Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spontaneous pneumothorax: epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487279/

  Spontaneous pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause(s) of spontaneous (primary and secondary) pneumothorax is described. […] PSP has an incidence of 7.4 to 18 cases (age-adjusted incidence) per 100,000 population each year in males, and 1.2 to 6 cases per 100,000 population each year in females. […] The general incidence is almost similar to that of PSP. Depending upon the underlying disease, the peak incidence of SSP can occur later in life, e.g. 60-65 yrs of age in the emphysema population.

• #1 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #2 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The reason for these geographic differences is unknown. Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females. Mild collapse (ie, <10 percent collapse) was present in approximately half of individuals, most of whom underwent intervention.

• #2 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #3 Spontaneous pneumothorax: epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487279/

  Spontaneous pneumothorax represents a common clinical problem. An overview of relevant and updated information on epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause(s) of spontaneous (primary and secondary) pneumothorax is described. […] PSP has an incidence of 7.4 to 18 cases (age-adjusted incidence) per 100,000 population each year in males, and 1.2 to 6 cases per 100,000 population each year in females. […] The general incidence is almost similar to that of PSP. Depending upon the underlying disease, the peak incidence of SSP can occur later in life, e.g. 60-65 yrs of age in the emphysema population.

• #4 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #5 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The reason for these geographic differences is unknown. Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females. Mild collapse (ie, <10 percent collapse) was present in approximately half of individuals, most of whom underwent intervention.

• #6 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #7 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology/print

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] In this topic review, the epidemiology and etiology of pneumothorax are discussed. […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. […] Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females.

• #8 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology/print

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] In this topic review, the epidemiology and etiology of pneumothorax are discussed. […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. […] Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females.

• #9 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #10 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #11 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #12 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #13 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #14 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #15 Pneumothorax: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pneumothorax-pro

  The incidence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is 24/100,000 a year in men and 9.9/100,000 a year in women in England and Wales. […] A primary spontaneous pneumothorax is one of the most common thoracic diseases affecting adolescents and young adults, having an annual incidence ranging from 15.5 to 22.7 per 100,000 people and with a women/men ratio ranging from 1:3.3 to 1:5.5. […] Men are most likely to have a pneumothorax under the age of 20 years with a second peak in incidence at around 60 years, mainly related to underlying lung disease. The incidence in women is delayed to 30-34 years, and again there is a second peak in incidence at around 60 years. […] Smoking is the most important risk factor: compared to non-smokers, men who smoke increase their risk of a first pneumothorax 22-fold and women 9-fold.

• #16 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #17 Pneumothorax In Emergency Department | RECAPEM

  https://recapem.com/pneumothorax-in-emergency-department/

  Pneumothorax is classified as atraumatic (spontaneous) and traumatic. The two subtypes of atraumatic pneumothorax are primary and secondary. […] PSPs occur in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence in the early 20s. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. […] Risk factors: Male sex with an M/F ratio of 6, Smoking, Tall thin body habitus, Genetic predisposition. […] The recurrence rate after the first PSP is ~ 25% (with most of the risk in the first year). […] Recurrence rates usually are higher as compared to those for PSP, ranging to ~ 50% in patients with COPD and up to 80% in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] The true incidence of TPT is unknown. […] TPT is more common in patients with chest trauma and those who are mechanically ventilated.

• #18 Pneumothorax: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pneumothorax-pro

  Over 10% of patients with PSP report a positive family history of the disease. […] SSP is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality than PSP. […] The clinical course of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is variable with a recurrence rate ranging from 25% to 54%. The presence of underlying chronic lung disease is a significant determinant of recurrence. […] The risk of recurrence of PSP is as high as 54% within the first four years, with isolated risk factors including smoking, height and age over 60 years. […] Risk factors for recurrence of SSP include age, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

• #19

  https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001013

  Spontaneous pneumothorax is hypothesized to be associated with air pollution exposure based on pathophysiological mechanisms involving airway inflammation. Therefore, we analyzed the association between daily concentrations of air pollutants [sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5), PM less than 10 m in diameter (PM10), and coarse PM (PM10-2.5)] and the number of spontaneous pneumothorax-related hospital visits. […] The number of hospital visits due to spontaneous pneumothorax increased with air pollution exposure, especially with PM. Our finding suggests that air pollution is a possible predisposing factor for spontaneous pneumothorax.

• #20 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #21 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #22 Pneumothorax: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pneumothorax-pro

  Over 10% of patients with PSP report a positive family history of the disease. […] SSP is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality than PSP. […] The clinical course of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is variable with a recurrence rate ranging from 25% to 54%. The presence of underlying chronic lung disease is a significant determinant of recurrence. […] The risk of recurrence of PSP is as high as 54% within the first four years, with isolated risk factors including smoking, height and age over 60 years. […] Risk factors for recurrence of SSP include age, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

• #23 Pneumothorax: observation – Li – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/3083/3674

  The risk of recurrence of PSP is as high as 54% in the first 4 years after observation treatment, which is much higher than definitive recurrence-prevention procedures. […] Observation is the first-line treatment for small closed PSP in stable patients without shortness of breath at rest (3,18-35). […] Observation cannot be used as an ultimate treatment strategy for any SSP patient. Observation alone is only recommended in patients with small secondary pneumothorax with less than 1 cm depth or isolated apical pneumothorax in asymptomatic patients. Hospitalization is recommended in these cases. […] A recent multicenter study of OP identified in mechanically ventilated critical care patients showed that the outcome of observation was comparable with that of tube thoracotomy, and there was no significant difference in episodes of respiratory distress and difficulty in ventilation, and changes in radiographic imaging between the two groups (16). […] Simple observation is not recommended in clinically stable patients with large PSP according to the ACCP guideline (18). On the contrary, the BTS advocates observation alone for selected asymptomatic patients with a large PSP (3).

• #24 Trends in recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in young population after treatment for first episode based on a nationwide population data | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39717-y

  The aim of this study is to identifying post treatment recurrence rates in pneumothorax patients under 35 and without any comorbidities according to the treatment types, gender, and age categories based on nationwide population data. […] The overall recurrence rate was 20.3%. Male patients showed a higher 5-year recurrence rate than female (20.8% vs. 10.9%, p0.001). […] Those with conservative management showed lower 5-year recurrence rates than those with surgical treatment (7.9% vs. 23.7%, p0.001). […] The 5-year recurrence rates of patients aged 14, and20 was higher than other age groups (29.2% vs. 4.5 and 11.9%, p0.001). Surgical intervention, male gender and aged under 20 showed association with higher recurrence rates. […] The incidence trends of spontaneous pneumothorax showed bimodal age-distribution, first peak at age between 15 to 34, and the other age beyond 60 s.

• #25 Pneumothorax In Emergency Department | RECAPEM

  https://recapem.com/pneumothorax-in-emergency-department/

  Pneumothorax is classified as atraumatic (spontaneous) and traumatic. The two subtypes of atraumatic pneumothorax are primary and secondary. […] PSPs occur in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence in the early 20s. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. […] Risk factors: Male sex with an M/F ratio of 6, Smoking, Tall thin body habitus, Genetic predisposition. […] The recurrence rate after the first PSP is ~ 25% (with most of the risk in the first year). […] Recurrence rates usually are higher as compared to those for PSP, ranging to ~ 50% in patients with COPD and up to 80% in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] The true incidence of TPT is unknown. […] TPT is more common in patients with chest trauma and those who are mechanically ventilated.

• #26 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #27 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  Primary spontaneous pneumothorax mainly occurs at 20-30 years of age. The incidence of PSP in the United States is 7 per 100,000 men and 1 per 100,000 women per year. Most recurrence occurs within the first year, and incidence ranges widely from 25% to 50%. The recurrence rate is highest over the first 30 days. […] Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is seen more in old-age patients 60-65 years. The incidence of SSP is 6.3 and 2 cases for men and women per 100,000 patients, respectively. The male-to-female ratio is 3:1. COPD has an incidence of 26 pneumothoraces per 100,000 patients. The risk of spontaneous pneumothorax in heavy smokers is 102 times higher than in non-smokers. […] The leading cause of iatrogenic pneumothorax is transthoracic needle aspiration (usually for biopsies), and the second leading cause is central venous catheterization. These occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothorax, and their number increases as intensive care modalities advance. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5 per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #28 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  Smoking increases the risk of a first spontaneous pneumothorax by more than 20-fold in men and by nearly 10-fold in women compared with risks in nonsmokers. Increased risk of pneumothorax and recurrence appears to rise proportionally with number of cigarettes smoked. […] Traumatic and tension pneumothoraces occur more frequently than spontaneous pneumothoraces, and the rate is undoubtedly increasing in United States hospitals as intensive care treatment modalities have become increasingly dependent on PPV, CVC placement, and other causes that potentially induce iatrogenic pneumothorax. […] Iatrogenic pneumothorax may cause substantial morbidity and, rarely, death. The incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax is 5-7 per 10,000 hospital admissions, with thoracic surgery patients excluded because pneumothorax may be a typical outcome following these surgeries.

• #29 Tension pneumothorax | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tension-pneumothorax?lang=us

  Tension pneumothorax may account for 1-2% of pneumothoraces and is predisposed by chest trauma and mechanical ventilation. […] Urgent placement of a pleural drain can be life-saving and avert cardiorespiratory arrest.

• #30 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  Pneumothorax occurs in 1-2% of all neonates, with a higher incidence in infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. In one study, 19% of such patients developed a pneumothorax. […] Tension pneumothorax is a complication in approximately 1-2% of the cases of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. […] The actual incidence of tension pneumothorax outside a hospital setting is impossible to determine. Approximately 10-30% of patients transported to level-1 trauma centers in the United States receive prehospital decompressive needle thoracostomies; however, not all of these patients actually have a true tension pneumothorax. […] Catamenial pneumothorax is a rare phenomenon that generally occurs in women aged 30-50 years. It frequently begins 1-3 days after menses onset. […] Spontaneous pneumomediastinum generally occurs in young, healthy patients without serious underlying pulmonary disease, mostly in the second to fourth decades of life. A slight predominance of pneumomediastinum exists for males. This condition occurs in approximately 1 case per 10,000 hospital admissions.

• #31 Pneumothorax | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27370

  The incidence of tension pneumothorax is challenging to determine as one-third of cases in trauma centers have decompressive needle thoracostomies before reaching the hospital, and not all of these had tension pneumothorax. […] Pneumomediastinum has an incidence of 1 case per 10,000 admissions in the hospital.

• #32 Pediatric Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1003552-overview

  Although all age groups are affected, the peak incidence of pneumothorax occurs in individuals aged 16-64 years. In the pediatric population, the overall incidence of pneumothorax is 5-10 cases per 100,000 children younger than 18 years. The rate of pneumothorax is relatively higher during the newborn period. During the past two decades, the incidence of neonatal pneumothorax has decreased because of the use of surfactant and gentle ventilation. […] Primary spontaneous pneumothorax may have a higher recurrence rate in children than in adults. There is a strong (6:1) male predominance for spontaneous pneumothorax. It can also present in reproductive-age girls as catamenial pneumothorax.

• #33 Pediatric Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1003552-overview

  Although all age groups are affected, the peak incidence of pneumothorax occurs in individuals aged 16-64 years. In the pediatric population, the overall incidence of pneumothorax is 5-10 cases per 100,000 children younger than 18 years. The rate of pneumothorax is relatively higher during the newborn period. During the past two decades, the incidence of neonatal pneumothorax has decreased because of the use of surfactant and gentle ventilation. […] Primary spontaneous pneumothorax may have a higher recurrence rate in children than in adults. There is a strong (6:1) male predominance for spontaneous pneumothorax. It can also present in reproductive-age girls as catamenial pneumothorax.

• #34 Pediatric Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1003552-overview

  Although all age groups are affected, the peak incidence of pneumothorax occurs in individuals aged 16-64 years. In the pediatric population, the overall incidence of pneumothorax is 5-10 cases per 100,000 children younger than 18 years. The rate of pneumothorax is relatively higher during the newborn period. During the past two decades, the incidence of neonatal pneumothorax has decreased because of the use of surfactant and gentle ventilation. […] Primary spontaneous pneumothorax may have a higher recurrence rate in children than in adults. There is a strong (6:1) male predominance for spontaneous pneumothorax. It can also present in reproductive-age girls as catamenial pneumothorax.

• #35 Neonatal Medicine

  https://www.neo-med.org/m/journal/view.php?number=1053

  The incidence of pneumothorax during the study period was 1.36% (38/2,788). […] Pneumothorax occurs more frequently in newborns than in any other age group, with an incidence rate of 1% to 2% in the general population and 6% to 7% in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. […] Despite advances in neonatal intensive care, such as the use of antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement therapy, and lung-protective ventilator strategies, pneumothorax remains a common respiratory complication that contributes to an increase in perinatal morbidities, including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and mortality, especially in preterm infants and critically ill newborns. […] Many previous studies on neonatal pneumothorax have focused on early preterm newborns; therefore, further studies on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of pneumothorax in late preterm and full-term newborns are required.

• #36 Neonatal Medicine

  https://www.neo-med.org/m/journal/view.php?number=1053

  The incidence of pneumothorax during the study period was 1.36% (38/2,788). […] Pneumothorax occurs more frequently in newborns than in any other age group, with an incidence rate of 1% to 2% in the general population and 6% to 7% in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. […] Despite advances in neonatal intensive care, such as the use of antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement therapy, and lung-protective ventilator strategies, pneumothorax remains a common respiratory complication that contributes to an increase in perinatal morbidities, including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and mortality, especially in preterm infants and critically ill newborns. […] Many previous studies on neonatal pneumothorax have focused on early preterm newborns; therefore, further studies on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of pneumothorax in late preterm and full-term newborns are required.

• #37 Pneumothorax in COVID-19 disease- incidence and clinical characteristics | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-020-01504-y

  Spontaneous pneumothorax is an uncommon complication of COVID-19 viral pneumonia. The exact incidence and risk factors are still unknown. Herein we review the incidence and outcomes of pneumothorax in over 3000 patients admitted to our institution for suspected COVID-19 pneumonia. […] The incidence of this complication is still not yet exactly known. In a report by Chen et al. 1% (one patient) had a pneumothorax among other radiographic features. In a study published by Yang and colleagues in 92 deceased COVID-19 patients, one (1.1%) had a pneumothorax and died as a result of it 5 days after the initial presentation. […] In this case series, we identified 6 out of 902 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed spontaneous pneumothorax. The incidence (0.66%) is lower than what has been recently reported in the literature.

• #38 Pneumothorax in COVID-19 disease- incidence and clinical characteristics | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-020-01504-y

  Mechanical ventilation appears to be a predominant risk factor for development of pneumothorax with COVID-19 pneumonia. […] While the incidence of pneumothorax in mechanically ventilated patients is high, it is believed to be even higher in those with ARDS, ranging between 14 to 87%. […] Patients with baseline ground-glass opacities and consolidations and those who are mechanically ventilated appear to be at high risk.

• #39 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The reason for these geographic differences is unknown. Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females. Mild collapse (ie, <10 percent collapse) was present in approximately half of individuals, most of whom underwent intervention.

• #40 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #41 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #42 Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Epidemiology and Treatment in Germany Between 2011 and 2015 (03.11.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/194215

  Few reliable data are available on the epidemiology and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. […] During the period of the study, there were 52 738 admissions with the main diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax, corresponding to an annual frequency of hospitalization of 14.3 per 100 000 persons per year (95% confidence interval, 14.0 to 14.5). […] The lethality and in-hospital mortality of this condition (0.08% and 0.3%, respectively) were low among persons aged 15 to 45, but markedly higher in persons over age 90 (9.4% and 15.9%, respectively). […] Data on spontaneous pneumothorax are scarce. […] The aim of this study is to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of spontaneous pneumothorax in Germany, in particular with regard to the frequency of hospitalization, lethality, computed tomography (CT) investigations and treatment provided, from which recommendations for diagnosis and management can be derived.

• #43 Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Epidemiology and Treatment in Germany Between 2011 and 2015 (03.11.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/194215

  Few reliable data are available on the epidemiology and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. […] During the period of the study, there were 52 738 admissions with the main diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax, corresponding to an annual frequency of hospitalization of 14.3 per 100 000 persons per year (95% confidence interval, 14.0 to 14.5). […] The lethality and in-hospital mortality of this condition (0.08% and 0.3%, respectively) were low among persons aged 15 to 45, but markedly higher in persons over age 90 (9.4% and 15.9%, respectively). […] Data on spontaneous pneumothorax are scarce. […] The aim of this study is to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of spontaneous pneumothorax in Germany, in particular with regard to the frequency of hospitalization, lethality, computed tomography (CT) investigations and treatment provided, from which recommendations for diagnosis and management can be derived.

• #44 Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Epidemiology and Treatment in Germany Between 2011 and 2015 (03.11.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/194215

  The sex-specific results on the frequency of hospitalized cases with pneumothorax as the primary diagnosis, including the sex ratio (1 : 3.2; female to male) are in line with the results of Bobbio et al. (2) (1 : 3.3 female to male) and Gupta et al. (1) (1 : 2.7 female to male). […] Lethality and in-hospital mortality are clearly age-dependent. […] Our results suggest that in the younger age group spontaneous pneumothorax does not constitute the same vital threat it clearly represents in the higher age group. […] In the older age group, however, CT scans can help to better identify any underlying pulmonary disease which is important as in this patient population secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is more common.

• #45 Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England | Thorax

  https://thorax.bmj.com/content/55/8/666

  Little is known of the epidemiology of pneumothorax. Routinely available data on pneumothorax in England are described. The overall person consulting rate for pneumothorax (primary and secondary combined) in the GPRD was 24.0/100000 each year for men and 9.8/100000 each year for women. Hospital admissions for pneumothorax as a primary diagnosis occurred at an overall incidence of 16.7/100000 per year and 5.8/100000 per year for men and women, respectively. Mortality rates were 1.26/million per year for men and 0.62/million per year for women. The age distribution in both men and women showed a biphasic distribution for both GP consultations and hospital admissions. […] There is evidence of two epidemiologically distinct forms of spontaneous pneumothorax in England. The explanation for the rise and fall in mortality for secondary pneumothorax is obscure.

• #46 Pneumothorax: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/424547-overview

  It is likely that the incidence for spontaneous pneumothorax is underestimated. Up to 10% of patients may be asymptomatic, and others with mild symptoms may not present to a medical provider. […] PSP occurs in people aged 20-30 years, with a peak incidence is in the early 20s; it is rarely observed in people older than 40 years. The age-adjusted incidence of PSP is 7.4-18 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 1.2-6 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 6.2:1. […] SSPs occur more frequently in patients aged 60-65 years. The age-adjusted incidence of SSP is 6.3 cases per 100,000 persons per year for men and 2.0 cases per 100,000 persons per year for women. The male-to-female ratio of age-adjusted rates is 3.2:1. COPD is a common cause of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax that carries an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 persons.

• #47 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The reason for these geographic differences is unknown. Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females. Mild collapse (ie, <10 percent collapse) was present in approximately half of individuals, most of whom underwent intervention.

• #48 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology/print

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] In this topic review, the epidemiology and etiology of pneumothorax are discussed. […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. […] Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females.

• #49 Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumothorax-in-adults-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Pneumothorax in adults: Epidemiology and etiology […] Epidemiology — PSP is more common in males than females (roughly three to six times higher). The incidence of PSP in males ranges from 7.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 37 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The incidence in females ranges from 1.2 per 100,000 population per year in the United States to 15.4 per 100,000 population per year in the United Kingdom. The reason for these geographic differences is unknown. Another hospital database study of emergency department visits from January 2008 to December 2014 reported that 79 percent of pneumothoraces were in males and 21 percent in females. […] The prevalence of asymptomatic PSP is unknown, but one retrospective study of Japanese students suggested that the rate may be as high as 0.042 percent and higher in males than females. Mild collapse (ie, <10 percent collapse) was present in approximately half of individuals, most of whom underwent intervention.

• #50 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #51 Study reveals trends in incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax — Oxford Big Data Institute

  https://www.bdi.ox.ac.uk/news/study-reveals-trends-in-incidence-of-spontaneous-pneumothorax

  Oxford researchers supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre have published research that shows how the rates of incidence and recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax have changed over time. […] Looking at English national data from 1968 to 2016, the researchers found that the annual hospital admission rate for spontaneous pneumothorax in England increased from 9.1 to 14.1 per 100,000 population, with differences by sex and by age. […] The study found that the probability of recurrence within five years was similar by sex, but there were variations according to age group and the presence of chronic lung disease. […] The messages we want to deliver are, firstly, that pneumothorax has become more common among the elderly, particularly among elderly women.

• #52 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41030-023-00232-0

  Previous studies in 2018 and 2022 have suggested increasing inpatient burden of pneumothorax and widespread variation in management. […] The most relevant study regarding the epidemiology of primary spontaneous (PSP) and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in the United Kingdom (UK) is from Halifax et al., where just under 171,000 hospital admissions from 1968 to 2016 were investigated. […] As far as we know, no further studies looking at pneumothorax epidemiology in the UK have been performed. […] The management trends in our cohort of both PSP and SSP are towards increasing conservative management for both with less use of intercostal drains in PSP and much reduced use of needle aspiration. […] Trends for pneumothorax management over a decade in a large pleural centre show a decreasing length of stay and increasing conservative management.

• #54 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #55 Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e028624

  The annual prevalence of spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 39 to 66 per 100000 individuals, while the prevalence of hospitalisation due to spontaneous pneumothorax ranged from 18 to 36 per 100000 individuals. […] The prevalence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea has increased since 2002. […] The male to female ratio was approximately 410:1, with a higher prevalence rate in men. […] By age, the 15-34 years old group, and particularly those aged 15-19 years old, showed the highest prevalence rate; the rate then declined before increasing again for those aged 65 years or older. […] In total, 47%-57% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent hospitalisation. […] The average number of rehospitalisations due to pneumothorax was 1.56 per person, and more than 70% of recurrences occurred within 1 year. […] The average medical costs were $94.50 for outpatients and $2523 for hospital admissions. […] We here detailed the epidemiology and treatments for spontaneous pneumothorax in Korea.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41030-023-00232-0

  Previous studies in 2018 and 2022 have suggested increasing inpatient burden of pneumothorax and widespread variation in management. […] The most relevant study regarding the epidemiology of primary spontaneous (PSP) and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in the United Kingdom (UK) is from Halifax et al., where just under 171,000 hospital admissions from 1968 to 2016 were investigated. […] As far as we know, no further studies looking at pneumothorax epidemiology in the UK have been performed. […] The management trends in our cohort of both PSP and SSP are towards increasing conservative management for both with less use of intercostal drains in PSP and much reduced use of needle aspiration. […] Trends for pneumothorax management over a decade in a large pleural centre show a decreasing length of stay and increasing conservative management.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41030-023-00232-0

  Previous studies in 2018 and 2022 have suggested increasing inpatient burden of pneumothorax and widespread variation in management. […] The most relevant study regarding the epidemiology of primary spontaneous (PSP) and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) in the United Kingdom (UK) is from Halifax et al., where just under 171,000 hospital admissions from 1968 to 2016 were investigated. […] As far as we know, no further studies looking at pneumothorax epidemiology in the UK have been performed. […] The management trends in our cohort of both PSP and SSP are towards increasing conservative management for both with less use of intercostal drains in PSP and much reduced use of needle aspiration. […] Trends for pneumothorax management over a decade in a large pleural centre show a decreasing length of stay and increasing conservative management.

• #58 Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Epidemiology and Treatment in Germany Between 2011 and 2015 (03.11.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/194215

  Few reliable data are available on the epidemiology and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. […] During the period of the study, there were 52 738 admissions with the main diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax, corresponding to an annual frequency of hospitalization of 14.3 per 100 000 persons per year (95% confidence interval, 14.0 to 14.5). […] The lethality and in-hospital mortality of this condition (0.08% and 0.3%, respectively) were low among persons aged 15 to 45, but markedly higher in persons over age 90 (9.4% and 15.9%, respectively). […] Data on spontaneous pneumothorax are scarce. […] The aim of this study is to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of spontaneous pneumothorax in Germany, in particular with regard to the frequency of hospitalization, lethality, computed tomography (CT) investigations and treatment provided, from which recommendations for diagnosis and management can be derived.

• #59 Neonatal Medicine

  https://www.neo-med.org/m/journal/view.php?number=1053

  The incidence of pneumothorax during the study period was 1.36% (38/2,788). […] Pneumothorax occurs more frequently in newborns than in any other age group, with an incidence rate of 1% to 2% in the general population and 6% to 7% in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. […] Despite advances in neonatal intensive care, such as the use of antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement therapy, and lung-protective ventilator strategies, pneumothorax remains a common respiratory complication that contributes to an increase in perinatal morbidities, including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and mortality, especially in preterm infants and critically ill newborns. […] Many previous studies on neonatal pneumothorax have focused on early preterm newborns; therefore, further studies on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of pneumothorax in late preterm and full-term newborns are required.

• #60 Pneumothorax management: current state of practice in the UK | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-022-01943-9

  Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common pathology with an incidence of 1724 and 16 per 100,000 population per annum for men and women, respectively. […] The most recent European Respiratory Society (ERS) and British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for the management of pneumothorax were published in 2015 and 2010, respectively. […] The aim of this study was to assess the current state of play in the management of pneumothorax in the UK. […] This study is the first survey of pneumothorax practice across the UK. […] Despite an RCT in conservative management, only 51% of respondents would conservatively manage a patient with a large PSP with minimal symptoms and this reduces to 2.9% if the patient has ongoing symptoms. […] Similarly, only 19% would use an ambulatory device to manage a PSP with ongoing symptoms despite recent RCT data suggesting ambulatory management is effective.

• #61 Pneumothorax management: current state of practice in the UK | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-022-01943-9

  NICE guidance recommends the use of digital suction but this has not translated into widespread usage: only 23% use digital suction to check for resolution of air leak. […] The challenge the new guidelines face is to design a simple and pragmatic approach, using this new evidence base. […] Further data and the updated ERS and BTS guidelines are eagerly awaited.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-020-06771-3

  Pneumothorax is the most common and potentially life-threatening complication arising from percutaneous lung biopsy. […] The deep learning algorithm has a potential role as a surveillance tool for accurate and timely diagnosis of post-biopsy pneumothorax.

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