Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1958997/

  Only limited information exists about the epidemiology of DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder. […] To present nationally representative data on the epidemiology of panic attacks and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia based on the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). […] Lifetime prevalence estimates are 22.7% for isolated panic without agoraphobia (PA-only), 0.8% for PA with agoraphobia without PD (PA-AG), 3.7% for PD without AG (PD-only), and 1.1% for PD with AG (PD-AG). […] Agoraphobia is associated with substantial severity, impairment, and comorbidity. […] Although the major societal burden of panic is due to PD and PA-AG, isolated panic attacks also have high prevalence and meaningful role impairment. […] Epidemiological surveys have helped advance understanding of panic by studying the prevalence and distribution, onset and course, associations with comorbid disorders, and societal costs.

• #1 Panic disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/panic-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Panic attacks and panic disorder are common problems in both primary and psychiatric specialty care. […] In a nationally representative study, the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States population (age 15 to 54 years) was 2.7 and 4.7 percent, respectively. A systematic review of 13 European studies reported a 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder of 1.8 percent. The prevalence of panic disorder among primary care patients is approximately twice as high as in the general population with rates of 4 to 8 percent.

• #1 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67723

  A panic attack is an intense wave of fear characterized by its unexpectedness and debilitating, immobilizing intensity. Regardless of the cause, panic attacks are treatable. The signs and symptoms of a panic attack develop abruptly and usually reach their peak within 10 min. Panic attack symptoms may include hyperventilation, heart racing, chest pain, and trembling, sweating, and dizziness, with a fear of losing control, going crazy, or dying. Although the exact causes of panic attacks and panic disorder are unclear, the tendency to have panic attacks runs in families. There also appears to be a connection with major life transitions and severe stress. Treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder include psychotherapy and medication. […] Among persons that ever had a PA, the majority had recurrent PAs (66.5, s.e. 0.5%). Most people recover without treatment, only a few of them from panic attacks develop panic disorder. Lifetime prevalence of PAs is 13.2% (s.e. 0.1%).

• #1 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder

  Panic attacks are common, affecting as much as 11% of the population in a single year. Most people recover without treatment; some develop panic disorder. […] Panic disorder affects 2 to 3% of the population in a 12-month period. Panic disorder usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and affects women about 2 times more often than men. […] Panic disorder is diagnosed after general medical disorders that can mimic anxiety are eliminated, and when symptoms meet diagnostic criteria stipulated in the DSM-5-TR. […] Panic attacks often recur when medications are discontinued.

• #1 Panic attack – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack

  In Europe, about 3% of the population has a panic attack in a given year. In the United States, they affect about 11%. Panic attacks are more common in females than in males. They often begin during puberty or early adulthood. Children and older people are less commonly affected. Results from twin and family studies have concluded that disorders, such as panic disorder, have a genetic component and are inherited or passed down through genes. […] Panic disorder tends to arise in early adulthood, though it can occur at any age. It is more common in women and usually arises more in individuals with above-average intelligence. […] Panic attacks can be caused by an identifiable source, or they may happen without any warning and without a specific, recognizable situation. Some known causes that increase the risk of having a panic attack include medical and psychiatric conditions (e.g., panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, depression), substances (e.g., nicotine, caffeine), and psychological stress. […] Panic disorder frequently presents with agoraphobia, which is an anxiety disorder where the individual presents with fear of a situation from which they cannot leave or escape, especially if a panic attack occurs.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Anxiety disorders are among the major contributors to the worldwide burden of disease (Murray et al. Reference Murray, Vos and Lozano2010; Whiteford et al. Reference Whiteford, Degenhardt and Rehm2013). […] Most of the available epidemiological data on PD and PAs comes from the United States. However, it has been suggested that considerable cross-cultural variation exists in the prevalence and presentation of the anxiety disorders (Marques et al. Reference 105Marques, Robinaugh, LeBlanc and Hinton2011). […] The WMH Surveys Initiative draws from a wider range of countries and employs much greater standardization of methods, thus providing a unique opportunity to study the cross-national epidemiology of both PAs and PD. […] Significant differences in prevalence rates of PAs and PD can be observed between country groups based on income level (Table 7.1). Specifically, higher prevalence rates are found in the high-income countries. Overall lifetime prevalence of PAs for all countries combined is 13.2% (Table 7.1), but this figure varies from 2.1% to 18.5% for low/lower-middle-income countries, 6.0% to 20.1% for upper-middle-income countries, and 6.6% to 27.4% for high-income countries.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Lifetime prevalence of PD is thus much lower: 1.7%. This percentage varies between 0.8% for the low/lower-middle-income countries to 1.1% for the upper-middle-income countries and 2.2% for the high-income countries. […] Comorbidity of PD with other mental disorders was found to be high (80.4% over the lifetime) and particularly so with regard to mood and anxiety disorders. Substantial differences were observed regarding treatment status, which is linearly related to the level of severity and country income level, ranging from 42.2% for individuals reporting no impairments to 74.6% for those reporting severe impairment, and from 35.6% for individuals in low/lower-middle-income countries to 66.9% for those in high-income countries.

• #1 Panic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder

  Panic disorder typically begins during early adulthood; roughly half of all people who have panic disorder develop the condition between the ages of 17 and 24, especially those subjected to traumatic experiences. […] Panic disorder can continue for months or years, depending on how and when treatment is sought. If left untreated, it may worsen to the point where one’s life is seriously affected by panic attacks and by attempts to avoid or conceal the condition. […] In 2000, the World Health Organization found prevalence and incidence rates for panic disorder to be very similar across the globe. Age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranged from 309 in Africa to 330 in East Asia for men and from 613 in Africa to 649 in North America, Oceania, and Europe for women.

• #1 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. These episodes occur out of the blue, not in conjunction with a known fear or stressor. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of panic disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious, as shown in Figure 2. Impairment was distributed evenly among adults with panic disorder. An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment.

• #1 Gender Differences in Panic Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/gender-differences-panic-disorder

  According to National Comorbidity Survey data, panic disorder is 2.5 times more prevalent in women than in men. […] Data from large scale epidemiological surveys suggest that panic disorder is more common in women than in men (Joyce et al., 1989; Katerndahl and Realini, 1993; Reed and Witchen, 1998). […] Based on NCS data, Eaton et al. (1994) found that panic disorder is 2.5 times more prevalent among women than men. […] In addition to higher prevalence rates, women may suffer more debilitating forms of panic disorder. […] Several studies indicate a higher female-to-male ratio in panic disorder. Various theoretical explanations for these differences point to possible physiological differences, including the possible influence of sex hormones on respiration.

• #1 Module 7: Anxiety Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-7-anxiety-disorders/

  The 12-month prevalence for panic disorder in the general population is estimated at around 2-3% in adults and adolescents across the United States and several European countries. Higher rates of panic disorder are found in American Indians and non-Latinx whites. Females are more commonly diagnosed than males with a 2:1 diagnosis rate. Prevalence declines from about 1.2% in adults older than 55 to 0.7% in adults aged 64 and up. […] Panic disorder consists of a series of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks coupled with the fear of future panic attacks. A panic attack is defined as a sudden or abrupt surge of fear or impending doom along with at least four physical or cognitive symptoms. […] There are two key components to panic disorder: the attacks are unexpected, meaning there is nothing that triggers them, and they are recurrent, meaning they occur multiple times.

• #1 Panic Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26587

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Pregnant females with panic disorder are also more likely to have small birth weight infants.

• #1 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), Figure 3 shows lifetime prevalence of panic disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18. An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #1 Panic Disorder (Anxiety and Phobias): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/panic-disorder

  Panic disorder is a common problem. The prevalence of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in one UK study was 1.70%. In the USA, the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in adults is estimated at 7% for women and 3.3% for men. Psychiatric case-finding studies of patients presenting with chest pain to emergency departments found that up to 25% satisfied criteria for panic disorder. […] The aetiology of panic disorder is not well understood and likely rests on an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. These include adverse childhood events, major negative life events, irregularities in specific brain structures, hyperexcitable neuronal circuitry, neurochemical imbalances (in particular, GABA, cortisol and serotonin), and dysfunctional corticolimbic interaction during emotional processing. […] Panic disorder can also be associated with the use of certain medications: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepine withdrawal and withdrawal from zopiclone. These should be considered in assessing any patient who presents with panic disorder.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00208-6

  A systematic review conducted by Habadi et al. on the prevalence of PD in primary healthcare, encompassing 6,651 patients, ranged from 10.3 to 1.2%, with a weighted prevalence of 5%. […] According to our study, over 24.6% of the patients with PD had comorbid psychiatric disorders. […] This suggests that most patients with PD in Saudi Arabia do not seek medical attention. […] Therefore, primary care physicians, internists, cardiologists, emergency physicians, and other medical specialists should be more familiar with PD and identify it early to reduce the burden of untreated illnesses and unnecessary repeat investigations. […] In conclusion, this study found that PD is common among adults in Saudi Arabia, particularly among young women.

• #1 4.1: Panic Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.01%3A_Panic_Disorder

  Panic disorder consists of a series of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks coupled with the fear of future panic attacks. […] Prevalence rates for panic disorder are estimated at around 2-3% in adults and adolescents. […] Higher rates of panic disorder are found in American Indians and non-Latino whites. […] Females are more commonly diagnosed than males with a 2:1 diagnosis rate – this gender discrepancy is seen throughout the lifespan. […] Panic disorder rarely occurs in isolation, as many individuals also report symptoms of other anxiety disorders, major depression, and substance abuse. […] There is mixed evidence as to whether panic disorder precedes other comorbid psychological disorders – estimates suggest that 1/3 of individuals with panic disorder will experience depressive symptoms prior to panic symptoms whereas the remaining 2/3 will experience depressive symptoms concurrently or after the onset of panic disorder. […] Unlike some of the other anxiety disorders, there is a high comorbid diagnosis with general medical symptoms. […] Individuals with panic disorder are more likely to report somatic symptoms such as dizziness, cardiac arrhythmias, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and hyperthyroidism.

• #1 The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1958997/

  Despite these advances, though, important questions remain unanswered about the epidemiology of panic, among the most important of them regarding the finding that many people experience isolated panic attacks that do not meet criteria for panic disorder. […] Importantly, some people with isolated panic attacks meet criteria for agoraphobia. […] The current report presents initial data of this sort from the recently completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). […] Respondents in all four panic subgroups have significantly elevated odds of virtually all other lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed in the survey. […] The vast majority of PD cases obtained lifetime treatment for psychiatric problems, although somewhat more so among those with AG than without. […] The treatment results are consistent with previous NCS-R reports that most people with PD eventually obtain treatment, that most active cases receive treatment in a given year, and that most current treatment fails to meet basic treatment guidelines.

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder in US adults range from 2.0% to 6.0%. The 12-month prevalence in adults is 2.7%, of which 44.8% are classified as severe cases. […] Panic disorder often coexists with mood disorders, and mood symptoms potentially follow the onset of panic attacks. Lifetime prevalence rates of major depression in panic disorder may be as high as 5060%. Other psychiatric disorders that occur comorbidity with panic disorder include schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. […] There are also medical conditions that apparently share significant comorbidity with panic disorder, such as COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headache, restless leg syndrome, and fatigue. Cardiovascular disorders (eg, mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, stroke) are also comorbid factors; panic patients are nearly twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #1 Panic Disorder | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is characterized by chronic recurrent episodes of panic attacks (not triggered) that are associated with significant worry about future attacks, maladaptive behavior, and impaired function for 1 month. […] Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States is 4.7%. […] Women are twice likely to be affected as men. […] Usual onset occurs in adolescence to early 30s. […] Close to 40% of those with panic disorder have a lifetime history of major depression.

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in people with epilepsy is 6.6%. Approximately 1020% of patients with anxiety disorder abuse alcohol and other drugs, and about 1040% of alcoholics have a panic-related anxiety disorder. […] Pregnant mothers with panic disorder during pregnancy are more likely to have preterm labor and infants of smaller birth-weight for gestational age.

• #1 Strategies for Assessing and Treating Comorbid Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/strategies-assessing-and-treating-comorbid-panic-and-generalized-anxiety-disorder

  The 2 most common anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder. Approximately 5.7% of people in community samples will meet diagnostic criteria for GAD in their lifetime; the rate is about 4.7% for panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia). […] Panic disorder-characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks-can be similarly intractable (particularly when is it accompanied by agoraphobia) and costly. […] Given the widespread occurrence of GAD, panic disorder, and panic attacks, it is not surprising that these conditions are frequently comorbid. An international study of lifetime comorbidities found a high rate (21.8%) of panic disorder and GAD; most people (55.8%) reported that the symptoms of GAD and panic disorder began within 1 year of each other.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/psychiatry/120628/panic-attack–panic-disorder

  panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks associated with 1 month of subsequent persistent worry about having another panic attack or behavioral changes related to the attack […] 2-6% of adults in the US […] women are 2-3 times more likely to have panic disorder […] most commonly develops between 18-45 years of age […] asthma linked to a 4.5 in risk of developing panic disorder […] panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder that may be caused by neurochemical dysfunction […] symptoms arise from sympathetic overdrive […] study of panic disorder in first-degree relatives revealed heredity of ~43% […] Long-term prognosis is good with ~65% of patients achieving remission within 6 months […] Negative prognostic variables include low socioeconomic status, severe illness at time of initial assessment, and high interpersonal sensitivity.

• #1 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  Panic attacks and panic disorder can significantly affect your quality of life. […] Panic disorder often starts in the late teens or early adulthood and affects more women than men. […] Left untreated, panic attacks and panic disorder can affect almost every area of your life. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include family history of panic attacks or panic disorder. […] It’s not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: genetics, major stress, temperament that is more sensitive to stress or prone to negative emotions, and certain changes in the way parts of your brain function. […] Panic attacks may come on suddenly and without warning at first, but over time, they’re usually triggered by certain situations. […] Symptoms of panic disorder often start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. […] Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to include development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or leaving your home.

• #1 Panic disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. […] Someone with panic disorder has feelings of anxiety, stress and panic regularly and at any time, often for no apparent reason. […] The number of attacks you have will depend on how severe your condition is. Some people have attacks once or twice a month, while others have them several times a week. […] You may be diagnosed with panic disorder if you have regular and unexpected panic attacks followed by at least a month of continuous worry or concern about having further attacks. […] Panic disorder is treatable so it’s best to get medical help as soon as you can. […] If you do not get medical help, panic disorder can escalate and become very difficult to cope with. […] You’re more at risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as agoraphobia or other phobias, or an alcohol or drug problem.

• #1 Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-attack-panic-disorder

  Panic attacks are common. Every year, up to 11% of people in the United States experience a panic attack. […] Approximately 2% to 3% of people in the U.S. have panic disorder. Women are two times more likely to have panic disorder than men. […] Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that involves multiple unexpected panic attacks. A main feature of panic disorder is that the attacks usually happen without warning and aren’t due to another mental health or physical condition. There’s often not a specific trigger for them. […] With treatment, most people who experience panic attacks or have panic disorder get better. […] Without treatment, people with panic disorder have a higher risk of suicidal ideation. It may also decrease your quality of life due to impaired social functioning.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2023/65120/panic_disorder__epidemiology,_disability,_and.8.aspx

  Despite the huge burden associated with PD, its prevalence and its correlates are poorly understood in the Indian context. A comprehensive grasp of its epidemiology fosters greater awareness among healthcare providers and the public, reducing stigma and improving outcomes. […] The treatment gap of respondents in PD group was 71.7%. The treatment gap was more among females (74.4%) than males (66.7%). Among residents, rural areas had a higher treatment gap (74.3%) followed by urban nonmetros (70.6%) compared to urban metros (65.5%).

• #1 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376027

  Your primary care provider will determine if you have panic attacks, panic disorder or another condition, such as heart or thyroid problems, with symptoms that resemble panic attacks. […] Not everyone who has panic attacks has panic disorder. For a diagnosis of panic disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, lists these points: You have frequent, unexpected panic attacks. […] If you have panic attacks but not a diagnosed panic disorder, you can still benefit from treatment. If panic attacks aren’t treated, they can get worse and develop into panic disorder or phobias. […] Treatment can help reduce the intensity and frequency of your panic attacks and improve your function in daily life. The main treatment options are psychotherapy and medications.

• #1 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376027

  Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is considered an effective first choice treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder. […] Medications can help reduce symptoms associated with panic attacks as well as depression if that’s an issue for you. Several types of medication have been shown to be effective in managing symptoms of panic attacks. […] If one medication doesn’t work well for you, your doctor may recommend switching to another or combining certain medications to boost effectiveness. […] While panic attacks and panic disorder benefit from professional treatment, these self-care steps can help you manage symptoms. […] Some dietary supplements have been studied as a treatment for panic disorder, but more research is needed to understand the risks and benefits. […] If you’ve had signs or symptoms of a panic attack, make an appointment with your primary care provider.

• #1 Panic disorder – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/121/panic-disorder

  Frequency of panic attacks may vary considerably in panic disorder, with some individuals reporting brief clusters of several panic episodes in a short period of time, weekly panic attacks, or periodic attacks over the course of several months. […] Higher risk among first-degree relatives; onset of attacks triggered by stress; often comorbid with other anxiety, mood, and substance-use disorders. […] Assessment is made through ruling out organic causes; self-report; clinical interview; and behavioral observation. […] Self-help, cognitive behavioral therapy, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are first-line treatments. […] Long-term management includes relapse prevention after treatment discontinuation. […] Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, et al. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;63(4):415-24.[Abstract][Full Text]

• #1 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/67723

  Panic disorder (PD) is a chronic mental disorder with essential features such as recurrent panic attacks, persisting concern about the attacks, and a change in behavior as a result of the attacks. […] The lifetime prevalence of PD is two times more likely to occur in women than in men. […] Cross-national lifetime prevalence estimates is 1.7% for PD. […] Individuals with PD show distinctive concern about the consequences of panic attacks. […] The causes have not been fully illuminated, although there are a number of theories. […] Several studies have shown that the risk of PD is eight times higher in those with first-degree relatives with PD compared to those with no family history. […] The population-based lifetime rates of panic disorder cross-nationally range between 1.2/100 and 2.4/100, whereas, the lifetime rates in first-degree relatives of panic probands range between 7.7/100 and 20.5/100.

• #1

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/panic-disorder

  For a diagnosis of panic disorder, a person must experience at least one unexpected panic attack followed by one month or more of ongoing concern or worry regarding the experience of further panic attacks or their consequences; and/or changes in behaviour in order to prevent further attacks from happening, for example, the person may avoid situations where they fear a panic attack could occur, such as public transport. […] A number of factors are thought to contribute to the development of panic disorder and its associated symptoms. […] Studies suggest that in individuals with panic disorder, fear circuitry in the brain may be oversensitive and be triggered by events that pose no threat to the person. […] People who have a first-degree relative with panic disorder have an increased chance of developing the disorder. […] McEvoy, P. M., Grove, R., Slade, T. (2011). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the Australian general population: Findings of the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(11), 957-967.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks

  https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder is when you’ve had at least two panic attacks (you feel terrified and overwhelmed, even though you’re not in any danger) and constantly worry and change your routine to keep from having another one. It’s a type of anxiety disorder. […] One in 10 adults in the U.S. have a panic attack each year and they usually begin between the ages of 15 and 25. About a third of people have one in their lifetime. But most of them don’t have panic disorder. Only about 3% of adults have it, and it’s more common in women than in men. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes panic disorder, but one possibility is that the brains of people who have it may be especially sensitive in responding to fear. There’s a link between panic attacks and phobias, like school phobia or claustrophobia. […] Panic disorder may start after a serious illness or accident, the death of a close friend, separation from family, or the birth of a baby. […] If no other condition is causing your symptoms and you’ve had two or more random panic attacks and live in fear of a repeat episode, you probably have panic disorder.

• #1 What is a Panic Attack or Panic Disorder? – Best Psychiatry, Mental Health Clinic, Top 10 Psychiatrist in Florida

  https://hupcfl.com/health-library/what-is-a-panic-attack-or-panic-disorder/

  A panic disorder diagnosis is given to a person who has recurrent unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes. […] The lifetime prevalence of the panic disorder is in the 1 to 4 percent range. Women are two to three times more likely to be affected by panic attacks than men, although the underdiagnosis of panic disorder in men may contribute to this difference. […] The only social factor identified as contributing to panic disorder is a recent history of divorce or separation. The panic disorder most commonly develops in young adulthood at the mean age of 25. However, panic disorder and agoraphobia can develop at any age.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/generalized-anxiety-disorder-panic-disorder.html

  In the United States, lifetime prevalence is 8% and 5% for GAD and PD, respectively. Females are two to three times more likely to experience GAD and PD, although the gender discrepancy is less apparent later in life. […] The etiology of anxiety disorders is multifactorial. Psychological, biological, environmental, and genetic theories can help explain the cause of anxiety disorders. […] Studies of twin patients have found heritability of approximately 32% for GAD and 48% for PD. […] There is insufficient evidence to support universal screening for GAD or PD in adults at this time; however, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is updating guidelines regarding screening for anxiety, suicidality, and depression. […] The Patient Health Questionnaire for PD is the most accurate screening tool for PD in patients expressing sudden episodes of anxiety or fear.

• #1 Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) | ANU National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health

  https://nceph.anu.edu.au/research/tools-resources/panic-disorder-screener–padis

  The Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) is a brief tool designed to identify symptoms of panic disorder, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate intervention to improve mental health care. This scale is designed to screen individuals in the community for presence of panic disorder and severity of panic disorder symptoms. A sudden feeling of anxiety, fear, discomfort or uneasiness may indicate a panic episode. A panic episode occurs unexpectedly, peaks within 10 minutes and includes four or more of the following sensations at the same time: […] The PADIS has been validated in a community-based sample of young Australians aged 18-30 (n = 12,336), with accuracy compared to diagnostic interview (social phobia caseness on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) in a subsample of 1,674 with elevated anxiety symptoms.

• #1 Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) | ANU National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health

  https://nceph.anu.edu.au/research/tools-resources/panic-disorder-screener–padis

  Using a cut-off score of 4 or higher to indicate criteria for panic disorder, the PADIS had 77% sensitivity and 84% specificity, with higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to the PHQ-Panic scale (57% sensitivity, 91% specificity). In an independent adult population-based sample, the PADIS had 84% sensitivity and 77% specificity compared to DSM-5 criteria, using the same criteria (PADIS=4). […] The mean severity score within the population-based sample of young people was 1.66 (sd = 2.47). Scores were not significantly different by age or gender in this sample.

• #1 JMIR Medical Informatics – Panic Attack Prediction Using Wearable Devices and Machine Learning: Development and Cohort Study

  https://medinform.jmir.org/2022/2/e33063/

  PAs can be predicted 1 week before occurrence by machine learning through clinical questionnaires, physiological data, and environmental data. Random forests yielded the best prediction accuracy (81.3%) on the test set. Overall, the test set accuracy was 67.4%-81.3% for various machine learning algorithms. The feature importance ranking from high to low was clinical questionnaires, physiological data, and environmental data in the training set. The essential features for PA prediction were the BDI, BAI, STAI, MINI, HR in different states, and deep sleep duration. The prediction performance of the all-feature model was better than that of the physiological-environment model or the questionnaire model alone. This also highlighted that wearable devices detecting HR or deep sleep duration could be a potential tool to predict PAs.

• #1 JMIR Medical Informatics – Panic Attack Prediction Using Wearable Devices and Machine Learning: Development and Cohort Study

  https://medinform.jmir.org/2022/2/e33063/

  This prospective study introduced a 7-day prediction model for PAs based on machine learning using wearable devices, online questionnaires, and environmental data for a combinational assessment of PD, continuously monitoring samples from real-life settings for 1 year. It is possible to predict PAs 7 days before the fact by using a combination of all data from questionnaires, physiological data, and environmental data. The prediction accuracy was 67.4%-81.3% for the test set from various machine learning algorithms, among which random forests offered the highest accuracy compared to other models. The prediction performance of the all-feature model is better than the physiological-environment model or questionnaire model alone. The features that contributed most to the prediction models are the BAI, BDI, STAI, MINI, average HR, resting HR, and deep sleep duration. However, current findings apply only to patients with an established diagnosis of PD. More external testing is also needed.

• #2 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. These episodes occur out of the blue, not in conjunction with a known fear or stressor. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of panic disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious, as shown in Figure 2. Impairment was distributed evenly among adults with panic disorder. An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment.

• #2 Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-attack-panic-disorder

  Panic attacks are common. Every year, up to 11% of people in the United States experience a panic attack. […] Approximately 2% to 3% of people in the U.S. have panic disorder. Women are two times more likely to have panic disorder than men. […] Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that involves multiple unexpected panic attacks. A main feature of panic disorder is that the attacks usually happen without warning and aren’t due to another mental health or physical condition. There’s often not a specific trigger for them. […] With treatment, most people who experience panic attacks or have panic disorder get better. […] Without treatment, people with panic disorder have a higher risk of suicidal ideation. It may also decrease your quality of life due to impaired social functioning.

• #2 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  Panic attacks and panic disorder can significantly affect your quality of life. […] Panic disorder often starts in the late teens or early adulthood and affects more women than men. […] Left untreated, panic attacks and panic disorder can affect almost every area of your life. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include family history of panic attacks or panic disorder. […] It’s not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: genetics, major stress, temperament that is more sensitive to stress or prone to negative emotions, and certain changes in the way parts of your brain function. […] Panic attacks may come on suddenly and without warning at first, but over time, they’re usually triggered by certain situations. […] Symptoms of panic disorder often start in the late teens or early adulthood and affect more women than men. […] Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to include development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or leaving your home.

• #2 4.1: Panic Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.01%3A_Panic_Disorder

  Panic disorder consists of a series of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks coupled with the fear of future panic attacks. […] Prevalence rates for panic disorder are estimated at around 2-3% in adults and adolescents. […] Higher rates of panic disorder are found in American Indians and non-Latino whites. […] Females are more commonly diagnosed than males with a 2:1 diagnosis rate – this gender discrepancy is seen throughout the lifespan. […] Panic disorder rarely occurs in isolation, as many individuals also report symptoms of other anxiety disorders, major depression, and substance abuse. […] There is mixed evidence as to whether panic disorder precedes other comorbid psychological disorders – estimates suggest that 1/3 of individuals with panic disorder will experience depressive symptoms prior to panic symptoms whereas the remaining 2/3 will experience depressive symptoms concurrently or after the onset of panic disorder. […] Unlike some of the other anxiety disorders, there is a high comorbid diagnosis with general medical symptoms. […] Individuals with panic disorder are more likely to report somatic symptoms such as dizziness, cardiac arrhythmias, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and hyperthyroidism.

• #2 Panic Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26587

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Pregnant females with panic disorder are also more likely to have small birth weight infants.

• #2 Pharmacologic Management of Acute and Chronic Panic Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pharmacologic-management-of-acute-and-chronic-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder (PD) has an estimated prevalence of approximately 5% in the United States. […] The lifetime prevalence of PD in the United States is estimated to be 4.7%, and the condition is two times more likely to occur in women than in men. […] Patients with PD have a higher incidence of suicidality, impaired social functioning, and substance abuse. […] The etiology of PD is not fully understood; however, it is thought that genetics, neurobiology, stress, and life events play significant roles in its development. […] Several studies have shown that the risk of PD is eight times higher in those with first-degree relatives with PD compared to those with no family history. […] The exact pathophysiology of PD is currently unknown, it is thought that abnormal functioning of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurotransmitter systems play a role. […] To date, the exact pathogenesis of PD and guidelines for the treatment of this disorder have not been concretely established.

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