Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heart Failure: Etiology and Approach to Diagnosis – Revista Española de Cardiología

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/es-heart-failure-etiology-and-approach-articulo-13059210

  In spite of its high prevalence and the huge burden it imposes on health care systems, heart failure is a clinical syndrome that has not yet been defined satisfactorily. […] The diseases that can lead to HF are very different and their detection is of great importance, as this can modify the diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive approach, as well as determine prognosis. […] In practical terms, and in line with the main textbooks, we will refer to three types of causes of HF: predisposing, determining and precipitating. The main causes are presented in Table 3. […] Predisposing causes, also known as risk factors, are indicators associated with a greater probability of HF and can be identified in the population without heart disease or symptoms of HF. […] The determining causes of HF are those that alter the regulating mechanisms of the ventricular function, hemodynamic load conditions and heart rate. […] The precipitating causes of HF are those factors that cause a decompensation in a stable situation in patients with or without previous diagnosis of HF, but with an underlying structural cardiac abnormality.

• #2 Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430873/

  Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively due to structural or functional impairments. The most common cause of HF is ischemic heart disease, but other factors, such as hypertension, valvular disease, and myocarditis, also contribute to its development. […] The etiology of HF is variable and extensive. Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of HF. The general management of HF aims to relieve systemic and pulmonary congestion and stabilize hemodynamic status, regardless of the cause. […] The etiologies of HF are extensive, though coronary artery disease (CAD) causing ischemic heart disease is the most common cause. Every attempt should be made to identify causative factors to help guide treatment strategies. The etiologies can be broadly classified as intrinsic heart disease and pathologies that are infiltrative, congenital, valvular, myocarditis-related, high-output failure, and secondary to systemic disease.

• #3 What Causes Heart Failure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/causes-and-risks-for-heart-failure/causes-of-heart-failure

  All of us lose some blood-pumping ability in our hearts as we age, but heart failure results from the added stress of health conditions that either damage the heart or make it work too hard. Certain lifestyle factors – smoking, being overweight, eating foods high in fat and cholesterol and physical inactivity – can contribute to heart failure because they increase your risk of developing heart conditions associated with heart failure. […] If you have heart failure, chances are you have (or had) one or more of the conditions listed below. And, if you have any of the following, you are at higher risk of developing heart failure. […] Typically, these conditions cause the „wear and tear” that leads to heart failure. Having more than one of these factors dramatically increases your risk. […] A heart attack occurs when an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle becomes blocked. The loss of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood damages the heart’s muscle tissue. The damaged heart tissue doesn’t contract as well, which weakens the heart’s ability to pump blood.

• #4 Heart Failure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-failure/causes

  Long-term, or chronic, heart failure is often caused by other medical conditions that damage or overwork your heart. Sudden, or acute, heart failure can be caused by an injury or infection that damages your heart, a heart attack, or a blood clot in your lung. […] Chronic conditions that damage or weaken the heart muscles are the main cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. For example, coronary heart disease or a heart attack can prevent your heart muscle from getting enough oxygen. Other causes of this type of heart failure include faulty heart valves, an irregular heartbeat, or heart diseases that you are born with or inherit. […] High blood pressure and other conditions that make your heart work harder are the main causes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Conditions that stiffen the chambers of the heart such as obesity and diabetes are also causes of this type of heart failure.

• #5 Heart failure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142

  Heart failure can be caused by a weakened, damaged or stiff heart. […] The heart muscle can be damaged by certain infections, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use and some chemotherapy medicines. Your genes also can play a role. […] Any of the following conditions also can damage or weaken the heart and cause heart failure. […] Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure. The disease results from the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. The deposits narrow the arteries. This reduces blood flow and can lead to heart attack. […] A heart attack occurs suddenly when an artery feeding the heart becomes completely blocked. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean that the heart can no longer pump as well as it should. […] High blood pressure. Also called hypertension, this condition forces the heart to work harder than it should to pump blood through the body. Over time, the extra work can make the heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood.

• #6 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  Failure of the heart to provide sufficient blood flow Not to be confused with cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, or heart block. […] Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excessive alcohol consumption, infection, and cardiomyopathy. […] Heart failure is the potential end stage of all heart diseases. […] In heart failure, the structure or the function of the heart or in some cases both are altered. […] Heart damage can predispose a person to develop heart failure later in life and has many causes including systemic viral infections (e.g., HIV), chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, trastuzumab and substance use disorders of substances such as alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine.

• #7 Systolic Heart Failure: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/what-is-systolic-heart-failure

  Heart problems or diseases can lead to heart failure. Some of the most common causes of systolic heart failure are: […] High blood pressure: If you have this, your heart has to work harder to pump more blood through your body. With that extra work, your heart muscle gets thicker and doesn’t work as well. […] Coronary artery disease: The amount of blood flowing to your heart is blocked, or it’s less than normal. […] Cardiomyopathy: When your heart muscle is damaged, your heart can’t pump blood as normal. […] Heart valve problems: Sometimes, valves don’t open or close the way they should, or they become leaky. In those cases, the heart has to pump harder to get blood through your body.

• #8 Risks for Heart Failure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/causes-and-risks-for-heart-failure

  Heart failure (HF) is a serious, long-term (chronic) condition. It’s more likely to happen as you age, but anyone can develop heart failure. Heart failure cases are on the rise in the United States in recent years, due in part to the aging population. […] Most people who develop heart failure have (or had) another heart condition first. […] Having one or more of the following risk factors greatly increases your risk of heart failure: […] Coronary artery disease. When cholesterol and fatty deposits build up in the heart’s arteries, less blood can reach the heart muscle. This buildup is known as atherosclerosis. […] High blood pressure. When pressure in the blood vessels is too high, the heart has to pump harder than normal to keep the blood circulating. […] Type 2 Diabetes. People with diabetes tend to develop HBP and atherosclerosis from elevated lipid levels in the blood.

• #9 Heart failure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142

  Heart valve disease. The valves of the heart keep blood flowing the right way. If a valve isn’t working properly, the heart must work harder to pump blood. This can weaken the heart over time. Treating some types of heart valve disease may reverse heart failure. […] Inflammation of the heart muscle, also called myocarditis. Myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus, and can lead to left-sided heart failure. […] A heart condition that you’re born with, also called a congenital heart defect. If the heart and its chambers or valves haven’t formed correctly, the other parts of the heart have to work harder to pump blood. This may lead to heart failure. […] Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias. Irregular heart rhythms may cause the heart to beat too fast, creating extra work for the heart. A slow heartbeat also may lead to heart failure. Treating an irregular heart rhythm may reverse heart failure in some people.

• #10 What Causes Heart Failure? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/causes-and-risks-for-heart-failure/causes-of-heart-failure

  Heart valve problems can result from disease, infection (endocarditis) or a defect present at birth. When the valves don’t open or close completely during each heartbeat, the heart muscle has to pump harder to keep the blood moving. If the workload becomes too great, heart failure results. […] Any damage to the heart muscle – whether because of drug or alcohol use, viral or other infections or unknown reasons – increases the risk of heart failure. […] If the heart and its chambers don’t form correctly, the healthy parts have to work harder to make up for it. Just like with abnormal heart valves, whenever parts of the heart have to work harder to make up for parts that are not functioning properly, heart failure results. […] Less commonly, an otherwise healthy heart may become temporarily unable to keep up with the body’s needs. This can happen in people who have: Low red blood cell count (severe anemia): When there aren’t enough red blood cells to carry oxygen, the heart tries to move the small number of cells at a faster heart rate. It can become overtaxed from the effort. An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism): This condition causes the body to work at a faster pace, and the heart can be overworked trying to keep up. Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia or dysrhythmia): When the heart beats too fast, too slow or irregularly, it may not be able to pump enough blood to meet all the body’s needs. In these cases, the person may experience heart failure symptoms until the underlying problem is identified and treated.

• #11 Patient education: Heart failure (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heart-failure-beyond-the-basics

  Cardiomyopathy — This is when the heart muscle does not pump or relax normally, but the cause is not high blood pressure or coronary heart disease. Cardiomyopathy can be related to different medical conditions, including certain autoimmune disorders, a genetic mutation, buildup of abnormal proteins in the body, or an infection; however, often the cause is unknown. […] Heart valve disease — A number of conditions can damage the heart valves (which normally keep blood flowing through the heart at the right pressure and in the right direction): […] The valve can become narrowed („stenosed”), which interferes with blood flow through the valve and increases pressure in the heart. […] In other cases, the valve can become leaky, causing blood to flow backward („regurgitation”). […] Sometimes, both of these things happen, and a valve becomes both narrowed and leaky.

• #12 Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430873/

  The 4 most common etiologies responsible for about two-thirds of HF cases are ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertensive heart disease, and rheumatic heart disease. […] Ischemic heart disease is by far the most common cause of HF worldwide. […] Valvular heart disease is another common intrinsic heart condition that can cause HF. […] Hypertension causes HF even in the absence of CAD or ischemic heart disease. […] Cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by enlarged ventricles with impaired function not related to secondary causes such as ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, hypertension, or congenital heart disease. […] Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is defined by myocarditis along with ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. The most common cause is viral infection.

• #13 Heart disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

  The cause of cardiomyopathy depends on the type. There are three types: Dilated cardiomyopathy. This is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. The cause is often unknown. It may be passed down through families, which means it’s inherited. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This type is usually passed down through families. Restrictive cardiomyopathy. This type of cardiomyopathy can happen for no known reason. Sometimes a buildup of protein called amyloid causes it. Other causes include connective tissue disorders. […] Many things can cause a damaged or diseased heart valve. Some people are born with heart valve disease. If this happens, it’s called congenital heart valve disease. Other causes of heart valve disease can include: Rheumatic fever. Infection in the lining of the heart valves, called infectious endocarditis. Connective tissue disorders.

• #14 Heart failure • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.nz/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/heart-failure

  Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis): This is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus. It can lead to left-sided heart failure. […] Congenital heart defects: If a person is born with problems with their hearts structure, such as chambers or valves that have not formed correctly, the rest of the heart has to work harder to pump blood. This can lead to heart failure. […] Irregular heartbeat: Having an abnormal heart rhythm such as atrial fibrillation may cause the heart to work extra hard. […] Infections and other diseases: These can contribute to the slow development of heart failure. […] Sudden (acute) heart failure may be caused by the following. […] Blood clots in the lungs […] Viruses that attack the heart muscle […] Severe infections […] Certain medications.

• #15 Heart Failure | Congestive Heart Failure | CHF | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/heartfailure.html

  Heart failure can start suddenly after a medical condition or injury damages your heart muscle. But in most cases, heart failure develops slowly from long-term medical conditions. […] Conditions that can cause heart failure include: Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat), Cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart defects or other types of heart diseases that you are born with, Coronary artery disease, Endocarditis, Heart attack, Heart valve diseases, High blood pressure, A blood clot in your lung, Diabetes, Certain severe lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Obesity. […] Over time, left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure.

• #16 Heart Failure – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-failure/causes

  Left-sided heart failure is the main cause of right-sided heart failure. […] Congenital heart defects or conditions that damage the right side of your heart such as abnormal heart valves can also lead to right-side heart failure. […] Aging can weaken and stiffen your heart. […] Family history of heart failure makes your risk of heart failure higher. […] Unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as an unhealthy diet, smoking, using cocaine or other illegal drugs, heavy alcohol use, and lack of physical activity, increase your risk of heart failure. […] Heart or blood vessel conditions, serious lung disease, or infections such as HIV or SARS-CoV-2 raise your risk. […] Women more commonly have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which is when the heart does not fill with enough blood. Men are more likely to have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

• #17 Heart Failure: Causes & Risk Factors | Diagnosis, Signs & Symptoms

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/heart-failure

  Congenital heart defects: Some people who develop heart failure were born with structural heart defects. […] Viruses: A viral infection may damage the heart muscle. […] Alcohol use: Drinking too much alcohol can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure. […] Irregular heart rhythm: Abnormal rhythms, especially if they are frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure. […] Heart valve disease: The heart muscle may be damaged from blood backing up in the chambers due to the valves not opening and closing properly. […] Family history and genetics: People with a family history of cardiomyopathies (diseases that damage the heart muscle) have an increased risk of developing heart failure.

• #18 Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430873/

  Infiltrative cardiomyopathies cause a restrictive cardiomyopathy pattern (similar to the genetically determined restrictive cardiomyopathy variant), which is notable for normal ventricular systolic function but with diastolic dysfunction and restrictive left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) filling dynamics. […] High-output cardiac failure can be associated with thiamine deficiency, which is a rare condition found primarily among patients who are elderly, homeless, or have alcohol abuse disorder. […] Other common causes of high-output cardiac failure are obesity, liver disease, and arteriovenous shunts. […] Obesity is a leading cause of CHF in patients younger than 40 years. […] Tachycardia and arrhythmia can induce a low-output CHF state. […] Thyrotoxicosis is a rare cause of HF despite initiating a hyperdynamic circulatory state.

• #19 Heart Failure: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/heart-failure-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment

  Stress-induced cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo: It is informally called broken heart syndrome, and it is an underrecognized cause of congestive heart failure that results in transient left-ventricular wall abnormalities. […] Peripartum cardiomyopathy: It is a main cause of maternal mortality, and it presents congestive heart failure due to LV systolic dysfunction that occurs during late pregnancy, postpartum, or up to several months after delivery. […] Obesity: As per the „Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity” study obesity is a leading cause of congestive heart failure in patients younger than 40 years of age. […] Tachycardia: Both tachycardia and arrythmias can induce a low output state in congestive heart failure. […] Thyrotoxicosis: It is one of the rare causes of heart failure and occurs due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, which causes retention of sodium and water, as well as the upregulation of erythropoietin-stimulating agents, both of which increases blood volume. […] High output cardiac failure: It is associated with thiamine deficiency, a rare condition which is found primarily among patients who are elderly, homeless, or have alcohol abuse disorder.

• #20 Causes of Heart Failure | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/heart-failure/causes

  Heart failure often has more than one cause. The causes include: […] Myocarditis is inflammation (bodys response to injury) of the heart muscle. Myocarditis can be due to an infection and can cause heart failure. […] Sleep apnea occurs when parts of the throat block a persons airway. This often happens when sleeping at night, and cause pauses in breathing. Sleep apnea is a risk factor for heart failure and related health condition. […] Heart failure is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Diabetes happens when a persons body cant regulate blood sugar levels. About one in five people with heart failure also has diabetes. […] Diabetic heart failure is related to a kind of heart damage known as cardiomyopathy. In this disease, the ventricles become damaged. Heart failure may develop because of high blood pressure or narrowed arteries in the heart.

• #21 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Failure | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0615/p1161.html

  CAD is the underlying etiology in up to 60 to 70 percent of patients with systolic heart failure, and a predictor for progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. […] Hypertension and valvular heart disease are significant risk factors for heart failure, with relative risks of 1.4 and 1.46, respectively. […] Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of heart failure twofold by directly leading to cardiomyopathy and significantly contributing to CAD. […] Numerous conditions can cause heart failure, either acutely without an underlying cardiac disorder or through decompensation of chronic heart failure.

• #22 Heart Failure – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/heart-failure

  Heart failure has many possible underlying causes, including: […] coronary artery disease […] high blood pressure (hypertension) […] heart valve disorders (including rheumatic heart disease) […] congenital heart disorders […] cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) […] heart attack […] cardiac arrhythmias (problems with the heart rate and/or rhythm) […] exposure to toxins, including excessive alcohol. […] Hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and prolonged lung disease also increase the risk of heart failure.

• #23 Heart Failure Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-failure-causes-and-risk-factors-1746181

  Myocardial infarction occurs when a blood clot completely blocks one or more of the coronary arteries, interrupting blood flow to a section of the heart. Tissue becomes damaged or dies, and heart failure can follow the diminished pumping function. […] Diabetes: People with diabetes have a much higher incidence of heart failure. While diabetes does contribute to conditions such as CAD and MI, it also can more directly cause cardiomyopathy. […] Obesity increases the risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a type that is related to the heart’s ability to fill while maintaining a capacity to pump. […] Stress cardiomyopathy, also called broken heart syndrome, is a form of sudden, severe heart failure triggered by extreme emotional trauma. […] Genetics can influence your tendency to develop heart failure. These factors may include: Genetic predisposition: Research has shown that heart failure is often linked to genetics.

• #24 What are the causes of heart failure?

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/heart-health/causes-of-heart-failure.html

  A heart problem, arrhythmia is marked by an irregular heartbeat. If left untreated, it may weaken or damage the heart and possibly lead to heart failure. […] In people with kidney disease, the kidneys become unable to efficiently filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. Over time, this can lead to an increase in blood pressure that may damage the heart and lead to heart failure. […] Excessive body fat or obesity can increase the risk of heart failure. […] Chemicals in cigarettes can raise blood pressure and contribute to the hardening of the arteries, which reduces blood flow to the heart. As a result, smoking can lead to heart damage that results in heart failure over time. […] Long-term heavy drinking can result in cardiomyopathy, a condition where certain parts of the heart become enlarged or stretched. These changes in the heart can weaken it to the point where it becomes unable to pump blood properly.

• #25 Congestive Heart Failure: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17069-heart-failure-understanding-heart-failure

  Congestive heart failure causes fluid to build up in your body because your heart isn’t pumping well. […] What causes congestive heart failure? […] Causes of congestive heart failure include: […] Coronary artery disease and/or heart attack. […] Cardiomyopathy (genetic or viral). […] Heart issues present at birth (congenital heart disease). […] Diabetes. […] High blood pressure (hypertension). […] Arrhythmia. […] Kidney disease. […] A body mass index (BMI) higher than 30. […] Tobacco and recreational drug use. […] Alcohol use. […] Medications such as cancer drugs (chemotherapy). […] Left-sided heart failure is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure. […] Other causes include certain lung problems and issues in other organs.

• #26 Heart failure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000158.htm

  Heart failure is most often a long-term (chronic) condition, but it may come on suddenly. It can be caused by many different heart problems. […] The most common causes of heart failure are: […] Coronary artery disease (CAD), a narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. This can weaken the heart muscle over time or suddenly. […] High blood pressure that is not well controlled, leading to problems with stiffness of the heart muscle, or eventually leading to heart muscle weakening. […] Other heart problems that may cause heart failure are: […] Heart attack (when coronary artery disease results in a sudden blockage of a heart artery) […] Other diseases that can cause or contribute to heart failure: […] Severe anemia […] Too much iron in the body (usually due to hereditary hemochromatosis).

• #27 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  An uncommon cause is exposure to certain toxins such as lead and cobalt. […] Additionally, infiltrative disorders such as amyloidosis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus have similar consequences. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is regarded as an independent cause of heart failure. […] Recent reports from clinical trials have also linked variation in blood pressure to heart failure and cardiac changes that may give rise to heart failure.

• #28 Heart Failure Causes and Other Common Medical Conditions

  https://www.heartfailurematters.org/heart-failure-causes-and-other-common-medical-conditions/

  Sleep apnea […] Kidneys […] Loss of filtration capacity […] Thyroid gland […] Thyroid dysfunction […] Metabolism […] Diabetes […] Obesity anorexia […] Iron deficiency […] Anemia […] Gout […] Amyloidosis and other rare conditions […] Intoxication […] Alcohol […] Chemotherapy […] Radiation […] Inflammation […] Chronic inflammatory conditions (viruses, bacteria etc.) […] Septicemia […] Psyche […] Depression […] Anxiety.

• #29 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count

  https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-failure/causes

  Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections Certain viruses, bacteria, and fungi can cause inflammation of the heart muscle, called myocarditis. Myocarditis can be mild and resolved without treatment; however, it sometimes can lead to tissue damage and reduced pumping ability of the heart, resulting in heart failure. […] Alcoholism Chronic alcohol abuse can cause the heart’s left ventricle (main) pumping chamber to expand, the muscle wall to thin, and the chambers pumping action to weaken, leading to heart failure. […] Congenital heart disease Structural defects in the heart that are present at birth can prevent the heart from pumping oxygen-rich blood properly throughout your body. These defects, which may be present in the heart muscle, the valves that regulate blood flow through the hearts chambers, and the vessels attached to the heart, can eventually lead to heart failure.

• #30 Understanding Heart Failure: Causes, Challenges, and Prevention | Stillwater Medical

  https://www.stillwater-medical.org/understanding-heart-failure-causes-challenges-and-prevention/

  Smoking damages blood vessels and weakens the heart, while excessive alcohol consumption can lead to cardiomyopathy, a condition that directly contributes to heart failure. […] Heart failure is a serious condition, but with awareness, proper management, and preventative measures, its impact can be mitigated.

• #31 Causes | SCAI – Seconds Count

  https://www.secondscount.org/condition/heart-failure/causes

  Valvular heart disease The heart has valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Defects or diseases in these valves can cause the heart to work harder and develop heart failure over time. […] Cancer treatment Unfortunately, some lifesaving cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy drugs and radiation, can also damage the heart muscle and potentially lead to heart failure. […] Thyroid disease Your thyroid gland is located in the neck and regulates metabolism by producing thyroid hormones, which regulate many functions, including heart rate. When your thyroid overproduces these hormones, its called hyperthyroidism; when it underproduces these hormones, its called hypothyroidism. Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can contribute to heart failure. […] Idiopathic This term means there is no identifiable cause. Idiopathic heart failure is widespread, and patients diagnosed with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy have an enlarged and weakened left (main) ventricle pumping chamber in the heart with no known cause for failure. While heart failure may sometimes initially be labeled idiopathic, careful investigation may find other family members with similarly weakened hearts, suggesting a shared genetic cause for heart failure.

• #32 Acute Heart Failure: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21686-acute-heart-failure

  Acute heart failure describes a heart that cant deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to your body. This happens because of a sudden, rapid decline in heart functioning and the amount of blood your heart can pump to the rest of your body. Acute heart failure is a life-threatening condition. […] Causes of acute heart failure include health issues that strain your heart, like: Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia). Coronary artery disease. Heart valve disease. Cardiomyopathy. Advanced kidney disease. Alcohol use disorder. Blood clot in your lung (pulmonary embolism). Diabetes. High blood pressure (hypertension). Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Sleep apnea. Stroke. Viral infections (like rheumatic heart disease) that affect your heart. […] While you may have a condition that can cause acute heart failure, certain behaviors may trigger it. These include: Not taking prescribed medicines. Not limiting salt or fluids. Using alcohol, substances or recreational drugs. Taking NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

• #33 Heart failure | British Heart Foundation – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-failure

  There are many reasons why you may develop heart failure. It can happen suddenly or it can progress slowly over months or years. The most common causes of heart failure are: […] Other causes of heart failure include: […] a heart attack – this can cause long-term damage to your heart, affecting how your heart can pump blood […] cardiomyopathy – a disease of the heart muscle which can be inherited or caused by infections or pregnancy […] high blood pressure this puts strain on the heart, which can lead to heart failure over time. […] abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) where your heart beats too fast, too slow or irregularly […] amyloidosis a build-up of abnormal proteins (building blocks that make up things like muscle and hair) in organs such as your heart and tissues. When it affects the heart it’s called cardiac amyloidosis – stiff heart syndrome – and can lead to heart failure

• #34 Heart failure | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congestive-heart-failure-chf

  Heart failure is a condition where the heart muscle doesn’t pump blood to the rest of the body as well as it should. […] Causes of heart failure include coronary heart disease, heart attack and high blood pressure. […] Heart failure can also develop due to other conditions which damage, weaken or stiffen your heart, including: chronic conditions like diabetes, HIV and thyroid conditions, heart valve disease if the heart valves are damaged, blood cannot flow through the heart as normal. This puts extra strain on the heart, congenital heart disease heart abnormalities may be present from birth that can affect the normal flow of blood through the heart, cardiomyopathy a disease of the heart muscle affecting its function, size or shape. This can affect the heart’s pumping ability, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) viruses or other infections can damage the heart muscle, abnormal heart rhythms a fault in the heart’s electrical system can cause it to beat rapidly or in an irregular way. Over a long period of time, this can lead to heart failure, toxins alcohol and illicit drugs. […] Other less common conditions can cause heart failure including amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and some nutritional deficiencies.

• #35 Causes and pathophysiology of high-output heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-and-pathophysiology-of-high-output-heart-failure

  Causes and pathophysiology of high-output heart failure […] While most patients with heart failure (HF), with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction, have low or normal cardiac output accompanied by elevated systemic vascular resistance, a minority of patients with HF present with a high-output state with low systemic vascular resistance. […] This topic will discuss the causes and pathophysiology of high-output HF. […] High-output HF is an uncommon type of HF. The prevalence of this disorder is uncertain, particularly since the potential contributory role of high-output syndromes to HF may not be appreciated in many cases. […] Although high-output states are uncommon as a sole cause of HF, they may more commonly contribute to HF in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease and reduced myocardial reserve. […] In a Mayo Clinic series of 120 consecutive patients with high-output HF diagnosed between 2000 and 2014, the most common causes were obesity (31 percent), liver disease (22.5 percent), arteriovenous shunts (22.5 percent), lung disease (16 percent), and myeloproliferative disorders (8 percent).

• #36 What are the causes of heart failure?

  https://blog.walgreens.com/health/heart-health/causes-of-heart-failure.html

  Certain lung conditions may lead to right-sided heart failure, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS). Cor pulmonale, or pulmonary heart, is a condition that results from high pressures in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) and may lead to heart failure.

• #37 Risks for Heart Failure | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/causes-and-risks-for-heart-failure

  Metabolic syndrome. If you have three or more of the following five risk factors, you have metabolic syndrome: large waistline (abdominal obesity), high fasting triglycerides, low HDL (good) cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting blood sugar. […] Hyperactive thyroid problems. This condition can cause a consistent elevation in heart rate and the heart muscle will thicken over time. […] Aging can weaken and stiffen your heart. People over 65 are more likely to have heart failure. […] Although you can’t change your race, certain populations are at higher risk. Black people have a roughly 19% higher risk of developing heart failure than white people. […] Additionally, research shows that Hispanic people carry multiple heart failure risk factors and health care disparities, which suggests elevated heart failure risk in this population as well.

• #38 Heart Failure Symptoms, Causes, Stages | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-failure

  Heart failure means the heart is not pumping effectively enough to meet the bodys needs for oxygen-rich blood. It can occur gradually or suddenly, and there are more than 200 possible causes. […] The causes of heart failure are other conditions that damage the heart, including: Coronary artery disease, Diabetes, Genetic factors, Heart attack, Heart valve disease, High blood pressure, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Inflammation of heart muscle, Kidney disease. […] Lifestyle factors can also play a role in risk, including: Smoking, Drinking alcohol, Being overweight or obese, Leading a high-stress life. […] The cause of heart failure helps determine the best treatment approach. For example, if the heart failure is caused by a valve disorder, then surgery is usually performed. If it is caused by a disease, such as anemia, then the disease is treated.

• #39 Cause of Death in Heart Failure Based on Etiology: Long-Term Cohort Study of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/3/784

  We assessed differences in long-term all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in heart failure (HF) outpatients based on the etiology of HF. […] HF etiology was divided into ischemic heart disease (IHD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertensive heart disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, drug-induced cardiomyopathy (DICM), valvular heart disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. […] Considering IHD as the reference, only DCM had a lower risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.83, p < 0.001), and only DICM had a higher risk of all-cause death (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.02–2.11, p = 0.04). [...] Among the studied HF etiologies, DCM and DICM have the lowest and highest risk of all-cause death, respectively, whereas IHD has the highest adjusted risk of CV death.

• #40 Cause of Death in Heart Failure Based on Etiology: Long-Term Cohort Study of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/3/784

  In our cohort, patients with drug-induced CM carried the worst prognosis. […] This finding is in line with previous evidence that patients with drug-induced CM have a 3- to 4-fold risk of death compared to patients with other etiologies of HF. […] We also found that patients with alcoholic CM had a lower risk of CV death than those with ischemic heart disease, a finding that may be due to the younger age and lower CV risk profile of the former group. […] In our cohort, hypertrophic CM was associated with a lower risk of CV death than ischemic heart disease in both the unadjusted and adjusted analyses. […] In a cohort of real-life ambulatory patients with HF of different etiologies from a specialized HF clinic in a tertiary center, dilated CM and drug-induced CM had the lowest and highest risk of all-cause death, respectively. […] Among the studied HF etiologies, patients with ischemic heart disease had the highest adjusted risk of CV death compared to those with other etiologies of HF.

• #41 Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2016.25

  Heart failure (HF) is a shared chronic phase of cardiac functional impairment secondary to many aetiologies, and patients with HF experience numerous symptoms that affect their quality of life, including dyspnoea, fatigue, poor exercise tolerance, and fluid retention. […] Although the underlying causes of HF vary according to sex, age, ethnicity, comorbidities, and environment, the majority of cases remain preventable. […] HF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and confers a substantial burden to the health-care system. […] HF is a leading cause of hospitalization among adults and the elderly. […] Improvements in the medical management of risk factors and HF have stabilized the incidence of this disease in many countries.

• #42 Pathophysiology of heart failure – Schwinger – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/46185/html

  Heart failure is an epidemic disease which affects about 1% to 2% of the population worldwide. Both, the etiology and phenotype of heart failure differ largely. Following a cardiac injury (e.g., myocardial infarction, increased preload or afterload) cellular, structural and neurohumoral modulations occur that affect the phenotype being present. […] The demonstration of an underlying cardiac dysfunction is essential for the diagnosis of heart failure. This is usually a cardiac abnormality (e.g., myocardial infarction) causing systolic and/or diastolic ventricular dysfunction. Abnormalities of the valves (stenosis, regurgitation), pericardium, endocardium, heart rhythm/conduction or a combination of these alterations may also initiate heart failure. […] The lifetime risk to develop heart failure is about one in five for a 40-year-old man in Europe or North-America and increases with age. Main risk factors are coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a family history of heart disease, obesity, chronic pulmonary diseases, inflammation or chronic infection, metabolic diseases, treatment with cardiotoxic agents (cocaine, anthracycline therapy in oncology e.g., doxorubicin, trastuzumab in treatment of breast cancer) or alcohol abuse.

• #43 Pathophysiology of heart failure – Schwinger – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/46185/html

  Heart failure is a progressive disease with an annual mortality rate of about 10%. The main causes of death are sudden cardiac death (50%) or organ dysfunction due to hypoperfusion. […] Heart failure may be also classified according to the affected circulatory system (rightsided; left- sided) or the underlying pathophysiological factor leading to cardiac dysfunction (pressure-induced: aortic stenosis, hypertension; volume-induced: ASD, VSD, mitral regurgitation). Excessive preload, excessive afterload or pump failure may lead to low output heart failure. High-output failure results from a mismatch of cardiac output (stroke volume, heart rate) and circulatory oxygen demand (e.g., high heart rate in anemia). […] Chronic or acute injury (e.g., myocardial infarction) as well as overload (volume, pressure) of the heart will initiate structural and subsequent functional changes. In consequence physiological (mostly reversible) or pathological (e.g., fibrosis) adaptation occur and involve cardiomyocytes (hypertrophy, apoptosis, necrosis), fibroblasts (proliferation), endothelium and interstitium (extracellular matrix). These adaptive or maladaptive processes are the same, independent of the underlying pathological mechanism and involve the entire heart. […] The understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure is essential to initiate the adequate therapeutic option individually for each patient.

• #44 Heart failure – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/heart-failure/

  Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling and/or ejection of blood. The three main underlying causes of HF are coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension; incidence increases with age. […] The three major causes of HF are CAD, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Patients typically have multiple risk factors that contribute to the development of HF. […] Cardiovascular: Ischemic heart disease (50% of HFrEF cases): coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction. […] Endocrine/metabolic: Diabetes mellitus. […] The three major causes of HF are CAD, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Patients typically have multiple risk factors that contribute to the development of HF.

• #45 Heart Failure Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/heart-failure-causes-and-risk-factors-1746181

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: This genetic condition is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle. […] In general, lifestyle factors contribute to some of the heart conditions that precede and cause heart failure, not directly to heart failure itself. […] Aging also can lead to stiffening and weakening of the heart, especially in adults age 65 and older. […] Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body due to muscle weakness in force, or because of limited ability to fill properly. This can cause fluid to back up in the heart, lungs, and extremities. Cardiovascular conditions can cause heart failure, but other health issues can lead to heart failure, too.

Zobacz więcej