Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Morton Neuroma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470249/

  Morton neuroma is a compressive neuropathy of the interdigital nerve in the forefoot due to compression and constant irritation at the plantar aspect of the transverse intermetatarsal ligament. […] The exact etiological cause of Morton neuroma is not known, but four major hypotheses exist. […] The chronic trauma theory, the most widely accepted hypothesis, states that the mechanical effects of walking cause chronic micro-traumas to the intermetatarsal plantar digital nerves, which become compressed between two metatarsal heads and the metatarsophalangeal joints. […] The entrapment theory, one of the earliest proposed theories, states that interdigital neuromas occur due to compression of the interdigital nerve against the anterior end of the deep transverse metatarsal ligament and plantar soft tissue structures.

• #1 Morton Neuroma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470249/

  The intermetatarsal bursa theory states that bursitis in the intermetatarsal region causes compression and inflammation with subsequent fibrosis of the affected common plantar digital nerve. […] The fourth theory is the ischemic theory, based on histopathological findings of the common plantar digital artery exhibiting degenerative changes prior to the fibrous thickening of the nerve. […] Morton neuroma is common in the third interspace because it is narrower compared to other spaces. […] Trauma from a crush injury, penetrating injury, thickened transverse metatarsal ligament, enlarged bursa in the interspace, and repetitive trauma from running have all been linked to the development of Morton neuroma. […] The compression and repetitive trauma to the nerve results in vascular changes, endoneurial edema, and excessive bursal thickening leading to perineural fibrosis. […] Microscopically, the common plantar digital artery displays disruption of the arterial wall, thrombosis, and incomplete recanalization, which are findings that support the ischemic theory.

• #1 Scientific Discussion of Morton’s Neuroma

  https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma/metatarsalgia-science/

  The exact pathogenesis of how an entrapped digital plantar nerve results in Mortons neuroma pain is not known and is the subject of much debate. Most investigators consider it to be an entrapment neuropathy, specifically direct pressure on the nerve leading to a chronic fibrotic reaction. […] However, some studies show that chronic repetitive low-grade trauma is also present and conclude that Mortons neuroma is due to a chronic mechanical overload of the entire webspace. […] These two are not mutually exclusive and we believe that Mortons neuroma is due to a combination of chronic mechanical trauma of the webspace and an entrapment neuropathy of the nerve. Histological findings show evidence of both etiologies. […] The increased tissue volume caused by accumulated mucoid ground substance within the confined intermetatarsal web space results in increased pressure and increased mechanical forces.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7041/interdigital-mortons-neuroma

  Interdigital Neuromas, also known as Morton’s neuroma, is a compressive neuropathy of the interdigital nerve that often leads to plantar forefoot pain. […] Pathophysiology […] mechanism of injury […] not fully understood […] compression/tension of the interdigital nerve around the transverse intermetatarsal ligament […] repetitive microtrauma. […] pathoanatomy […] perineural fibrosis and entrapment of the interdigital nerve.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma: Interdigital Perineural Fibrosis : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/orthopaedics/mortons-neuroma-interdigital-perineural-fibrosis/

  – pathogenesis: – Mechanical factors: – smaller intermetatarsal distance can compress nerve – made worse with small toe box – late stance phase/ toe off can compress the nerve against the intermetatarsal ligament (ankle plantar flexed, toes extended) as weight rolled over MT heads – reproduced in high heels – 4th and 5th metatarsals more mobile than 2nd and 3rd – can lead to tethering and inflammation of nerve against 2nd or 3rd metatarsal while walking/ running […] – neurovascular bundle close to bursa and can be compressed by bursal inflammation – bulging of bursa may be cause of Mulders click

• #1 Scientific Discussion of Morton’s Neuroma

  https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma/metatarsalgia-science/

  Furthermore, the compressed nerve causes reduced blood flow in the vessels supplying the nerve with blood (the vasa nervorum). This causes local ischaemia, which decreases the ability of the nerve axons to transmit. As the compression becomes more severe over time, focal demyelination occurs, followed by axonal damage and finally, fibrotic scarring within the nerve. […] The mucoid degeneration in the intermetatarsal space is indicative of a connective tissue response to chronic repetitive low-grade trauma such as the trauma that would result from a mechanical overload in the webspace due to a nerve entrapment.

• #1

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  Morton’s neuroma is primarily caused by compression and irritation of the interdigital nerve, typically in the third intermetatarsal space. […] The condition is considered an entrapment neuropathy where the common digital plantar nerve is compressed between the metatarsal heads or by the transverse metatarsal ligament. […] Histological studies of Morton’s neuroma show hyperplasia within the nerve, demyelination, intraneural fibrosis, and thickened endoneurial capillaries, indicating chronic irritation and damage. […] Anatomical variations, such as a thicker nerve formed by the joining of branches from the medial and lateral plantar nerves, make the nerve more susceptible to compression and trauma, particularly in the third interspace. […] External factors like wearing narrow shoes or high heels can exacerbate the compression of the nerve, leading to the symptoms associated with Morton’s neuroma.

• #1 About Morton’s Neuroma – The Center for Mortons Neuroma

  https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma/

  Mortons neuroma is caused by the squeezing and irritation of a small nerve called the common plantar digital nerve which provides the sensation to the webspace between the toes. […] The continual pressure on the nerve causes the irritation reaction to reoccur becoming chronic resulting in fibrosis within the nerve and thickening of the nerve. […] This thickened, fibrotic nerve further compresses the nerve cells causing greater pain. […] Mortons Neuroma is primarily caused by repetitive pressure or irritation on the nerve in the ball of the foot.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Morton%27s_neuroma_pathophysiology

  Morton’s neuroma is associated with symptomatic collapse of the transverse arch by perineural fibrosis around a plantar digital nerve of the foot due to chronic traction and increased pressure/compression on the interdigital nerve. […] Possible tissue pathologies associated with interdigital pain of morton’s neuroma include perineural fibrosis, endoneural edema, neurofibromata, angioneurofibromata, local demyelination, and local vascular degeneration.

• #1

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  While the exact etiology of Morton neuroma is uncertain, most histologic studies show evidence of hyperplasia within the nerve. The neuroma is further considered to be an entrapment neuropathy of the affected common digital plantar nerve between adjacent metatarsal heads or by the transverse metatarsal ligament. […] This anatomic variation results in a thicker nerve that is more prone to trauma between the constrictive metatarsal heads, a reason often cited to explain the prevalence of Morton neuroma specifically within the third interspace. […] The deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament may also be implicated in the cause of a neuroma. If it is thickened or has aberrant bands, it may cause compression of the affected nerve. […] Histologic examination of resected Morton neuroma exhibits increased neural width, demyelination, intraneural fibrosis, and thickened endoneurial capillaries.

• #1 Neuroma – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neuroma

  There are no genetic mutations associated with the development of neuroma. […] On gross pathology, characteristic findings of neuroma, includes: adherent fibrofatty tissue, small, firm, oval, yellowish-white, slowly growing, palpable nodule on skin (no discoloration of skin on the top of nodule), /=2cm in size. […] On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of neuroma, include: extensive fibrosis around and within the nerve, digital artery, thrombosis, arterial thickening.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mortons-neuroma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351935

  Morton’s neuroma involves a thickening of the tissue around one of the nerves leading to your toes. This can cause a sharp, burning pain in the ball of your foot. You may have stinging, burning or numbness in the affected toes. […] Morton’s neuroma seems to occur in response to irritation, pressure or injury to one of the nerves that lead to your toes. […] High-heeled or tight shoes have been linked to the development of Morton’s neuroma. Many people experience relief by switching to lower heeled shoes with wider toe boxes. Sometimes corticosteroid injections or surgery may be necessary. […] Factors that appear to contribute to Morton’s neuroma include: High heels. Wearing high-heeled shoes or shoes that are tight or ill fitting can place extra pressure on your toes and the ball of your foot. Certain sports. Participating in high-impact athletic activities such as jogging or running may subject your feet to repetitive trauma. Sports that feature tight shoes, such as snow skiing or rock climbing, can put pressure on your toes. Foot deformities. People who have bunions, hammertoes, high arches or flatfeet are at higher risk of developing Morton’s neuroma.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mortons-neuroma/

  Morton’s neuroma is caused by an irritated or damaged nerve between the toe bones. […] It’s often linked to: […] wearing tight, pointy or high-heeled shoes […] doing a lot of running, or other sports or activities that place pressure on the feet […] having other foot problems such as flat feet, high arches, bunions or hammer toes.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma: Causes & Treatments for Foot Nerve Pain

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mortons_neuroma/article_em.htm

  Morton’s neuroma frequently develops in response to irritation, trauma, or excessive pressure on the nerves in the forefoot. […] Causes of Morton’s neuroma include: […] Wearing high-heeled shoes that increase pressure on the forefoot and force the forefoot into a tight toe box. Morton’s neuroma is 8 to 10 times more common in women than in men due to wearing high-heeled shoes. […] Home remedies that may help reduce and prevent pain of Morton’s neuroma include: […] Prescription custom orthotics help relieve pressure and irritation of the nerve. […] Corticosteroid injections reduce inflammation and swelling. […] Morton’s neuroma can be prevented by wearing properly-fitted cushioned shoes that have plenty of room in the toe box.

• #1

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/mortons-neuroma

  Morton’s neuroma is a condition that affects one of the nerves that run between the long bones (metatarsals) in the foot. The exact cause is not certain. […] The exact cause of Morton’s neuroma is not known. It is thought to develop as a result of long-standing (chronic) stress and irritation of a plantar digital nerve. […] The anatomy of the bones of the foot is also thought to contribute to the development of Morton’s neuroma. The space between the long bones (metatarsals) in the foot is narrower between the second and third and between the third and fourth metatarsals. This means that the nerves that run between these metatarsals are more likely to be compressed and irritated. […] Sometimes, other problems can contribute to the compression of the nerve. These include the growth of a fatty lump (called a lipoma) and also the formation of a fluid-filled sac that can form around a joint (a bursa). […] Also, inflammation in the joints in the foot next to one of the digital nerves can sometimes cause irritation of the nerve and lead to the symptoms of Morton’s neuroma.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15118-mortons-neuroma

  Mortons neuromas form when a nerve between your toe bones is irritated and swells. […] If you have a Mortons neuroma, the affected nerve is thickened and swollen. […] The neuroma in Mortons neuroma is slightly misleading. Neuromas are noncancerous (benign) tumors that form on nerves throughout the body. They grow extra nerve tissue alongside your healthy regular nerve. […] A Mortons neuroma isnt new tissue growing on a nerve on your foot. Its not really a tumor. Instead, your existing nerve tissue swells and thickens. […] Mortons neuromas form when a nerve between your toe bones is irritated and swells. Experts arent always certain what causes the inflammation, but they think pressure on your toes, the nerves between them and the ball of your foot is the most common cause. […] If a Mortons neuroma isnt treated, it can cause nerve damage or chronic pain in your affected foot. […] Your healthcare provider will suggest treatments that relieve your symptoms and reduce the inflammation in your affected nerve. […] Most people dont need surgery to treat a Mortons neuroma. […] Mortons neuroma symptoms can come back.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma (Intermetatarsal Neuroma)

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/morton-s-neuroma-(intermetatarsal-neuroma)

  Morton’s NeuromaThe thickening of the nerve that defines a neuroma is the result of compression and irritation of the nerve. This compression creates enlargement of the nerve, causing the symptoms of Mortons neuroma and eventually leading to permanent nerve damage. […] Anything that causes compression or irritation of the nerve can lead to the development of a neuroma. One of the most common offenders is wearing shoes that have a tapered toe box or high-heeled shoes that cause the toes to be forced into the toe box. […] Over time, the symptoms progressively worsen and may persist for several days or weeks. […] The symptoms become more intense as the neuroma enlarges and the temporary changes in the nerve become permanent.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma: Treatment, tests, symptoms, exercises, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179773

  Mortons neuroma is an inflammation of nerve tissue in the foot, usually between the third and fourth toes. […] It occurs due to a swollen nerve in the ball of the foot. […] Experts are not sure exactly what causes Mortons neuroma. It seems to develop when the tissues thicken, compressing and inflaming one of the nerves that lead to the toes. This triggers a response, resulting in thickened nerve tissue. […] A high percentage of those with Mortons neuroma wear high-heeled or narrow shoes. […] Conditions and situations that can cause the bones to rub against a nerve include high-heeled shoes, shoes that are too narrow, shoes with a pointed or tight toe box that squashes the toes together, high-arched feet, deviation of the toes, flat feet, a bunion, hammer toe, some high impact sporting activities, and injury or trauma to the foot. […] Mortons neuroma is at least five times more common in females than in males.

• #1

  https://dryeargain.com/mortons-neuroma/

  A Mortons Neuroma is the most common Neuroma in the foot, occurring between the third and fourth toes. […] The condition arises due to compression and irritation of the nerve. The compression creates inflammation and enlargement of the nerve, ultimately leading to permanent nerve damage if left untreated. […] Allowing a neuroma to linger for weeks can lead to permanent nerve damage.

• #1 Premier Podiatry | Morton’s Neuroma in St. Louis

  https://premierpodiatry.org/morton-s-neuroma

  Morton’s NeuromaThe thickening of the nerve that defines a neuroma is the result of compression and irritation of the nerve. This compression creates enlargement of the nerve, causing the symptoms of Mortons neuroma and eventually leading to permanent nerve damage. […] Anything that causes compression or irritation of the nerve can lead to the development of a neuroma. One of the most common offenders is wearing shoes that have a tapered toe box or high-heeled shoes that cause the toes to be forced into the toe box. […] The symptoms become more intense as the neuroma enlarges and the temporary changes in the nerve become permanent.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/mortons-neuroma

  If you sometimes feel that you are „walking on a marble,” and you have persistent pain in the ball of your foot (forefoot), you may have a condition called Morton’s neuroma. […] Morton’s neuroma is not actually a tumor, but a thickening of the tissue that surrounds the digital nerve leading to the toes. This thickening can lead to various levels of pain or discomfort in the forefoot that may limit your ability to perform certain activities. […] The exact cause of a Morton’s neuroma is not known, but current research suggests it is likely the result of entrapment (i.e., compression or squeezing) of the common digital plantar nerves. Compression of the nerve in the web space may trigger swelling and cause abnormal tissue to form in and around the nerve. […] Studies have shown that many people can achieve lasting relief with a combination of shoe wear modifications, orthoses, anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., ibuprofen or naproxen), and/or corticosteroid injections. […] Surgical intervention with neurectomy (removal of part of the nerve) or decompression of the nerve has the highest success rate, with most studies reporting an 80 to 95% success rate.

• #1 Neuroma Pathology | ProLab Orthotics, Inc.

  https://www.prolaborthotics.com/resource/neuroma-pathology/

  Mortons neuroma is a swelling of the Schwann cells that surrounds the digital nerve leading to the toes and generally occurs in response to irritation, trauma or excessive motion of the medial column of the foot. […] This orthosis is designed to decrease ground reactive force (GRF) under the lesser metatarsal heads and to separate the affected metatarsal heads. This will decrease pressure and trauma on the digital nerve.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma

  https://www.massgeneral.org/orthopaedics/sports-medicine/conditions-and-treatments/mortons-neuroma

  Mortons neuromas are pinched nerves that occurred in the forefoot. The tissue surrounding the nerve thickens and can cause pain or numbness. Symptoms are typically worse with narrow shoes. It may also feel like you are walking on a marble. Morton’s neuroma most frequently develops between the third and fourth toes, usually in response to irritation, trauma or excessive pressure. […] Injection – Cortisone can reduce the swelling and inflammation of the nerve, bringing some relief.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%27s_neuroma

  Microscopically, the affected nerve is markedly distorted, with extensive concentric perineural fibrosis. […] The arterioles are thickened and occlusion by thrombi are occasionally present. […] Cryogenic neuroablation (also known as cryoinjection therapy, cryoneurolysis, cryosurgery or cryoablation) is a lesser-known alternative to neurectomy surgery. It involves the destruction of axons to prevent them from carrying painful impulses. This is accomplished by making a small incision (~3 mm) and inserting a cryoneedle that applies extremely low temperatures of between 50 C to 70 C to the nerve/neuroma, resulting in degeneration of the intracellular elements, axons and myelin sheath (which houses the neuroma) with wallerian degeneration. […] The preservation of these structures differentiates cryogenic neuroablation from surgical excision and neurolytic agents such as alcohol.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/mortons-neuroma

  Radiofrequency ablation uses heat from an electrical current to destroy some of the nerve cells in the affected areas. That keeps them from transmitting pain signals to your brain. […] Decompression surgery involves cutting areas inside your foot that are near the affected area, such as a ligament. This may reduce the pressure on the nerve. Another surgical option is neurectomy, which removes the painful nerve.

• #1 Interdigital Neuroma – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/foot-and-ankle-disorders/interdigital-neuroma

  Interdigital (Morton) neuroma is a benign perineural fibrosis of a plantar digital nerve that can cause pain, which may be nonspecific, burning, or lancinating, or a foreign body sensation. […] Neuroma of the interdigital nerve along its distal innervation near the ball of the foot develops primarily as a result of improper or constrictive footwear or, less commonly, nerve traction resulting from abnormal foot structure (eg, splayfoot deformity). As a result of chronic repetitive trauma, a benign thickening or fibrosis of the nerve develops (Morton neuroma). […] As the condition progresses, perineural fibrosis occurs. […] Injection is at a 45 angle to the foot, into the interspace at the level of the dorsal aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joints. […] Alcohol sclerosing injections risk increasing perineural fibrosis.

• #1 Morton’s neuroma operation – Julien Lopez

  https://www.chirurgie-pied-sport.com/en/morton-neuroma-operation

  The exact causes of Mortons neuroma and its surgery are not known exactly, but it is believed that when walking, the nerve is repeatedly compressed causing inflammation. […] Although we know that the nerve is compressed, the mechanisms of the formation of Morton’s neuroma remain unclear. It is believed to be a ductal syndrome much like carpal tunnel syndrome in the hand. […] The principle of surgical treatment is based either on the release of the nerve (neurolysis) or on the resection (neurectomy or neuromy) of the nerve. The choice of technique depends on the size of the Mortons neuroma.

• #1 Foot Neuroma Surgery, Morton’s Neuroma, Foot Neuroma Treatment by Dr Jam

  https://www.drjamfeet.com/procedures/foot-neuroma-surgery/

  Mortons Neuroma (neurectomy) is a condition that afflicts the nerves on the ball of the foot, usually in the area between your third and forth toes. […] The exact mechanism behind the development of Mortons neuroma is not fully understood. […] The nerve as a result gets trapped between the heads of the metatarsal bones and due to this continuous friction and irritation, Mortons neuroma may develop. […] In Mortons neuroma, an outgrowth develops, most commonly in the space between the third and fourth metatarsal bones. Whatever the origin of the growth, the mechanism by which it causes pain and discomfort is the same. […] After a foot trauma, the micro-fractures which go unnoticed usually, may compress on the nerve. […] Neurectomy is the best, definitive treatment of Mortons neuroma.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma – Dr Bruno Lévy

  https://docteurbrunolevy.com/en/pathology/forefoot/mortons-neuroma/

  Reducing the inflammation around the neuroma makes it shrink and, using insoles to spread the metatarsal bones, the neuroma then heals, and the pain disappears. […] Most surgeons decide to remove the neuroma and the related nerve. The aim is to alleviate the searing pain, but it does mean the patient will lose all feeling in the end of the third and fourth toes. […] Dr Lvy treats neuromas by targeting the compression on the bones without touching the nerve. He uses percutaneous surgery to make more space for the nerve. The benefit of this technique is that it does not leave scars, and it not only treats the Mortons Neuroma but also the pressure pain. Furthermore, by leaving the nerve intact, the patient does not lose feeling in the toes. […] The surgeon will cut the intermetatarsal ligament joining the two metatarsal bones and causing the compression. Next he performs an osteotomy (removing part of the bone) for the second, third and fourth metatarsal, using oblique cuts to spread and raise the metatarsal heads. This decompresses the nerve and reduces the pressure of the bones on the floor.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Mortons-Neuroma.aspx

  Mortons neuroma, also known as Mortons metatarsalgia or interdigital neuroma, is a health condition that involves perineural fibrosis and degeneration of the common digital nerve in the foot. […] Morton’s neuroma results from irritation or thickening of one nerve, which can cause severe pain between the toes or on the ball of the foot. […] Mortons neuroma presents as the result of irritation or thickening of a plantar digital nerve located between the toes in the foot. The primary causes of Morton’s neuroma usually involve compression, stretching or damage to the nerves and can include: […] However, it is unclear if these factors directly cause Mortons neuroma, or if they increase the risk of an individual who is already susceptible to the disease to experience symptoms. […] The initial treatment of Mortons neuroma usually involves simple lifestyle changes to eliminate the likely cause of the condition. This may include an avoidance of wearing ill-fitting shoes, using orthoses to support the foot or reducing participation in high-impact sporting activities.

• #1 Morton’s Neuroma | The Steadman Clinic

  https://www.thesteadmanclinic.com/patient-education/foot-and-ankle/mortons-neuroma

  The main complication resulting from a neuroma excision (removal) is a recurrence of the neuroma. The nerve itself doesn’t return, but whenever a portion of a nerve is removed, the stump will form a little bulb known as a traumatic or stump neuroma. If this traumatic neuroma is located beneath a metatarsal head or becomes quite large, it may become painful several years after the initial surgery.

• #1

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  Although the aetiology and pathomechanism of this condition is controversial, the histological endpoint is well established as benign perineural fibrosis of a common plantar digital nerve, typically within the third intermetatarsal space. […] Several theories of the pathomechanism of Morton’s neuroma are briefly discussed.

• #2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Morton Neuroma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-overview

  Morton neuroma (interdigital neuroma), first described in 1876, is a perineural fibrosis and nerve degeneration of the common digital nerve. […] Morton neuroma, or Morton’s neuroma, is not a true neuroma, although it results in neuropathic pain in the distribution of the interdigital nerve secondary to repetitive irritation of the nerve. […] At the level of the metatarsal heads, the interdigital nerve traverses inferior to the intermetatarsal ligament. At this site, the nerve may be compressed or stretched from repetitive toe flexion and extension. Other studies have shown perineural fibrosis and demyelination at the level of the metatarsal heads, indicating that the damage in Morton’s neuroma may be more distal than the intermetatarsal ligament.

• #2 Morton’s metatarsalgia: Pathogenesis, aetiology and current management

  http://www.actaorthopaedica.be/archive/volume-71/issue-6/review-article/mortons-metatarsalgia-pathogenesis-aetiology-and-current-management/

  The aetiology and pathogenesis of Mortons Neuroma remain controversial. […] It is not true neuroma and therefore, it is better referred to as Mortons metatarsalgia. […] Chronic trauma, ischaemia, bursitis and entrapment neuropathy have been proposed as possible aetiologic factors.

• #2 Scientific Discussion of Morton’s Neuroma

  https://www.mortonsneuroma.com/mortons-neuroma/metatarsalgia-science/

  The exact pathogenesis of how an entrapped digital plantar nerve results in Mortons neuroma pain is not known and is the subject of much debate. Most investigators consider it to be an entrapment neuropathy, specifically direct pressure on the nerve leading to a chronic fibrotic reaction. […] However, some studies show that chronic repetitive low-grade trauma is also present and conclude that Mortons neuroma is due to a chronic mechanical overload of the entire webspace. […] These two are not mutually exclusive and we believe that Mortons neuroma is due to a combination of chronic mechanical trauma of the webspace and an entrapment neuropathy of the nerve. Histological findings show evidence of both etiologies. […] The increased tissue volume caused by accumulated mucoid ground substance within the confined intermetatarsal web space results in increased pressure and increased mechanical forces.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/mortons-neuroma

  If you sometimes feel that you are „walking on a marble,” and you have persistent pain in the ball of your foot (forefoot), you may have a condition called Morton’s neuroma. […] Morton’s neuroma is not actually a tumor, but a thickening of the tissue that surrounds the digital nerve leading to the toes. This thickening can lead to various levels of pain or discomfort in the forefoot that may limit your ability to perform certain activities. […] The exact cause of a Morton’s neuroma is not known, but current research suggests it is likely the result of entrapment (i.e., compression or squeezing) of the common digital plantar nerves. Compression of the nerve in the web space may trigger swelling and cause abnormal tissue to form in and around the nerve. […] Studies have shown that many people can achieve lasting relief with a combination of shoe wear modifications, orthoses, anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., ibuprofen or naproxen), and/or corticosteroid injections. […] Surgical intervention with neurectomy (removal of part of the nerve) or decompression of the nerve has the highest success rate, with most studies reporting an 80 to 95% success rate.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma | Ankleinfo

  https://www.ankleinfo.net/morton-s-neuroma

  Morton neuroma is common in middle-aged women, and the incidence is at up to 15 times higher in females than males. The exact incidence is unknown. It is common in the third interspace because the 3rd interspace is narrower compared to other spaces. Rarely, both feet can be affected and two web spaces can be affected in the same foot. […] It is thought to occur as a result of compression of the interdigital nerve against the distal end of the transverse metatarsal ligament during dorsiflexion of the toes. Compression and repetitive trauma to the nerve results in vascular changes, endoneurial edema, and excessive bursal thickening leading to perineural fibrosis. […] Common associations include narrow toe-box footwear, hyperextension of the toes in high-heeled shoes, deviation of the toes, inflammation of the intermetatarsal bursa, thickening of the transverse metatarsal ligament, forefoot trauma, some high impact sporting activities (running, football, basketball), MTP joint pathology and lipoma. […] Microscopically there is endarterial thickening of the digital artery, usually with thrombosis, fibrosis surrounding and within the nerves, Schwann cell and fibroblast propagation, and damage of myelinated nerve fibres.

• #2 Morton’s neuroma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%27s_neuroma

  Microscopically, the affected nerve is markedly distorted, with extensive concentric perineural fibrosis. […] The arterioles are thickened and occlusion by thrombi are occasionally present. […] Cryogenic neuroablation (also known as cryoinjection therapy, cryoneurolysis, cryosurgery or cryoablation) is a lesser-known alternative to neurectomy surgery. It involves the destruction of axons to prevent them from carrying painful impulses. This is accomplished by making a small incision (~3 mm) and inserting a cryoneedle that applies extremely low temperatures of between 50 C to 70 C to the nerve/neuroma, resulting in degeneration of the intracellular elements, axons and myelin sheath (which houses the neuroma) with wallerian degeneration. […] The preservation of these structures differentiates cryogenic neuroablation from surgical excision and neurolytic agents such as alcohol.

• #2

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  Although the aetiology and pathomechanism of this condition is controversial, the histological endpoint is well established as benign perineural fibrosis of a common plantar digital nerve, typically within the third intermetatarsal space. […] Several theories of the pathomechanism of Morton’s neuroma are briefly discussed.

• #2 Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Morton Neuroma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-clinical

  Morton’s neuroma is known to develop as a result of chronic nerve stress and irritation, particularly with excessive toe dorsiflexion. […] A biomechanical theory of causation involves the mechanics of the foot and ankle. For instance, individuals with tight gastrocnemius-soleus muscles or who excessively pronate the foot may compensate by dorsiflexion of the metatarsals subsequently irritating of the interdigital nerve. […] Various factors have been implicated in the precipitation of Morton’s neuroma.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma (Intermetatarsal Neuroma)

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/morton-s-neuroma-(intermetatarsal-neuroma)

  Morton’s NeuromaThe thickening of the nerve that defines a neuroma is the result of compression and irritation of the nerve. This compression creates enlargement of the nerve, causing the symptoms of Mortons neuroma and eventually leading to permanent nerve damage. […] Anything that causes compression or irritation of the nerve can lead to the development of a neuroma. One of the most common offenders is wearing shoes that have a tapered toe box or high-heeled shoes that cause the toes to be forced into the toe box. […] Over time, the symptoms progressively worsen and may persist for several days or weeks. […] The symptoms become more intense as the neuroma enlarges and the temporary changes in the nerve become permanent.

• #2 Neuroma causes – Neuroma Treatment Center of NYC

  https://neuromatreatmentcenternyc.com/all-about-neuromas/neuroma-causes/

  The exact cause of neuroma is controversial. There are many theories that are accepted. While doctors do not know exactly which one is correct, it is likely that it is a combination of many of them. Below are the most commonly accepted theories. […] A Mortons neuroma is an enlargement of the common metatarsal nerve. […] Due to the shape of the third and fourth metatarsals, the heads of the bones are closer together than the necks. This allows for less space for the nerve to pass between them. In addition, when the nerve is enlarged it takes up more space, and therefore is more likely to be irritated by the bones. It is an unfortunate cycle such that when the nerve gets larger, it gets more irritated, which then makes it get larger, and so on. […] There are multiple reasons why there may be increased forces on the metatarsal nerve that cause it to become inflamed.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma – Pain Spa

  https://www.painspa.co.uk/condition/mortons-neuroma/

  Morton neuroma is a benign fibrotic thickening of a plantar interdigital nerve that is a response to irritation. […] The exact pathogenesis of Morton neuroma remains controversial. It is generally accepted that the development of Morton neuroma may be induced by repetitive compression of the plantar nerve against the deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament, with subsequent perineural fibrosis.

• #2

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  While the exact etiology of Morton neuroma is uncertain, most histologic studies show evidence of hyperplasia within the nerve. The neuroma is further considered to be an entrapment neuropathy of the affected common digital plantar nerve between adjacent metatarsal heads or by the transverse metatarsal ligament. […] This anatomic variation results in a thicker nerve that is more prone to trauma between the constrictive metatarsal heads, a reason often cited to explain the prevalence of Morton neuroma specifically within the third interspace. […] The deep transverse intermetatarsal ligament may also be implicated in the cause of a neuroma. If it is thickened or has aberrant bands, it may cause compression of the affected nerve. […] Histologic examination of resected Morton neuroma exhibits increased neural width, demyelination, intraneural fibrosis, and thickened endoneurial capillaries.

• #2 Neuroma – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neuroma

  Morton’s neuroma is characterized by being located in the 3rd web-space, between 3rd and 4th metatarsal heads, or sometimes in the second or fourth interspaces. […] The pathogenesis of neuroma is characterized by neural degeneration with epineural and endoneural vascular hyalinization, and perineural fibrosis. […] The pathogenesis of traumatic neuroma is characterized by: tangle of neural fibers and connective tissue that develops following a peripheral nerve injury, interruption in continuity of nerve causing wallerian degeneration (loss of axons in proximal stump and retraction of axons in distal segment), followed by exuberant regeneration of nerve and formation of mass of Schwann cells, axons and fibrous cells, chronic reactive fibroinflammatory disorganized regeneration around a nerve after an injury (such as traction injury or chronic repetitive stress).

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma | The Steadman Clinic

  https://www.thesteadmanclinic.com/patient-education/foot-and-ankle/mortons-neuroma

  A Morton’s neuroma, or interdigital neuroma, is a painful condition which involves a nerve on the plantar aspect (bottom) of the foot. Occasionally a neuroma develops following a bruising injury to the sole of the foot, such as might be caused by jumping onto a rock or other objects, but in general, the origin of the condition is unknown. One of these nerves may become irritated by the ligament located above it, causing it to become thickened and painful. […] The physical examination will reveal exceptional tenderness in the involved interspace when the nerve area is pressed on the bottom of the foot. As the interspace is palpated, and pressure is applied from the top to the bottom of the foot, a click can sometimes be felt which reproduces the patient’s pain. This is known as a Mulder’s sign.

• #2 Neuroma (Morton’s) | Definition and Treatment

  https://balancehealth.com/services/neuroma-mortons/integrative-foot-and-ankle-centers-of-washington/

  Morton’s neuroma may develop when the tissue around one of the nerves leading to your foot begins to thicken. […] Most symptoms will not appear outwardly and will be experienced in the form of a sharp, burning pain in the ball of the foot, as well as a stinging or burning feeling in the toes that may sometimes lead to numbness. […] Some factors that contribute to the formation of Morton’s neuroma include wearing high heels or ill-fitting shoes that put extra pressure on your toes or the balls of your feet. […] There has also been a tie to the development of Morton’s neuroma and certain high-impact sporting activities. […] Other sports that require the use of tightly worn shoes, such as skiing or rock climbing, may also increase your chances of getting Morton’s neuroma. […] Certain foot deformities can also lead to the development of Morton’s neuroma.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/mortons-neuroma

  Morton’s neuroma is a condition that affects one of the nerves that run between the long bones (metatarsals) in the foot. The exact cause is not certain. […] The exact cause of Morton’s neuroma is not known. It is thought to develop as a result of long-standing (chronic) stress and irritation of a plantar digital nerve. […] The anatomy of the bones of the foot is also thought to contribute to the development of Morton’s neuroma. The space between the long bones (metatarsals) in the foot is narrower between the second and third and between the third and fourth metatarsals. This means that the nerves that run between these metatarsals are more likely to be compressed and irritated. […] Sometimes, other problems can contribute to the compression of the nerve. These include the growth of a fatty lump (called a lipoma) and also the formation of a fluid-filled sac that can form around a joint (a bursa). […] Also, inflammation in the joints in the foot next to one of the digital nerves can sometimes cause irritation of the nerve and lead to the symptoms of Morton’s neuroma.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma Not Improving | The Foot Institute

  https://www.thefootinstitute.com/faqs/mortons-neuroma-worsening.cfm

  Morton’s neuroma, a thickening of the tissue around a nerve in your foot, can be tricky to manage. This painful foot problem is most common in women ages 35 to 50, and multiple factors could contribute to your discomfort. […] Morton’s neuroma shares symptoms with several other foot conditions, such as metatarsalgia, stress fractures, or intermetatarsal bursitis. Each requires a different treatment approach. […] Typically, it’s accompanied by or even caused by other foot conditions. For example, you might have an undiagnosed bunion that’s altering your foot mechanics and putting extra pressure on the neuroma. Or perhaps you have flat feet, which can change how weight is distributed across your footpotentially aggravating the neuroma and increasing your overall pain level.

• #2

  https://www.elsevier.com/resources/clinicalkey-ai/what-causes-mortons-neuroma-0cd9

  Morton’s neuroma is primarily caused by compression and irritation of the interdigital nerve, typically in the third intermetatarsal space. […] The condition is considered an entrapment neuropathy where the common digital plantar nerve is compressed between the metatarsal heads or by the transverse metatarsal ligament. […] Histological studies of Morton’s neuroma show hyperplasia within the nerve, demyelination, intraneural fibrosis, and thickened endoneurial capillaries, indicating chronic irritation and damage. […] Anatomical variations, such as a thicker nerve formed by the joining of branches from the medial and lateral plantar nerves, make the nerve more susceptible to compression and trauma, particularly in the third interspace. […] External factors like wearing narrow shoes or high heels can exacerbate the compression of the nerve, leading to the symptoms associated with Morton’s neuroma.

• #2 Interdigital Neuroma – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/foot-and-ankle-disorders/interdigital-neuroma

  Interdigital (Morton) neuroma is a benign perineural fibrosis of a plantar digital nerve that can cause pain, which may be nonspecific, burning, or lancinating, or a foreign body sensation. […] Neuroma of the interdigital nerve along its distal innervation near the ball of the foot develops primarily as a result of improper or constrictive footwear or, less commonly, nerve traction resulting from abnormal foot structure (eg, splayfoot deformity). As a result of chronic repetitive trauma, a benign thickening or fibrosis of the nerve develops (Morton neuroma). […] As the condition progresses, perineural fibrosis occurs. […] Injection is at a 45 angle to the foot, into the interspace at the level of the dorsal aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joints. […] Alcohol sclerosing injections risk increasing perineural fibrosis.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15118-mortons-neuroma

  Mortons neuromas form when a nerve between your toe bones is irritated and swells. […] If you have a Mortons neuroma, the affected nerve is thickened and swollen. […] The neuroma in Mortons neuroma is slightly misleading. Neuromas are noncancerous (benign) tumors that form on nerves throughout the body. They grow extra nerve tissue alongside your healthy regular nerve. […] A Mortons neuroma isnt new tissue growing on a nerve on your foot. Its not really a tumor. Instead, your existing nerve tissue swells and thickens. […] Mortons neuromas form when a nerve between your toe bones is irritated and swells. Experts arent always certain what causes the inflammation, but they think pressure on your toes, the nerves between them and the ball of your foot is the most common cause. […] If a Mortons neuroma isnt treated, it can cause nerve damage or chronic pain in your affected foot. […] Your healthcare provider will suggest treatments that relieve your symptoms and reduce the inflammation in your affected nerve. […] Most people dont need surgery to treat a Mortons neuroma. […] Mortons neuroma symptoms can come back.

• #2 Premier Podiatry | Morton’s Neuroma in St. Louis

  https://premierpodiatry.org/morton-s-neuroma

  Morton’s NeuromaThe thickening of the nerve that defines a neuroma is the result of compression and irritation of the nerve. This compression creates enlargement of the nerve, causing the symptoms of Mortons neuroma and eventually leading to permanent nerve damage. […] Anything that causes compression or irritation of the nerve can lead to the development of a neuroma. One of the most common offenders is wearing shoes that have a tapered toe box or high-heeled shoes that cause the toes to be forced into the toe box. […] The symptoms become more intense as the neuroma enlarges and the temporary changes in the nerve become permanent.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma: Progressive Spine & Sports Medicine: Pain Medicine

  https://www.progressivespineandsports.com/blog/mortons-neuroma

  The thickening and enlarging of nerve tissue which occurs with a neuroma happens in response to increased compression and irritation of the nerve tissue itself. […] Some of the most common precipitating causes include excessive use of high heeled shoes or any other type of uncomfortable, tight, tapered-toe footwear; foot abnormalities including hammertoes, flat feet, or bunions; and a history of direct foot injury or repetitive injury (often seen with sports such as running). […] In the case of Mortons neuroma, the damage to the nerve tissue can become permanent if the cause of the inflammation and the symptoms are not properly addressed.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/mortons-neuroma

  Radiofrequency ablation uses heat from an electrical current to destroy some of the nerve cells in the affected areas. That keeps them from transmitting pain signals to your brain. […] Decompression surgery involves cutting areas inside your foot that are near the affected area, such as a ligament. This may reduce the pressure on the nerve. Another surgical option is neurectomy, which removes the painful nerve.

• #2 Morton’s neuroma – Overview | Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.guysandstthomas.nhs.uk/health-information/mortons-neuroma

  Morton’s neuroma is a thickening on the nerves between your toes. It is caused by compression or repeated irritation of the nerve. […] Over time, the body responds to this irritation by thickening the nerve to protect itself until it forms a lump, called a neuroma. […] Sometimes a cushioned insole or a specially designed insole (orthoses) with a bump under the metatarsals (bones) is used to relieve pressure on the neuroma.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma Treatment in St. Louis, MO | Podiatrists

  https://www.mofoot.com/mortons-neuroma/

  A neuroma is the swelling of nerve that is a result of a compression or trauma. […] The most common cause of neuroma in ball of the foot is the abnormal movement of the long bones behind the toes called metatarsal bones. […] At the base of the toes, the nerves split forming a Y and enter the toes. It is in this area the nerve gets pinched and swells, forming the neuroma. […] A puncture wound or laceration that injures a nerve can cause a neuroma. These are called traumatic neuromas. Neuromas can also result following a surgery that may result in the cutting of a nerve. […] Cortisone is useful when injected around the nerve, because it can shrink the swelling of the nerve. This relieves the pressure on the nerve. […] The abnormal movements of the metatarsal bones continue to aggravate the condition over a period of time. […] If, however, there is significant damage to the nerve, then failure to this treatment can occur. When there is permanent nerve damage, the patient is left with three choices: live with the pain, chemical destruction of the nerve, or surgical removal or decompression of the nerve.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/women/mortons-neuroma

  Mortons neuroma, also called intermetatarsal neuroma, results from the thickening of tissue in your toe. This tissue is next to a nerve. So the pressure against the nerve irritates it and causes pain. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes Mortons neuroma. They think that it may happen when the nerve that leads to your toe gets irritated, mashed, stretched, or injured. […] High heels can put pressure on your toes or the balls of your feet. Shoes that are tight or dont fit right also can do it. […] If you weigh more than is healthy for you, losing some of the extra pounds may help, too. […] Cold therapy for Morton’s neuroma also called cryogenic neuroablation, this procedure involves applying extremely low temperatures to the irritated nerve to kill some of the cells there. This makes Mortons neuroma less likely to come back.

• #2 Will Morton’s Neuroma Resolve on Its Own?: Rocky Mountain Foot & Ankle Center: Foot & Ankle Surgeons

  https://www.rockymountainfootandanklecenter.com/blog/will-mortons-neuroma-resolve-on-its-own

  As weve indicated above, Mortons neuroma doesnt resolve on its own; however, there are a number of treatments that can relieve the symptoms, so coming into Rocky Mountain Foot Ankle can help you address the issue effectively. […] Once we confirm the diagnosis, our team draws up a treatment plan based on the severity of your symptoms and the specifics of the affected nerves structure. If the neuroma is in its early stages, conservative options usually do the trick: […] Our team only recommends surgery If all conservative options have failed. The most common procedure performed is a neurectomy, where he removes the overgrowth of the nerve tissue. Or he may choose radiofrequency ablation. In this treatment, he heats and deactivates the nerve, thereby alleviating the pain.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma

  https://www.jfasap.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JFASAP/21120/JPJ/fullText

  It can confirm the diagnoses by injecting local anesthetic plantar to the transverse metatarsal ligament in the concerned web space. […] If the patient reports resolution of symptoms, it clinches the diagnoses in questionable cases. […] Ultrasound is important for conducting the infiltrative mode of treatment whether using steroids, local anesthesia (LA), alcohol, or Botulinum toxin A. […] It has also been used to accurately locate the neuroma while using radiofrequency ablation.

• #2 Morton’s Neuroma – Dr Bruno Lévy

  https://docteurbrunolevy.com/en/pathology/forefoot/mortons-neuroma/

  Mortons Neuroma is a painful foot condition caused by compression of a nerve between two metatarsal bones. This compression causes inflammation of the common digital plantar nerve, a condition known as Mortons Neuroma. […] It compresses the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal, causing it to become inflamed. This inflammation leads to a neuroma, which itself gets squeezed between the two bones, making the inflammation even worse. The result is a vicious circle. In fact, the space between the two bones cannot get any wider because the intermetatarsal ligament is not stretchy. Therefore the main aim of surgery is to cut the intermetatarsal ligament in the space affected by the neuroma. […] The aim of the insoles is to relieve the pressure on the nerve by spreading the metatarsal bones.

• #2 What is a Morton’s neuroma? Causes & Treatment – Orthopaedics

  https://onewelbeck.com/news/what-is-a-morton-s-neuroma-causes-treatment/

  A Mortons neuroma is one cause of metatarsalgia, a condition that causes pain in the ball of the foot. This pain is due to inflammation and subsequent thickening of the tissue that surrounds one of the nerves leading to the toes. The inflammation may be caused by irritation, trauma or increased loading of the nerve underneath the bones of the ball of the foot. […] Neuroma means nerve tumour. Tumour in this case simply means enlargement of the nerve and does not relate to a malignancy or cancer. Neuromas are often associated with inflammation of small fluid filled sacs (bursitis) that are present in the foot and act as cushions. […] Treatments that reduce the inflammation and load in the forefoot can allow neuromas to become asymptomatic, i.e. cause no pain. […] Initial treatment should be non-operative and aim to reduce inflammation and the load across the foot. Such treatments can be successful in up to 80% of cases and may include: […] If conservative treatment fails, surgery can be considered. Surgical operations aim to remove the nerve and thus relieve the pain. Since a nerve is removed, there will be permanent numbness in part of the toe that is affected by the surgery.

• #3 Morton’s Neuroma – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/mortons-neuroma

  If you sometimes feel that you are „walking on a marble,” and you have persistent pain in the ball of your foot (forefoot), you may have a condition called Morton’s neuroma. […] Morton’s neuroma is not actually a tumor, but a thickening of the tissue that surrounds the digital nerve leading to the toes. This thickening can lead to various levels of pain or discomfort in the forefoot that may limit your ability to perform certain activities. […] The exact cause of a Morton’s neuroma is not known, but current research suggests it is likely the result of entrapment (i.e., compression or squeezing) of the common digital plantar nerves. Compression of the nerve in the web space may trigger swelling and cause abnormal tissue to form in and around the nerve. […] Studies have shown that many people can achieve lasting relief with a combination of shoe wear modifications, orthoses, anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., ibuprofen or naproxen), and/or corticosteroid injections. […] Surgical intervention with neurectomy (removal of part of the nerve) or decompression of the nerve has the highest success rate, with most studies reporting an 80 to 95% success rate.

• #3 Morton’s neuroma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%27s_neuroma

  Microscopically, the affected nerve is markedly distorted, with extensive concentric perineural fibrosis. […] The arterioles are thickened and occlusion by thrombi are occasionally present. […] Cryogenic neuroablation (also known as cryoinjection therapy, cryoneurolysis, cryosurgery or cryoablation) is a lesser-known alternative to neurectomy surgery. It involves the destruction of axons to prevent them from carrying painful impulses. This is accomplished by making a small incision (~3 mm) and inserting a cryoneedle that applies extremely low temperatures of between 50 C to 70 C to the nerve/neuroma, resulting in degeneration of the intracellular elements, axons and myelin sheath (which houses the neuroma) with wallerian degeneration. […] The preservation of these structures differentiates cryogenic neuroablation from surgical excision and neurolytic agents such as alcohol.

• #3 Neuroma causes – Neuroma Treatment Center of NYC

  https://neuromatreatmentcenternyc.com/all-about-neuromas/neuroma-causes/

  A person who pronates, or has an arch that flattens out, will also put pressure on the nerve. […] In our practice, we find a high correlation between patients who pronate, or have flattened feet, with the presence of Mortons neuroma. […] Another theory for increased incidence of Mortons neuroma involves increased activities. […] One of the theories for the cause of Mortons neuroma is the adjacent structures put pressure on the nerve and cause irritation. This causes the nerve to get enlarged and painful. […] Another theory is that trauma can cause Mortons neuroma.

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