Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ventricular fibrillation epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ventricular_fibrillation_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in the industrialised world. It exacts a significant mortality with approximately 70,000 to 90,000 sudden cardiac deaths each year in the United Kingdom, and survival rates are only 2%. […] The majority of these deaths are due to ventricular fibrillation secondary to myocardial infarction, or „heart attack”. During ventricular fibrillation, cardiac output drops to zero, and, unless remedied promptly, death usually ensues within minutes.

• #2 Ventricular fibrillation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation

  Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in the industrialised world. It exacts a significant mortality with approximately 70,000 to 90,000 sudden cardiac deaths each year in the United Kingdom, and survival rates are only 2%. The majority of these deaths are due to ventricular fibrillation secondary to myocardial infarction, or „heart attack”. During ventricular fibrillation, cardiac output drops to zero, and, unless remedied promptly, death usually ensues within minutes.

• #3 Ventricular Fibrillation | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/31086

  In 2017 the American Heart Association (AHA) update estimated the total annual burden of Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) at 356,500. At least 23% of OHCA treated by Emergency Medical Service (EMS) have VF/VT as the initial rhythm. With more than 60% of cardiovascular deaths resulting from cardiac arrest, it remains the leading cause of death worldwide. […] Many studies have identified VF as the most common underlying arrhythmia in patients with SCD. Among patients hospitalized with acute MI, 5% to 10% have VF or VT, and another 5% will have VF or VT within 48 hours of admission. […] The true incidence of VF is underestimated, as individuals who suffer OHCA are not covered in most of these studies. Based on Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) data, survival to hospital discharge for VF patients was 31.4%.

• #4 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  Many episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) are unwitnessed, making it difficult to assess an exact incidence. Of the approximately 300,000 cases of SCD that occur each year in the United States, up to one third are attributed to VF. This represents an incidence of 0.08%-0.16% per year in the adult population, accounting for more deaths than from lung cancer, breast cancer, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the pediatric and adolescent age groups, VF occurs with an annual incidence of 1.3-8.5 cases per 100,000 persons, accounting for approximately 5% of all deaths in this group. […] VF is often the first expression of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is responsible for approximately 50% of deaths from CAD. VF often occurs within the first hour after the onset of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

• #5 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/ventricular-fibrillation-vf

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is due to multiple wavelet reentrant electrical activity and is manifested on electrocardiogram (ECG) by ultrarapid baseline undulations that are irregular in timing and morphology. […] Although early reports noted that VF was the presenting rhythm for about 75% of patients in cardiac arrest, the proportion of cardiac arrests due to VF has been decreasing. More recently, VF has been reported to be the presenting rhythm in about 40% of cardiac arrests. […] Overall, most patients with VF have an underlying heart disorder (typically ischemic cardiomyopathy, but also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy, or other arrhythmogenic cardiovascular disorders). […] Patients who have been resuscitated from VF cardiac arrest are evaluated for cardiac disease, particularly coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, and channelopathies.

• #6 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  In several population-based studies, although the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States has been noted as declining in the past 2 decades, the proportion of sudden deaths from VF in patients with CAD has not changed. A high incidence of VF occurs among certain population subgroups (eg, patients with chronic heart failure with ejection fraction 30%, patients in the convalescent phase after MI, patients who survived cardiac arrest); however, only a small percentage of total VF events occur in these patients, because the population size is small relative to lower-risk groups. […] Survivors of a major cardiovascular event have an increased risk for VF in the first 6-24 months after the event. Up to 30% of survivors of cardiac arrest may experience recurrent VF in the first year afterward.

• #7 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  The incidence of VF is higher in men than in women (3:1). This ratio generally reflects the higher incidence of CAD in men. Although the mechanism of MI tends to differ by sex—coronary plaque rupture in men and plaque erosion in women—it is unclear whether this difference accounts for the male predominance of VF. […] The incidence of VF parallels the prevalence of CAD, with the peak rate of VF occurring in people aged 45-75 years. However, the proportion of sudden deaths from CAD decreases with age. In the Framingham Heart Study, the proportion of sudden CAD deaths was 62% in men aged 45-54 years, decreasing to 58% in men aged 55-64 years and to 42% in men aged 65-74 years. According to Kuller, 31% of deaths are sudden in people aged 20-29 years.

• #8 Ventricular Fibrillation: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158712-overview

  The frequency of VF in other industrialized Western nations is similar to that in the United States. The incidence of VF in other countries varies as a reflection of CAD prevalence in those populations. The trend toward an increasing frequency of VF events in developing nations is thought to reflect a change in dietary and lifestyle habits. […] Cardiovascular events, including sudden cardiac death (SCD) from VF (but not asystole), most frequently occur in the morning and may be related to increased platelet aggregability. A spike in the number of SCDs also appears to occur during the winter months. […] Most data are inconclusive regarding racial differences and the incidence of VF. Some studies suggest that a greater proportion of coronary deaths have been sudden in black individuals than in white individuals. In a report by Gillum on SCD from 1980-1985 data, the percentage of CAD deaths occurring out of the hospital and in emergency departments was higher in black patients than in white patients.

• #9 Ventricular Fibrillation in a General Population　– A National Database Study –

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/11/80_CJ-16-0602/_html/-char/en

  The population of Taiwan is approximately 23 million. The National Health Insurance (NHI) program, implemented in 1995, covers more than 99% of the general population. […] In the study period 20002010, 3,971 patients (68.4% male) aged younger than 60 years received medical care for VF. The crude incidence rate was 1.83 per 100,000 person-years, and the incidence rate age-adjusted using the World Health Organizations World Standard Population (20002025) was 1.55 per 100,000 person-years. […] The crude incidence rates of males and females were 2.46 and 1.18 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. […] The mortality rate was higher in those without comorbidities (387/1,205, 32.1%, P0.001), than in those with cardiac comorbidities (356/2,431, 14.6%). […] In this national cohort study, we obtained 3 main findings: (1) low incidence rate in patients younger than 10 years, but a steady increase after adolescence, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 1.55 per 100,000 person-years (the crude incidence rate was 1.83 per 100,000 person-years); (2) predominance of males in most age groups, but male sex did not increase the risk of death; and (3) comorbidities were common in the adolescent and young adult age groups, but over half of the patients did not have comorbidities.

• #10 Ventricular Fibrillation in a General Population　– A National Database Study –

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/11/80_CJ-16-0602/_html/-char/ja

  The crude incidence rates of males and females were 2.46 and 1.18 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The age-adjusted incidence rates were 2.11 and 0.99 per 100,000 person-years in the male and female groups, respectively. […] The mortality rate was higher in those without comorbidities (387/1,205, 32.1%, P0.001), than in those with cardiac comorbidities (356/2,431, 14.6%), those with trauma (6/24, 25%), and those with noncardiac comorbidities (89/311, 28.6%). […] Male predominance was noted in patients with VF, in whom the incidence increased after adolescence. The mortality rate was still high and likely to occur after arrival at ES. Mortality rates were higher in young adults without comorbidities, suggesting an underdiagnosis of underlying primary electrical diseases and the need to increase AED programs targeted at the adolescent and young adult subgroups.

• #11 Ventricular Fibrillation in a General Population　– A National Database Study –

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/11/80_CJ-16-0602/_html/-char/en

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening disease that can be remedied by prompt defibrillation. However, data regarding such risk in a general population remain limited. This general population study was to explore the epidemiological profile of VF. […] We investigated patients with VF younger than 60 years (average population, 19,725,031) using a national database spanning the period 20002010. We identified 3,971 (68.4% male) patients with VF (crude incidence rate: 1.83/100,000). Incidence rates were low in patients younger than 10 years and increased steadily after adolescence. […] The proportion of deaths after arrival at ES relative to total deaths increased sharply to a peak in the 1519-years age group and thereafter remained stationary. […] VF patients, with a male dominance, increased after adolescence and were likely to die at presentation to ES. Approximately half of young adults, with high mortality, did not have comorbidities, suggesting underdiagnosis of underlying primary electrical diseases and the need for implementing automated external defibrillator programs.

• #12 Ventricular Arrhythmia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/ventricular-arrhythmia/

  Ventricular arrhythmias cause about 300,000 deaths per year in the US, accounting for almost half of deaths from cardiac causes. […] The development of ventricular arrhythmias depends on factors such as familial history, genetic variants, heart conditions, and even certain medications. […] People with advanced heart disease are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias, especially in the elderly population. […] Men suffer more frequently from ventricular arrhythmias than women since ischemic heart disease is more prevalent in men, and ischemia predisposes for ventricular arrhythmias. […] The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia increases with age, peaking in the middle decades of life, the same age for incidence of structural heart diseases. […] If untreated, malignant ventricular arrhythmia can result in serious adverse events, such as syncope, sudden cardiac arrest, and death.

• #13 Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation — Just How Much Idiopathic is it?

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/8/10.31083/j.rcm2508306/htm

  Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is diagnosed in survivors of sudden cardiac death that has been caused by ventricular fibrillation without known structural or electrical abnormalities, even after extensive investigation. It is a common cause of sudden death in young adults. […] In Europe, SCD is the cause of death in 10–20% of all deaths, which equates to 300,000 individuals in Europe each year. The incidence of SCD differs according to age. It is very rare in childhood (1 per 100,000 person-years), while in middle-aged individuals the incidence is 50 per 100,000 person-years. The highest incidence is in the population over 80 years of age (200 per 100,000 person-years). […] If structural heart disease, channelopathy, metabolic or toxicological etiology is excluded, then a diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is made.

• #14 Ventricular fibrillation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007200.htm

  Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that is life threatening. […] The most common cause of VF is a heart attack. However, VF can occur whenever the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. […] Many people with VF have no history of heart disease. However, they often have heart disease risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] VF is a medical emergency. It must be treated immediately to save a person’s life. […] VF will lead to death within a few minutes unless it is treated quickly and properly. Even then, long-term survival for people who live through a VF attack outside of the hospital is low. […] People who have survived VF may be in a coma or have long-term brain or other organ damage.

• #15 Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97335-y

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with various major adverse cardiac events such as ischemic stroke, heart failure, and increased overall mortality. […] However, its association with lethal ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular flutter (VFL), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) is controversial. […] After adjustment for covariates, new-onset AF was associated with 4.6-fold increased risk (p0.001) of VT, VFL, and VF over 10 years of follow-up. […] In conclusion, the incidence of VT, VFL, and VF was significantly increased in people with new-onset AF. The potential risk of suffering lethal ventricular arrhythmia in people with AF should be considered in clinical practice. […] The risk of ventricular arrhythmia differed between the non-AF group, the AF 1 group, and the AF 2 group, with an incidence of 0.282, 1.521 (69 events during 45,351 person-years of follow-up), and 3.126 (206 events during 65,897 person-years of follow-up), respectively.

• #16 Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97335-y

  After multivariate adjustment, AF 1 and AF 2 were associated with a 3.386- and 5.221-fold increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia compared with the non-AF group, respectively (p0.001 for each). […] This study demonstrates the chronological association between new-onset AF and ventricular arrhythmia. […] New-onset AF was closely associated with a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, a composite of VT, VFL, and VF. The potential risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias in people with AF should be kept in mind in real-world clinical practice.

• #17 Ventricular Fibrillation | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/ventricular-fibrillation/

  Despite the debate on the true proportion and incidence of VF in prehospital cardiac arrest, event rates range from 250,000 to more than 450,000 per year in the United States. This absolute number is heavily influenced by population dynamics and the defined subpopulation being discussed. The median incidence of cardiac arrest in 10 large Canadian and U.S. communities is 52 cases per 10,000 annually. The well-documented high-risk subgroups (ischemic heart disease with low left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], complex ventricular ectopy, prior hospital admission for congestive heart failure [CHF], or previous cardiac arrest) contribute a minority of the total number of cardiac arrests, although the subgroup percent incidence per year is the highest. […] […] The Worcester Heart Attack Study described a relatively fixed incidence rate of 4.7% for VF in hospitalized patients with validated acute myocardial infarction (MI) over a 22-year period (1975 to 1997). The Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nellInfarto Miocardico (GISSI-2) database reported an incidence of early-onset VF (4 hours after onset of acute MI) and late VF (4 to 48 hours) of 3.1% and 0.6%, respectively. In-hospital prognosis was worse in patients with VF than without VF, but the postdischarge to 6-month mortality rate was similar for both VF subgroups and controls. The patient with prior cardiac arrest has a similar time dependence of risk of recurrent events.

• #18 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/specific-cardiac-arrhythmias/ventricular-fibrillation-vf

  If comprehensive electrocardiographic, imaging, and provocative testing do not identify any such causative disorder, the patient is considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. […] Because of the possibility that the disorder is familial, it is recommended that family members undergo close surveillance for possible cardiac events (eg, syncope, palpitations) and, should any occur, undergo testing, including ECG, exercise stress testing, and echocardiography. […] Patients who have VF without a reversible or transient cause are at high risk of future VF events and of sudden death.

• #19 Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-fibrillation

  VF is the most commonly identified arrhythmia in cardiac arrest patients and has been reported as present in 70% of cardiac arrests. The incidence of VF parallels the incidence of ischaemic heart disease, with a peak incidence of VF occurring in people aged 45-75 years. […] VF is most often associated with coronary artery disease and as a terminal event. […] Prognosis for survivors of VF strongly depends on the time elapsed between onset and medical intervention (prognosis is poor without intervention by 4-6 minutes after onset of VF) as well as on the particular aetiology for the VF. Early defibrillation often makes the difference between long-term disability and functional recovery. If defibrillation is delivered promptly, survival rates as high as 75% have been reported. […] Education and training of non-healthcare professionals in basic life support and the use of automated external defibrillators in public places probably have the greatest impact on improving survival rates.

• #20 A case of persistent and recurrent ventricular fibrillation with successful resuscitation and good neurological outcome – Jayasekera – Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

  https://jeccm.amegroups.org/article/view/4760/html

  Shock resistant ventricular fibrillation (VF) is defined as VF persisting after three defibrillation attempts (1). In approximately 1025% of all cardiac arrests, shock-resistant VF develops, and 87% to 98% of those patients die (2). […] Survival rates drops markedly if 5 or more shocks are required for either persistent or recurrent episodes of VF (2). […] Over the past decades there have been great advances in both the standard and process of resuscitation, but the process of in-hospital resuscitation has remained relatively unchanged. Nonetheless, successful resuscitation and good recovery after prolonged arrest have been documented (3-5).

• #21 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  More than 356,000 Americans each year experience cardiac arrest outside of a hospital. It typically affects adults, but it can happen in children, too. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens in people with and without heart disease. Having a heart attack or other heart condition can significantly increase your risk. […] Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) cause most sudden cardiac arrests. The most common life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation (also called v-fib). This is an erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from your hearts ventricles (lower chambers). When this happens, your heart cant pump blood. […] You may be at a higher risk for cardiac arrest if you have a personal or family history of abnormal heart rhythms like long QT syndrome and ventricular tachycardia. […] About 11% of people who have cardiac arrest outside a hospital and get emergency treatment survive and go home from the hospital. About 26% of people who have cardiopulmonary arrest inside a hospital survive and go home.

• #22 Ventricular Fibrillation in a General Population　– A National Database Study –

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/11/80_CJ-16-0602/_html/-char/en

  Developing prevention strategies for early diagnosis of underlying electrical diseases, increasing the availability of public-accessed defibrillators and increasing use of ICD in VF survivors, especially in the adolescent and young adult populations, are thus high-priority public health issues. […] More than half of the VF patients in the 1519-years age group did not have documented comorbidities. Although the mortality rate was relatively low in this group (10.7%), most of those without comorbidities died after arriving at the ES (5 of 6 deaths), indicating that VF might be the first and lethal manifestation of an underdiagnosed condition.

• #23

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/2657

  Improvements to guidelines and efforts to train and equip laypersons and medical professionals are expected to result in improvements in the outcomes of patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study aimed to evaluate changes in the survival and neurological outcomes of patients before and after the implementation of the 2010 guidelines. […] In a retrospective chart review, we analysed the outcomes of 182 patients who suffered bystander-witnessed, out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia of cardiac aetiology. […] Survival was found to be at the upper range of the results retrieved by the systematic literature review. However, we found no significant improvements over time. The neurological outcomes of the survivors were favourable. The generalisability of this study is limited by its small sample size. To further improve outcomes, more public health measures, such as a functioning chain of survival, are required (e.g. an effective first responder network).

• #24 Epidemiology and genetics of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5122505/

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular fibrillation (VF) during coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of total and cardiovascular mortality, and in more than half of SCD cases VF occurs as the first symptom of CAD. […] Several epidemiological studies have shown that sudden death of a family member is a risk factor for SCD and VF during acute myocardial infarction (MI), independent of traditional risk factors including family history of MI, suggesting a genetic component in the susceptibility to VF. […] The understanding of the risk factors and underlying genetic cause of VF due to MI have major clinical implications and there is an urgent need to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in order to predict and prevent development of VF and SCD. […] Identification of genetic susceptibility factors will provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of VF caused by MI, which might result in better targets for prevention and development of new therapies.

• #25 Epidemiology and genetics of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5122505/

  SCD is a major public health problem affecting millions of people each year worldwide. […] The incidence of SCD and SCA increases with age, and therefore most commonly affecting older persons. […] Although studies indicate that incidence of SCD and VF as a cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is declining, VF itself is the most common underlying arrhythmia in SCDs. […] The majority of the VF and SCD cases is thought to occur in asymptomatic individuals without a preexisting structural cardiac disease and represents the first manifestation of CAD. […] Several studies have previously demonstrated a familial aggregation of SCD/SCA and sudden death, suggesting a possible influence of genetic factors on SCA and SCD risk. […] The pioneering Dutch AGNES study was the first study to suggest an association between family history of sudden death and VF caused by first STEMI.

• #26 Epidemiology and genetics of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5122505/

  These data support a strong role for heritable factors in the risk for VF during a first MI. […] Despite tremendous research on risk stratification for predicting VF and SCD, it is still an enormous challenge for physicians to predict risk, especially in the general population. […] Developing an understanding of genetic contributions to VF during acute MI may support the current management, including risk stratification in the general population, thereby improving our ability to predict and prevent.

• #27 Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation — Just How Much Idiopathic is it?

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/8/10.31083/j.rcm2508306/htm

  Real world data show that this diagnostic algorithm has been completed in only a limited number of IVF cases. […] These studies show the variability of the approach to patients after cardiac arrest and prove that a chain of evaluation has not been established world-wide. […] The specific diagnosis is also related to the prognosis of the patient. Survivors of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) due to IVF have a high recurrence rate of arrhythmic events. […] It can be said that ICD implantation is not the end of the journey, but only the beginning.

• #28 Ventricular Fibrillation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/ventricular-fibrillation

  Ventricular fibrillation, or VF, is considered the most serious abnormal heart rhythm. VF is extremely dangerous and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Without treatment, the condition is fatal within minutes. […] Ventricular fibrillation can cause sudden cardiac arrest, which requires immediate medical attention. Signs of cardiac arrest include: Loss of consciousness, Not breathing or only gasping for breath, Sudden collapse, No pulse. […] If you’re at risk for ventricular fibrillation, your health care professional may recommend: Arrhythmia medications, which help control rhythm problems, An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which detects and corrects abnormal heart rhythms by sending a shock to the heart.

Zobacz więcej