Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #2 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  The inaugural HF HF Stats (SM) report has uncovered some truly remarkable and sobering data about the state of heart failure in the U.S. and around the world, said Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine and chair of the HFSA Data in HF Committee. […] A report will be released annually, with the focus changing based on significant findings during the research phase. The 2023 report HF Stats: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America is now published in the Journal of Cardiac Failure and available online under Articles in Press at www.onlinejcf.com. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In a review article published in the journal Nature Reviews Cardiology, the authors provide a detailed overview of the global burden of heart failure, including the incidence and prevalence of heart failure, disease etiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes across geographical regions and populations. […] The prevalence of heart failure is gradually increasing worldwide, which can be attributed to aging populations, an increase in risk factors, better treatment outcomes, and improved survival. A 29% increase in the global prevalence of heart failure occurred between 2010 and 2019. […] An estimated global prevalence of heart failure was 56.2 million individuals in 2019, with the highest prevalence observed in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe. […] In the USA, the prevalence of heart failure was estimated to be 2.5% among adults, whereas in Canada, it was 3.5% in 2022. In Europe, the estimated prevalence was 1.7% across 13 countries in 2019.

• #4 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #5 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  The inaugural HF HF Stats (SM) report has uncovered some truly remarkable and sobering data about the state of heart failure in the U.S. and around the world, said Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine and chair of the HFSA Data in HF Committee. […] A report will be released annually, with the focus changing based on significant findings during the research phase. The 2023 report HF Stats: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America is now published in the Journal of Cardiac Failure and available online under Articles in Press at www.onlinejcf.com. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime.

• #6 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #7 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #8 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  In 2022, heart failure affected about 64 million people globally. Overall, around 2% of adults have heart failure. In those over the age of 75, rates are greater than 10%. […] Rates are predicted to increase. Increasing rates are mostly because of increasing lifespan, but also because of increased risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity) and improved survival rates from other types of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, valvular disease, and arrhythmias). Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. […] In the United States, heart failure affects 5.8 million people, and each year 550,000 new cases are diagnosed. In 2011, heart failure was the most common reason for hospitalization for adults aged 85 years and older, and the second-most common for adults aged 65-84 years. An estimated one in five adults at age 40 will develop heart failure during their remaining lifetimes and about half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years of diagnosis. Heart failure much higher in African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and recent immigrants from Eastern Europe countries has been linked in these ethnic minority populations to the high incidence of diabetes and hypertension.

• #9 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  In tropical countries, the most common cause of heart failure is valvular heart disease or some type of cardiomyopathy. As underdeveloped countries have become more affluent, the incidences of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity have increased, which have in turn raised the incidence of heart failure. […] Men have a higher incidence of heart failure, but the overall prevalence rate is similar in both sexes since women survive longer after the onset of heart failure. Women tend to be older when diagnosed with heart failure (after menopause), they are more likely than men to have diastolic dysfunction, and seem to experience a lower overall quality of life than men after diagnosis. […] Some sources state that people of Asian descent are at a higher risk of heart failure than other ethnic groups. Other sources however have found that rates of heart failure are similar to rates found in other ethnic groups.

• #10 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  In 2022, heart failure affected about 64 million people globally. Overall, around 2% of adults have heart failure. In those over the age of 75, rates are greater than 10%. […] Rates are predicted to increase. Increasing rates are mostly because of increasing lifespan, but also because of increased risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity) and improved survival rates from other types of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, valvular disease, and arrhythmias). Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. […] In the United States, heart failure affects 5.8 million people, and each year 550,000 new cases are diagnosed. In 2011, heart failure was the most common reason for hospitalization for adults aged 85 years and older, and the second-most common for adults aged 65-84 years. An estimated one in five adults at age 40 will develop heart failure during their remaining lifetimes and about half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years of diagnosis. Heart failure much higher in African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and recent immigrants from Eastern Europe countries has been linked in these ethnic minority populations to the high incidence of diabetes and hypertension.

• #11 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #12 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #13 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #14 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #15 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  In tropical countries, the most common cause of heart failure is valvular heart disease or some type of cardiomyopathy. As underdeveloped countries have become more affluent, the incidences of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity have increased, which have in turn raised the incidence of heart failure. […] Men have a higher incidence of heart failure, but the overall prevalence rate is similar in both sexes since women survive longer after the onset of heart failure. Women tend to be older when diagnosed with heart failure (after menopause), they are more likely than men to have diastolic dysfunction, and seem to experience a lower overall quality of life than men after diagnosis. […] Some sources state that people of Asian descent are at a higher risk of heart failure than other ethnic groups. Other sources however have found that rates of heart failure are similar to rates found in other ethnic groups.

• #16 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  In tropical countries, the most common cause of heart failure is valvular heart disease or some type of cardiomyopathy. As underdeveloped countries have become more affluent, the incidences of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity have increased, which have in turn raised the incidence of heart failure. […] Men have a higher incidence of heart failure, but the overall prevalence rate is similar in both sexes since women survive longer after the onset of heart failure. Women tend to be older when diagnosed with heart failure (after menopause), they are more likely than men to have diastolic dysfunction, and seem to experience a lower overall quality of life than men after diagnosis. […] Some sources state that people of Asian descent are at a higher risk of heart failure than other ethnic groups. Other sources however have found that rates of heart failure are similar to rates found in other ethnic groups.

• #17 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. […] Disparities in social determinants of health and health inequities are important HF risk factors and result in increased mortality and other adverse outcomes in individuals at risk for HF or with HF.

• #18 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. […] Disparities in social determinants of health and health inequities are important HF risk factors and result in increased mortality and other adverse outcomes in individuals at risk for HF or with HF.

• #19 The Burden of Disease of HFpEF

  https://www.cfrjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-clinical-characteristics-and-cause-specific-outcomes-heart-failure-preserved?language_content_entity=en

  In terms of intertemporal changes in HF incidence, a study from several US community-based samples from 1990 to 2009 demonstrated that standardised HF incidence remained stable between the decades of 19901999 and 20002009 (from 19.7 [18.421.0]/1,000 people to 18.9 [17.720.1]/1,000 people, respectively). However, the incidence of HFpEF (EF 50%) significantly increased during the same period (from 4.7 [4.25.2]/1,000 people to 6.8 [6.17.5]/1,000 people). […] A recent analysis from Olmsted County, Minnesota, using the updated HF classification, reported that among 2,035 adults with incident HF between 2007 and 2015, 29.9% had HFrEF, 12.5% had HFmrEF and 57.6% had HFpEF. […] The average prevalence of HFpEF, expressed as a proportion of the total HF population, has varied considerably across studies, from 22.3% in a study from the early 1990s to 55% in a study from the Olmsted County population from the mid-2000s.

• #20 The Burden of Disease of HFpEF

  https://www.cfrjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-clinical-characteristics-and-cause-specific-outcomes-heart-failure-preserved?language_content_entity=en

  Another analysis from the Olmsted County study provided insight into secular trends of HFpEF prevalence. Specifically, the prevalence of HFpEF cases as a proportion of the total HF hospitalisations steadily increased from 38% to 54% between 1997 and 2001. […] In Canada, a study investigated the prevalence of HF subtypes among HF patients admitted for first HF hospitalisation across 103 hospitals in the province of Ontario between 1999 and 2001. Among the 2,802 patients included in the analysis, 31% had HFpEF (EF 50%) and 56% had HFrEF (40%). […] In a study from Sweden of patients with at least two HF diagnoses in electronic medical files between 2010 and 2015 (n=8,702), information on HF EF category was only available for 3,167 (36.4%) patients; of these, 35.4% were classified as having HFpEF, defined as EF 50%.

• #21 The Burden of Disease of HFpEF

  https://www.cfrjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-clinical-characteristics-and-cause-specific-outcomes-heart-failure-preserved?language_content_entity=en

  Another analysis from the Olmsted County study provided insight into secular trends of HFpEF prevalence. Specifically, the prevalence of HFpEF cases as a proportion of the total HF hospitalisations steadily increased from 38% to 54% between 1997 and 2001. […] In Canada, a study investigated the prevalence of HF subtypes among HF patients admitted for first HF hospitalisation across 103 hospitals in the province of Ontario between 1999 and 2001. Among the 2,802 patients included in the analysis, 31% had HFpEF (EF 50%) and 56% had HFrEF (40%). […] In a study from Sweden of patients with at least two HF diagnoses in electronic medical files between 2010 and 2015 (n=8,702), information on HF EF category was only available for 3,167 (36.4%) patients; of these, 35.4% were classified as having HFpEF, defined as EF 50%.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In the USA, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has been noticed in approximately 50% of all heart failure patients in the past decade. […] In the USA, a reduction and an induction in heart failure prevalence have been observed among older adults and young adults, respectively, in the past decade. […] Regarding race- and ethnicity-related variations, the highest prevalence of heart failure between 2013 and 2016 has been observed among non-Hispanic Black adults, followed by non-Hispanic White adults and Mexican American adults. […] Over the past decade, the global incidence of heart failure has decreased. However, this reduction varies significantly by region and demographic. […] In the USA, heart failure patients aged 65 years and above have experienced a reduction from 36 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2011 to 26 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2016.

• #23 Epidemiology and Clinical Features of HFpEF | HFpEF Epidemiology

  https://www.cfrjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-clinical-features-heart-failure-preserved-ejection-fraction?language_content_entity=en

  Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection (HFpEF) constitutes a large and growing proportion of patients with HF around the world, and is now responsible for more than half of all HF cases in ageing societies. […] This review summarises the epidemiology of HFpEF, its common clinical features and risk factors, as well as differences by age, comorbidities, race/ethnicity and geography. […] Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is well-recognised as a global public health problem. Its prevalence increases with age and elderly patients with HFpEF are known to have a high comorbidity burden. […] Prior studies have described differences in prevalence, incidence and outcomes of HFpEF by sex, ethnicity and geography. […] Currently HF regardless of LVEF affects more than 64 million people worldwide.

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-06068-2

  Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) without symptoms, and heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represent the most common phenotypes of HF in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and are more common than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in these individuals. […] We aimed to give an overview of the diagnosis and epidemiology of HF in type 2 diabetes, using both a narrative and systematic review approach; we focus narratively on diagnosing (using the 2021 European Society of Cardiology [ESC] guidelines) and screening for HF in type 2 diabetes. […] Knowledge on the prevalence of HF in people with type 2 diabetes is essential to identify a population at high risk. Nevertheless, a consensus has not been reached on the precise prevalence of (undiagnosed) HF and its subtypes in the type 2 diabetes population.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-06068-2

  Our findings are in agreement with the findings presented by Bouthoorn et al in their meta-analyses. When both our results and those of Bouthoorn et al were combined, they showed an overall prevalence of 43% for LVDD and 17% for HFpEF, which was much more than the 6% prevalence found for LVSD and 7% prevalence found for HFrEF. […] This updated meta-analysis and the studies by Bouthoorn et al showed an overall prevalence of 43% (95% CI 37%, 50%) and 17% (95% CI 7%, 35%) for LVDD and HFpEF respectively, and a prevalence of 6% (95% CI 3%, 10%) and 7% (95% CI 3%, 15%) for LVSD and HFrEF, respectively, hereby establishing that LVDD and HFpEF are more prevalent in type 2 diabetes than the other forms of HF and LVSD.

• #26 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In a review article published in the journal Nature Reviews Cardiology, the authors provide a detailed overview of the global burden of heart failure, including the incidence and prevalence of heart failure, disease etiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes across geographical regions and populations. […] The prevalence of heart failure is gradually increasing worldwide, which can be attributed to aging populations, an increase in risk factors, better treatment outcomes, and improved survival. A 29% increase in the global prevalence of heart failure occurred between 2010 and 2019. […] An estimated global prevalence of heart failure was 56.2 million individuals in 2019, with the highest prevalence observed in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe. […] In the USA, the prevalence of heart failure was estimated to be 2.5% among adults, whereas in Canada, it was 3.5% in 2022. In Europe, the estimated prevalence was 1.7% across 13 countries in 2019.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In a review article published in the journal Nature Reviews Cardiology, the authors provide a detailed overview of the global burden of heart failure, including the incidence and prevalence of heart failure, disease etiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes across geographical regions and populations. […] The prevalence of heart failure is gradually increasing worldwide, which can be attributed to aging populations, an increase in risk factors, better treatment outcomes, and improved survival. A 29% increase in the global prevalence of heart failure occurred between 2010 and 2019. […] An estimated global prevalence of heart failure was 56.2 million individuals in 2019, with the highest prevalence observed in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe. […] In the USA, the prevalence of heart failure was estimated to be 2.5% among adults, whereas in Canada, it was 3.5% in 2022. In Europe, the estimated prevalence was 1.7% across 13 countries in 2019.

• #28 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-causes-of-heart-failure

  Epidemiology of heart failure […] Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). Despite improvements in therapy, the mortality rate in patients with HF has remained unacceptably high, making early detection of susceptible persons who would benefit from preventive measures imperative. […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. Part of the problem is that large differences exist among studies in their definition of the condition and the methods used to establish its presence. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020.

• #29 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The estimated global prevalence of HF is estimated to be 64 million people. In the UK, it is estimated that there are more than one million people with HF. HF affects between 12% of the general population, which is increasing at a rate of 200,000 new diagnoses every year, due to an ageing population, improved survival following myocardial infarction, increasing prevalence of risk factors such as diabetes and obesity and better medical care. Although age- and sex-standardised prevalence is stable (12%), the crude number of patients living with HF has increased by 23% in the last decade. […] In a population-based study from the UK including more than four million people, a decline of 7% in the incidence of HF was observed between 2002 and 2014 from 3.6 to 3.3 per 1,000 person-years. Whilst age- and sex-standardised incidence of HF has decreased in the last decade, the crude number of new cases has increased by 12%.

• #30 Epidemiology and treatment of heart failure in Spain: the HF-PATHWAYS study – Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)

  https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-epidemiology-treatment-heart-failure-in-articulo-S1885585720305211

  Epidemiological data on HF remained stable during the study period, with a lower prevalence than that reported in nonpopulation-based studies. There is wide room for improvement in the optimization of medical treatment of HFrEF. […] The prevalence of HF in Spain is close to 2% in the adult population (≥ 18 years). HF is a health problem associated with aging. […] The most frequent HF phenotype is HFrEF (51.7%). […] The optimization of medical treatment for HFrEF leaves a lot to be desired and there is wide room for improvement.

• #31 The epidemiology of heart failure in the general Australian community – study of heart failure in the Australian primary carE setting (SHAPE): methods | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-08781-8

  The Study of Heart failure in the Australian Primary carE setting (SHAPE) is a retrospective cohort study of primary care data that seeks to estimate the prevalence and annual incidence of HF in the Australian general community and to describe the demographic and key clinical profile of Australians with prevalent HF. […] The primary endpoints were the prevalence and incidence of HF, stratified by age and gender, and standardised to the 2017 Australian population. […] Among the active population, the crude prevalence of definite or probable HF was 1.815% (95% CIs 1.791.84%); and the age-standardised prevalence was 2.199% (95% CIs: 2.1682.23%). The crude incidence of definite or probable HF was 0.291% per year (95% CIs 0.2860.296%), and the age-standardised incidence was 0.348% per year (95% CIs: 0.3420.354%). The estimates of prevalence and incidence suggest that almost 420,000 people were living with HF in Australia in 2017, and over 66,000 new cases of HF occurred that year. […] This has allowed us to produce the first definitive study of the epidemiology of HF in the general Australian community, quantifying the epidemiological characteristics of this population and providing valuable insight into the landscape of HF in Australian primary care, the SHAPE study.

• #32 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  Some population statistics suggested that the epidemiologic burden of heart failure (HF) may have significantly decreased between 2000 and 2010. However, this trend could not be confirmed in other continental or nationwide surveys. […] The current worldwide prevalence of HF is 64.34 million cases (8.52 per 1,000 inhabitants), accounting for 9.91 million years lost due to disability (YLDs) and 346.17 billion US $ expenditure. […] HF poses the largest burden after 60 years of age and both prevalence and YLDs have increased by 3.9% and 4.5% in very elderly people during the last 28 years. […] A linear, direct relationship can be found between socio-demographic index (SDI) and both prevalence and YLDs of HF. […] HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden constantly increase, especially in the elderly and in people living in low-to middle SDI regions.

• #33 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In the USA, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has been noticed in approximately 50% of all heart failure patients in the past decade. […] In the USA, a reduction and an induction in heart failure prevalence have been observed among older adults and young adults, respectively, in the past decade. […] Regarding race- and ethnicity-related variations, the highest prevalence of heart failure between 2013 and 2016 has been observed among non-Hispanic Black adults, followed by non-Hispanic White adults and Mexican American adults. […] Over the past decade, the global incidence of heart failure has decreased. However, this reduction varies significantly by region and demographic. […] In the USA, heart failure patients aged 65 years and above have experienced a reduction from 36 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2011 to 26 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2016.

• #34 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  In the USA, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has been noticed in approximately 50% of all heart failure patients in the past decade. […] In the USA, a reduction and an induction in heart failure prevalence have been observed among older adults and young adults, respectively, in the past decade. […] Regarding race- and ethnicity-related variations, the highest prevalence of heart failure between 2013 and 2016 has been observed among non-Hispanic Black adults, followed by non-Hispanic White adults and Mexican American adults. […] Over the past decade, the global incidence of heart failure has decreased. However, this reduction varies significantly by region and demographic. […] In the USA, heart failure patients aged 65 years and above have experienced a reduction from 36 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2011 to 26 cases per 1,000 individuals in 2016.

• #35 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The estimated global prevalence of HF is estimated to be 64 million people. In the UK, it is estimated that there are more than one million people with HF. HF affects between 12% of the general population, which is increasing at a rate of 200,000 new diagnoses every year, due to an ageing population, improved survival following myocardial infarction, increasing prevalence of risk factors such as diabetes and obesity and better medical care. Although age- and sex-standardised prevalence is stable (12%), the crude number of patients living with HF has increased by 23% in the last decade. […] In a population-based study from the UK including more than four million people, a decline of 7% in the incidence of HF was observed between 2002 and 2014 from 3.6 to 3.3 per 1,000 person-years. Whilst age- and sex-standardised incidence of HF has decreased in the last decade, the crude number of new cases has increased by 12%.

• #36 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The estimated global prevalence of HF is estimated to be 64 million people. In the UK, it is estimated that there are more than one million people with HF. HF affects between 12% of the general population, which is increasing at a rate of 200,000 new diagnoses every year, due to an ageing population, improved survival following myocardial infarction, increasing prevalence of risk factors such as diabetes and obesity and better medical care. Although age- and sex-standardised prevalence is stable (12%), the crude number of patients living with HF has increased by 23% in the last decade. […] In a population-based study from the UK including more than four million people, a decline of 7% in the incidence of HF was observed between 2002 and 2014 from 3.6 to 3.3 per 1,000 person-years. Whilst age- and sex-standardised incidence of HF has decreased in the last decade, the crude number of new cases has increased by 12%.

• #37 The epidemiology of heart failure in the general Australian community – study of heart failure in the Australian primary carE setting (SHAPE): methods | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-08781-8

  The Study of Heart failure in the Australian Primary carE setting (SHAPE) is a retrospective cohort study of primary care data that seeks to estimate the prevalence and annual incidence of HF in the Australian general community and to describe the demographic and key clinical profile of Australians with prevalent HF. […] The primary endpoints were the prevalence and incidence of HF, stratified by age and gender, and standardised to the 2017 Australian population. […] Among the active population, the crude prevalence of definite or probable HF was 1.815% (95% CIs 1.791.84%); and the age-standardised prevalence was 2.199% (95% CIs: 2.1682.23%). The crude incidence of definite or probable HF was 0.291% per year (95% CIs 0.2860.296%), and the age-standardised incidence was 0.348% per year (95% CIs: 0.3420.354%). The estimates of prevalence and incidence suggest that almost 420,000 people were living with HF in Australia in 2017, and over 66,000 new cases of HF occurred that year. […] This has allowed us to produce the first definitive study of the epidemiology of HF in the general Australian community, quantifying the epidemiological characteristics of this population and providing valuable insight into the landscape of HF in Australian primary care, the SHAPE study.

• #38 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240630/Global-burden-of-heart-failure-prevalence-incidence-and-risk-factors-unveiled.aspx

  A higher incidence of heart failure has been noticed in women compared to men in the USA and Europe. […] In the USA, the highest incidence has been observed in non-Hispanic Black adults, followed by Hispanic adults, White adults, and Chinese American adults. […] In South America, an incidence of 1.99 cases per 1000 person-years and 5.57 cases per 1000 person-years have been reported in Brazil and Argentina, respectively.

• #39 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #40 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #41 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  The HF Stats 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics provides an update to the inaugural 2023 HF Stats report and highlights several key findings that that the problem of heart failure is growing even more severe, particularly in younger populations, racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with multiple health conditions. […] Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have heart failure (HF), and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.7 million in 2030, 10.3 million in 2040, and 11.4 million by 2050. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012 with a more pronounced acceleration in 2020-2021. The age-adjusted HF mortality rates were higher in 2021 than in 1999. HF was a contributing cause in approximately 425,147 deaths and accounted for 45% of cardiovascular deaths in the US in 2021.

• #42 About Heart Failure | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-failure.html

  In the United States, nearly 6.7 million adults 20 years old or older have heart failure. […] In 2022, heart failure was mentioned on 457,212 death certificates (and responsible for 13.9% of all causes of death). […] Heart failure cost the nation an estimated $30.7 billion in 2012. […] Heart failure is more common in some areas of the United States than in others. […] The map shows that concentrations of counties with the highest heart disease death rates are located primarily in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

• #43 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #44 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black individuals at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic group, particularly for individuals below the age of 65. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased since 2014. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. Between 2020-2022, HF hospitalization rates were temporarily reduced during COVID-19 pandemic.

• #45 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  Approximately 6.7 million Americans over 20 years of age have HF, and the prevalence is expected to rise to 8.5 million Americans by 2030. […] The lifetime risk of HF has increased to 24%; approximately 1 in 4 persons will develop HF in their lifetime. […] Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #46 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black individuals at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic group, particularly for individuals below the age of 65. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased since 2014. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. Between 2020-2022, HF hospitalization rates were temporarily reduced during COVID-19 pandemic.

• #47 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients.

• #48 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. […] Disparities in social determinants of health and health inequities are important HF risk factors and result in increased mortality and other adverse outcomes in individuals at risk for HF or with HF.

• #49 Real world heart failure epidemiology and outcome: A population-based analysis of 88,195 patients | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172745

  One-year all-cause mortality rate was 14%, and was higher in patients with a recent HF hospitalization (24%). […] Outcomes are different depending on the HF population studied. Some comorbidity, an all-cause hospitalization or emergency department visit the previous year were associated with a worse outcome. […] The prevalence observed in our study was 1.2% in people older than 15 years and 2.7% in those over 44 years, with a clear increase with ageing: prevalence was 0.3% in the 45-54 year-old group, 0.9% in the 55-64 year-old group, 2.5% between 65-74 and 8.8% in people over 74 years. […] One-year outcome for patients with heart failure is somber. Although 1-year mortality for the whole cohort was 14.3%, patients with a recent HF hospitalization had a 1-year mortality rate of 23.7%, double than those who had never been admitted due to HF.

• #50 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  There was an increase in the number of HF patients admitted to hospital who died to 11% in 2022/23 (from 9% in 2021/22) but 30-day and one-year mortality decreased to 13% and 30%, respectively, down from 14% and 33%, respectively, in 2021/22. […] There has been a worrying upward trend in HF death rates recently reported in the USA between 2012 and 2017. Although drawing comparisons between our state-run health service in the UK and the insurance-based model in the USA is difficult, the increase in hospital admissions with HF and the unchanging high death rates during and after admission are concerning. […] HF accounts for 2% of the entire National Health Service (NHS) annual budget (around 625 million per year); 70% is spent on in-patient care and only about 9% on drugs.

• #51 Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864030/

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients.

• #52 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black individuals at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic group, particularly for individuals below the age of 65. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased since 2014. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. Between 2020-2022, HF hospitalization rates were temporarily reduced during COVID-19 pandemic.

• #53 Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) Scientific Statement: Update on Device Based Therapies in Heart Failure

  https://hfsa.org/hf-stats-2024-heart-failure-epidemiology-and-outcomes-statistics

  Black, American Indian, and Alaskan Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black individuals at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic group, particularly for individuals below the age of 65. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased since 2014. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. Between 2020-2022, HF hospitalization rates were temporarily reduced during COVID-19 pandemic.

• #54 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The National Heart Failure Audit was established in 2007 and produces annual reports on the demographics, investigations, treatment, place of care, level of specialist input, follow up and outcome of all patients admitted with HF in England and Wales. Records are submitted by individual institutions and, since 2016, have been financially incentivised by the Best Practice Tariff for HF. The 2022/23 report captured data from around 86% of all hospital admissions coded as being for HF by Hospital Episode Statistics coding in England and Wales. It is an invaluable source of information on the current state-of-play for the quality of care given to patients admitted with HF. […] Acute or decompensated HF is the leading cause of admission to hospital for patients aged 65 and causes or complicates 5% of all hospital admissions in the UK. Hospitalisation rates have increased by 33% in the last five years, three times greater than the increases seen for any other condition. Re-admission rates are high; as many as 23% will be re-admitted in the month after discharge.

• #55 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The National Heart Failure Audit was established in 2007 and produces annual reports on the demographics, investigations, treatment, place of care, level of specialist input, follow up and outcome of all patients admitted with HF in England and Wales. Records are submitted by individual institutions and, since 2016, have been financially incentivised by the Best Practice Tariff for HF. The 2022/23 report captured data from around 86% of all hospital admissions coded as being for HF by Hospital Episode Statistics coding in England and Wales. It is an invaluable source of information on the current state-of-play for the quality of care given to patients admitted with HF. […] Acute or decompensated HF is the leading cause of admission to hospital for patients aged 65 and causes or complicates 5% of all hospital admissions in the UK. Hospitalisation rates have increased by 33% in the last five years, three times greater than the increases seen for any other condition. Re-admission rates are high; as many as 23% will be re-admitted in the month after discharge.

• #56 Heart failure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

  Nearly one of every four people (24.7%) hospitalized in the U.S. with congestive heart failure is readmitted within 30 days. Additionally, more than 50% of people seek readmission within 6 months after treatment and the average duration of hospital stay is 6 days. Heart failure is a leading cause of hospital readmissions in the U.S. People aged 65 and older were readmitted at a rate of 24.5 per 100 admissions in 2011. In the same year, heart failure patients under Medicaid were readmitted at a rate of 30.4 per 100 admissions, and uninsured people were readmitted at a rate of 16.8 per 100 admissions. These are the highest readmission rates for both categories. Notably, heart failure was not among the top-10 conditions with the most 30-day readmissions among the privately insured. […] In the UK, despite moderate improvements in prevention, heart failure rates have increased due to population growth and aging. Overall heart failure rates are similar to the four most common causes of cancer (breast, lung, prostate, and colon) combined. People from deprived backgrounds are more likely to be diagnosed with heart failure at a younger age.

• #57 Global epidemiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01046-6

  HF risk factors include advancing age, sex, inherited cardiomyopathies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity, highlighting the importance of targeted prevention strategies. […] Data from Europe and North America indicate a decline in the age-specific incidence of HF, with a notable shift towards HF with preserved ejection fraction among women, highlighting the evolving epidemiology of HF. […] Geographical disparities in epidemiological HF data, especially the deficit of data from Africa and South Asia, limit the development of targeted health-care strategies, public policy initiatives and interventions in these regions.

• #58 Epidemiology and Clinical Features of HFpEF | HFpEF Epidemiology

  https://www.cfrjournal.com/articles/epidemiology-and-clinical-features-heart-failure-preserved-ejection-fraction?language_content_entity=en

  Studies from the late 1990s to early 2000s demonstrate an age-dependent increase in the prevalence of HFpEF. […] Several community-based studies and registries showed that ageing is one of the strongest risk factors of HFpEF. […] An analysis of the PREVEND study showed that older age was strongly associated with new onset of HFpEF. […] In a recent individual participant data analysis of PREVEND, Framingham Heart Study and the MESA cohort suggested that common risk factors for HF, including hypertension, smoking and obesity, explained a greater proportion of the risk for future HFpEF in younger than older individuals. […] Racial/ethnic and geographical differences are complexed, intertwined with racial/ethnicity factors and management gaps across different regions. […] More inclusive epidemiological studies are needed to understand region-specific factors of HFpEF. […] The prevalence of HFpEF is increasing worldwide. […] Multimorbidity involving both traditional cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular factors are important drivers of the pathophysiological mechanism of development and progression of HFpEF.

• #59 Hypertensive Heart Disease: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162449-overview

  According to the Framingham Study, hypertension accounts for about one quarter of heart failure cases. […] In the elderly population, as many as 68% of heart failure cases are attributed to hypertension. […] Community-based studies have demonstrated that hypertension may contribute to the development of heart failure in as many as 50-60% of patients. […] In patients with hypertension, the risk of heart failure is increased by two-fold in men and by three-fold in women. […] The estimated prevalence of hypertension in the United States in 2005 was 35.3 million for men and 38.3 million for women. […] Hypertension is more prevalent in black persons than in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons, and this prevalence is increasing. […] Data from 1988-1994 and 1999-2002 demonstrated an increased prevalence of hypertension in black individuals from 35.8% to 41.4%.

• #60 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2020.0282

  Diabetes is a serious and increasing global health burden. The number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, in which 8.5% of adults 18 years had diabetes. It is expected that over 592 million people worldwide will have diabetes by 2035. […] Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of HF. In the Framingham Heart Study, DM was associated with a nearly 2-fold increase in the risk of incident HF in men and a 4-fold increase in women, even after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. […] Among HF patients, the prevalence of DM is 2 to 2.5 times higher than in the general population. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HF and complicates its course, such that HF patients with DM had worse outcomes than those without DM.

• #61 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  Approximately 33% of the United States (US) adult population is at-risk for HF (Stage A HF) and 24-34% of the US population have pre-HF (Stage B HF). The risk of developing HF in individuals with obesity and hypertension has increased. […] The incidence and prevalence of HF is higher among Black individuals compared with other racial and ethnic groups. The prevalence of HF has increased among Black and Hispanic individuals over time. […] HF mortality rates have been increasing since 2012. […] Black, American Indian, and Alaska Native individuals have the highest all-cause age-adjusted HF mortality rates compared with other racial and ethnic groups. From 2010 to 2020, HF mortality rates have increased for Black women and men at a rate higher than any other racial or ethnic groups, particularly for individuals below the age of 65.

• #62 Global epidemiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01046-6

  HF risk factors include advancing age, sex, inherited cardiomyopathies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity, highlighting the importance of targeted prevention strategies. […] Data from Europe and North America indicate a decline in the age-specific incidence of HF, with a notable shift towards HF with preserved ejection fraction among women, highlighting the evolving epidemiology of HF. […] Geographical disparities in epidemiological HF data, especially the deficit of data from Africa and South Asia, limit the development of targeted health-care strategies, public policy initiatives and interventions in these regions.

• #63 Global epidemiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01046-6

  HF risk factors include advancing age, sex, inherited cardiomyopathies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity, highlighting the importance of targeted prevention strategies. […] Data from Europe and North America indicate a decline in the age-specific incidence of HF, with a notable shift towards HF with preserved ejection fraction among women, highlighting the evolving epidemiology of HF. […] Geographical disparities in epidemiological HF data, especially the deficit of data from Africa and South Asia, limit the development of targeted health-care strategies, public policy initiatives and interventions in these regions.

• #64 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in Diabetes

  https://www.e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2020.0282

  Diabetes is a serious and increasing global health burden. The number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, in which 8.5% of adults 18 years had diabetes. It is expected that over 592 million people worldwide will have diabetes by 2035. […] Diabetes is associated with a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of HF. In the Framingham Heart Study, DM was associated with a nearly 2-fold increase in the risk of incident HF in men and a 4-fold increase in women, even after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. […] Among HF patients, the prevalence of DM is 2 to 2.5 times higher than in the general population. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HF and complicates its course, such that HF patients with DM had worse outcomes than those without DM.

• #65 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Pathophysiologic Mechanisms, and the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/2/497

  Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are frequently encountered afflictions that are linked by a common pathophysiologic background. According to landmark studies, those conditions frequently coexist, and this interaction represents a poor prognostic indicator. […] Since DM is a major risk factor for HF, it is no surprise that the prevalence and incidence rates of HF in individuals with DM are high. The authors of a recent study of 3.25 million individuals found that the presence of DM was associated with two-fold higher HF incidence. […] The longer duration and poorer control of DM are factors that signify an augmented risk of HF. […] Nevertheless, HF may also develop in young individuals with a recent onset of DM. […] A recent diagnosis of type 2 DM or insulin resistance was also associated with a greater risk of incident HF among UKPDS participants.

• #66 Real world heart failure epidemiology and outcome: A population-based analysis of 88,195 patients | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172745

  Age and comorbidities are independently associated with all-cause and HF hospitalization. […] The presence of diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation or chronic kidney disease was independently associated with both HF and all-cause hospitalization and with mortality in HF patients. […] The presence of ischemic heart disease and valve heart disease was associated with all-cause and HF-specific hospitalization but not with mortality. […] The global outcomes of HF are grim. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify which factors are associated with mortality and hospitalization in HF patients so resources can be funneled to this high-risk population in order to improve outcomes.

• #67 Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2016.25

  Heart failure (HF) is the most rapidly growing cardiovascular condition globally. […] Heart failure (HF) is a rapidly growing public health issue with an estimated prevalence of 37.7 million individuals globally. […] HF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and confers a substantial burden to the health-care system. […] In the USA, the total medical costs for patients with HF are expected to rise from US$20.9 billion in 2012 to $53.1 billion by 2030. […] In this Review, we provide an overview of the latest epidemiological data on HF, and propose future directions for reducing the ever-increasing HF burden.

• #68 About Heart Failure | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-failure.html

  In the United States, nearly 6.7 million adults 20 years old or older have heart failure. […] In 2022, heart failure was mentioned on 457,212 death certificates (and responsible for 13.9% of all causes of death). […] Heart failure cost the nation an estimated $30.7 billion in 2012. […] Heart failure is more common in some areas of the United States than in others. […] The map shows that concentrations of counties with the highest heart disease death rates are located primarily in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

• #69 Epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2016.25

  Heart failure (HF) is the most rapidly growing cardiovascular condition globally. […] Heart failure (HF) is a rapidly growing public health issue with an estimated prevalence of 37.7 million individuals globally. […] HF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and confers a substantial burden to the health-care system. […] In the USA, the total medical costs for patients with HF are expected to rise from US$20.9 billion in 2012 to $53.1 billion by 2030. […] In this Review, we provide an overview of the latest epidemiological data on HF, and propose future directions for reducing the ever-increasing HF burden.

• #70 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  Some population statistics suggested that the epidemiologic burden of heart failure (HF) may have significantly decreased between 2000 and 2010. However, this trend could not be confirmed in other continental or nationwide surveys. […] The current worldwide prevalence of HF is 64.34 million cases (8.52 per 1,000 inhabitants), accounting for 9.91 million years lost due to disability (YLDs) and 346.17 billion US $ expenditure. […] HF poses the largest burden after 60 years of age and both prevalence and YLDs have increased by 3.9% and 4.5% in very elderly people during the last 28 years. […] A linear, direct relationship can be found between socio-demographic index (SDI) and both prevalence and YLDs of HF. […] HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden constantly increase, especially in the elderly and in people living in low-to middle SDI regions.

• #71 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  There was an increase in the number of HF patients admitted to hospital who died to 11% in 2022/23 (from 9% in 2021/22) but 30-day and one-year mortality decreased to 13% and 30%, respectively, down from 14% and 33%, respectively, in 2021/22. […] There has been a worrying upward trend in HF death rates recently reported in the USA between 2012 and 2017. Although drawing comparisons between our state-run health service in the UK and the insurance-based model in the USA is difficult, the increase in hospital admissions with HF and the unchanging high death rates during and after admission are concerning. […] HF accounts for 2% of the entire National Health Service (NHS) annual budget (around 625 million per year); 70% is spent on in-patient care and only about 9% on drugs.

• #72 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2020/05/2020-heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology/

  There has been a worrying upward trend in heart failure death rates recently reported in the USA between 2012 and 2017. […] Admission with heart failure places a huge burden on the patient and health service: it is associated with long hospital stays (~12 days for patients treated on cardiology wards) accounting for 2% of all NHS bed days. Heart failure accounts for 2% of the entire NHS annual budget (around 625 million per year); 70% is spent on in-patient care and only around 9% is due to drug costs.

• #73 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-heart-failure

  Epidemiology of heart failure […] Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). Despite improvements in therapy, the mortality rate in patients with HF has remained unacceptably high, making early detection of susceptible persons who would benefit from preventive measures imperative. […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. Part of the problem is that large differences exist among studies in their definition of the condition and the methods used to establish its presence. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020. However, the uncertainty of establishing the HF diagnosis in large populations results in potentially inaccurate estimates; there at least six HF scoring methodologies for the diagnosis of HF that generally require history, physical examination, and chest radiographs. […] Estimates from population-based studies, such as the Framingham Study estimates, are primarily based upon symptomatic HF. These figures do not include asymptomatic patients with a reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF). Investigations using echocardiography have found that only 50 percent of participants with LV dysfunction are symptomatic. In a community survey from the Mayo Clinic, of 123 patients with an LVEF ≤50 percent, 30 (24 percent) had a diagnosis of HF; of 40 patients with an LVEF ≤40 percent, 21 (53 percent) had a diagnosis of HF. When echocardiographic screening is used, the prevalence of HF may be as high as 12 percent.

• #74 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-causes-of-heart-failure

  Epidemiology of heart failure […] Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). Despite improvements in therapy, the mortality rate in patients with HF has remained unacceptably high, making early detection of susceptible persons who would benefit from preventive measures imperative. […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. Part of the problem is that large differences exist among studies in their definition of the condition and the methods used to establish its presence. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020.

• #75 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  HF Stats (SM), a new initiative by the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA), revealed that one in four individuals are projected to develop heart failure (HF) in their lifetime. This is an increase from the previous estimate of one in five individuals and is consistent with data that shows some 8.5 million Americans will be impacted by heart failure by 2030. […] Trends in the epidemiology and outcomes for heart failure (HF) are critically important and have not been explicated and compiled in a comprehensive contemporary document specifically focused on HF despite concerning trends in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and HF hospitalization rates over the past decade. HF Stats (SM) was developed to establish a clear and comprehensive synthesis of trends in HF epidemiology and outcomes as a foundation for clinical care, resource allocation, and research; to address differences in HF epidemiology and outcomes according to sex, race, ethnicity, and age and to identify current knowledge gaps and limitations in HF epidemiologic data and to forecast the future impact and burden of HF.

• #76 Heart failure learning module 1: background, epidemiology, aetiology and pathophysiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2024/05/heart-failure-learning-module-1-background-epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathophysiology/

  The National Heart Failure Audit was established in 2007 and produces annual reports on the demographics, investigations, treatment, place of care, level of specialist input, follow up and outcome of all patients admitted with HF in England and Wales. Records are submitted by individual institutions and, since 2016, have been financially incentivised by the Best Practice Tariff for HF. The 2022/23 report captured data from around 86% of all hospital admissions coded as being for HF by Hospital Episode Statistics coding in England and Wales. It is an invaluable source of information on the current state-of-play for the quality of care given to patients admitted with HF. […] Acute or decompensated HF is the leading cause of admission to hospital for patients aged 65 and causes or complicates 5% of all hospital admissions in the UK. Hospitalisation rates have increased by 33% in the last five years, three times greater than the increases seen for any other condition. Re-admission rates are high; as many as 23% will be re-admitted in the month after discharge.

• #77 Global epidemiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01046-6

  HF risk factors include advancing age, sex, inherited cardiomyopathies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity, highlighting the importance of targeted prevention strategies. […] Data from Europe and North America indicate a decline in the age-specific incidence of HF, with a notable shift towards HF with preserved ejection fraction among women, highlighting the evolving epidemiology of HF. […] Geographical disparities in epidemiological HF data, especially the deficit of data from Africa and South Asia, limit the development of targeted health-care strategies, public policy initiatives and interventions in these regions.

• #78 Global epidemiology of heart failure | Nature Reviews Cardiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01046-6

  Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome marked by substantial morbidity and mortality. […] Although the incidence of HF has stabilized or declined in high-income countries over the past decade, its prevalence continues to increase, driven by an ageing population, an increase in risk factors, the effectiveness of novel therapies and improved survival. […] However, disparities exist in our epidemiological understanding of HF burden and progression in low-income and middle-income countries owing to the lack of comprehensive data in these regions. […] Therefore, the current epidemiological landscape of HF highlights the need for periodic surveillance and resource allocation tailored to geographically vulnerable areas. […] We also discuss evolving population-based estimates of HF incidence and prevalence, the risk factors for and aetiologies of this disease, and outcomes in different geographical regions and populations.

• #79 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  The results of our analysis suggest that both prevalence and health loss (i.e., YLDs) of HF have constantly increased during the past 28 years on a worldwide scale, following a path that is unlikely to reverse in the next 10 years based on our estimations. […] This prediction will pose additional challenges, whereby HF in low-income countries is clinically different from Europe and North America and its outcome is dramatically influenced by worse health-care infrastructure availability, as well as by lower care access and quality. […] The results of our analysis attest that HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden are constantly increasing, especially in the elderly and in people living in low SDI regions.

• #80 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  Some population statistics suggested that the epidemiologic burden of heart failure (HF) may have significantly decreased between 2000 and 2010. However, this trend could not be confirmed in other continental or nationwide surveys. […] The current worldwide prevalence of HF is 64.34 million cases (8.52 per 1,000 inhabitants), accounting for 9.91 million years lost due to disability (YLDs) and 346.17 billion US $ expenditure. […] HF poses the largest burden after 60 years of age and both prevalence and YLDs have increased by 3.9% and 4.5% in very elderly people during the last 28 years. […] A linear, direct relationship can be found between socio-demographic index (SDI) and both prevalence and YLDs of HF. […] HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden constantly increase, especially in the elderly and in people living in low-to middle SDI regions.

• #81 Heart Failure (HF) Rate Expected to Rise to 8.5 Million Americans by 2030. New HFSA Initiative Identifies Rapidly Changing Landscape of HF in the U.S. | HFSA

  https://hfsa.org/heart-failure-hf-rate-expected-rise-85-million-americans-2030-new-hfsa-initiative-identifies

  A greater relative annual increase in HF-related mortality rates has been noted for younger (35-64 years) compared with older (65-84 years) adults. […] Highest HF death rates have been reported in the Midwest, Southeast, and Southern states. Rural areas demonstrate higher HF mortality rates for both younger and older age groups compared with urban areas. […] Rates of HF hospitalizations have increased from 2014 to 2017. This increase was consistent between age groups and sexes, with the highest rates being among Black patients. […] Disparities in social determinants of health and health inequities are important HF risk factors and result in increased mortality and other adverse outcomes in individuals at risk for HF or with HF.

• #82 Epidemiology of heart failure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-causes-of-heart-failure

  Epidemiology of heart failure […] Aging of the population and prolongation of the lives of cardiac patients by modern therapeutic innovations has led to an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF). Despite improvements in therapy, the mortality rate in patients with HF has remained unacceptably high, making early detection of susceptible persons who would benefit from preventive measures imperative. […] The magnitude of the problem of HF cannot be assessed with precision since reliable, population-based estimates of its prevalence, incidence, and prognosis are limited. Part of the problem is that large differences exist among studies in their definition of the condition and the methods used to establish its presence. […] There are an estimated 56 million people with HF worldwide. The prevalence of HF varies geographically, with the highest prevalence rates of HF being reported from North America, Central Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas lower rates are reported in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. The American Heart Association (AHA) estimated that there were 6.7 million people (2.3 percent) living with HF in the United States between 2017 and 2020.

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