Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical practice guide for muscular injuries: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/45/2/e2.14

  Muscular injuries are very frequent in sport. The epidemiological studies show that muscular injuries represent more than 30% of all injuries (1.82.2/1000 h of exposure), which means that a professional football team suffers an average of 12 muscular injuries per season, equivalent to more than 300 lost sporting days. […] Prevention programmes can reduce the incidence of suffering muscular injuries, but scientific evidence is still limited and it has only been possible to verify them in certain groups of sportsmen.

• #2 Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21335353/

  Muscle injuries constitute a large percentage of all injuries in football. […] To investigate the incidence and nature of muscle injuries in male professional footballers. […] In total, 2908 muscle injuries were registered. On average, a player sustained 0.6 muscle injuries per season. A squad of 25 players can thus expect about 15 muscle injuries per season. Muscle injuries constituted 31% of all injuries and caused 27% of the total injury absence. Ninety-two percent of all muscle injuries affected the 4 major muscle groups of the lower limbs: hamstrings (37%), adductors (23%), quadriceps (19%), and calf muscles (13%). […] Muscle injuries are a substantial problem for players and their clubs. They constitute almost one third of all time-loss injuries in men’s professional football, and 92% of all injuries affect the 4 big muscle groups in the lower limbs.

• #3 Epidemiology of Muscle Injuries in Professional Football (Soccer). | EBSCOhost

  https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=03635465&AN=61767050&h=1Q4F5FwPcvkbtT7UaiKe%2BOwgniGtM0IpIdmGj52K2SGJ7jUAarZc9HoWMLJIsHO45gJwnTYyvc6rvHcBOYbGhg%3D%3D&crl=f

  Epidemiology of Muscle Injuries in Professional Football (Soccer). […] Muscle injuries constitute a large percentage of all injuries in football. […] To investigate the incidence and nature of muscle injuries in male professional footballers. […] In total, 2908 muscle injuries were registered. On average, a player sustained 0.6 muscle injuries per season. […] Muscle injuries constituted 31% of all injuries and caused 27% of the total injury absence. […] Ninety-two percent of all muscle injuries affected the 4 major muscle groups of the lower limbs: hamstrings (37%), adductors (23%), quadriceps (19%), and calf muscles (13%). […] The incidence of muscle injury increased with age. […] Muscle injuries are a substantial problem for players and their clubs. They constitute almost one third of all time-loss injuries in men’s professional football, and 92% of all injuries affect the 4 big muscle groups in the lower limbs.

• #4 Muscle Injuries: A Brief Guide to Classification and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4592039/

  Muscle injuries usually occur in the eccentric phase of the muscle contraction after an indirect insult, more common in not contact sports, and after direct trauma, as in contact sports. […] In professional soccer, muscle injuries account for 31% of all injuries, and are responsible for 25% of days of absence away from training and competition. Most of these lesions (96%) are indirect, mostly to the hamstrings and rectus femoris; the adductor and the quadriceps may be involved, especially when the athlete attempts to kick the ball. […] Age predisposes to muscle injuries. […] In other sports, the incidence of muscle injuries is variable: 11% in rugby, 16% in running sports, 18% in basketball. In these sports, the hamstrings, quadriceps and adductor muscles are the most frequently affected.

• #5 SciELO Brazil – Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbort/a/6DfKjzHq3RWrQxGGF57L4kv/

  Muscle injuries are the most frequent cause of physical disability in sports practice. It is estimated that between 30 and 50% of all sports-associated injuries are caused by soft tissue injuries. This incidence may be higher according to the sport. In athletics and soccer, ~ 30 to 41% of all injuries are muscular, while in weightlifting, muscle injuries account for up to 59%. […] Although nonsurgical treatment results in a good prognosis in most athletes with muscle injury, the consequences of treatment failure can be dramatic, postponing the return to physical activity for weeks or even months. […] The classification proposed by Mueller-Wohlfahrt et al., known as the Munich Consensus, and the system described by Mafulli et al., also consider etiological aspects. These classify muscle injury as direct, caused by contusion or laceration, and indirect, subclassified into functional (nonstructural) or structural.

• #6 Muscle Epidemiology and Injury Mechanisms | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/muscle-epidemiology-and-injury-mechanisms/

  A muscle injury is defined as a traumatic distraction or overuse injury to the muscle leading to a player being unable to participate fully in training or matches. Muscle injuries represent almost one-third of all time-loss injuries in male elite football and account for more than one-quarter of all layoffs following injuries. […] This chapter is based on 4,500 muscle injuries suffered by more than 3,500 players in elite teams across 18 European countries. All examples and statistics are taken from data collected via the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study between 2001 and 2012. […] On average, an elite male team with a squad of 25 players can expect about 15 muscle injuries each season. […] The risk of sustaining a muscle injury is six times higher during matches than during training (8.7 injuries per 1,000 match hours, compared with 1.4 injuries per 1,000 training hours).

• #7 Muscle Strain: What You Need to Know About Pulled Muscles

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_muscle-strain.asp

  Muscle strains are one of the most common reasons for missed playing time in professional sports. […] It is currently the leading cause of missed playing time in the NFL. […] Muscle strains occur more commonly when the muscle is not adequately adapted to the demands of the activity such as starting a new sport or significant increases in exercise load. […] As muscle strains are one of leading causes of missed playing time in professional sports, there is a lot of research that goes into finding other interventions to decrease healing time. […] Complete muscle injuries can lead to significant functional impairment and lost playing time and may require surgical repair. […] Data would suggest that returning to sport before 4 to 6 weeks leads to an increased risk of injury. […] More severe injuries can even take 4 to 6 months to resolve.

• #8 The epidemiology and associated risk factors for muscle strain injuries in endurance athletes

  https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/90399

  Long-distance running continues to increase in popularity owing to its easy accessibility and peoples growing interest in disease prevention. […] The incidence of running injuries, especially to the lower extremities, has increased as the number of participants in long-distance running increased. […] This study investigated the epidemiology and risk factors associated with lower extremity MInj in long-distance runners participating in the Two Ocean Marathon (2012-2015). […] A main finding of this study was a retrospective annual incidence of 3.4% regarding lower extremity MInj in the lower limbs (n=2110). […] To our knowledge the main strength of our study is that it is the largest study conducted on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment of lower extremity MInj in recreational long-distance runners. […] Information gathered in this study enables clinicians and researchers to evaluate potential risk factors and institute appropriate treatment options to better and improve related interventions for lower extremity MInj in long-distance runners.

• #9 Injury and Illness in Elite Athletics: A Prospective Cohort Study Over Three Seasons | Published in International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

  https://ijspt.scholasticahq.com/article/32589-injury-and-illness-in-elite-athletics-a-prospective-cohort-study-over-three-seasons

  Muscle and tendon were the most commonly injured tissues, while strains and tears were the most common pathology type. […] Hamstring muscle strain was the most common diagnosis causing time loss, followed by Achilles tendinopathy and soleus muscle strain. […] Hamstring strains, Achilles tendinopathy, and soleus strains are the most common injuries in athletics and have highest burden. […] Overuse injuries represented the greatest burden, followed by acute injuries, then illness. […] Over 25% of all injuries were to the thigh, with hamstring strain the most frequent diagnosis. […] The high incidence of acute soleus injuries in this cohort is a unique finding within elite track and field. […] Bone stress injuries were not common in this cohort, but they still represented a substantial burden due to high levels of associated time loss. […] The most common illnesses were respiratory and gastrointestinal illness. […] Hamstring, Achilles tendinopathy and soleus strain rank the top three most common diagnoses in both scenarios.

• #10 Muscle Epidemiology and Injury Mechanisms | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/muscle-epidemiology-and-injury-mechanisms/

  The risk of sustaining a calf muscle injury during a match increases with age, but with quadriceps, hamstring, and hip/groin injuries, there is no such age effect. […] Muscle injuries are more common during the period from August to April, when most league matches are played. […] The injury risk for all muscle injuries (as well as the most common subtypes) was fairly stable over that period, with only small differences between seasons. […] The study found a lower risk of lower-extremity muscle injuries during matches played on artificial turf compared with matches played on natural grass (6.2 vs. 3.7 injuries per 1,000 match hours). […] As can be seen in Fig. 3.7, 92% of all muscle injuries in football affect the lower extremities of the body. […] As many as 96% of all muscle injuries occur in noncontact situations. […] Between 39 and 46% of all muscle injuries are of moderate severity, causing a player to miss between 8 and 28 days of training/matches.

• #11 Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00912-4

  Independent of the mechanism of injury, more than 90% of muscle injuries of the lower limb in football players affect four muscle groups (hamstrings, quadriceps, adductors, and calf muscles). […] The purpose of this educational review is to summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic (acute) muscle injuries and anatomical peculiarities of muscles of the lower limb, to describe a specific MRI protocol that facilitates an accurate diagnosis of lesions, to present an overview of MRI-based grading systems for the classification of muscle injuries, and to characterize MRI findings of acute injuries and the healing phase of muscle injuries. […] Several imaging classification or grading systems for muscle injuries, especially strains, are available for application in clinical practice and clinical research.

• #11 Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00912-4

  Muscle injuries of the lower limbs are currently the most common sport-related injuries, the impact of which is particularly significant in elite athletes. […] Despite the high frequency of muscle injuries in elite athletes and the prime concern being minimizing days lost from sporting activities, there is still a lack of uniformity in the description, diagnostic approach, and grading of muscle injuries. […] The most frequent mechanism of lower limb muscle injuries is an indirect injury (muscle strain) associated with both sprinting and stretching activities. […] Clinically, muscle strains are characterized by a sudden onset of pain usually localized in a specific muscle compartment during a period of eccentric contraction, which, depending on severity, may immediately prevent the athlete from continuing the sports activity.

• #11 Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review | Insights into Imaging | Full Text

  https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13244-020-00912-4

  The widely used grading system for muscle injuries (grades 1-3) provides limited prognostic information to sports medicine physicians, since it does not properly cover the full spectrum of muscle injuries. […] Standardized radiological reporting and classification/staging of lesions in association with other clinical factors allow physicians to more accurately assess the severity of an injury, as well as to establish a treatment plan, recovery program and to estimate the expected time to return to sport.

• #12 Rectus femoris muscle injury | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/rectus-femoris-muscle-injury?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  Rectus femoris muscle injuries are a common injury in athletes, especially in football/soccer players. The rectus femoris muscle is most frequently affected in a quadriceps injury and the most common pattern are muscle strains. […] Sports and activities involving a great amount of kicking, jumping and running are considered risk factors for developing a rectus femoris muscle injury. […] Rectus femoris muscle injuries are associated with other quadriceps injuries and hamstring injuries. […] Typical locations of rectus femoris muscle injuries include the origin of the direct and indirect head, the proximal myotendinous junction, the muscle belly, the muscle periphery with the fascia or myofascial unit and the distal myotendinous junction. […] Rectus femoris muscle injuries can be classified based on type and location.

• #12 Rectus femoris muscle injury | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/rectus-femoris-muscle-injury?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us

  The vast majority of rectus femoris muscle including avulsion injuries are managed conservatively. […] Recovery will depend on the type and extent of the injury and might take from 2-3 weeks in case of a muscle contusion or myofascial injury up to four months or longer in displaced anterior iliac spine avulsion injuries. […] To return to sports athletes should be pain-free and their range of motion should be normal in the hip and knee.

• #13 Epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injuries in elite male Australian football players

  https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/physiotherapy_article/233/

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injury (QMSI) in elite Australian Football League (AFL) players, explore recovery milestones and determine whether recovery is impacted by factors such as injury type (index vs. re-injury), the primary muscle injured and the mechanism of injury. […] There were 164 QMSIs from 122 players reported (134 index; 30 re-injuries). Almost all (91.3%) QMSIs involved the rectus femoris. […] In AFL players, QMSIs occur mostly in the dominant leg from a kicking mechanism. Rectus femoris injuries are more prevalent and result in longer RTP time frames. Re-injuries exclusively involved the rectus femoris, primarily from kicking.

• #14

  https://opal.latrobe.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_of_quadriceps_muscle_strain_injuries_in_elite_male_Australian_football_players/25303303

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injury (QMSI) in elite Australian Football League (AFL) players, explore recovery milestones and determine whether recovery is impacted by factors such as injury type (index vs. re-injury), the primary muscle injured and the mechanism of injury. […] Results: There were 164 QMSIs from 122 players reported (134 index; 30 re-injuries). Almost all (91.3%) QMSIs involved the rectus femoris. […] The mean return to play (RTP) time was 25.4 days (95%CI = 22.6-28.2) and rectus femoris injuries took around 14 days longer to RTP than vastii injuries (p = 0.001). […] Conclusion: In AFL players, QMSIs occur mostly in the dominant leg from a kicking mechanism. Rectus femoris injuries are more prevalent and result in longer RTP time frames. Re-injuries exclusively involved the rectus femoris, primarily from kicking.

• #15 Pediatric Muscle Sprains/Strains | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-muscle-sprains-strains/

  Muscle strains can affect children of all ages, but they are more common in adolescents who are actively involved in sports and physical activities. Prevalence rates may vary depending on the sport and geographic region. Muscle strains and overuse injuries account for 23% of pediatric musculoskeletal sources of pain. […] Risk factors include sports participation (especially contact sports), inadequate warm-up, muscle imbalance, overuse, and previous injuries. Risk also increases at maturity offset or as time to peak height velocity (PHV) decreases (the closer to PHV, the higher the risk). […] Children and adolescents can be grouped into the following categories of muscle strain risk level based on physical activity level, age and maturation: Low risk: young/prepubescent children, children/adolescents involved in no physical activity or typical recreational activities; Moderate risk: older children, student athletes; High risk: adolescents (especially adolescent girls), athletes in league sports.

• #15 Pediatric Muscle Sprains/Strains | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-muscle-sprains-strains/

  To reduce the risk of muscle strains, children should engage in proper warm-up and stretching routines before physical activities, use appropriate protective gear in sports, and avoid overtraining. Emphasis on nutrition and hydration is another key to muscle strain prevention. […] Pediatric athletes, particularly at higher levels of competition, may be under significant outside pressure to return to sport following a muscle strain sooner than medically recommended. However, it is important that full range of motion and strength are regained before returning to sports activities. Recurrences of injuries may result in more serious complications such as myositis ossificans. […] Patients and families should be educated that muscle strain injuries typically have an excellent prognosis and complications are rare. Treatment includes the P.R.I.C.E model of protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Lastly, too much fatigue and lack of warm up exercise can help to precipitate further muscle strain injuries.

• #16 How to Prevent Muscle Strains • Stronger by Science

  https://www.strongerbyscience.com/how-to-prevent-muscle-strains/

  A muscle strain occurs when the strain energy the muscle is forced to absorb exceeds the strength of the tissue. […] Two-joint muscles are more susceptible to muscle strains, and nothing increases your likelihood of a strain more than a previous strain in the same muscle. […] Acute muscle injuries rank as the most frequent type of trauma for athletes, accounting for a whopping one-fifth of all injuries. Of these injuries, acute muscle strains are among the most common. […] Despite advancements in the scientific, medical, and athletic communities, incidence of injury has remained largely unchanged over the last 30 years. […] The strongest predictor of injury is history of previous muscle injury. […] Fatigue, both of the muscle as well as the central nervous system, also plays an important role in strain injury. […] Because muscle strain injuries often occur at the musculotendinous junction, tendon strength is another key determinant of injury risk. […] The primary roadblock to progress may lie in the relative lack of good scientific evidence.

• #17 Hamstring muscle and tendon injuries – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hamstring-muscle-and-tendon-injuries

  Prevalence ranges from 8 to 25 percent, depending upon the sport. The timing for return to sport ranges from as early as two weeks to never, depending upon injury severity and the sport in question. One observational study reports a single-season prevalence rate greater than 50 percent among elite soccer players. Recurrent hamstring injuries develop in more than 30 percent of athletes, with most occurring during the ensuing sporting season.

• #18 Management of anterior thigh injuries in soccer players: practical guide | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation | Full Text

  https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13102-022-00428-y

  The risk of recurrent rectus femoris injury is approximately 17%. […] Quadriceps strains seems to be more common in dominant kicking leg. […] The prognosis of a direct trauma can vary from to 25 days in mild cases to 2025 days or more in severe cases. […] The key is to initiate rehabilitation early after the injury. […] The future perspectives will focus on injury prevention as well as rehabilitation of different injury type.

• #19 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors in Adolescent Athletes: An Injury Surveillance

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4857

  Forty point four percent of the participants suffered an injury in 2019. […] The most common injuries were lumbar muscle strains (12.24%), ankle sprains (11.98%), and bone fractures (9.31%). […] The average injury rate was 2.64 per 1000 h. […] The percentage of subjects who suffered an injury in a previously injured area in the present study was 39% (37.4 in amateur athletes and 43.5% in professional athletes). […] The most common injury mechanisms were, in this order: (a) No identifiable single event (repetitive transfer of energy, overuse). (b) Acute non-contact trauma. (c) Direct contact with an object. […] The most common injuries were: Lumbar muscle strains (65 injuries (12.28% of the total)), ankle sprains (63 injuries (11.91% of the total)), and bone fractures (49 injuries (9.31% of the total)).

• #20 SciELO Brazil – Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbort/a/6DfKjzHq3RWrQxGGF57L4kv/?lang=en

  The classification proposed by Mueller-Wohlfahrt et al., known as the Munich Consensus, and the system described by Mafulli et al., also consider etiological aspects. These classify muscle injury as direct, caused by contusion or laceration, and indirect, subclassified into functional (nonstructural) or structural. […] The classification of muscle injury in 3 levels is still well-known and used. It is usually based on clinical findings that are related to the extent of muscle tissue rupture, as described below. […] Stretches and mild contusions (grade I) represent an injury of only a few muscle fibers with small edema and discomfort, accompanied by no or minimal loss of strength and movement restriction. […] Moderate stretches and bruises (grade II) cause greater damage to the muscle, with evident loss of function (ability to contract).

• #20 SciELO Brazil – Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbort/a/6DfKjzHq3RWrQxGGF57L4kv/?lang=en

  An injury extending throughout the transverse session of the muscle and resulting in virtually complete loss of muscle function and severe pain is determined as severe stretch or contusion (grade III). […] The diagnosis of muscle injury begins with a detailed clinical history of the trauma followed by a physical examination with inspection and palpation of the muscles involved, as well as function tests with and without external resistance. […] Imaging tests such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide useful information to verify and determine the lesion more accurately. […] Ultrasonography is traditionally considered the method of choice for initial evaluation of muscle injury. […] Magnetic resonance imaging allows detailed evaluation of muscle morphology due to the ability to generate multiplanar and high-resolution soft tissue images.

• #20 SciELO Brazil – Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbort/a/6DfKjzHq3RWrQxGGF57L4kv/?lang=en

  The current principles of treatment of muscle injury are lacking in solid scientific foundations. […] Early mobilization induces an increase in local vascularization in the lesion area, better regeneration of muscle fibers, and better parallelism between the orientation of regenerated myofibrils when compared with movement restriction. […] There are few controlled studies using non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs (NHAIDs) or glucocorticoids in the treatment of muscle injuries in humans. […] Surgical intervention can also be considered if the patient complains of persistent pain when stretching for 4 to 6 months, particularly if there is an extension deficit. […] Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate muscle repair and its adaptation to physical training are essential for the professional who proposes to treat these patients.

• #21 SciELO Brazil – Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbort/a/6DfKjzHq3RWrQxGGF57L4kv/

  Ultrasonography is traditionally considered the method of choice for initial evaluation of muscle injury. […] Magnetic resonance imaging allows detailed evaluation of muscle morphology due to the ability to generate multiplanar and high-resolution soft tissue images. […] The current principles of treatment of muscle injury are lacking in solid scientific foundations. […] Early mobilization induces an increase in local vascularization in the lesion area, better regeneration of muscle fibers, and better parallelism between the orientation of regenerated myofibrils when compared with movement restriction. […] There are precise indications in which surgical intervention is required. These indications include patients with large intramuscular hematomas, complete lesions or ruptures (grade III) with little or no associated agonist musculature, and partial lesions in which more than half of the muscle is ruptured. […] Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate muscle repair and its adaptation to physical training are essential for the professional who proposes to treat these patients.

• #22 Hamstring Injury Epidemiology in the National Basketball Association Over a Five-Year Period – MLTJ

  https://www.mltj.online/hamstring-injury-epidemiology-in-the-national-basketball-association-over-a-five-year-period/

  Professional basketball players are subject to lower extremity injuries given the physical nature of the game, which can impact career longevity. […] To report the epidemiology of hamstring injuries in National Basketball Association (NBA) players from 2016-2021 and to assess their effect on performance. […] 210 hamstring injuries occurred in the NBA from 2016-2021. […] The most common injuries were strained left hamstrings (45/210, 21.4%) and right hamstrings (45/210, 21.4%). […] Hamstring injuries are common in the NBA, and lead to a small but important decline in player performance. […] There is a high rate of reinjury of the hamstring and other areas of the body. […] Further study of hamstring injuries in the NBA is warranted to better understand readiness to return to play.

• #23 Epidemiology of MRI-detected muscle injury in athletes participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/4/218

  Muscle injury is one of the most common injuries occurring at the Olympic Games often with devastating consequences. Epidemiological injury surveillance is recognised by the IOC as essential for injury prevention and management. […] Conducting epidemiological surveillance of sports injuries including muscle strain incidence is the fundamental first step in the sequence of evidence-based injury prevention strategies. […] The aim of our study was to describe the incidence, the anatomical location, and the classification of MRI-detected muscle injuries and competition completion results stratified by muscle injury site in athletes who participated in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. […] Muscle injuries represent a significant proportion of injuries in elite athlete competitions across a variety of sports.

• #23 Epidemiology of MRI-detected muscle injury in athletes participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/4/218

  The epidemiological surveillance of muscle injuries during the Olympic Games is an extension of the efforts of previous studies reporting data during single-sport events. […] Our study demonstrates the possible prognostic relevance of anatomical site and severity of muscle injury for predicting the completion or non-completion of an Olympic athletes competition.

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