Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anxiety Disorders and Panic Disorders Nursing Care Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anxiety-disorders-and-panic-disorders/

  Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks, the onset of which are unpredictable, and manifested by intense apprehension, fear or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom, and accompanied by intense physical discomfort. […] The client usually seeks treatment for panic disorder after he or she has experienced several panic attacks; usually, the client cannot identify any trigger for these events. […] The major nursing diagnosis is: Anxiety related to unconscious conflict about essential values and goals of life; situational or maturational crises. […] The major nursing care planning goals for patients with Anxiety Disorders are: The client will verbalize ways to intervene in escalating anxiety within 1 week. […] The nursing interventions for anxiety disorders are: Stay calm and be non-threatening.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders and Panic Disorders Nursing Care Guide – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anxiety-disorders-and-panic-disorders/

  Administer tranquilizing medication, as ordered by physician; assess medication for effectiveness and for adverse side effects. […] The outcome criteria for Anxiety Disorders include: Client is able to maintain anxiety at level in which problem solving can be accomplished. […] Client is able to demonstrate techniques for interrupting the progression of anxiety to the panic level.

• #2 5 Anxiety and Panic Disorders Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anxiety-panic-disorders-nursing-care-plans/

  Panic disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and experience persistent concern and worry about having another panic attack. Panic attacks are abrupt surges of intense fear or extreme discomfort that reach a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms (Chand Marwaha, 2022). […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with anxiety disorders: Assess anxiety levels and triggers, Establish therapeutic rapport, Administer prescribed anti-anxiety medication, Monitor for signs of panic or distress, Implement relaxation techniques and promote a calming environment, Provide education on anxiety management, Collaborate with the multidisciplinary team. […] Assess the clients coping strategies and evaluate their effectiveness in managing anxiety symptoms. This will help in formulating any maladaptive coping mechanisms and developing a plan for the implementation of more effective coping strategies.

• #2 5 Anxiety and Panic Disorders Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/anxiety-panic-disorders-nursing-care-plans/

  Teach signs and symptoms of escalating anxiety and ways to interrupt its progression (e.g., relaxation techniques, deep-breathing exercises, physical exercises, brisk walks, jogging, and meditation). […] Administer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as ordered. Panic attacks are caused by a neuropsychiatric disorder that responds to SSRI antidepressants. SSRIs are generally used as first-line agents for the long-term management of anxiety disorders, with control gradually achieved over a 2 to 4-week course, depending on required dosage increases. Fluoxetine has a very long half-life, making it well-suitable for clients who have difficulty remembering to take all of their medications each day (Bhatt Bienenfeld, 2019). […] Provide reassurance and comfort measures. This helps relieve anxiety. It is difficult to deal with emotional issues when experiencing extreme or persistent physical discomfort. It is important to note that every clients experience with anxiety is different and what works for one client may not work for another. Music or aromatherapy may help the client relax. Listening to calming music or using essential oils can help promote relaxation and reduce anxiety.

• #3 Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-attack-panic-disorder

  Panic attacks are sudden, intense feelings of fear that cause physical symptoms like a racing heart, fast breathing and sweating. Some people who experience panic attacks develop panic disorder, a type of anxiety disorder. Therapy and medications can treat panic attacks and panic disorder. […] Panic attacks are the main feature of panic disorder. But they can happen alongside other conditions, such as: Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders, Phobias, Psychotic disorders, Substance use disorders, Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, Certain medical conditions. […] Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that involves multiple unexpected panic attacks. A main feature of panic disorder is that the attacks usually happen without warning and aren’t due to another mental health or physical condition. There’s often not a specific trigger for them.

• #3 Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-attack-panic-disorder

  It’s important to seek medical treatment, like medication and psychotherapy, if you’re having frequent panic attacks. […] Panic attacks can be extremely uncomfortable. Although they’re not physically harmful, they can take a toll on your mental health and stop you from doing the things you love. Don’t be embarrassed to tell your healthcare provider that you have panic attacks. Your provider can help you overcome fears and anxieties that trigger attacks. They can recommend treatments like psychotherapy and medications to treat the attacks.

• #4 Understanding Panic Disorder

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/mental-health/understanding-panic-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that triggers severe physical reactions, often without any real danger or apparent cause. […] Panic Disorder is diagnosed when these attacks are frequent, unpredictable, and lead to ongoing fear or changes in behavior to avoid future attacks. […] Panic Disorder is typically diagnosed based on a combination of a thorough medical and psychological evaluation. Healthcare providers assess whether the individual has experienced multiple, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least one month of ongoing worry about having more attacks or behavioral changes to avoid situations that might trigger them. […] If no medical explanation is found, a diagnosis of Panic Disorder may be made based on the criteria set in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

• #4 Understanding Panic Disorder

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/mental-health/understanding-panic-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Fortunately, Panic Disorder is treatable, and individuals can find significant relief through a combination of therapies. The most effective treatments include: […] Participating in support groups or individual counseling can help individuals with Panic Disorder feel less isolated. It provides an opportunity to share experiences and learn coping techniques from others who face similar challenges. […] Panic Disorder is a serious but treatable condition that can cause intense fear and anxiety for those affected. Early recognition and treatment are crucial in managing the disorder and preventing it from interfering with everyday life. […] By seeking therapy, medications, and adopting healthy coping strategies, individuals with Panic Disorder can regain control and improve their quality of life.

• #5 Panic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder

  Panic disorder is usually treated with counselling and medications. The type of counselling used is typically cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which is effective in more than half of people. Medications used include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta blockers. Following stopping treatment up to 30% of people have a recurrence. […] Panic disorder affects about 2.5% of people at some point in their life. It usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood, but may affect people of any age. It is less common in children and elderly people. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder. […] Panic disorder is a serious health problem that in many cases can be successfully treated, although there is no known cure. Identification of treatments that engender as full a response as possible, and can minimize relapse, is imperative. Cognitive behavioral therapy and positive self-talk specific for panic are the treatments of choice for panic disorder. Several studies show that 85 to 90 percent of panic disorder patients treated with CBT recover completely from their panic attacks within 12 weeks.

• #5 Panic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder

  Appropriate treatment by an experienced professional can prevent panic attacks or at least substantially reduce their severity and frequency bringing significant relief to 70 to 90 percent of people with panic disorder. Relapses may occur, but they can often be effectively treated just like the initial episode.

• #6 Overcoming Panic Disorder

  https://give.brighamandwomens.org/overcoming-panic-disorder/

  About 10 to 33 percent of people will experience at least one panic attack this year. […] Only 2.7 percent of people who experience a panic attack in a given year will meet the criteria for panic disorder, which is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and often unexpected panic attacks. […] An individual with panic disorder also worries about experiencing future panic attacks. In other words, panic disorder is the fear of panic attacks, or the fear of fear. Such anticipatory fear can cause significant distress and negatively impact an individual’s daily life. […] Anxiety and panic are interrelated, and both contribute to panic disorder, says Gabe Gruner, LICSW, a psychotherapist at the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at Brigham and Womens Hospital. […] The low-level of arousal that comes from anxiety about future panic attacks can trigger an actual panic attack.

• #6 Overcoming Panic Disorder

  https://give.brighamandwomens.org/overcoming-panic-disorder/

  About one third of people with panic disorder will show symptoms of agoraphobia, the fear of public or enclosed places where escape might be difficult. […] The underlying mechanism that drives panic disorder is called anxiety sensitivity, a phenomenon where an individual becomes afraid of their bodily sensations, explains Gruner. […] Fortunately, anxiety sensitivity is highly treatable and can be greatly improved through certain types of therapy. […] Panic disorder often starts with an unexpected panic attack that surprises the person. […] Many individuals with panic disorder realize they have the disorder after a trip to the emergency room (ER), as panic attack symptoms can easily be mistaken for a heart attack or stroke. […] Gruner advises individuals to be wary if their PCP prescribes benzodiazepines.

• #6 Overcoming Panic Disorder

  https://give.brighamandwomens.org/overcoming-panic-disorder/

  Ideally, a PCP would recommend a therapist or psychiatrist. A cognitive behavioral therapist who has experience with anxiety disorders is an ideal choice. […] Panic disorder is one of the most treatable anxiety disorders. The prevailing treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). […] A key part of CBT in treating panic is a method called interoceptive exposure, in which the person deliberately confronts the unpleasant physical sensations that are causing anxiety. […] Therapy isn’t always covered by insurance. […] The most common advice people hear when they’re experiencing a panic attack is to take deep breaths, think positively, and try to calm down, he says. […] However, trying to control anxiety in these ways can backfire. […] During a panic attack, a person should do the counterintuitive thing: let go of control and allow the panic attack to run its course.

• #7 Anxiety Disorders Clinical Presentation: History, Mental Status Examination, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-clinical

  Patients with panic disorder frequently present to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain or dyspnea, fearing that they are dying of myocardial infarction. They commonly report a sudden unexpected and spontaneous onset of fear or discomfort, typically reaching a peak within 10 minutes. DSM-5-TR criteria for panic disorder include experiencing recurrent panic attacks, with one or more attacks followed by at least one month of fear of another panic attack or significant maladaptive behavior related to the attacks. […] A panic attack is an abrupt period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by four or more of the following 13 systemic symptoms: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; Sweating; Trembling or shaking; Shortness of breath or feeling of smothering; Feelings of choking; Chest pain or discomfort; Nausea or abdominal distress; Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint; Chills or heat sensations; Paresthesias (ie, numbness or tingling sensations); Derealization (ie, feeling of unreality) or depersonalization (i.e., being detached from oneself); Fear of losing control or going crazy; Fear of dying.

• #8 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Panic disorder is characterized by the spontaneous and unexpected occurrence of panic attacks, the frequency of which can vary from several attacks per day to only a few attacks per year. Panic attacks are defined as a period of intense fear in which 4 or more of 13 defined symptoms develop abruptly and peak rapidly less than 10 minutes from symptom onset. […] Although such attacks can occur in other anxiety disorders, these attacks often occur without a discernible predictable precipitant in panic disorder. […] All patients with panic disorder should be referred to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health professional. Pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and other psychological treatment modalities are used to manage panic disorder. The strongest available evidence is for CBT. […] To meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) criteria for panic disorder, panic attacks must be associated with longer than 1 month of subsequent persistent worry about: (1) having another attack or consequences of the attack, or (2) significant maladaptive behavioral changes related to the attack.

• #8 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Inform patients that the causes of panic disorder are likely biologic and psychosocial, and that panic symptoms are not life-threatening or uncommon. […] Educate patients about their diagnosis and treatment options, as well as about potential adverse effects of not only their treatment medications but also any comorbid substance use such as alcohol consumption and recreational drug use. These psychoactive substances can impact the course of panic disorder.

• #9

  https://www.imh.com.sg/Mental-Health-Resources/Conditions-and-Challenges/Pages/Panic-Disorder.aspx

  About 20% of adults will experience at least one panic attack at some time in their lives. Panic disorder tends to have a sudden onset, most frequently during late 20s and early 30s with most patients vividly remembering their first episodes. These episodes usually last no more than a few minutes, but in unusual instances, can return in waves for a period of up to two hours. […] Early assessment and treatment are essential. Psychotherapy is effective in addressing panic disorder and where appropriate antidepressants may be prescribed. People with panic disorder may need treatment for other emotional problems that may arise because of the disorder. […] Psychotherapy Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for panic disorder. CBT helps a person identify and reconstruct negative automatic thoughts and beliefs linked to an experience that provokes panic.

• #9

  https://www.imh.com.sg/Mental-Health-Resources/Conditions-and-Challenges/Pages/Panic-Disorder.aspx

  Antidepressant medicines alter the chemical imbalance in the brain, which helps to block symptoms of panic. These medicines can treat both the anxiety and depressive symptoms which may co-exist in many sufferers. A combination of psychotherapy and medication can often produce good results, with noticeable improvements within six to eight weeks. […] People in recovery will also benefit from self-help or support groups, and community resources such as available helplines. There are also many websites with useful information for people to find out more about this condition. Better awareness of this condition and professional help will enable sufferers to better deal with this illness. A healthy lifestyle including positive thinking, stress management and proper diet, is also essential for good mental health.

• #10 Panic Disorder | Behavioral and Mental Health | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/behavioral-mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder

  A panic disorder is a condition in which people experience sudden and repeated panic attacks. […] People with panic disorders often live in fear of having another attack. […] A panic attack usually comes on without warning. […] Not everyone with a panic disorder has all of these symptoms. […] People tend to feel tired once they recover from a panic attack. […] Once your doctor diagnoses you with a panic disorder, you can begin treatment. […] Therapy and medication are the two most common treatment options. […] You may work with a therapist to understand your panic disorder and learn how to deal with symptoms. […] Medication might help to reduce the symptoms of panic attacks and treat depression. […] There’s no cure for panic disorder. Treatment may help reduce and eliminate panic attacks. […] Sticking with the treatment plan goes a long way in making life better and may lower your chances of having another sudden panic attack.

• #11 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376027

  Your primary care provider will determine if you have panic attacks, panic disorder or another condition, such as heart or thyroid problems, with symptoms that resemble panic attacks. […] Not everyone who has panic attacks has panic disorder. For a diagnosis of panic disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, lists these points: You have frequent, unexpected panic attacks. At least one of your attacks has been followed by one month or more of ongoing worry about having another attack; continued fear of the consequences of an attack, such as losing control, having a heart attack or „going crazy”; or significant changes in your behavior, such as avoiding situations that you think may trigger a panic attack. Your panic attacks aren’t caused by drugs or other substance use, a medical condition, or another mental health condition, such as social phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

• #11 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376027

  If you have panic attacks but not a diagnosed panic disorder, you can still benefit from treatment. If panic attacks aren’t treated, they can get worse and develop into panic disorder or phobias. […] Treatment can help reduce the intensity and frequency of your panic attacks and improve your function in daily life. The main treatment options are psychotherapy and medications. One or both types of treatment may be recommended, depending on your preference, your history, the severity of your panic disorder and whether you have access to therapists who have special training in treating panic disorders. […] Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is considered an effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. Psychotherapy can help you understand panic attacks and panic disorder and learn how to cope with them.

• #11 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376027

  A form of psychotherapy called cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn, through your own experience, that panic symptoms are not dangerous. Your therapist will help you gradually re-create the symptoms of a panic attack in a safe, repetitive manner. Once the physical sensations of panic no longer feel threatening, the attacks begin to resolve. […] Medications can help reduce symptoms associated with panic attacks as well as depression if that’s an issue for you. Several types of medication have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of panic attacks, including: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Generally safe with a low risk of serious side effects, SSRI antidepressants are typically recommended as the first choice of medications to treat panic attacks. […] If one medication doesn’t work well for you, your doctor may recommend switching to another or combining certain medications to boost effectiveness. […] While panic attacks and panic disorder benefit from professional treatment, these self-care steps can help you manage symptoms: Stick to your treatment plan. […] Don’t hesitate to ask any other questions.

• #12 Anxiety Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders

  Panic disorder is when you feel sudden, intense fear that brings on a panic attack. During a panic attack you may break out in a sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations). Sometimes, you may feel like you’re choking or having a heart attack. If you have an attack, you might be afraid of having another and might try to avoid certain triggers. […] There are many treatments to reduce and manage symptoms of anxiety disorder. Usually, people with anxiety disorder take medicine and go to counseling. […] With proper care and treatment, you can learn how to manage your symptoms and thrive.

• #13 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder

  A panic attack is the sudden onset of a discrete, brief period of intense discomfort, anxiety, or fear accompanied by somatic and/or cognitive symptoms. Panic disorder is the occurrence of repeated panic attacks typically accompanied by fears about future attacks or changes in behavior to avoid situations that might predispose to attacks. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. Isolated panic attacks may not require treatment. Panic disorder is treated with pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy (eg, exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy), or both. […] Panic disorder is diagnosed after general medical disorders that can mimic anxiety are eliminated, and when symptoms meet diagnostic criteria stipulated in the DSM-5-TR. […] Panic disorder is often accompanied by at least one other comorbid condition. Other anxiety disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and mild alcohol use disorder are the most common psychiatric comorbidities. Common comorbid medical conditions include cardiac arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #13 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder

  Patients should be informed that treatment usually helps control symptoms. If avoidance behaviors have not developed, reassurance, education about anxiety, and encouragement to continue to return to and remain in places where panic attacks have occurred may be all that is needed. However, with a long-standing disorder that involves frequent attacks and avoidance behaviors, treatment is likely to require pharmacotherapy combined with more intensive psychotherapy. […] Many medications can prevent or greatly reduce anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, and the number and intensity of panic attacks. […] Most psychotherapies that target anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, involve teaching techniques that promote relaxation. These strategies are an important component of therapy since they both reduce the anxiety and allow for the continuation of a psychotherapy that may be anxiety provoking. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective for panic disorder.

• #14 Panic Disorders – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/panic-disorders-a-to-z

  Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. A person with panic disorder has panic attacks. These are repeated, unexpected episodes of intense fear and anxiety accompanied by physical symptoms that are similar to the body’s normal response to danger. […] People who have panic disorder have a relatively high risk for developing other types of psychiatric problems. In fact, at the time of diagnosis, more than 90% of people with panic disorder also have major depression, another anxiety disorder, a personality disorder or some form of substance abuse. […] If you have panic attacks, there are several treatment options both medications and psychotherapy. […] With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good. Between 30% and 40% of patients become symptom-free for extended periods, while another 50% continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect daily life.

• #15 Navigating Panic Disorder:  Understanding, Coping and Supporting – Homewood Health Centre

  https://homewoodhealthcentre.com/articles/navigating-panic-disorder-understanding-coping-and-supporting/

  With panic disorder, frequency, intensity, and duration help determine different degrees and classifications of symptoms. […] Agoraphobia is intense anxiety because of thoughts about being in situations or places where it can be difficult to leave or get help. […] People experiencing agoraphobia can feel trapped, helpless, or embarrassed as the worry that they may experience a panic attack overwhelms them. […] Veterans can be at increased risk of developing panic disorder and substance use disorder due to the nature of their roles and exposure to combat, traumatic experiences and heightened general stress they experience during deployment. […] There are a few treatment approaches that are effective to help with panic disorder. Working with a doctor is the best place to start, as they can help you understand what might work well and consider combinations that could provide relief more rapidly.

• #16 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  For some people, panic disorder may include agoraphobia avoiding places or situations that cause you anxiety because you fear being unable to escape or get help if you have a panic attack. Or you may become reliant on others to be with you in order to leave your home. […] There’s no sure way to prevent panic attacks or panic disorder. However, these recommendations may help. […] Get treatment for panic attacks as soon as possible to help stop them from getting worse or becoming more frequent. […] Stick with your treatment plan to help prevent relapses or worsening of panic attack symptoms. […] Get regular physical activity, which may play a role in protecting against anxiety.

• #17 17.2 Anxiety-Related Disorders – Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing | OpenStax

  https://openstax.org/books/psychiatric-mental-health/pages/17-2-anxiety-related-disorders

  A panic disorder is an anxiety reaction to stress that results in a panic attack. This can be an upsetting experience for the person having the panic attack and the people they are with. Treatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks a person might suffer and focuses on psychological therapies and psychopharmacology (National Institute of Mental Health, 2023). […] […] Managing panic disorder, and panic attacks specifically, requires tailoring treatment to specific clients and their triggers and symptoms. Exposure therapy and medication are common interventions, as are alternative therapies like breathing and meditation. […] […] When managing a panic attack, it is crucial for the nurse to remain calm and focused and to encourage the individual experiencing the panic attack to do the same. Rapid breathing can exacerbate the symptoms of a panic attack, so encouraging slow, deep breathing can help to reduce symptoms and promote relaxation. The nurse can coach the individual to breathe in slowly through their nose, hold for a few seconds, and then exhale slowly through their mouth. […]

• #17 17.2 Anxiety-Related Disorders – Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing | OpenStax

  https://openstax.org/books/psychiatric-mental-health/pages/17-2-anxiety-related-disorders

  Specific nursing interventions for panic attacks may include: Assessing and monitoring the clients history of panic, anxiety level, and related physical symptoms. Perform a rapid assessment of vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Note any chest pain, difficulty breathing, or other symptoms. […] […] It is also critical to understand how to assist clients in coping after they have experienced a panic attack. After a panic attack, it is important to encourage the client to practice self-care. Encourage the client to engage in relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or guided imagery to help reduce stress and anxiety. […] […] Individuals should first be educated about panic attacks, explaining the physiological and psychological components that can help reduce fear and stigma. Assisting individuals to identify and challenge irrational thoughts that may contribute to panic and replacing them with more balanced perspectives is also a good strategy. Breathing retraining exercises can also teach clients to control hyperventilation and other panic-related physical symptoms.

• #18 Anxiety (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568761/

  Panic Disorder: Individuals with this disorder experience recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and experience persistent concern and worry about having another panic attack. They also have changes in their behavior linked to panic attacks which are maladaptive, such as avoidance of activities and situations to prevent the occurrence of panic attacks. Panic attacks are abrupt surges of intense fear or extreme discomfort that reach a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, fear of going crazy, or fear of dying. Panic attacks can occur unexpectedly with no obvious trigger, or they may be expected, such as in response to a feared object or situation. […] Nursing Management: Assess the intensity of anxiety, determine the triggers for anxiety, assess how the patient responds to anxiety, administer medications to relieve anxiety, educate the patient about anxiety, encourage patient to develop support groups, encourage patient to seek mental health counseling, educate patient on self-care, provide means of support, interact with the patient in a calm and gentle manner, converse in simple language, allow the patient to talk about distressing emotions and feelings, assess patient for suicidal ideations, help strengthen patient’s problem-solving abilities, tell the patient to limit alcohol and caffeinated beverages, encourage patient to participate in social functions.

• #19 Panic anxiety | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/panic-anxiety-244580062/244580062

  Nursing Intervention Rationale Approach in calm, non-threatening manner with the client. […] Remain with the client when levels if anxiety are high (severe or panic). […] Maintain a quiet environment with minimal stimuli Provide reassurance and comfort measures. […] The clients safety is priority. […] Helps relieve anxiety. […] The client may not make sound and appropriate decisions. […] Effective to reduce anxiety.

• #19 Panic anxiety | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/panic-anxiety-244580062/244580062

  According to American Psychiatric Association,2014 Panic disorder is a fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than 10 minutes, can be triggered by stress, fear or even exercise, the specific cause is not always apparent. […] Nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, reducing anxiety through a calm environment and relaxation techniques, encouraging self-care, and empowering patients. […] Nurses Responsibilities for Benzodiazepines Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with major depression. […] Manage the side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, poor coordination and feeling of depression. […] Educate patient that mixing alcohol with benzodiazepines can causing death. […] Cognitive Behavioral therapy […] Exposure therapy […] Stress management and Relaxation techniques

• #19 Panic anxiety | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/panic-anxiety-244580062/244580062

  The document discusses panic anxiety disorder and its presentation, definition, clinical features, etiology, psychodynamics, diagnostic criteria, treatment including medications and therapies, and nursing management. Key points include: panic disorder involves sudden panic attacks with physical and psychological symptoms; it has genetic and environmental risk factors and can be treated with medications like antidepressants and benzodiazepines as well as CBT and exposure therapy; nursing care focuses on ensuring safety, reducing anxiety through a calm environment and relaxation techniques, encouraging self-care, and empowering patients. […] Panic anxiety disorders refers to sudden and repeated panic attacks (episodes of intense fear and discomfort that reach a peak with a few minutes) And person experiences severe physical symptoms such as chest pain, heart palpitations, breathlessness etc. (DSM-5)

• #20 Anxiety Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anxiety-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anxiety disorder is considered a chronic condition in which the individual has an excessive and persistent sense of apprehension. It can often result in repeated episodes of sudden intense feelings of fear, terror, or being anxious. These episodes are then commonly referred to as panic attacks. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with anxiety. […] Administer medications as indicated. Anxiolytics treat various mental health conditions, including panic disorders and generalized anxiety. […] Teach the patient about the signs of anxiety and how to prevent them. Identifying the signs helps the patients to be more aware of their feelings and actions. […] Encourage them to use positive self-talk. Reducing negative self-talk and increasing positive self-talk helps alleviate anxiety.

• #21 Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms

  Do you sometimes have sudden attacks of anxiety and overwhelming fear that last for several minutes? […] An untreated panic disorder can affect your quality of life and lead to difficulties at work or school. […] Panic disorder is generally treated with psychotherapy (sometimes called talk therapy), medication, or both. […] Speak with a health care provider about the best treatment for you. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a research-supported type of psychotherapy, is commonly used to treat panic disorder. […] Health care providers may prescribe medication to treat panic disorder. […] Both psychotherapy and medication can take some time to work. […] If you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, have an honest conversation about how you’re feeling with someone you trust. […] If your anxiety, or the anxiety of a loved one, starts to cause problems in everyday life such as at school, at work, or with friends and family, it’s time to seek professional help.

• #22 Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0501/p617.html

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally considered first-line therapy for GAD and PD. […] Psychotherapy is as effective as medication for GAD and PD. […] Successful treatment requires tailoring options to individuals and may often include a combination of modalities. […] Benzodiazepines are effective in reducing anxiety, but there is a dose-response relationship associated with tolerance, sedation, confusion, and increased mortality. […] When used in combination with antidepressants, benzodiazepines may speed recovery from anxiety-related symptoms but do not improve longer-term outcomes. […] Combined treatment with medications and psychotherapy reduces relapse even at two years.

• #22 Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0501/p617.html

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are among the most common mental disorders in the United States, and they can negatively impact a patient’s quality of life and disrupt important activities of daily living. […] Diagnosing GAD and PD requires a broad differential and caution to identify confounding variables and comorbid conditions. Screening and monitoring tools can be used to help make the diagnosis and monitor response to therapy. […] Successful outcomes may require a combination of treatment modalities tailored to the individual patient. Treatment often includes medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or psychotherapy, both of which are highly effective. […] Among psychotherapeutic treatments, cognitive behavior therapy has been studied widely and has an extensive evidence base.

• #22 Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0501/p617.html

  Medication should be continued for 12 months before tapering to prevent relapse. […] The hallmark of GAD is excessive, out-of-control worry, and PD is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. […] The most common physical symptom accompanying panic attacks is palpitations. […] The Severity Measure for Panic DisorderAdult is an assessment scale that can complement the clinical assessment of patients with PD. […] Medication or psychotherapy is a reasonable initial treatment option for GAD and PD. […] Some studies suggest that combining medication and psychotherapy may be more effective for patients with moderate to severe symptoms. […] Patient education itself can help reduce anxiety, particularly in PD. […] Common lifestyle recommendations that may reduce anxiety-related symptoms include identifying and removing possible triggers (e.g., caffeine, stimulants, nicotine, dietary triggers, stress), and improving sleep quality/quantity and physical activity.

• #23 Panic Disorder (Anxiety and Phobias): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/panic-disorder

  NICE recommends a stepped care approach. […] For people with mild to moderate panic disorder, offer or refer for one of the following low-intensity interventions: Individual non-facilitated self-help, Individual facilitated self-help. […] Antidepressant drugs have been shown to be effective in reducing the amplitude of panic, reducing frequency of, or eliminating, panic attacks and improving quality-of-life measures in this group of patients. […] If two interventions (including self-help, psychological therapy, and medication) have been offered without benefit, consider referral to specialist mental health services.

• #24 Pharmacologic Management of Acute and Chronic Panic Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pharmacologic-management-of-acute-and-chronic-panic-disorder

  Four primary classes of medications are used in the long-term management of PD. These agents include BZDs and several types of antidepressants, including SSRIs, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (TABLE 4).1 No specific drug is regarded as the drug of choice; however, SSRIs and SNRIs are recommended as first-line agents according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) treatment guidelines.2 It is important to note that these drugs typically take 4 to 6 weeks before demonstration of improvement, so BZDs are often added in cases where rapid control of symptoms is desired. Additionally, when treating patients who have comorbid depression or display risks of drug abuse, it may be beneficial to use SNRIs, SSRIs, or TCAs. For antidepressant treatment, low initial doses and slow titration may be of benefit due to sensitivity to side effects in this disorder.1

• #24 Pharmacologic Management of Acute and Chronic Panic Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pharmacologic-management-of-acute-and-chronic-panic-disorder

  After therapy is initiated, patients should be monitored approximately every other week until the dose can be optimized and follow-up visits may be decreased. Guidelines suggest treatment duration of 1 year or more to promote symptom reduction and prevent recurrence.1 Moreover, healthcare providers should consider the patients history of response, stability, relapse, and current or impending stressors before discontinuation of therapy.1 […] BZDs are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of PD due to their rapid onset of action.23 However, they are generally used in conjunction with antidepressants because SSRIs take approximately 4 to 6 weeks to become effective, or they are added on to therapy after antidepressant trials have failed or are not tolerated.23 BZDs have also been associated with a range of disadvantages, which include less efficacy for comorbid depression, increased dosing frequency, and risk of abuse and dependence.23 It is recommended that these agents be dosed on a regular schedule rather than as needed for the prevention of panic attacks in chronic treatment.1 BZDs should be tapered over 2 to 4 months when discontinuing treatment in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms and symptomatic rebound.1

• #25 Panic Disorder at the End-of-life | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/panic-disorder-at-the-end-of-life/

  Panic attacks and panic disorder Nursing, Care […] A panic attack is defined by the DSM-V as “an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes.” Four or more of the following symptoms must occur: palpitations, pounding/accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling/shaking, sensations of shortness of breath/smothering, feeling of choking, chest pain/discomfort, nausea/abdominal distress, feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded/faint, derealization or depersonalization, fear of losing control or “going crazy”, fear of dying, paresthesia (numbness or tingling sensation), chills. […] A combination of physical symptoms (feeling dizzy, weak, nauseous, unsteady, lightheaded, breathless) and affective symptoms (fear of loss of control) are used to diagnose a panic disorder. […] Educate patients about the diagnosis and reassure them that their symptoms can be greatly palliated with appropriate treatment. […] Optimize medical management of symptoms like pain, non-pain symptoms (especially dyspnea) and depression. […] Ideal therapy is a combination of medical therapy with counseling from a trained psychologist. […] Medical management is influenced by the anticipated lifespan and severity of panic symptoms. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) either as monotherapy or augmented with low dose benzodiazepines for a period of 3 to 4 weeks (taper off benzodiazepines after 3 weeks) is indicated in patients with an anticipated lifespan of several weeks or more. […] Many terminally ill patients need maintenance therapy for the rest of their life span, as relapse rates are high on treatment discontinuation. In cases where treatment termination is attempted, it is recommended that the medications be tapered gradually over a several week period to allow early detection of a relapse. […] Abrupt termination of benzodiazepine therapy often may result in intense rebound anxiety. This may happen when the patient is actively dying and unable to take oral medications. In such cases, use alternate routes of drug administration (diazepam gel, diazepam rectal suppository or diazepam or midazolam infusions).

• #26 Panic Disorder Treatment | SunCloud

  https://suncloudhealth.com/blog/panic-disorder-treatment/

  There are many treatment options for managing panic attacks and panic disorder. For many, a combination of therapies and lifestyle changes will lead to the best results. Some treatment options include: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and psychotherapy for panic disorder. CBT is considered the gold standard for panic disorder treatment. It helps individuals identify and change negative thoughts that contribute to panic attacks. […] Without proper treatment, panic disorder can contribute to other mental health conditions. It can also have negative impacts on the lives of those with the disorder and the people closest to them. Potential complications include: Developing agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is the fear of open spaces. […] Seek help if you or a loved one is experiencing panic attacks. Health care professionals can provide guidance on diagnosing this condition and outline next steps.

• #27 Panic Disorder: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/panicdisorder.html

  Treatment for panic disorder usually includes one or more of the following: Talk therapy, also called psychotherapy or counseling, which can help you understand your feelings. It may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of talk therapy that helps you change your negative thoughts and how you react to things that cause you to feel anxiety. […] Your provider may also suggest that you follow a healthy lifestyle, which may help with panic disorder. It may include: Avoiding alcohol, Reducing caffeine, Eating regular meals, Getting enough sleep, Getting regular exercise. […] Joining a support group may also be helpful. Support groups can make you feel like you are not alone, and you may learn some new tips on how to cope.

• #28 Panic Disorder: Symptoms, Treatment & Causes | StudySmarter

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/mental-health-nursing/panic-disorder/

  Lifestyle modifications may seem simple but can have profound effects on the management of Panic Disorder. Useful modifications can include cutting down on caffeine and alcohol, physical exercise, practising stress management techniques, and ensuring consistent and healthy sleep routines. […] In summary, Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia can have drastic effects on an individual’s mental health, leading to potential life-threatening situations. An in-depth understanding of this condition can guide you in providing excellent nursing care for these patients. […] A nursing intervention is any treatment implemented by a nurse in response to a patient’s needs, often focusing on patient education, symptom management, or supportive care. […] Nurses can play a critical role in managing Panic Disorder by providing psychoeducation, monitoring patient symptoms, implementing therapeutic communication skills, and administering prescribed medications. They can also help patients develop coping strategies and facilitate referrals to mental health specialists. […] Panic Disorder can’t be fully cured, but its symptoms can be effectively managed with psychotherapy and medications. Nurses can assist in managing this disorder by providing patient education, promoting adherence to treatment regimens, and offering emotional support.

• #29 FloridaHealthFinder | Panic disorder | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000924

  You can ease the stress of having panic disorder by joining a support group. […] Panic disorders may be long-lasting and hard to treat. Some people with this disorder may not be cured. But most people get better when treated correctly. […] Contact your provider for an appointment if panic attacks are interfering with your work, relationships, or self-esteem. […] If you get panic attacks, avoid the following: Alcohol, Stimulants such as caffeine and cocaine.

• #30 Panic disorder | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/panic-disorder/

  For someone with panic disorder, feelings of anxiety, stress and panic happen regularly and at any time. […] Panic disorder will only be diagnosed if you experience recurring and unexpected panic attacks. Also, if the attacks are followed by at least one month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. […] Treatment aims to reduce the number of panic attacks you have and ease your symptoms. […] Talking therapies and medicine are the main treatments for panic disorder. You may need one of these treatments or a combination of both. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is used to treat panic disorder. It involves having regular sessions with a therapist. […] If your symptoms do not improve after CBT, medicine and connecting with a support group, your GP may refer you to a mental health specialist. […] Support groups can provide information and advice to help you manage your panic disorder.

• #31 Strategies of Anxiety Nursing and NCLEX Preparation

  https://nexusnursinginstitute.com/anxiety-nursing/

  When tackling the complexities of mental health within the nursing realm, anxiety nursing plays a pivotal role, particularly in managing and understanding the nuances of panic disorder nursing. […] Panic disorder nursing focuses on a specific subset of anxiety that is characterized by sudden, intense episodes of fear or discomfort, commonly known as panic attacks. […] The role of a nurse in panic disorder nursing is crucial, as they are often on the front lines, offering immediate support, reassurance, and intervention during these overwhelming moments. […] Nursing care for panic disorder focuses on providing immediate reassurance, teaching coping mechanisms, and managing panic treatment plans that may include pharmacotherapy. […] The goal of anxiety nursing and panic disorder nursing is to empower patients, helping them to navigate their anxiety with strength and resilience, ultimately leading to improved quality of life and well-being.

• #32 Panic Disorder in Children and Teens – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/panic-disorder

  A panic attack is defined as an episode of intense fear and anxiety including both physical symptoms and fearful thoughts. […] Children and teens with panic disorder often show the following symptoms: Racing heart or heart palpitations, choking sensations, difficulty breathing, sweating/hot or cold flashes, trembling, dizziness, numbness or tingling in the limbs, fear of dying or losing control, feeling as if one is in a dream, fear of going crazy, feeling like one needs to escape. […] Treatment may include cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT), therapy, and medications. […] Panic symptoms often come on quickly (within 10 minutes) and can last for minutes to over an hour before fading away. […] Following a full assessment, a member of the Childrens National care team will discuss treatment options with the child or teen and his or her family. Cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) and certain types of medicines are helpful in treating panic disorder. […] Medicines most often used to treat panic disorder are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These medicines affect neurotransmitters (nerve cells in the brain that carry signals) linked to anxiety.

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