Stool Diaper Rash. Stool left on the skin can be very irritating because it contains bacteria. […] Ammonia Diaper Rash. Stool and urine left in diaper too long can combine to make ammonia. It can cause a mild chemical burn. […] Diarrhea Diaper Rash. Rashes just found around the anus are common during bouts of diarrhea. Diarrhea stools also contain enzymes that digest food and irritate the skin. […] Yeast Diaper Rash. Rashes from irritants can get a secondary infection with yeast. […] Bacterial Diaper Rash. Bacteria can also cause a secondary infection of irritated skin. […] Cellulitis (Serious). The bacterial infection spreads into the skin. […] Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome (Serious). SSSS is caused by a Staph bacteria. The main finding is widespread large blisters. […] Diaper rashes are very common in babies. […] Often caused by not cleaning stool off the skin soon enough. […] Stool is a strong irritant to the skin.

• #41 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. […] More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals.

• #42 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #43 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #44 Yeast Diaper Rash (Candida Diaper Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22307-yeast-diaper-rash

  Yeast on the body overgrows and causes a rash in the diaper region when the body’s balance of yeast changes. […] Most common in diaper-wearing children, yeast, specifically Candida albicans yeast, could cause a diaper rash on infants if the balance of yeast and healthy bacteria is off balance. Infected feces are the main source for a Candida diaper rash. […] A type of yeast that lives on our bodies in small amounts is Candida albicans. Sometimes outside factors disrupt the balance of Candida and healthy bacteria (microbiome), causing a rash to form in the diaper area of our babys skin. Yeast is a type of fungus that thrives is warm and moist environments, making the diaper region the perfect place for yeast to grow. […] Contributing factors to the development of yeast diaper rashes include: Little to no air circulation on the skin. Urine or stool touching skin for long periods of time (overnight). Diaper material rubbing on skin repeatedly. Side effect of taking antibiotics or receiving them from a breastfeeding mother.

• #45

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Diaper rash, though usually not medically serious, can be uncomfortable for the little ones who suffer from it and stressful for their parents and other caregivers. […] Here are 5 possible reasons why your baby may still be getting diaper rashes despite your best efforts to keep their bottom clean and dry: […] If your baby was prescribed an antibiotic, the medicine can increase the risk of two different types of diaper rash. […] Diarrhea rash. As they fight bacteria that causes illness, antibiotics may also kill some „good” bacteria that live in the gut. This can trigger diarrhea and, in turn, diaper rash. […] Yeast rash. Antibiotics that kill off some of the beneficial bacteria can also lead to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called candida, leading to a yeast diaper rash. […] Some babies start to get diaper rash after they begin eating solid foods. This milestone in a baby’s diet can lead to changes in the digestive process and in the frequency and content of bowel movements, which can cause diaper rash.

• #46 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper dermatitis is caused by overhydration of the skin, maceration, prolonged contact with urine and feces, retained diaper soaps, and topical preparations and is a prototypical example of irritant contact dermatitis. […] The following causes have been noted: Overhydration of the skin, Maceration, Prolonged contact with urine and feces, Retained diaper soaps, Topical preparations, More than 3 diarrheal stools per day, Adverse effects of oral antibiotics, Early sign of biotin deficiency. […] Candida albicans has been identified as another contributing factor to diaper dermatitis; infection often occurs after 48-72 hours of active eruption. It is isolated from the perineal area in as many as 92% of children with diaper dermatitis. Other microbial agents have been isolated less frequently, perhaps more as a result of secondary infections.

• #47 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #48 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others.

• #49 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/diaper-rash/

  Diaper rash is a type of inflammation most often caused by wetness, skin sensitivity, or chafing, though it can also be caused by certain medications or chemicals. […] There are many different possible causes of diaper rash and sometimes there is more than one irritant to blame at one time. The following are the most likely causes: Prolonged exposure to urine and feces: The wetness and ammonia can irritate the skin […] Friction (chafing): The diaper may rub against the skin, causing irritation. This often happens when the diaper is too tight or, in older babies, when grains of sand or crumbs get under the diaper while they are playing or eating […] Sensitive skin: Conditions such as eczema and seborrheic dermatitis may increase the risk of a baby developing diaper rash. However, these conditions are usually not limited to the diaper area

• #50

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/allergy-diaper-rash?srsltid=AfmBOoqZwQj1QVmL6Fi6aFm1hBJi1XEWxl77kHjy5BXziD_IaeR6aLwS

  Diaper dermatitis, also known as diaper rash, is often related to wet or infrequently changed diapers, skin sensitivity, and chafing. However, it can also be caused by allergic reactions to diapers, wipes, or other skin products. […] In cases of severe or persistent diaper dermatitis, an underlying condition like allergic contact dermatitis or allergic eczema might be the culprit. […] There are various factors that can contribute to diaper dermatitis. Skin sensitivity can be an issue, particularly if the baby has a personal or family history of allergies, asthma, or atopic dermatitis. […] Allergy diaper rash occurs when the baby’s skin has an allergic reaction to a substance it comes into contact with. This could be due to a new brand of diaper, certain types of baby wipes, or laundry detergent residue in cloth diapers.

• #51 Nappy rash – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/nappy-rash/

  Nappy rash can be caused by: […] your baby’s skin being in contact with pee or poo for a long time […] not cleaning the nappy area or changing the nappy often enough […] the nappy rubbing against your baby’s skin […] an allergic reaction to soap, detergent or bubble bath […] irritation from fragranced baby wipes or wipes containing alcohol […] some types of medicines, such as antibiotics or laxatives (used to make a baby poo more often) […] thrush (a fungal infection).

• #52 Diaper rash Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/diaper-rash

  Diaper rashes caused by infection with a yeast (fungus) called candida are very common in children. Candida grows best in warm, moist places, such as under a diaper. […] Other causes of diaper rash include: Acids in the stool (seen more often when the child has diarrhea), Ammonia (a chemical produced when bacteria break down urine), Diapers that are too tight or rub the skin, Reactions to soaps and other products used to clean cloth diapers.

• #53 What causes Diaper Rash? – Sudocrem USA English

  https://sudocrem.com/us-en/diaper-rash-hub/what-causes-diaper-rash/

  The most common cause of Diaper Rash is when your baby’s skin becomes inflamed after contact with the chemicals in urine or feces. […] Diaper Rash is likely to occur if diapers are not changed often enough or if your baby has diarrhoea. However, if your baby has particularly sensitive skin, it can occur even when the diaper area is frequently cleaned. […] Sometimes friction caused by the diaper rubbing against your baby’s delicate skin or washing detergents that have not been thoroughly rinsed out of terry diapers (reusable diapers) can also cause Diaper Rash to develop.

• #54 What are Diaper Rash Symptoms and Signs, Causes, Prevention | NOLEO

  https://www.noleocare.com/blogs/news/diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can be traced to a number of sources, including: […] Irritation from stool and urine. Prolonged exposure to urine or stool can irritate a baby’s sensitive skin. Your baby may be more prone to diaper rash if he or she is experiencing frequent bowel movements or diarrhea because feces are more irritating than urine. […] Chafing or rubbing. Tightfitting diapers or clothing that rubs against the skin can lead to a rash. […] Irritation from a new product. Your baby’s skin may react to baby wipes, a new brand of disposable diapers, or a detergent, bleach or fabric softener used to launder cloth diapers. Other substances that can add to the problem include ingredients found in some baby lotions, powders and oils. […] Bacterial or yeast (fungal) infection. What begins as a simple skin infection may spread to the surrounding region. The area covered by a diaper buttocks, thighs and genitals is especially vulnerable because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin, and there may be red dots scattered around the creases.

• #55 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper dermatitis, commonly known as diaper rash, is a term used to describe different skin rashes in the diapered area. The rash is usually red, scaling and, rarely, ulcerated. It is most commonly seen in infants between the ages of 9 and 12 months, but may begin within the first two months of life. […] Possible contributors to diaper rash include the following: […] Irritation. This is from urine and feces trapped in the diaper. […] Candida diaper dermatitis. Dermatitis caused by a yeast infection in the diaper area, often preceded by diaper dermatitis. […] Seborrheic diaper dermatitis. A common, chronic skin condition that can affect the diaper area as well as other locations on the body. […] Other less common causes of dermatitis in the diaper area include the following: […] Impetigo. Dermatitis caused by a bacterial infection. […] Perianal streptococcal disease. Dermatitis caused by group A streptococcus. […] Allergic dermatitis. A type of dermatitis that is rare in the first two years of life, but may be caused by soaps and detergents, or the diaper.

• #56 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/diaper-rash/

  Intolerance to a product: The skin may react to one of the ingredients in a new product, such as baby wipes, lotions, soaps, different brands of disposable diapers, and detergents and softeners used on cloth diapers […] New foods in the diet: Diaper rash often develops when a baby starts eating solid foods. The content and frequency of their stools can change, causing skin irritation. Breast-fed infants can also develop diaper rash in reaction to something their mother has eaten […] Yeast or bacterial infection: The warmth and moisture of the diaper area make it susceptible to bacteria and yeast (candida) infections. The creases of the skin are particularly vulnerable and may become red, with scattered red dots nearby […] Antibiotics: By killing good bacteria along with the bad, antibiotics, whether taken by an infant or their breastfeeding mother, can upset the balance of the skin flora. Yeast infections can develop as a result. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, which irritates the skin.

• #57 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #58 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others.

• #59 What are Diaper Rash Symptoms and Signs, Causes, Prevention | NOLEO

  https://www.noleocare.com/blogs/news/diaper-rash

  Introduction of new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. If your baby is breast-fed, he or she may develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Sensitive skin. Babies with skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis (eczema), may be more likely to develop diaper rash. However, the irritated skin of atopic dermatitis and eczema primarily affects areas other than the diaper area. […] Use of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill bacteria the good kinds as well as the bad. When a baby takes antibiotics, bacteria that keep yeast growth in check may be depleted, resulting in diaper rash due to yeast infection. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breast-fed babies whose mothers take antibiotics are also at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #60 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #61 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #62 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said.

• #63 Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis

  Napkin dermatitis follows damage to the normal skin barrier and is primarily a form of irritant contact dermatitis. […] Urine and occlusion lead to overhydration and skin maceration. […] Faecal bile salts and enzymes break down stratum corneum lipids and proteins. […] A mixture of urine and faeces creates ammonium hydroxide, raising pH. […] The wet skin is colonised by micro-organisms, particularly candida. […] Pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis predispose a baby to napkin dermatitis. […] Other causes of napkin rashes include: Candida albicans, Impetigo, Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis, Atopic eczema, Psoriasis, Miliaria, Acrodermatitis enteropathica, Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions, Biotin responsive dermatosis, Rare disorders. […] Napkin dermatitis is not due to: Allergy to the napkins, Toxins in the napkins, Washing powders (unless these are not thoroughly removed by rinsing), Dermatophyte fungal infections (tinea).

• #64 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said.

• #65 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #66 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash.

• #67 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Fungal infections like Candida albicans is seen in up to 80% of infants with skin irritation around the nappy area. […] In babies who are already on antibiotics there is a risk of destruction of healthy good bacteria living in the nappy areas. This leads to increased likelihood of fungal infections. […] Babies with diabetes, suppressed immunities with conditions like HIV/AIDS infection and other disease also have an increased risk of fungal infections around the diaper areas. […] Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci can also lead to eruptions in the diaper area. […] These infections often go on to affect the vulva, vagina and surrounding tissues (vulvovaginitis) in female babies. […] Harsh soaps, fragrances, preservatives, powders, oils, detergents (in which cloth nappies have been washed) and antiseptics often cause irritation of the soft skin around the nappy area and may lead to diaper rash.

• #68 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #69 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Diaper rash, sometimes called irritant diaper dermatitis, refers to inflammation and visible skin changes—think splotchy redness, discomfort, or even peeling—concentrated on areas covered by the diaper. What brings on this sudden irritation? A combination of moisture retention, urine acidity, and friction set the stage, disrupting that delicate skin barrier so unique to babies and those with sensitive skin. […] Even with meticulous attention, the reality is that a baby’s skin is thinner and less mature than an adult’s, making it highly susceptible. Over 50% of children between 4 and 15 months will encounter diaper rash at least once, and for adults with mobility challenges, it’s equally relevant. […] Picture the microclimate inside a diaper—a humid, sometimes acidic environment saturated with urine and feces. The interaction of these substances leads to increased skin pH, which, combined with enzymes from stools, can quickly degrade the protective acid mantle meant to guard the skin. Once that barrier is weakened, even a brief exposure can start a cascade of irritation and inflammation. […] Friction like this, especially when coupled with immature skin structure, undermines the epidermal defenses. Babies, with their immature stratum corneum (the skin’s outer layer), are like tiny test tubes demonstrating just how sensitive developing skin can be to even gentle mechanical stress.

• #70 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Diaper rash, sometimes called irritant diaper dermatitis, refers to inflammation and visible skin changes—think splotchy redness, discomfort, or even peeling—concentrated on areas covered by the diaper. What brings on this sudden irritation? A combination of moisture retention, urine acidity, and friction set the stage, disrupting that delicate skin barrier so unique to babies and those with sensitive skin. […] Even with meticulous attention, the reality is that a baby’s skin is thinner and less mature than an adult’s, making it highly susceptible. Over 50% of children between 4 and 15 months will encounter diaper rash at least once, and for adults with mobility challenges, it’s equally relevant. […] Picture the microclimate inside a diaper—a humid, sometimes acidic environment saturated with urine and feces. The interaction of these substances leads to increased skin pH, which, combined with enzymes from stools, can quickly degrade the protective acid mantle meant to guard the skin. Once that barrier is weakened, even a brief exposure can start a cascade of irritation and inflammation. […] Friction like this, especially when coupled with immature skin structure, undermines the epidermal defenses. Babies, with their immature stratum corneum (the skin’s outer layer), are like tiny test tubes demonstrating just how sensitive developing skin can be to even gentle mechanical stress.

• #71 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Huggies® US

  https://www.huggies.com/en-us/resources/parenting/diaper-rash/everything-you-need-know-about-diaper-rash-and-how-to-cure-it

  Diaper rash mainly occurs when skin has been in prolonged contact with irritants, namely poop and urine, but it could also be from creams or other allergens. […] The number one cause of diaper rash is poop. Poop is very irritating to skin, and when it’s left on the skin too long, a rash will occur. Scientifically speaking, the prolonged exposure on your baby’s skin damages the skin barrier. […] The second leading cause of diaper rash is urine. […] Your baby’s skin is still developing during the first year of life, which makes him more susceptible to all sorts irritation. […] Changes in baby’s diet, food allergies and certain medications (such as antibiotics) can affect poop content, consistency and frequency, increasing the susceptibility for irritation in the diaper area. […] Irritants present in poop are the number one cause of diaper rash.

• #72 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Once skin integrity is disrupted, secondary infections often step in. Candida albicans, a common yeast, flourishes in moist folds, presenting as a bright red rash with characteristic satellite lesions—tiny spots just outside the main inflamed area. Bacterial invaders, especially Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, may create yellow crusts or rapidly spreading redness, demanding prompt, targeted treatment. […] Sometimes, diaper rash is a silent messenger, hinting at bigger changes. Starting solids? The altering composition and acidity of stools can spike irritation. Is your child on antibiotics? Disrupted gut microbiota plus diarrhea can pave the way for yeast overgrowth. Teething is another notorious phase—saliva changes digestion, and suddenly, diapers become a hotspot for irritation, even when nothing else has changed.

• #73 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Cloth diapers, praised for being chemical-free, do require more frequent changes and careful laundering—a detail easily missed in the laundry-laden days after birth. Disposable diapers with superabsorbent gels can help manage moisture, but occasionally even these can be part of the irritation cycle, especially for those with extra-sensitive skin. Preterm infants have especially fragile skin, more permeable and less resistant. Adults with incontinence—particularly those with reduced independence—face risks that echo infant vulnerabilities, compounded by different hygiene and medical needs.

• #74 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diarrhoea in the baby leads to frequent liquid faeces. […] In babies with anatomical defects of the urinary passage that leads to constant of frequent dribbling of urine also have a raised risk of diaper rash. […] Eczema is a skin condition that makes the babys skin dry and sore. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #75 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #76

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/diapers-clothing/Pages/Diaper-Rash.aspx

  The most common type of diaper rash is „irritant dermatitis.” […] Another fairly common cause of diaper rash is yeast infection, caused by overgrowth of a type of fungus found naturally in the digestive tract. […] Rarely, diaper rash can be caused by a bacterial infection. This is also called impetigo. […] Occasionally, babies with sensitive skin may have an allergic reaction to a specific ingredient in diapers, wipes and/or creams. […] There are rare conditions that can start as or mimic diaper rash. Examples include seborrheic dermatitis, which may involve overproduction of oil in the skin, and pediatric psoriasis.

• #77 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #78 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #79 Diaper Rash Treatment, Causes, Remedies & Signs

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/diaper_rash/article_em.htm

  Diaper rash is inflammation of the skin that appears on the skin under a diaper. Diaper rash typically occurs in infants and children younger than 2 years of age, but the rash can also be seen in people who are incontinent or paralyzed. […] What Causes a Diaper Rash? […] Friction: Most diaper rash is caused by friction that develops when sensitive baby skin is rubbed by wet diapers. This results in a red, shiny rash on exposed areas. […] Irritation: The skin under the diaper gets red from irritants such as feces, urine, or cleaning agents. Irritation can be caused by the diaper or by the acid in urine and bowel movements. This rash appears red in the area where the diaper has rubbed and is normally not seen in the folds of the skin. […] Candidal infection: The rash of a candidal infection, also known as fungal or yeast infection, usually has a bright, beefy red appearance and is very common after the use of antibiotics. […] Allergic reaction: The rash may be a reaction to diaper wipes, diapers, laundry detergent, soap, lotion, or the elastic in plastic pants. […] Seborrhea: This is an oily, yellow-colored rash that may also be seen in other areas of the body, such as the face, head, and neck.

• #80 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #81

  https://www.clinikally.com/blogs/news/diaper-rash-symptoms-types-causes-and-treatments?srsltid=AfmBOorWxGXcARnBFqNpKXtvWrawETsFbiRwYIe_-QcFnefeFKnyNnJ7

  Diaper rash is a common skin condition that affects infants and young children who wear diapers. […] Diaper rash is usually caused by prolonged exposure to moisture, friction, and irritants such as urine and faeces. […] Diaper rash is caused by a combination of factors, including: Moisture: Prolonged exposure to moisture from urine and feces can irritate the skin, making it more vulnerable to rash. […] Prolonged exposure to urine or faeces […] Friction from the diaper rubbing against the skin […] Chafing or irritation from tight-fitting diapers or clothing […] Allergic reaction to certain diaper materials or detergents […] Yeast or bacterial infections. […] Fungal diaper rash, also called dermatophyte or tinea diaper rash, is caused by fungi like Candida albicans, which thrive in warm, moist environments like the diaper area.

• #82 Diaper Rash: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention Tips – Maple

  https://www.getmaple.ca/blog/baby-diaper-rash/

  Most babies get diaper rash at some point. […] There are a few different causes of diaper rash (also known as diaper dermatitis), but one of the most frequent culprits is moisture. […] Poop is more irritating to your baby’s skin than pee and a major cause of diaper rash, so you’ll want to get them out of a poopy diaper ASAP. […] Yeast causes newborn diaper rash too in breastfed newborns especially. […] Formula-fed babies are just as susceptible to moisture-induced diaper rash as breast-fed babies. […] Acidic foods like citrus or tomatoes are frequent triggers, but food allergies can also cause diaper rash. […] A formula allergy rash occurs when a baby has an allergic reaction to proteins found in formula, particularly cows milk-based formulas. […] Diaper rash doesn’t discriminate both cloth and disposable diaper-clad babies get it.

• #83 Diaper Dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/

  Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin of the perineal and perianal areas (diaper area). It can be caused by chemical irritation, infection, or atopy. […] Diaper dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin around the diaper area. It results due to a combination of multiple factors such as increased moisture, prolonged contact with urine or feces, and other irritants like detergents. […] The second most common cause of diaper dermatitis is infection. Fungal infection, especially by Candida albicans, is the most common infectious cause. […] Bacterial infections follow fungal as the second most common cause of infectious diaper dermatitis. Staphylococcus aureus infection can occur in newborns, secondary to colonization from the umbilical cord. Streptococcus pyogenes is also seen as an etiologic agent causing the condition.

• #84 Exploring Different Types of Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and Solutions – Blueberry Pediatrics

  https://www.blueberrypediatrics.com/health-tips/types-of-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash refers to irritation or redness in the areas covered by a baby’s diaper. It occurs when a baby’s diaper is in prolonged contact with a soiled diaper or due to allergies or infections. Diaper rash is typically tender and sometimes itchy and can cause significant discomfort for babies. […] Several factors can increase the risk of diaper rash, such as infrequent diaper changes (which lead to prolonged exposure to wet or soiled diapers), sensitive skin, poor hygiene, and friction from diapers. […] The most common culprit is when your baby’s skin has prolonged contact with urine or stool. The resulting rash is called irritant diaper dermatitis; it is typically red, shiny, and confined to the area in contact with the diaper. […] Another cause of diaper rash is yeast growth, which is known as a Candida diaper rash. This rash is red and often spreads to the inner thighs, with satellite lesions red dots outside the main rash. […] Lastly, a bacterial infection can be a cause of diaper rash. These rashes are bright red, sometimes with small blisters or yellow crusting, and require antibiotics for treatment.

• #85 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper dermatitis, commonly known as diaper rash, is a term used to describe different skin rashes in the diapered area. The rash is usually red, scaling and, rarely, ulcerated. It is most commonly seen in infants between the ages of 9 and 12 months, but may begin within the first two months of life. […] Possible contributors to diaper rash include the following: […] Irritation. This is from urine and feces trapped in the diaper. […] Candida diaper dermatitis. Dermatitis caused by a yeast infection in the diaper area, often preceded by diaper dermatitis. […] Seborrheic diaper dermatitis. A common, chronic skin condition that can affect the diaper area as well as other locations on the body. […] Other less common causes of dermatitis in the diaper area include the following: […] Impetigo. Dermatitis caused by a bacterial infection. […] Perianal streptococcal disease. Dermatitis caused by group A streptococcus. […] Allergic dermatitis. A type of dermatitis that is rare in the first two years of life, but may be caused by soaps and detergents, or the diaper.

• #86 Diaper Rash – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/diaper-rash

  A diaper rash is an area of inflamed skin found in the diaper area in infants and young children. It is usually caused by skin irritation from prolonged contact with urine and feces. […] Diaper rash may be caused by a number of factors, including: contact with urine and feces: Prolonged exposure to urine and feces can irritate the skin. Both urine and feces can cause moisture to come into contact with the skin, which makes it more prone to damage and irritation. Contact with digestive enzymes found in feces can also increase the risk of diaper rash. […] The dark, damp, and moist environment created by a diaper is a perfect breeding ground for bacterial or yeast infections (e.g., Candida) on the skin. These types of infections are more common in babies who have a diaper rash. […] Allergy to diaper elastic chemicals: A linear, red rash across the belly and in the skin creases can indicate an allergic reaction to chemicals in disposable diaper elastic. This is a common occurrence when you change to a different brand of diapers.

• #87 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others. […] Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes patches of redness and greasy yellow scaly skin in infants. […] Atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) is not usually found in the diaper area because moisture is trapped there by the diaper. […] Impetigo is a bacterial infection that can develop in the diaper area, as well as other areas of the body. […] Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes reddened and silver scaly patches of skin. […] Scabies is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by mites that have burrowed under the skin.

• #88 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Yeast infections can develop if irritant dermatitis is not treated for more than a few days. […] Allergic reactions or skin sensitivity to the diaper itself is a less common cause of diaper rash. […] Skin conditions that can affect the diaper area but are not caused by the diaper include seborrhea, atopic dermatitis, bacterial infections, psoriasis, scabies, and others.

• #89 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Pediatricians must also consider whether other dermatological conditions are playing a role. Psoriasis and lichen sclerosus are 2 conditions that can affect the skin of infants in the diaper area. Psoriasis in particular may be considered if there a child is experiencing diaper dermatitis that just doesn’t seem to clear with the usual remedies. […] Other considerations for atypical rash causes may include nutritional deficiencies like cystic fibrosis. Diseases that result in malabsorption or malnutritionespecially of nutrients like zinc can cause erosions in the skin creases of the diaper area, Cohen said. Other diseases that could lead to skin blistering include rare immunobullous diseases like epidermolysis bullosa. Clinicians should also rule out structural malformations in the genitourinary tract that could cause chronic urine leakage, Cohen said.

• #90 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. […] More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals.

• #91 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #92 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper dermatitis, commonly known as diaper rash, is a term used to describe different skin rashes in the diapered area. The rash is usually red, scaling and, rarely, ulcerated. It is most commonly seen in infants between the ages of 9 and 12 months, but may begin within the first two months of life. […] Possible contributors to diaper rash include the following: […] Irritation. This is from urine and feces trapped in the diaper. […] Candida diaper dermatitis. Dermatitis caused by a yeast infection in the diaper area, often preceded by diaper dermatitis. […] Seborrheic diaper dermatitis. A common, chronic skin condition that can affect the diaper area as well as other locations on the body. […] Other less common causes of dermatitis in the diaper area include the following: […] Impetigo. Dermatitis caused by a bacterial infection. […] Perianal streptococcal disease. Dermatitis caused by group A streptococcus. […] Allergic dermatitis. A type of dermatitis that is rare in the first two years of life, but may be caused by soaps and detergents, or the diaper.

• #93 Patient education: Diaper rash in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diaper-rash-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the term used to describe an irritating condition that develops on the skin that is covered by a diaper. It is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7 and 35 percent of infants at some point. Diaper rash occurs most commonly in infants between ages 9 and 12 months but can occur at any time the child wears a diaper. […] Diaper-related rashes can be caused by irritation, a yeast infection, or an allergic reaction. Diaper-related rashes may occur more frequently if a child has an episode of diarrhea or has recently taken antibiotics. […] Irritant dermatitis is the medical term for red and inflamed skin that is caused by any irritant (usually urine or feces with diaper rash). Irritant dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash.

• #94 What are Diaper Rash Symptoms and Signs, Causes, Prevention | NOLEO

  https://www.noleocare.com/blogs/news/diaper-rash

  Introduction of new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. If your baby is breast-fed, he or she may develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Sensitive skin. Babies with skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or seborrheic dermatitis (eczema), may be more likely to develop diaper rash. However, the irritated skin of atopic dermatitis and eczema primarily affects areas other than the diaper area. […] Use of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill bacteria the good kinds as well as the bad. When a baby takes antibiotics, bacteria that keep yeast growth in check may be depleted, resulting in diaper rash due to yeast infection. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breast-fed babies whose mothers take antibiotics are also at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #95 Nappy rash | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a common result of exposure to wet or dirty nappies. […] Babies who have sensitive skin, with rashes on other parts of their bodies such as cradle cap or eczema (on the face or under the chin), may be more likely to develop nappy rash. Some things can trigger nappy rash, including: […] Ammonia chemicals in urine irritate the skin. […] Thrush (candida) thrush can occur spontaneously. It is more common after a baby has been given antibiotics for another infection. Thrush can aggravate nappy rash. […] Chemical exposure some baby wipes may cause irritation or allergy. Scented soaps or baby lotions can also irritate the skin of some babies. […] Plastic pants these keep the babys clothes clean and dry, but prevent airflow. Because the clothes do not get wet, a baby may be left in a wet or dirty nappy for a longer and this may aggravate nappy rash.

• #96 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Cloth diapers, praised for being chemical-free, do require more frequent changes and careful laundering—a detail easily missed in the laundry-laden days after birth. Disposable diapers with superabsorbent gels can help manage moisture, but occasionally even these can be part of the irritation cycle, especially for those with extra-sensitive skin. Preterm infants have especially fragile skin, more permeable and less resistant. Adults with incontinence—particularly those with reduced independence—face risks that echo infant vulnerabilities, compounded by different hygiene and medical needs.

• #97 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Overview, Prevention and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is usually caused by skin being exposed to moisture from urine and bowel movements (stool or poop) for too long. The moisture irritates the skin and then the skin starts to break down. The skin gets damaged when it rubs against the diaper. Chemicals in the urine and stool can further hurt the skin and could cause a rash. […] Some other causes of diaper rash may include: Starting to eat solid foods, Diaper is too tight, Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, Allergic reaction to the diaper, baby wipes, or diaper creams, Antibiotics or other new medicines a baby or breastfeeding mom is taking.

• #98 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology of Diaper Dermatitis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911985-overview

  Diaper dermatitis is caused by overhydration of the skin, maceration, prolonged contact with urine and feces, retained diaper soaps, and topical preparations and is a prototypical example of irritant contact dermatitis. […] The following causes have been noted: Overhydration of the skin, Maceration, Prolonged contact with urine and feces, Retained diaper soaps, Topical preparations, More than 3 diarrheal stools per day, Adverse effects of oral antibiotics, Early sign of biotin deficiency. […] Candida albicans has been identified as another contributing factor to diaper dermatitis; infection often occurs after 48-72 hours of active eruption. It is isolated from the perineal area in as many as 92% of children with diaper dermatitis. Other microbial agents have been isolated less frequently, perhaps more as a result of secondary infections.

• #99 Diaper Rash Causes & Prevention (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diaper-rash.html

  Diaper rash that lasts for more than a few days, even with changes to the diapering routine, might be caused by a yeast called Candida albicans. This rash is usually red, slightly raised, and has small red dots spreading beyond the main part of the rash. It often starts in the deep creases of skin and can spread to skin on the front and back of the baby. Antibiotics given to a baby or a breastfeeding mom can cause this, as they kill the „good” bacteria that keep Candida from growing.

• #100 Diaper rash // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/diaper-rash

  Introducing new foods. As babies start to eat solid foods, the content of their stool changes. This increases the likelihood of diaper rash. Changes in your baby’s diet can also increase the frequency of stools, which can lead to diaper rash. Breastfed babies might develop diaper rash in response to something the mother has eaten. […] Having sensitive skin. Babies with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis or other skin conditions may be more likely to develop diaper rash. The irritated skin of atopic dermatitis also tends to be in areas not covered by a diaper. […] Using antibiotics. Antibiotics can contribute to a rash by killing bacteria that keep yeast growth in check. Antibiotic use also increases the risk of diarrhea. Breastfed babies whose mothers take antibiotics also are at increased risk of diaper rash.

• #101 Diaper Rash: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11037-diaper-rash-diaper-dermatitis

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is the most common skin condition seen in young infants. […] Many different things can cause diaper rash, including: […] Too much moisture in your babys diaper area. […] Chafing or rubbing (intertrigo) in their diaper area. […] When pee or poop touch your babys skin for long periods of time. […] Yeast infection. […] Bacterial infection. […] Allergic reaction to diaper material. […] Reaction to food (food allergies). […] When skin stays wet for too long, it starts to break down. […] Diaper rash occurs more often when your baby: […] Doesnt stay clean and dry. […] Poops frequently, especially when their poop stays in their diaper overnight. […] Has diarrhea. […] Begins to eat solid foods. […] Is taking antibiotics or youre nursing your baby and taking antibiotics. […] Mild diaper rashes typically go away with home treatment within three to four days. […] More severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungals.

• #102

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Diaper rash, though usually not medically serious, can be uncomfortable for the little ones who suffer from it and stressful for their parents and other caregivers. […] Here are 5 possible reasons why your baby may still be getting diaper rashes despite your best efforts to keep their bottom clean and dry: […] If your baby was prescribed an antibiotic, the medicine can increase the risk of two different types of diaper rash. […] Diarrhea rash. As they fight bacteria that causes illness, antibiotics may also kill some „good” bacteria that live in the gut. This can trigger diarrhea and, in turn, diaper rash. […] Yeast rash. Antibiotics that kill off some of the beneficial bacteria can also lead to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called candida, leading to a yeast diaper rash. […] Some babies start to get diaper rash after they begin eating solid foods. This milestone in a baby’s diet can lead to changes in the digestive process and in the frequency and content of bowel movements, which can cause diaper rash.

• #103 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Once skin integrity is disrupted, secondary infections often step in. Candida albicans, a common yeast, flourishes in moist folds, presenting as a bright red rash with characteristic satellite lesions—tiny spots just outside the main inflamed area. Bacterial invaders, especially Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, may create yellow crusts or rapidly spreading redness, demanding prompt, targeted treatment. […] Sometimes, diaper rash is a silent messenger, hinting at bigger changes. Starting solids? The altering composition and acidity of stools can spike irritation. Is your child on antibiotics? Disrupted gut microbiota plus diarrhea can pave the way for yeast overgrowth. Teething is another notorious phase—saliva changes digestion, and suddenly, diapers become a hotspot for irritation, even when nothing else has changed.

• #104 Nappy Rash: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/nappy-rash-leaflet

  Most cases are due to a reaction of the skin to urine and poo. Babies have sensitive skin which is vulnerable to irritation. […] In addition, a germ called candida commonly thrives on the inflamed skin. […] Nappy rash can occur or worsen when your baby is teething. It is unclear why teething can lead to nappy rash although it is thought that it is due to your baby producing more saliva. This changes the nature of the baby’s poo, making it more likely to cause a reaction when it touches the skin. […] Occasionally, skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, infections and some rare skin diseases cause unusual nappy rashes.

• #105 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-diaper-rash-(nappy-rash).aspx

  Diarrhoea in the baby leads to frequent liquid faeces. […] In babies with anatomical defects of the urinary passage that leads to constant of frequent dribbling of urine also have a raised risk of diaper rash. […] Eczema is a skin condition that makes the babys skin dry and sore. […] Other disease conditions like psoriasis, Granuloma gluteale infantum, Letterer-Siwe disease, Cystic fibrosis and Kawasakis disease may all lead to rash around the diaper area.

• #106 Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash): Overview, Prevention and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diaper-dermatitis-diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is usually caused by skin being exposed to moisture from urine and bowel movements (stool or poop) for too long. The moisture irritates the skin and then the skin starts to break down. The skin gets damaged when it rubs against the diaper. Chemicals in the urine and stool can further hurt the skin and could cause a rash. […] Some other causes of diaper rash may include: Starting to eat solid foods, Diaper is too tight, Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, Allergic reaction to the diaper, baby wipes, or diaper creams, Antibiotics or other new medicines a baby or breastfeeding mom is taking.

• #107 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #108 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #109

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Although it’s rare, some babies are allergic to dyes, fragrances or preservatives in certain diapers, wipes and creams. […] If you use cloth diapers, extra steps should be taken to make sure they get thoroughly clean in the laundry. […] Wearing diapers that are fastened too tightly can trap moisture, which can cause diaper rash. […] There are many factors that can contribute to diaper rash.

• #110 Diaper rash // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/diaper-rash

  Diaper rash may be caused by: […] Leaving on wet or soiled diapers too long. Skin can develop a rash if wet or soiled diapers are left on too long. Babies may be more prone to diaper rash if they’re having many stools or diarrhea. […] Chafing or rubbing. Tightfitting diapers or clothing that rubs against the skin can lead to a rash. […] Using a new product. Your baby’s skin may react to a new brand of baby wipes, diapers or a detergent, bleach or fabric softener used to wash cloth diapers. Ingredients in lotions, powders and oils might add to the problem. […] Developing a bacterial or yeast infection. What begins as a simple infection may spread to the surrounding skin. The area covered by a diaper is at risk because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin.

• #111 Nappy rash | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/nappy-rash

  Nappy rash is a common result of exposure to wet or dirty nappies. […] Babies who have sensitive skin, with rashes on other parts of their bodies such as cradle cap or eczema (on the face or under the chin), may be more likely to develop nappy rash. Some things can trigger nappy rash, including: […] Ammonia chemicals in urine irritate the skin. […] Thrush (candida) thrush can occur spontaneously. It is more common after a baby has been given antibiotics for another infection. Thrush can aggravate nappy rash. […] Chemical exposure some baby wipes may cause irritation or allergy. Scented soaps or baby lotions can also irritate the skin of some babies. […] Plastic pants these keep the babys clothes clean and dry, but prevent airflow. Because the clothes do not get wet, a baby may be left in a wet or dirty nappy for a longer and this may aggravate nappy rash.

• #112

• #113 What are Diaper Rash Symptoms and Signs, Causes, Prevention | NOLEO

  https://www.noleocare.com/blogs/news/diaper-rash

  Diaper rash can be traced to a number of sources, including: […] Irritation from stool and urine. Prolonged exposure to urine or stool can irritate a baby’s sensitive skin. Your baby may be more prone to diaper rash if he or she is experiencing frequent bowel movements or diarrhea because feces are more irritating than urine. […] Chafing or rubbing. Tightfitting diapers or clothing that rubs against the skin can lead to a rash. […] Irritation from a new product. Your baby’s skin may react to baby wipes, a new brand of disposable diapers, or a detergent, bleach or fabric softener used to launder cloth diapers. Other substances that can add to the problem include ingredients found in some baby lotions, powders and oils. […] Bacterial or yeast (fungal) infection. What begins as a simple skin infection may spread to the surrounding region. The area covered by a diaper buttocks, thighs and genitals is especially vulnerable because it’s warm and moist, making a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and yeast. These rashes can be found within the creases of the skin, and there may be red dots scattered around the creases.

• #114

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Although it’s rare, some babies are allergic to dyes, fragrances or preservatives in certain diapers, wipes and creams. […] If you use cloth diapers, extra steps should be taken to make sure they get thoroughly clean in the laundry. […] Wearing diapers that are fastened too tightly can trap moisture, which can cause diaper rash. […] There are many factors that can contribute to diaper rash.

• #115 Diaper Rash: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention Tips – Maple

  https://www.getmaple.ca/blog/baby-diaper-rash/

  Cloth diapers that aren’t cleaned properly or dried fully can be a breeding ground for yucky (and smelly) bacteria, which may increase their chances of developing a yeast diaper rash. […] Disposable diapers often have a number of chemical ingredients. These chemicals (and sometimes fragrances) can also cause diaper rash or irritation in your baby.

• #116 What Causes Diaper Rash? | DESITIN®

  https://www.desitin.com/identifying-diaper-rash/what-causes-diaper-rash

  Diaper Rash Cause: Friction […] Diaper Rash Cause: Urine […] Diaper Rash Causes Diaper Rash Cause: Feces […] Diaper Rash Cause: Irritation […] The primary cause of diaper rash is prolonged and increased exposure to wetness/moisture against the skin. […] The closed environment created by the diaper. Diapers are usually snug fitting. This results in little air reaching babys diaper area. This causes babys skin to become warmer and moister and therefore have a higher pH (which is a measure of acidity vs. alkalinity) than elsewhere in the body. Excessive moisture in the skin makes it more easily penetrated by irritants and more vulnerable to swelling. […] Chafing from friction or rubbing. Friction can weaken the protective barrier of the skin. Moist skin is more vulnerable to friction than dry skin, so the diaper area is particularly prone to this problem. Friction between the diaper and the skin, two areas of skin (such as in skin creases and folds), and constant wiping and cleaning in the diaper area can facilitate the penetration of irritating substances into the skin.

• #117  Diaper Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – Judes Family

  https://www.judesfamily.com/en/blogs/academy/windeldermatitis?srsltid=AfmBOooRbcazzkqvZ7abDfNBkuaXD47g9tcw_tpOKz_ymim8yAz1fVun

  Diaper rash is not only unpleasant for our little ones but is sometimes really hard to get rid of. […] The main triggers for diaper rash are low air circulation and a moist environment. Tightly sealed disposable diapers have a negative impact on the well-being in the diaper area due to their low breathability. […] Other factors such as teething and the associated „acidic” stool can irritate the sensitive baby skin and lead to a sore bottom. […] The non-breathable material of disposable diapers hinders the necessary air circulation needed for the healing of diaper rash or its prevention. […] Many parents tell us that since using our cloth diapers, they have no more problems with diaper rash or thrush. […] Ideally, diaper rash should never occur in the first place. […] Also, make sure to change your baby’s diaper often enough. This keeps the diaper area dry and prevents the development of diaper rash.

• #118 Diaper Rash: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention Tips – Maple

  https://www.getmaple.ca/blog/baby-diaper-rash/

  Cloth diapers that aren’t cleaned properly or dried fully can be a breeding ground for yucky (and smelly) bacteria, which may increase their chances of developing a yeast diaper rash. […] Disposable diapers often have a number of chemical ingredients. These chemicals (and sometimes fragrances) can also cause diaper rash or irritation in your baby.

• #119 Diaper rash: causes, signs & solutions for all ages | parenting guide

  https://heloa.app/en/blog/0-12-months/health/diaper-rash-guide

  Cloth diapers, praised for being chemical-free, do require more frequent changes and careful laundering—a detail easily missed in the laundry-laden days after birth. Disposable diapers with superabsorbent gels can help manage moisture, but occasionally even these can be part of the irritation cycle, especially for those with extra-sensitive skin. Preterm infants have especially fragile skin, more permeable and less resistant. Adults with incontinence—particularly those with reduced independence—face risks that echo infant vulnerabilities, compounded by different hygiene and medical needs.

• #120 Diaper Rash: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | CeraVe

  https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skin-concerns/itchy-skin/diaper-rash-causes-types-symptoms-and-treatments

  Diaper rash is often caused by prolonged exposure to wet, dirty diapers and infrequent diaper changes, but it can also develop due to chafing or rubbing caused by tight diapers as well as irritation from new or existing skincare products. […] The warm, moist environment of skin covered with a diaper makes this area prone to bacterial and fungal infections as well. […] It’s important to note that diaper rash can occur or recur despite a parent or caretaker’s best efforts.

• #121

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/Why-is-my-baby-always-getting-diaper-rashes.aspx

  Although it’s rare, some babies are allergic to dyes, fragrances or preservatives in certain diapers, wipes and creams. […] If you use cloth diapers, extra steps should be taken to make sure they get thoroughly clean in the laundry. […] Wearing diapers that are fastened too tightly can trap moisture, which can cause diaper rash. […] There are many factors that can contribute to diaper rash.

• #122 Etiology and pathophysiology of diaper dermatitis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3152829/

  Common diaper dermatitis is a group of skin disorders that result from attack of the skin by physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial factors in the diaper environment. […] Skin in this weakened state is susceptible to a variety of biological, chemical, and physical insults that can cause or aggravate diaper dermatitis. […] These include attack of the skin by fecal enzymes and other irritants in urine and feces, mechanical abrasion, and infection by C. albicans. […] Diaper dermatitis, by definition, cannot exist in the absence of diapers.

• #123 Diaper Rash: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

  Diaper rash, or diaper dermatitis, is a general term describing any of a number of inflammatory skin conditions that can occur in the diaper area. […] Rashes that are directly or indirectly caused by the wearing of diapers: This category includes dermatoses, such as irritant contact dermatitis, miliaria, intertrigo, candidal diaper dermatitis, and granuloma gluteale infantum. […] The precise etiology of most diaper rashes is not clearly defined. They likely result from a combination of factors that includes wetness, friction, urine and feces, and the presence of microorganisms. […] A precise etiology of common diaper rashes has not been determined. Rashes have been associated with the following: Infrequent diaper changes, Improper cleansing and drying of the diaper area, Failure to apply topical preparations to protect the skin, Diarrhea. […] Candida is a common cause of secondary infection. Other possible sources of secondary infection include species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and enteric anaerobes (Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species).

• #124 Diaper Rash: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2022/01/diaper-rash-causes-treatment

  A common yeast is called Candida albicans. This is the same organism that causes thrush in the mouth and cradle cap on the scalp. In the diaper region, this typically appears as redness in the skin folds, surrounded by little red dots called satellite lesions. […] However, babies have a smaller amount of these microbes. That leaves room for other things to grow, like yeast (or fungus). […] But when the skin is disrupted by a contact dermatitis or a yeasty diaper rash, the bacteria may travel into the skin, causing bacterial infections, such as impetigo, cellulitis and abscess. These require topical and/or oral antibiotics to treat. […] The best way to combat diaper rash is to prevent it from happening in the first place. This can be accomplished by: Avoiding chemicals previously known to cause a rash. Creating a barrier by using an emollient or diaper rash ointment with each diaper change. Changing diapers as soon as possible after each bowel movement.

• #125 What to consider with severe or persistent diaper rash

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/what-to-consider-with-severe-or-persistent-diaper-rash

  Moderate to severe diaper dermatitis affects nearly 9% of infants in the first year of their life. Commonly known as diaper rash, these reactions are typically caused by some type of contact irritant, but there are a number of differential diagnoses that could also increase the severity of these rashes. […] Bernard A. Cohen, MD, a professor of pediatric dermatology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and director of the Johns Hopkins University Pediatric Dermatology and Cutaneous Laser Center, in Baltimore, Maryland, said contact dermatitis is the most common cause of diaper rash. Infants spend almost every minute of their day in diapers, and near-constant exposure to urine, stool, and general moisture can irritate the delicate skin in the perianal and genital areas. […] First, pediatricians need to determine the type of diaper rash. Contact dermatitis tends to appear mostly on skin prominences, whereas irritations caused by bacteria or yeasts tend to settle into the folds of the groin, Cohen said. The development of blisters or pustules are a sign that you probably aren’t seeing a simple case of contact dermatitis. These symptoms usually point to infections like herpes simplex or enterovirus.

• #126 Nappy rash

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/nappy_rash/

  Consider other causes when nappy rash is severe, unusual in appearance or not responding to appropriate treatment. More than one condition may occur together. Malabsorption from any cause (eg lactose overload, cow milk protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease) can present with diarrhoea, erosive dermatitis and poor growth. Diarrhoea and secondary nutritional deficiencies may contribute to further progressive intractable nappy rash. […] Rash is not improving with above treatment measures. Concern that nappy rash is due to a cause other than irritant contact dermatitis.

• #127 Diaper rash – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/676/diaper-rash

  Diaper rash is primarily an irritant contact dermatitis. […] Recalcitrant diaper rash may signal secondary infection or underlying systemic or dermatologic disorders, and requires further evaluation.

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