Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. […] VF can have several causes, including: […] Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle […] Damage to the heart muscle (from a heart attack, for example) […] Cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle) […] Problems with the aorta […] Drug toxicity […] Sepsis (severe body infection) […] Electrocution accidents or injury to the heart […] Heart attack or angina […] Congenital heart disease […] Heart surgery […] Sudden cardiac death from a sudden blow to the area directly over the heart […] Very high or very low potassium levels in the blood.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the single most common etiologic factor predisposing patients to ventricular fibrillation (VF). In survivors of cardiac arrest, CAD with over 75% stenosis is observed in 40%-86% of patients, depending on the age and sex of the population studied. In postmortem studies of people who have died from VF, extensive atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic finding. […] In an autopsy study of 169 cases of coronary death, approximately 61% of patients had died suddenly of presumed VF, and another 15% of cases showed more than 75% stenosis in three or four vessels as well as similar severe lesions in at least two vessels. […] Nevertheless, only approximately 20% of VF-related autopsies have shown evidence of a recent myocardial infarction (MI). A greater proportion of autopsies (40%-70%) show evidence of a healed MI. Many of these hearts also reveal evidence of plaque fissuring, hemorrhage, and thrombosis.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Symptoms & Causes | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation happens when the heart’s electrical system malfunctions, often due to underlying heart issues or disrupted blood flow to the heart. […] Possible causes include: Heart disease, Medications that affect the body’s electrical signals, Heart valve diseases, Potassium imbalances, Chest trauma from a small object, Structural changes to the heart from disease or surgery. […] The most common cause of ventricular fibrillation is a heart attack (myocardial infarction). VF often happens during or shortly after a heart attack. […] Yes, stress can increase the likelihood and severity of ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Ventricular fibrillation can arise from several underlying conditions and triggers. Understanding these causes is crucial for both prevention and treatment. […] Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of ventricular fibrillation. Atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries, can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to ischemia and infarction. Damaged heart tissue can become electrically unstable, predisposing individuals to VF. […] Cardiomyopathy, a condition characterized by abnormal heart muscle, can also lead to VF. Dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy each affect the hearts structure and function, increasing the risk of arrhythmias. […] Electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium play a vital role in maintaining the hearts electrical stability. Imbalances in these electrolytes can disrupt the heart’s electrical signalling, potentially triggering VF.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-is-ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation happens when the electrical signals in your heart go haywire. This causes a ventricle to quiver (fibrillate) instead of pumping blood through your body. […] You get VFib because there’s a problem with your heart’s electrical properties or with the blood supply to your heart muscle. […] Doctors dont always know what causes this. But they do know some conditions and situations are linked to ventricular fibrillation. For instance, it happens most often during or right after a heart attack. That may be because your hearts electrical signals become unstable when there’s not enough blood flow. […] Other things that raise your chances of VFib include: weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), a previous heart attack, certain genetic diseases, certain heart medicines, an imbalance of electrolytes in your blood, very low blood pressure (shock), electrical shock, drowning, problems with your main artery (aorta), drug misuse, serious system-wide infection (sepsis).

• #1 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892748-overview

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is rare in the pediatric population; when it does occur, ventricular fibrillation is usually a degeneration of other malignant arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT). […] Causes of ventricular fibrillation varied and included medical illness, overdose, drowning, and trauma; only 2 of 29 patients had congenital heart disease. Thus, ventricular fibrillation as a terminal rhythm in cardiac arrest may result from various causes. […] Various factors can lead to the lowering of the ventricular fibrillation threshold and, thus, increase the likelihood of an arrhythmia proceeding to ventricular fibrillation. These precipitating factors include electrolyte abnormalities, proarrhythmic medications, alterations in the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance (particularly increased catecholamines), hypothermia or hyperthermia, primary electrical disease (eg, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia), and hypoxia/ischemia.

• #1 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  In 70% of long QT syndromes (LQTS) the mutation of the KCNQ1 or the KCNH2 (hERG) genes have been clarified. […] The Brugada syndrome is known as a familial disease which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetration, however in 60% of the cases occurs sporadically. […] The electrical (repolarization) heterogeneity and secondary anisotropy of the ventricular myocardium play a crucial role in the genesis of VF. […] The underlying electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation consequently include ectopic automaticity, reentry and triggered activity (due to early and late afterdepolarizations). […] Ectopic automaticity is the result of spontaneous diastolic depolarization, where current of injury (local alterations in K+ gradient) due to acute ischemic damage is an important provoking mechanism.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537120/

  VF is often linked to underlying structural heart disease. […] Many common conditions associated with VF include electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia), acidosis, hypothermia, hypoxia, cardiomyopathies, family history of sudden cardiac death, congenital QT abnormalities, Brugada syndrome, and alcohol use. […] Genetic predisposition to VF is now increasingly recognized. The first genome-wide association was reported in the AGNES study identifying susceptibility locus for VF at 21q21.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/abnormal-heart-rhythms/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation is a potentially fatal, uncoordinated series of very rapid, ineffective contractions of the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) caused by many chaotic electrical impulses. […] The most common cause of ventricular fibrillation is a heart disorder, particularly inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease, as occurs during a heart attack. Other causes include the following: Heart failure, Cardiomyopathies, Shock (very low blood pressure), which can result from coronary artery disease and other disorders, Electrical shock, Drowning, Long QT syndrome (which may cause torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia), including that due to very low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia), Medications that affect electrical currents in the heart (such as sodium channel blockers or potassium channel blockers), Cardiac channelopathies. […] If testing does not identify any causative disorder, the person is considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. […] People with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation are treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

• #1 What Causes Ventricular Fibrillation? – My Health Rocks

  https://myhealth.rocks/what-causes-ventricular-fibrillation/

  Aside from heart-related issues, several non-cardiac causes and risk factors can increase the likelihood of experiencing ventricular fibrillation: […] Electrolyte imbalances: Imbalances in key electrolytes such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, or sodium can significantly impact the heart’s electrical activity, potentially leading to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] Drug use and medication effects: Certain drugs, particularly stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamines, can exacerbate arrhythmia risks. Similarly, some heart medications, if misused, can unintentionally trigger dangerous heart rhythms. […] Electrical shock or chest trauma: Direct incidents, such as an electrical shock or severe trauma to the chest, known as commotio cordis, can induce a chaotic heart rhythm like V-fib. […] Severe hypoxia: Conditions causing oxygen deprivation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drowning, or sepsis, can affect the heart’s ability to maintain a normal rhythm, leading to ventricular fibrillation. […] Understanding these causes underscores the need for both prompt medical intervention and long-term management strategies designed to mitigate risks and improve heart health.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vf-ecg-library/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most important shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. […] The underlying mechanism of VF is not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been hypothesised: […] Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) include myocardial ischemia / infarction, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive), channelopathies e.g. Long QT (acquired / congenital) causing TdP VF and Brugada syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, and blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis). […] Environmental causes include electrical shocks, drowning, hypothermia, and sepsis. […] Neurological causes include seizure and CVA.

• #1 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892748-overview

  Because ventricular fibrillation is usually a degeneration of ventricular tachycardias, the role ventricular tachycardias play in the evolution of the rhythm disturbance must be considered. […] The triggers for ventricular tachycardia are diverse. […] Commotio cordis is an uncommon syndrome of abrupt ventricular fibrillation following blunt chest wall trauma that typically occurs in young participants in sports (notably, ice hockey, lacrosse, baseball, and softball). […] Commotio cordis is characterized by a relatively low-energy impact that does not cause structural damage to the chest wall, myocardium, coronary arteries, or elsewhere within the thorax. Ventricular fibrillation is the most common rhythm recorded after an event, although complete heart block and idioventricular rhythms have also been observed.

• #1 Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/ventricular-fibrillation-pulseless-electrical-activity-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  Metabolic derangements, electrolyte disorders and exogenous substances, ischemia, etc, may precipitate ventricular arrhythmias in all these patient groups. […] The following conditions may cause pulseless electrical activity: hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, pressure pneumothorax, hypothermia, massive pulmonary embolism, drug overdose, and massive myocardial infarction. The most common of these is myocardial infarction.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  An estimated 3%-9% of cases of VT and VF occur in the absence of myocardial ischemia. Up to 1% of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have idiopathic VF with no discernable structural heart disease. […] Up to 15% of patients younger than 40 years who experience VF have no underlying structural heart disease. […] Even though many individuals have anatomic and functional cardiac substrates that predispose them to ventricular arrhythmias, only a small percentage develop VF. The interplay among regional ischemia, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and transient inciting events (eg, worsened ischemia, acidosis, hypoxemia, wall tension, drugs, metabolic disturbances) has been proposed to be the precipitator of VF.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ventricular-fibrillation

  VF often begins with ventricular tachycardia, which is a rapid heartbeat that changes the electrical impulses in your heart. This most often occurs in people who have scar tissue from previous heart attacks or heart muscle damage due to heart conditions. If left untreated, ventricular tachycardia will likely lead to VF.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Other causes: Rarely, VFib may occur due to hypothermia, electric shock, or other non-cardiac factors. […] Several risk factors increase the likelihood of VFib, including: […] Previous heart attack or heart disease […] Family history of sudden cardiac death […] Certain genetic conditions, like Long QT syndrome […] Chronic high blood pressure […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption […] Obesity and lack of physical activity. […] Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, such as a previous heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, are at higher risk of experiencing VFib. […] Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of VFib and other heart-related conditions. […] Increasing public awareness and education about VFib, sudden cardiac arrest, and the importance of immediate intervention are crucial in saving lives. […] In conclusion, Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder that requires immediate medical intervention.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation

  http://healthlibrary.somc.org/Search/134,230

  Ventricular fibrillation is an arrhythmia that starts in your ventricle. This occurs when the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead. […] The cause of V-fib isn’t always known. But it can occur with certain medical conditions. V-fib most commonly occurs during an acute heart attack or shortly after. When the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood flow, it can become electrically unstable. This causes dangerous heart rhythms. A heart that has been damaged by a heart attack or other heart muscle damage is vulnerable to V-fib. Other causes include heart failure, heart valve disease, low potassium level or other electrolyte abnormalities. Also, certain medicines, and certain genetic diseases that affect the heart’s or electrical conduction. […] The most common risk factors include: A weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), An acute or previous heart attack, Genetic diseases, such as long or short QT syndrome, Brugada disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Certain medicines that affect heart function, Electrolyte abnormalities.

• #1 Ventricular fibrillation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007200.htm

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low. […] People who have survived VF may be in a coma or have long-term brain or other organ damage.

• #1 How does ventricular fibrillation occur? What are the causes? | Cardiac Health

  https://www.cardiachealth.org/how-does-ventricular-fibrillation-occur-what-are-the-causes/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an uncontrolled twitching or quivering of the muscle fibers of the lower chambers of your heart. During ventricular fibrillation, blood is no longer pumped out of your heart. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can also occur whenever the heart does not get enough oxygen or with certain heart disorders. […] Conditions that can lead to VF include: Heart attack, Some heart muscle diseases, called cardiomyopathy, Certain arrhythmias, Ischemia (lack of oxygen to the heart muscle because of narrowed coronary arteries or shock), Sudden cardiac death, Electrocution accidents or direct injury to the heart. […] Most people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, many have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation – Cardiovascular Interventions Orlando

  https://orlandocvi.com/condition/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Ventricular fibrillation is usually caused after damage to the heart muscle from a previous heart attack. […] Ventricular fibrillation can occur whenever the heart does not receive enough oxygen or due to abnormalities or diseases of the heart, or by diseases elsewhere in the body affecting the heart. […] Ventricular tachycardia may occur after open heart surgery, substance abuse, or medications. […] The most common complication of ventricular fibrillation is sudden death. […] Ventricular fibrillation can not always be prevented, but there are ways of reducing the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,230

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://avicennacardiology.com/manhattan/ventricular-fibrillation

  Common causes include coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and structural heart abnormalities. […] VF often occurs due to coronary artery disease, heart attacks, or structural heart abnormalities. […] Delayed or inadequate care may result in complications like brain damage due to low cardiac output or irreversible organ failure.

• #1 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  Triggered activity may also appear as a consequence of early (EAD) or delayed afterdepolarization (DAD). […] The prognosis and long-term outcome of resuscitated patients who survived aborted cardiac death are significantly influenced by comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, hypertension), the extent of potential left ventricular hypertrophy and the mechanism of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. […] In international recommendations, therapy for VF and pVT includes the administration of epinephrine and amiodarone. […] The mechanism of action of epinephrine in the case of cardiac arrest is the consequence to -adrenergic effect, which, by directing systemic blood flow toward the heart increases myocardial blood supply, thus ensuring the minimum coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) required for successful defibrillation. […] Taking all the available data into consideration it can be concluded that currently there is no appropriate antiarrhythmic agent that can safely prevent VF and would significantly improve the long-term outcome of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/ventricular-fibrillation-vf

  Ventricular fibrillation causes uncoordinated quivering of the ventricle with no useful contractions. It causes immediate syncope and death within minutes. […] Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. […] Overall, most patients with VF have an underlying heart disorder (typically ischemic cardiomyopathy, but also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy, or other arrhythmogenic cardiovascular disorders). Patients in whom no underlying disorder is detected are considered to have idiopathic VF. Risk of VF in any disorder is increased by electrolyte abnormalities, acidosis, hypoxemia, or ischemia. […] If comprehensive electrocardiographic, imaging, and provocative testing do not identify any such causative disorder, the patient is considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. […] Patients who have VF without a reversible or transient cause are at high risk of future VF events and of sudden death.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-fibrillation

  VF can occur in healthy, young athletes after a blunt (non-penetrating) blow to the chest. This known as commotio cordis. […] Prognosis for survivors of VF strongly depends on the time elapsed between onset and medical intervention (prognosis is poor without intervention by 4-6 minutes after onset of VF) as well as on the particular aetiology for the VF. […] VF that occurs within the first 48 hours of the onset of acute MI has no bearing on prognosis, but VF that occurs more than 48 hours after acute MI is associated with a high rate of recurrence and a poorer prognosis.

• #1 Ventricular Fibrillation

  http://healthlibrary.umcno.org/Wellness/Stress/Tools/134,230

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal. […] Prevention focuses on diagnosing and treating the underlying medical conditions that cause V-fib. Certain medicines can be used to reduce the risk of recurrence. Implantable ICDs may also be used. An ICD is a device implanted within the body that can shock the heart back to normal rhythm within seconds if V-fib is present. Although this device doesn’t necessarily prevent V-fib, it can rapidly and automatically diagnose and treat this potentially fatal heart rhythm.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/ventricular-fibrillation-vf

  Ventricular fibrillation causes uncoordinated quivering of the ventricle with no useful contractions. It causes immediate syncope and death within minutes. […] Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. […] Overall, most patients with VF have an underlying heart disorder (typically ischemic cardiomyopathy, but also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy, or other arrhythmogenic cardiovascular disorders). Patients in whom no underlying disorder is detected are considered to have idiopathic VF. Risk of VF in any disorder is increased by electrolyte abnormalities, acidosis, hypoxemia, or ischemia. […] If comprehensive electrocardiographic, imaging, and provocative testing do not identify any such causative disorder, the patient is considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. […] Patients who have VF without a reversible or transient cause are at high risk of future VF events and of sudden death.

• #2 Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/ventricular-fibrillation-pulseless-electrical-activity-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  Ventricular fibrillation is the result of numerous re-entry circuits, causing rapid and chaotic ventricular depolarizations, rendering the left ventricle incapable of generating effective contractions. […] Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. […] The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is acute or chronic coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). […] The death mechanism is usually the same regardless of the underlying disease: electrical instability triggers ventricular tachycardia which degenerates into ventricular fibrillation which leads to asystole. […] Acute or chronic ischemic heart disease causes 80% of all sudden cardiac deaths. Ventricular arrhythmias may arise during acute ischemia as well as in chronic ischemia.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  In young people, causes of autopsy-positive sudden cardiac death (SCD) include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), whereas inherited arrhythmogenic etiologies cause autopsy-negative SCD, including long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, idiopathic VF, and Brugada syndrome. […] The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) showed that surgically improving or restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium decreased the risk of VF, especially in patients with three-vessel disease and heart failure, compared with medical treatment. […] This finding suggests that transient acute ischemia is one of the major triggering events for sudden arrhythmic death. […] The efficacy of beta-blocking agents in reducing sudden death mortality rates, especially when administered to patients suffering from MI with VF, ventricular tachycardia (VT), and high-frequency premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), is thought to be partially caused by the ability of beta blockers to decrease ischemia.

• #2 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892748-overview

  Various forms of congenital heart disease have been associated with an increased incidence of late sudden death, including tetralogy of Fallot, aortic stenosis, and the atrial switch operations for D-transposition of the great arteries. This may represent an increased incidence of both ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation vulnerability in this population because the sudden death is presumed to be of arrhythmic etiology.

• #2

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Understanding the causes of ventricular fibrillation can help in identifying potential risk factors and taking preventive measures. There are several known causes of ventricular fibrillation, including underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, and cardiomyopathy. […] Blockage or narrowing of the coronary arteries reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen). This can trigger VF. […] A sudden blockage of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle can cause tissue damage and lead to VF. […] Conditions that affect the heart muscle, such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, can disrupt the heart’s electrical system, increasing the risk of VF.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vf-ecg-library/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most important shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. […] The underlying mechanism of VF is not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been hypothesised: […] Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) include myocardial ischemia / infarction, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive), channelopathies e.g. Long QT (acquired / congenital) causing TdP VF and Brugada syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, and blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis). […] Environmental causes include electrical shocks, drowning, hypothermia, and sepsis. […] Neurological causes include seizure and CVA.

• #2 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  In 70% of long QT syndromes (LQTS) the mutation of the KCNQ1 or the KCNH2 (hERG) genes have been clarified. […] The Brugada syndrome is known as a familial disease which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetration, however in 60% of the cases occurs sporadically. […] The electrical (repolarization) heterogeneity and secondary anisotropy of the ventricular myocardium play a crucial role in the genesis of VF. […] The underlying electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation consequently include ectopic automaticity, reentry and triggered activity (due to early and late afterdepolarizations). […] Ectopic automaticity is the result of spontaneous diastolic depolarization, where current of injury (local alterations in K+ gradient) due to acute ischemic damage is an important provoking mechanism.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/abnormal-heart-rhythms/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation is a potentially fatal, uncoordinated series of very rapid, ineffective contractions of the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) caused by many chaotic electrical impulses. […] The most common cause of ventricular fibrillation is a heart disorder, particularly inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle due to coronary artery disease, as occurs during a heart attack. Other causes include the following: Heart failure, Cardiomyopathies, Shock (very low blood pressure), which can result from coronary artery disease and other disorders, Electrical shock, Drowning, Long QT syndrome (which may cause torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia), including that due to very low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia), Medications that affect electrical currents in the heart (such as sodium channel blockers or potassium channel blockers), Cardiac channelopathies. […] If testing does not identify any causative disorder, the person is considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. […] People with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation are treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537120/

  VF is often linked to underlying structural heart disease. […] Many common conditions associated with VF include electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia), acidosis, hypothermia, hypoxia, cardiomyopathies, family history of sudden cardiac death, congenital QT abnormalities, Brugada syndrome, and alcohol use. […] Genetic predisposition to VF is now increasingly recognized. The first genome-wide association was reported in the AGNES study identifying susceptibility locus for VF at 21q21.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. […] VF can have several causes, including: […] Insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle […] Damage to the heart muscle (from a heart attack, for example) […] Cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle) […] Problems with the aorta […] Drug toxicity […] Sepsis (severe body infection) […] Electrocution accidents or injury to the heart […] Heart attack or angina […] Congenital heart disease […] Heart surgery […] Sudden cardiac death from a sudden blow to the area directly over the heart […] Very high or very low potassium levels in the blood.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) or V-fib is a dangerous condition in which your heart beats in an abnormal rhythm. […] VF is considered to be the most serious type of abnormal heart rhythm. It is an emergency condition that may be brought on by a heart attack. […] While the exact cause of VF isn’t always known, the problem typically stems from interruptions in the electrical impulses that control your heartbeat. A heart attack or loss of blood flow to your heart can set off VF. […] Several things can cause or raise your risk of ventricular fibrillation: Some medications and severe illnesses can also cause VF. Leading a mainly sedentary life or not getting enough exercise may raise the risk of having VF. Electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium or high potassium, are linked to VF. Acidosis can change the PH of your blood, making it highly acidic. Cardiomyopathy is a disease that can weaken the muscle of your heart. A history of heart conditions in your family raises your overall risk to develop them as well. Alcoholism is also known to put stress on the heart. Congenital channelopathies can cause VF and increase your risk of sudden cardiac death.

• #2

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Abnormal levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood can interfere with the heart’s electrical signals and trigger VF. […] Certain medications, such as antiarrhythmics, psychotropic drugs, or illicit substances like cocaine, can disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and induce VF. […] Severe blunt trauma to the chest, such as from a car accident or a fall, can cause VF by directly injuring the heart muscle or disrupting its electrical conduction system. […] High-voltage electrical injuries can disrupt the heart’s electrical activity and cause VF. […] Congenital heart defects, valvular heart disease, or acquired structural abnormalities can predispose individuals to VF. […] Oxygen deprivation, such as from drowning, suffocation, or severe respiratory failure, can lead to VF.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21878-ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation causes include: […] Heart attack or ischemia, which can feel like chest pain (angina). […] Heart conditions like cardiomyopathy that change the structure of your heart. […] Other arrhythmias (abnormal electrical rhythms) or arrhythmia-causing conditions. […] Congenital (present at birth) heart issues like Brugada syndrome. […] Heart surgery. […] Certain medications. […] Certain types of drug use including cocaine and methamphetamine. […] Electrolyte imbalances (too much or too little potassium or magnesium in your blood). […] Electrical shock. […] Commotio cordis (the result of getting hit in the chest with a small, fast-moving object like a baseball or hockey puck).

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation | Heart and Vascular

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/ventricular-fibrillation

  Cardiac arrest happens when your heart suddenly stops beating. A blunt, nonpenetrating blow to the chest, such as being hit directly with a baseball, can disrupt your heart rhythm and cause cardiac arrest and VFib. […] VFib can result from changes to the structure or function of your heart present since birth. […] Some prescribed medications, especially drugs which treat other rhythm disorders, and illegal drugs, such as amphetamines or cocaine, can disrupt your hearts conduction system. […] Sepsis, a severe internal infection throughout your bloodstream, can cause unsafe heart rhythms, including VFib. […] Potassium is an electrolyte that affects your hearts natural electrical activity. Very high or very low levels of potassium in your blood can lead to irregular heartbeats. […] Electrocution, such as being struck by lightning, or high-voltage injuries, can interfere with your hearts normal electrical rhythm.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  An estimated 3%-9% of cases of VT and VF occur in the absence of myocardial ischemia. Up to 1% of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have idiopathic VF with no discernable structural heart disease. […] Up to 15% of patients younger than 40 years who experience VF have no underlying structural heart disease. […] Even though many individuals have anatomic and functional cardiac substrates that predispose them to ventricular arrhythmias, only a small percentage develop VF. The interplay among regional ischemia, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and transient inciting events (eg, worsened ischemia, acidosis, hypoxemia, wall tension, drugs, metabolic disturbances) has been proposed to be the precipitator of VF.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) | Heart & Vascular | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/heart-and-vascular/heart-vascular-conditions/arrhythmias/v-fib

  V-fib may have a number of causes including: […] Poor blood flow to the heart […] Damage to the heart muscle […] Problems with the aorta (the bodys main artery) […] Cardiomyopathy (heart disease) […] Sepsis (severe infection) […] Drug toxicity […] You may be at an increased risk of V-fib if you have: […] A congenital heart defect […] Heart disease […] Injuries that have damaged the heart muscle […] Certain electrolyte abnormalities […] A history of V-fib episodes […] A previous heart attack.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Other causes: Rarely, VFib may occur due to hypothermia, electric shock, or other non-cardiac factors. […] Several risk factors increase the likelihood of VFib, including: […] Previous heart attack or heart disease […] Family history of sudden cardiac death […] Certain genetic conditions, like Long QT syndrome […] Chronic high blood pressure […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption […] Obesity and lack of physical activity. […] Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, such as a previous heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, are at higher risk of experiencing VFib. […] Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of VFib and other heart-related conditions. […] Increasing public awareness and education about VFib, sudden cardiac arrest, and the importance of immediate intervention are crucial in saving lives. […] In conclusion, Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder that requires immediate medical intervention.

• #2 What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)? – Symptoms, Causes

  https://en.taylanakgun.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vfib

  Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. […] VFib typically occurs due to damage caused by a heart attack, severe structural heart disease, or a problem in the hearts electrical system. […] The most common cause of VFib is heart muscle damage following a heart attack. Damaged tissue disrupts the hearts electrical pathways, triggering VFib. Other causes include severe cardiomyopathies, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium or magnesium levels), electric shocks, inherited rhythm disorders, and, in some cases, no identifiable cause. […] Common causes of ventricular fibrillation include: Previous heart attack, Cardiomyopathies (heart muscle diseases), Myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation), Severe potassium or magnesium imbalances, Electric shock, Hereditary rhythm disorders, Drug toxicity, Post-surgical complications, Severe trauma. […] Coronary artery disease, a history of heart attacks, a family history of heart disease, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are significant risk factors for VFib.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) is a serious heart rhythm disorder that occurs when the hearts lower chambers, or ventricles, start to beat in a rapid, chaotic manner. […] VFib is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death, responsible for the majority of cases worldwide. […] VFib can occur due to several factors, including: […] Heart attack: A blocked coronary artery can disrupt blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack and increasing the risk of VFib. […] Cardiomyopathy: An enlarged or weakened heart muscle can increase the risk of VFib. […] Electrolyte imbalances: Abnormal levels of electrolytes like potassium and magnesium can interfere with the hearts electrical signaling. […] Drug toxicity: Certain medications or illegal drugs can induce VFib, particularly when used in excessive amounts.

• #2 Ventricular Fibrillation | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #2 Ventricular fibrillation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007200.htm

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low. […] People who have survived VF may be in a coma or have long-term brain or other organ damage.

• #2 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  Triggered activity may also appear as a consequence of early (EAD) or delayed afterdepolarization (DAD). […] The prognosis and long-term outcome of resuscitated patients who survived aborted cardiac death are significantly influenced by comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, hypertension), the extent of potential left ventricular hypertrophy and the mechanism of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. […] In international recommendations, therapy for VF and pVT includes the administration of epinephrine and amiodarone. […] The mechanism of action of epinephrine in the case of cardiac arrest is the consequence to -adrenergic effect, which, by directing systemic blood flow toward the heart increases myocardial blood supply, thus ensuring the minimum coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) required for successful defibrillation. […] Taking all the available data into consideration it can be concluded that currently there is no appropriate antiarrhythmic agent that can safely prevent VF and would significantly improve the long-term outcome of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the single most common etiologic factor predisposing patients to ventricular fibrillation (VF). In survivors of cardiac arrest, CAD with over 75% stenosis is observed in 40%-86% of patients, depending on the age and sex of the population studied. In postmortem studies of people who have died from VF, extensive atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic finding. […] In an autopsy study of 169 cases of coronary death, approximately 61% of patients had died suddenly of presumed VF, and another 15% of cases showed more than 75% stenosis in three or four vessels as well as similar severe lesions in at least two vessels. […] Nevertheless, only approximately 20% of VF-related autopsies have shown evidence of a recent myocardial infarction (MI). A greater proportion of autopsies (40%-70%) show evidence of a healed MI. Many of these hearts also reveal evidence of plaque fissuring, hemorrhage, and thrombosis.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation

  http://healthlibrary.somc.org/Search/134,230

  Ventricular fibrillation is an arrhythmia that starts in your ventricle. This occurs when the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead. […] The cause of V-fib isn’t always known. But it can occur with certain medical conditions. V-fib most commonly occurs during an acute heart attack or shortly after. When the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood flow, it can become electrically unstable. This causes dangerous heart rhythms. A heart that has been damaged by a heart attack or other heart muscle damage is vulnerable to V-fib. Other causes include heart failure, heart valve disease, low potassium level or other electrolyte abnormalities. Also, certain medicines, and certain genetic diseases that affect the heart’s or electrical conduction. […] The most common risk factors include: A weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), An acute or previous heart attack, Genetic diseases, such as long or short QT syndrome, Brugada disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Certain medicines that affect heart function, Electrolyte abnormalities.

• #3 V-tach vs. VFib: Symptoms, ECG Results, Resuscitation

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vtach-vs-vfib-7504686

  Ventricular fibrillation, called VFib, is the most dangerous arrhythmia. It’s characterized by rapid, chaotic electrical activity that causes the ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead of beating normally. VFib causes cardiac arrest within seconds and death within minutes if not treated. […] V-tach and VFib usually arise from an underlying structural heart condition, namely coronary heart disease or heart failure. […] The heart muscle weakens after one or more heart attacks, and scar tissue forms. A weak heart and scar tissue leads to abnormal electrical circuits and disruption of the heart’s regular electrical activity. These factors can produce dangerous arrhythmias like V-tach and VFib. […] Other heart conditions that may cause V-tach or VFib include: Dilated cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart), Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), Heart valve disease, Infiltrative heart disease (e.g., cardiac sarcoidosis), Congenital heart disease (present at birth), Heart surgery.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) is a serious heart rhythm disorder that occurs when the hearts lower chambers, or ventricles, start to beat in a rapid, chaotic manner. […] VFib is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death, responsible for the majority of cases worldwide. […] VFib can occur due to several factors, including: […] Heart attack: A blocked coronary artery can disrupt blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack and increasing the risk of VFib. […] Cardiomyopathy: An enlarged or weakened heart muscle can increase the risk of VFib. […] Electrolyte imbalances: Abnormal levels of electrolytes like potassium and magnesium can interfere with the hearts electrical signaling. […] Drug toxicity: Certain medications or illegal drugs can induce VFib, particularly when used in excessive amounts.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vf-ecg-library/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most important shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. […] The underlying mechanism of VF is not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been hypothesised: […] Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) include myocardial ischemia / infarction, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive), channelopathies e.g. Long QT (acquired / congenital) causing TdP VF and Brugada syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, and blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis). […] Environmental causes include electrical shocks, drowning, hypothermia, and sepsis. […] Neurological causes include seizure and CVA.

• #3 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892748-overview

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is rare in the pediatric population; when it does occur, ventricular fibrillation is usually a degeneration of other malignant arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT). […] Causes of ventricular fibrillation varied and included medical illness, overdose, drowning, and trauma; only 2 of 29 patients had congenital heart disease. Thus, ventricular fibrillation as a terminal rhythm in cardiac arrest may result from various causes. […] Various factors can lead to the lowering of the ventricular fibrillation threshold and, thus, increase the likelihood of an arrhythmia proceeding to ventricular fibrillation. These precipitating factors include electrolyte abnormalities, proarrhythmic medications, alterations in the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance (particularly increased catecholamines), hypothermia or hyperthermia, primary electrical disease (eg, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia), and hypoxia/ischemia.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  In young people, causes of autopsy-positive sudden cardiac death (SCD) include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), whereas inherited arrhythmogenic etiologies cause autopsy-negative SCD, including long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, idiopathic VF, and Brugada syndrome. […] The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) showed that surgically improving or restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium decreased the risk of VF, especially in patients with three-vessel disease and heart failure, compared with medical treatment. […] This finding suggests that transient acute ischemia is one of the major triggering events for sudden arrhythmic death. […] The efficacy of beta-blocking agents in reducing sudden death mortality rates, especially when administered to patients suffering from MI with VF, ventricular tachycardia (VT), and high-frequency premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), is thought to be partially caused by the ability of beta blockers to decrease ischemia.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes and Treatments

  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Moreover, patients who have undergone previous heart surgeries may experience scarring that interferes with normal cardiac electrical activity. […] Electrolyte imbalances can significantly affect the heart’s normal rhythm, leading to conditions like ventricular fibrillation. Key electrolytes play essential roles in maintaining electrical signals in the heart. Low levels of potassium, calcium, or magnesium can affect heart rhythm and cause V-Fib. […] Intense physical activity can significantly increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation, especially in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. During strenuous exercise, the heart demands more oxygen, which can lead to alterations in heart rhythm if it cannot keep up.

• #3 What Causes Ventricular Fibrillation? – My Health Rocks

  https://myhealth.rocks/what-causes-ventricular-fibrillation/

  Aside from heart-related issues, several non-cardiac causes and risk factors can increase the likelihood of experiencing ventricular fibrillation: […] Electrolyte imbalances: Imbalances in key electrolytes such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, or sodium can significantly impact the heart’s electrical activity, potentially leading to an abnormal heart rhythm. […] Drug use and medication effects: Certain drugs, particularly stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamines, can exacerbate arrhythmia risks. Similarly, some heart medications, if misused, can unintentionally trigger dangerous heart rhythms. […] Electrical shock or chest trauma: Direct incidents, such as an electrical shock or severe trauma to the chest, known as commotio cordis, can induce a chaotic heart rhythm like V-fib. […] Severe hypoxia: Conditions causing oxygen deprivation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drowning, or sepsis, can affect the heart’s ability to maintain a normal rhythm, leading to ventricular fibrillation. […] Understanding these causes underscores the need for both prompt medical intervention and long-term management strategies designed to mitigate risks and improve heart health.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537120/

  VF is often linked to underlying structural heart disease. […] Many common conditions associated with VF include electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia), acidosis, hypothermia, hypoxia, cardiomyopathies, family history of sudden cardiac death, congenital QT abnormalities, Brugada syndrome, and alcohol use. […] Genetic predisposition to VF is now increasingly recognized. The first genome-wide association was reported in the AGNES study identifying susceptibility locus for VF at 21q21.

• #3 Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/892748-overview

  Because ventricular fibrillation is usually a degeneration of ventricular tachycardias, the role ventricular tachycardias play in the evolution of the rhythm disturbance must be considered. […] The triggers for ventricular tachycardia are diverse. […] Commotio cordis is an uncommon syndrome of abrupt ventricular fibrillation following blunt chest wall trauma that typically occurs in young participants in sports (notably, ice hockey, lacrosse, baseball, and softball). […] Commotio cordis is characterized by a relatively low-energy impact that does not cause structural damage to the chest wall, myocardium, coronary arteries, or elsewhere within the thorax. Ventricular fibrillation is the most common rhythm recorded after an event, although complete heart block and idioventricular rhythms have also been observed.

• #3 Ventricular fibrillation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation can occur due to coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, electric shock, or intracranial hemorrhage.[2][1][6] […] Ventricular fibrillation most commonly occurs within diseased hearts, and, in the vast majority of cases, is a manifestation of underlying ischemic heart disease. Ventricular fibrillation is also seen in those with cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and other heart pathologies. In addition, it is seen with electrolyte imbalance, overdoses of cardiotoxic drugs, and following near drowning or major trauma.[8] […] Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation occurs with a reputed incidence of approximately 1% of all cases of out-of-hospital arrest, as well as 39% of the cases of ventricular fibrillation unrelated to myocardial infarction, and 14% of all ventricular fibrillation resuscitations in patients under the age of 40.[9]

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  An estimated 3%-9% of cases of VT and VF occur in the absence of myocardial ischemia. Up to 1% of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have idiopathic VF with no discernable structural heart disease. […] Up to 15% of patients younger than 40 years who experience VF have no underlying structural heart disease. […] Even though many individuals have anatomic and functional cardiac substrates that predispose them to ventricular arrhythmias, only a small percentage develop VF. The interplay among regional ischemia, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and transient inciting events (eg, worsened ischemia, acidosis, hypoxemia, wall tension, drugs, metabolic disturbances) has been proposed to be the precipitator of VF.

• #3 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  In 70% of long QT syndromes (LQTS) the mutation of the KCNQ1 or the KCNH2 (hERG) genes have been clarified. […] The Brugada syndrome is known as a familial disease which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetration, however in 60% of the cases occurs sporadically. […] The electrical (repolarization) heterogeneity and secondary anisotropy of the ventricular myocardium play a crucial role in the genesis of VF. […] The underlying electrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation consequently include ectopic automaticity, reentry and triggered activity (due to early and late afterdepolarizations). […] Ectopic automaticity is the result of spontaneous diastolic depolarization, where current of injury (local alterations in K+ gradient) due to acute ischemic damage is an important provoking mechanism.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Other causes: Rarely, VFib may occur due to hypothermia, electric shock, or other non-cardiac factors. […] Several risk factors increase the likelihood of VFib, including: […] Previous heart attack or heart disease […] Family history of sudden cardiac death […] Certain genetic conditions, like Long QT syndrome […] Chronic high blood pressure […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption […] Obesity and lack of physical activity. […] Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, such as a previous heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, are at higher risk of experiencing VFib. […] Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of VFib and other heart-related conditions. […] Increasing public awareness and education about VFib, sudden cardiac arrest, and the importance of immediate intervention are crucial in saving lives. […] In conclusion, Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder that requires immediate medical intervention.

• #3 What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)? – Symptoms, Causes

  https://en.taylanakgun.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vfib

  Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. […] VFib typically occurs due to damage caused by a heart attack, severe structural heart disease, or a problem in the hearts electrical system. […] The most common cause of VFib is heart muscle damage following a heart attack. Damaged tissue disrupts the hearts electrical pathways, triggering VFib. Other causes include severe cardiomyopathies, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium or magnesium levels), electric shocks, inherited rhythm disorders, and, in some cases, no identifiable cause. […] Common causes of ventricular fibrillation include: Previous heart attack, Cardiomyopathies (heart muscle diseases), Myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation), Severe potassium or magnesium imbalances, Electric shock, Hereditary rhythm disorders, Drug toxicity, Post-surgical complications, Severe trauma. […] Coronary artery disease, a history of heart attacks, a family history of heart disease, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are significant risk factors for VFib.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,230

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #3 Ventricular fibrillation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007200.htm

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low. […] People who have survived VF may be in a coma or have long-term brain or other organ damage.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the single most common etiologic factor predisposing patients to ventricular fibrillation (VF). In survivors of cardiac arrest, CAD with over 75% stenosis is observed in 40%-86% of patients, depending on the age and sex of the population studied. In postmortem studies of people who have died from VF, extensive atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic finding. […] In an autopsy study of 169 cases of coronary death, approximately 61% of patients had died suddenly of presumed VF, and another 15% of cases showed more than 75% stenosis in three or four vessels as well as similar severe lesions in at least two vessels. […] Nevertheless, only approximately 20% of VF-related autopsies have shown evidence of a recent myocardial infarction (MI). A greater proportion of autopsies (40%-70%) show evidence of a healed MI. Many of these hearts also reveal evidence of plaque fissuring, hemorrhage, and thrombosis.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  In young people, causes of autopsy-positive sudden cardiac death (SCD) include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), whereas inherited arrhythmogenic etiologies cause autopsy-negative SCD, including long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, idiopathic VF, and Brugada syndrome. […] The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) showed that surgically improving or restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium decreased the risk of VF, especially in patients with three-vessel disease and heart failure, compared with medical treatment. […] This finding suggests that transient acute ischemia is one of the major triggering events for sudden arrhythmic death. […] The efficacy of beta-blocking agents in reducing sudden death mortality rates, especially when administered to patients suffering from MI with VF, ventricular tachycardia (VT), and high-frequency premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), is thought to be partially caused by the ability of beta blockers to decrease ischemia.

• #4

  https://www.sgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation is characterised by very fast and very irregular heartbeats. It is a form of arrhythmia and is usually due to poor functioning of the hearts ventricles. A patient could lose consciousness within seconds and die within minutes. […] Common causes of ventricular fibrillation include: High risks of coronary artery disease, Poor heart function and heart failure, Strong family history of sudden cardiac death (including genetic disorder of the heart muscles (e.g. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy), Electrical disorders of the heart (e.g. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) or inherent abnormality of membrane of the heart muscle cells specialised in conduction (e.g. Brugada Syndrome and congenital long QT syndrome), Severe metabolic derangement (e.g. severe hyperkalemia).

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) or V-fib is a dangerous condition in which your heart beats in an abnormal rhythm. […] VF is considered to be the most serious type of abnormal heart rhythm. It is an emergency condition that may be brought on by a heart attack. […] While the exact cause of VF isn’t always known, the problem typically stems from interruptions in the electrical impulses that control your heartbeat. A heart attack or loss of blood flow to your heart can set off VF. […] Several things can cause or raise your risk of ventricular fibrillation: Some medications and severe illnesses can also cause VF. Leading a mainly sedentary life or not getting enough exercise may raise the risk of having VF. Electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium or high potassium, are linked to VF. Acidosis can change the PH of your blood, making it highly acidic. Cardiomyopathy is a disease that can weaken the muscle of your heart. A history of heart conditions in your family raises your overall risk to develop them as well. Alcoholism is also known to put stress on the heart. Congenital channelopathies can cause VF and increase your risk of sudden cardiac death.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation (V-Fib): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21878-ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation causes include: […] Heart attack or ischemia, which can feel like chest pain (angina). […] Heart conditions like cardiomyopathy that change the structure of your heart. […] Other arrhythmias (abnormal electrical rhythms) or arrhythmia-causing conditions. […] Congenital (present at birth) heart issues like Brugada syndrome. […] Heart surgery. […] Certain medications. […] Certain types of drug use including cocaine and methamphetamine. […] Electrolyte imbalances (too much or too little potassium or magnesium in your blood). […] Electrical shock. […] Commotio cordis (the result of getting hit in the chest with a small, fast-moving object like a baseball or hockey puck).

• #4 Ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and defibrillation | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/cardiovascular-intensive-care/Chapter-214/ventricular-fibrillation-ventricular-tachycardia-and-defibrillation

  Causes of VF: In a normal myocardium VF can be caused by the following insults: Cardiac ischaemia […] Electrical myocardial injury […] Traumatic myocardial injury (contusio cordis), which gives rise to traumatic VF (commotio cordis) […] Irritating mechanical stimulus (eg. CVC guidewires, PA catheter) […] Myocarditis […] Idiopathic (i.e. random VF in an otherwise healthy person) […] Predisposition to VF: Low potassium […] Low magnesium […] Hypoxia […] Arrhythmogenic drugs eg. theophylline, sympathomimetics […] Congenital and idiopathic predisposition, eg. WPW syndrome […] Prior cardiac surgery […] Cardiac chamber hypertrophy […] Ischaemic heart disease […] Cardiomyopathy of ischaemic heart disease (particularly, with a low ejection fraction – a patient with an LVEF under 30%-35% should become the recipient of an AICD).

• #4 Handling of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Emergency Setting

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043313/

  Triggered activity may also appear as a consequence of early (EAD) or delayed afterdepolarization (DAD). […] The prognosis and long-term outcome of resuscitated patients who survived aborted cardiac death are significantly influenced by comorbidities (ischemic heart disease, hypertension), the extent of potential left ventricular hypertrophy and the mechanism of ventricular arrhythmogenesis. […] In international recommendations, therapy for VF and pVT includes the administration of epinephrine and amiodarone. […] The mechanism of action of epinephrine in the case of cardiac arrest is the consequence to -adrenergic effect, which, by directing systemic blood flow toward the heart increases myocardial blood supply, thus ensuring the minimum coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) required for successful defibrillation. […] Taking all the available data into consideration it can be concluded that currently there is no appropriate antiarrhythmic agent that can safely prevent VF and would significantly improve the long-term outcome of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation

  http://healthlibrary.somc.org/Search/134,230

  Ventricular fibrillation is an arrhythmia that starts in your ventricle. This occurs when the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead. […] The cause of V-fib isn’t always known. But it can occur with certain medical conditions. V-fib most commonly occurs during an acute heart attack or shortly after. When the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood flow, it can become electrically unstable. This causes dangerous heart rhythms. A heart that has been damaged by a heart attack or other heart muscle damage is vulnerable to V-fib. Other causes include heart failure, heart valve disease, low potassium level or other electrolyte abnormalities. Also, certain medicines, and certain genetic diseases that affect the heart’s or electrical conduction. […] The most common risk factors include: A weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), An acute or previous heart attack, Genetic diseases, such as long or short QT syndrome, Brugada disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Certain medicines that affect heart function, Electrolyte abnormalities.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537120/

  VF is often linked to underlying structural heart disease. […] Many common conditions associated with VF include electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia), acidosis, hypothermia, hypoxia, cardiomyopathies, family history of sudden cardiac death, congenital QT abnormalities, Brugada syndrome, and alcohol use. […] Genetic predisposition to VF is now increasingly recognized. The first genome-wide association was reported in the AGNES study identifying susceptibility locus for VF at 21q21.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://longmoreclinic.org/ventricular-fibrillation-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Other causes: Rarely, VFib may occur due to hypothermia, electric shock, or other non-cardiac factors. […] Several risk factors increase the likelihood of VFib, including: […] Previous heart attack or heart disease […] Family history of sudden cardiac death […] Certain genetic conditions, like Long QT syndrome […] Chronic high blood pressure […] Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption […] Obesity and lack of physical activity. […] Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, such as a previous heart attack, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, are at higher risk of experiencing VFib. […] Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of VFib and other heart-related conditions. […] Increasing public awareness and education about VFib, sudden cardiac arrest, and the importance of immediate intervention are crucial in saving lives. […] In conclusion, Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder that requires immediate medical intervention.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #5 Ventricular Fibrillation Treatment and Causes | ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF or V-fib) is the most common initial heart rhythm in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and the most salvageable one. In VF, the etiology of arrest is often attributed to either acute ischemia or non-ischemic arrhythmia. […] The easiest way to remember the most common causes of VF are to review the reversible Hs and Ts in cardiac arrest. The Hs include hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, hyper/hypokalemia, and hydrogen ions (acidosis). The Ts are tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, toxins, and thrombosis (pulmonary or coronary).

• #5 Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) | Heart & Vascular | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/heart-and-vascular/heart-vascular-conditions/arrhythmias/v-fib

  V-fib may have a number of causes including: […] Poor blood flow to the heart […] Damage to the heart muscle […] Problems with the aorta (the bodys main artery) […] Cardiomyopathy (heart disease) […] Sepsis (severe infection) […] Drug toxicity […] You may be at an increased risk of V-fib if you have: […] A congenital heart defect […] Heart disease […] Injuries that have damaged the heart muscle […] Certain electrolyte abnormalities […] A history of V-fib episodes […] A previous heart attack.

• #5 What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)? – Symptoms, Causes

  https://en.taylanakgun.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vfib

  Ventricular fibrillation (VFib) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. […] VFib typically occurs due to damage caused by a heart attack, severe structural heart disease, or a problem in the hearts electrical system. […] The most common cause of VFib is heart muscle damage following a heart attack. Damaged tissue disrupts the hearts electrical pathways, triggering VFib. Other causes include severe cardiomyopathies, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium or magnesium levels), electric shocks, inherited rhythm disorders, and, in some cases, no identifiable cause. […] Common causes of ventricular fibrillation include: Previous heart attack, Cardiomyopathies (heart muscle diseases), Myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation), Severe potassium or magnesium imbalances, Electric shock, Hereditary rhythm disorders, Drug toxicity, Post-surgical complications, Severe trauma. […] Coronary artery disease, a history of heart attacks, a family history of heart disease, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are significant risk factors for VFib.

• #5 Ventricular fibrillation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007200.htm

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low. […] People who have survived VF may be in a coma or have long-term brain or other organ damage.

• #5 Ventricular Fibrillation

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,230

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vf-ecg-library/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most important shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. […] The underlying mechanism of VF is not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been hypothesised: […] Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) include myocardial ischemia / infarction, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive), channelopathies e.g. Long QT (acquired / congenital) causing TdP VF and Brugada syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, and blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis). […] Environmental causes include electrical shocks, drowning, hypothermia, and sepsis. […] Neurological causes include seizure and CVA.

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation Treatment and Causes | ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF or V-fib) is the most common initial heart rhythm in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and the most salvageable one. In VF, the etiology of arrest is often attributed to either acute ischemia or non-ischemic arrhythmia. […] The easiest way to remember the most common causes of VF are to review the reversible Hs and Ts in cardiac arrest. The Hs include hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, hyper/hypokalemia, and hydrogen ions (acidosis). The Ts are tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, toxins, and thrombosis (pulmonary or coronary).

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) | Heart & Vascular | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/heart-and-vascular/heart-vascular-conditions/arrhythmias/v-fib

  V-fib may have a number of causes including: […] Poor blood flow to the heart […] Damage to the heart muscle […] Problems with the aorta (the bodys main artery) […] Cardiomyopathy (heart disease) […] Sepsis (severe infection) […] Drug toxicity […] You may be at an increased risk of V-fib if you have: […] A congenital heart defect […] Heart disease […] Injuries that have damaged the heart muscle […] Certain electrolyte abnormalities […] A history of V-fib episodes […] A previous heart attack.

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. Conditions that can lead to VF include: […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low.

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/ventricular-fibrillation

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

• #7 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/ventricular-fibrillation-vf-ecg-library/

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most important shockable cardiac arrest rhythm. […] The underlying mechanism of VF is not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been hypothesised: […] Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) include myocardial ischemia / infarction, cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive), channelopathies e.g. Long QT (acquired / congenital) causing TdP VF and Brugada syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, myocarditis, cardiac tamponade, and blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis). […] Environmental causes include electrical shocks, drowning, hypothermia, and sepsis. […] Neurological causes include seizure and CVA.

• #7 Ventricular Fibrillation

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/134,230

  Complications include the possibility of repeat episodes of fainting or near fainting. There is poor blood circulation to all of your body’s vital organs during an episode of V-fib. After a prolonged V-fib episode or cardiac arrest, damage involving your neurological system, kidneys, and liver may occur. This damage may be permanent or reversible. V-fib can also be fatal.

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