Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface (a place where the germ lives or is present). […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages or dressing until healed. […] Use barriers, like a towel or clothing, between your skin and shared surfaces. […] Regularly clean items such as computer keyboards or handheld electronic devices. […] Use disinfectants that work against MRSA. […] Clean any surfaces that could contact open wounds, cuts or boils. […] Wash laundry before use by others and clean your hands after touching dirty clothes. […] Clean your hands often, especially before and after changing your wound dressing or bandage. […] Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] Clean your hands before you enter their room and when you leave.

• #2 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  Healthcare providers follow safety and sterilization rules to prevent healthcare-acquired infections like MRSA. These include: […] Some steps you can take to prevent CA-MRSA include: Keep wounds clean and bandaged. […] Don’t share personal items like towels and razors. […] Don’t reuse needles used for injecting nonmedical drugs or medications (even your own). […] Regularly wash sheets, towels and workout clothes in the recommended water temperature. […] Shower immediately after working out or participating in activities that increase your risk of MRSA exposure. […] Use disinfectants that kill germs to wipe down high-touch areas like light switches, remote controls and athletic equipment. […] Wash your hands frequently with hot water and soap for at least 20 seconds. […] Ask your provider how long you need to use invasive medical devices like catheters and how to prevent infection while you need the device.

• #3 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Keep hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water. Hands should be wet with water and plain soap and be rubbed together for 15 to 30 seconds. Special attention should be paid to the fingernails, between the fingers, and the wrists. Hands should be rinsed thoroughly and dried with a single-use towel (eg, paper towels). […] Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are a good alternative for disinfecting hands if a sink is not available. Hand sanitizers should be rubbed over the entire surface of hands, fingers, and wrists until dry and may be used several times. Hand sanitizers are available as a liquid or wipe in small, portable sizes that are easy to carry in a pocket or handbag. When a sink is available, visibly soiled hands should be washed with soap and water. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean, dry, and covered with a bandage until healed.

• #4 MRSA: Facts and Prevention – Mississippi State Department of Health

  https://msdh.ms.gov/page/14,5514,271,341.html

  MRSA remains an important public health concern. […] Therefore MSDH is working to prevent MRSA by providing the public and healthcare providers with educational and prevention information. […] Hygiene is the best prevention against MRSA infection. […] Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water, or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Care for wounds properly. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. […] If you are involved in sports, be especially aware of scrapes or broken skin. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors. […] Keep surfaces and equipment clean. Disinfect with a solution of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water (1 1/2 cups bleach in 1 gallon of water). […] If you have a skin infection that is slow to heal, or has spreading redness or swelling, see a doctor.

• #5 Understanding MRSA Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-mrsa-prevention

  Staph is spread by contact. You can get MRSA if you touch a person who carries or is infected with the bacteria — or if you touch something that an infected person touched. […] Here are some of the best ways to prevent MRSA: […] Wash your hands thoroughly. Use soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Experts suggest that you wash hands for 20 seconds, or as long as it takes you to recite the alphabet. […] Cover and clean cuts with an antibacterial cream or ointment and a clean bandage. This will help the wound heal. It will also prevent you from spreading bacteria to other people. […] Do not touch other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Do not share personal items like towels or razors. […] If you use shared gym equipment, wipe it down before and after you use it. […] Washing clothes and linens with regular detergents at the hottest temperature that is safe for the fabric, eliminates MRSA.

• #6 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Preventing HA-MRSA: In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment. […] Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly. […] Preventing CA-MRSA: Wash your hands. Careful hand washing remains your best defense against germs. Scrub hands briskly for at least 20 seconds. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol for times when you don’t have access to soap and water. […] Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with clean, dry bandages until they heal. The pus from infected sores may contain MRSA, and keeping wounds covered can help prevent the spread of the bacteria. […] Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. MRSA spreads on infected objects as well as through direct contact. […] Shower after athletic games or practices. Shower immediately after each game or practice. Use soap and water. Don’t share towels. […] Sanitize linens. If you have a cut or sore, wash towels and bed linens in a washing machine set to the hottest water setting (with added bleach, if possible) and dry them in a hot dryer. Wash gym and athletic clothes after each wearing.

• #7 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Avoid touching other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms. Other items that should not be shared include brushes, combs, and makeup. […] Students who participate in team sports should shower after every athletic activity using soap and clean towels. Athletes with skin infections should receive prompt treatment and should not compete when they have draining or active skin infections. […] People who use exercise machines at sports clubs or schools should be sure to wipe down the equipment, including the hand grips, with an alcohol-based solution after using it. […] Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. There is no role for routine use of antibiotics for family members who have no signs or symptoms of infection.

• #8 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  A collection of experts from US medical organizations today released updated recommendations to help acute-care hospitals prevent one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). […] Among the changes in the updated guidelines, published today in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology (ICHE), is the elevation of antimicrobial stewardship to an „essential practice” for preventing infection with and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogen that causes roughly 10% of HAIs in US hospitals and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. […] Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA. […] „Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. „These fundamental practices help to prevent the spread of other pathogens as well.”

• #9 MRSA Spread Prevention | Cape May County, NJ – Official Website

  https://capemaycountynj.gov/607/MRSA-Spread-Prevention

  You can avoid spreading staph or MRSA skin infections to others by following these steps: […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms that may have had contact with an infected wound or bandage. […] Clean surfaces frequently and apply disinfectant. […] Keep infected areas covered with clean, dry bandages. […] Tell any healthcare providers who treat you that you have or had a staph or MRSA skin infection. […] You, your family, and others in close contact should wash their hands frequently with soap and warm water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after changing bandages or touching infected skin.

• #10 Infection Control Guidance: Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthcare Facilities | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends Contact Precautions for patients with MRSA. […] Make prevention of MRSA infections a priority. […] Implement prevention actions. […] Follow Contact Precautions when caring for patients with MRSA (colonized or carrying and infected). […] The prevention of MRSA infections is a priority for CDC. […] CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions in inpatient acute care settings for patients colonized or infected with MDROs, including MRSA. […] Based on the current evidence, CDC recommends the use of Contact Precautions for MRSA-colonized or infected patients. […] CDC continues to evaluate the evidence on Contact Precautions as it becomes available.

• #11 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  This report serves as the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) Recommendations for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Control in Acute Care Facilities (hereafter referred to as The Recommendations) as required under Minnesota Statutes, section 144.585. The purpose of this document is to provide a standard set of recommendations for the prevention and control of MRSA in acute care facilities in Minnesota. It is expected that facilities will implement The Recommendations by January 1, 2009. […] Infection prevention and control practices two through four in the statute are included in The Recommendations as standard MRSA infection prevention and control practices for acute care facilities. […] The Recommendations require acute care facilities to conduct an annual MRSA risk assessment using active surveillance testing to identify patients at high risk for MRSA colonization or units with high rates of MRSA transmission.

• #12 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  Under The Recommendations, acute care facilities must also consider the standard use of active surveillance testing in targeted populations or units as a part of an enhanced infection prevention and control program when routine infection prevention and control practices do not result in decreased MRSA infection rates. […] The baseline infection prevention and control recommendations will prevent the transmission of MRSA and be useful in decreasing transmission of other health care-associated infections including Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. […] Tier One Recommendations for MRSA control in acute care settings include core MRSA infection prevention tools such as strict adherence to Contact Precautions, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices, and thorough environmental cleaning.

• #13 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. Patients with active infection should also wash their hands frequently. […] In most hospitals in the United States, hospitalized patients who are colonized or infected with MRSA are placed on „contact precautions.” This means that health care workers entering the patient’s room must wear gloves and a clean cover gown to prevent contamination of their clothing. […] The best way to prevent and control MRSA in the community is not clear. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has made the following recommendations:

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230627/Hospitals-urged-to-adopt-new-MRSA-prevention-strategies.aspx

  The guidance describes other practices – surveillance to detect asymptomatic MRSA carriers and decolonization to eradicate or reduce the burden MRSA among people who are colonized with MRSA – for specific patient populations. […] „Basic infection prevention practices, such as hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of the healthcare environment and equipment, remain foundational for preventing MRSA,” Calfee said. […] The authors retained contact precautions, the use of a gown and gloves when providing care to a patient with MRSA colonization or infection, as an essential practice. […] The updated recommendations provide guidance to help such hospitals assess risk, make informed decisions, monitor outcomes associated with changes in the use of contact precautions, and identify populations and scenarios in which continued use of contact precautions should be considered.

• #15 MRSA guidelines | Healthcare Infection Society – Healthcare Infection Society

  https://www.his.org.uk/resources-guidelines/mrsa-guidelines/

  Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections remain a serious cause of healthcare-associated infection globally. While the incidence is decreasing, this remains an important concern for IPC professionals. […] Together, the Healthcare Infection Society and the Infection Prevention Society have updated the guidelines for the prevention and control of MRSA in healthcare settings. This page provides additional resources for IPC professionals in support of the guidelines, and will be updated with new content as it becomes available. […] The guideline is freely accessible and available to download now. One-page summary This page provides a summary of the procedures and precautions recommended to prevent the spread of MRSA. […] Screening in some form needs to be performed: use at least a targeted approach, but you can also consider using universal screening as appropriate, and depending on local facilities.

• #16 MRSA guidelines | Healthcare Infection Society – Healthcare Infection Society

  https://www.his.org.uk/resources-guidelines/mrsa-guidelines/

  There is no need to perform repeat MRSA screening routinely. You do not need to perform repeat MRSA screening for patients who screen positive at admission unless the patient undergoes decolonisation therapy. […] You can use mupirocin for nasal decolonisation, either selectively for those who are colonised, or universally for all high-risk patients. You can use chlorhexidine, either selectively or universally, for body decolonisation to reduce MRSA carriage. […] Hospital surveillance is an important a component of MRSA prevention and control programmes: undertake routine surveillance as part of your hospitals IPC strategy and to ensure you comply with mandatory national requirements. […] Use standard IPC precautions in the care of all patients to minimise the risk of MRSA transmission. For patients known to be colonised/infected with MRSA, you can consider using contact precautions for direct contact with the patient or their immediate environment. […] You need to make patients aware of the reasons for MRSA screening and decolonisation and inform patients of their screening result as soon as it is available.

• #17 MRSA Decolonization

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/health-wellness-and-safety-resources/helping-hands/mrsa-decolonization

  Many people have been exposed to a germ called Staphylococcus aureus. […] The removal of MRSA is called „decolonization”. Decolonization may help reduce the risk of spreading the germs to others and help to avoid future infections. […] If your practitioner prescribes decolonization, there are two parts to the treatment: Rubbing ointment into each of your nostrils twice a day for 5 days […] Taking a shower or bath using a special soap once a day for up to 5 days while you are using the nasal ointment. […] Your doctor may prescribe the ointment and soap, as well as oral medicines.

• #18 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased at an alarming rate in the recent past and has major cost implications. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a policy of pre-operative MRSA prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA infection in patients undergoing liver resection. […] In September 2003, a policy of MRSA prophylaxis (nasal mupirocin and triclosan wash for 5 days) was introduced within this unit. […] Introduction of a simple MRSA prophylaxis policy has had a significant reduction on the incidence MRSA-related infection within our patient population, leading to reduced morbidity and cost saving to the UK National Health Service. […] Several authors have published favourable results showing a reduction in the incidence of MRSA carriage by adoption of a prophylaxis regimen.

• #19 A Simple Prophylaxis Regimen for MRSA: Its Impact on the Incidence of Infection in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752240/

  The aim of this study was to assess the impact of such prophylaxis on the incidence of MRSA-related infection. […] The MRSA prophylaxis protocol consisted of mupirocin applied to the nose three times a day from the day of admission to the fifth postoperative day. Triclosan (2%) was also used twice daily, in a shower or bath, over the same period of time. […] Prophylaxis was found to be associated with a significant reduction in the rate of MRSA-related infection (P = 0.029). […] Adoption of a simple peri-operative prophylaxis protocol has reduced the incidence of MRSA-related infection, resulting in reduction in patient morbidity and significant cost savings to our institution.

• #20 Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) related complications in surgical patients – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23959704/

  Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) related complications in surgical patients. […] The optimal prophylactic antibiotic regimen for the prevention of MRSA after surgery is not known. […] To compare the benefits and harms of all methods of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of postoperative MRSA infection and related complications in people undergoing surgery. […] Prophylaxis with co-amoxiclav decreases the proportion of people developing MRSA infections compared with placebo in people without malignant disease undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion, although this may be due to decreasing overall infection thereby preventing wounds from becoming secondarily infected with MRSA. […] There is currently no other evidence to suggest that using a combination of multiple prophylactic antibiotics or administering prophylactic antibiotics for an increased duration is of benefit to people undergoing surgery in terms of reducing MRSA infections. […] Well designed RCTs assessing the clinical effectiveness of different antibiotic regimens are necessary on this topic.

• #21 When is vancomycin prophylaxis necessary? Risk factors for MRSA surgical site infection | Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antimicrobial-stewardship-and-healthcare-epidemiology/article/when-is-vancomycin-prophylaxis-necessary-risk-factors-for-mrsa-surgical-site-infection/03F9AA8C2C953E97133101FBB63E3732

  The 2022 SHEA/IDSA/APIC guidance for surgical site infection (SSI) prevention recommends reserving vancomycin prophylaxis to patients who are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized. […] To optimize vancomycin prophylaxis, we sought to identify risk factors for MRSA SSI. […] Patients with prior MRSA colonization or infection had 910 times greater odds of MRSA SSI and patients undergoing hip and knee replacement had 34 times greater odds of MRSA SSI. […] Our findings support national recommendations to reserve vancomycin prophylaxis for patients who are MRSA colonized, as well as those undergoing hip and knee replacement, in the absence of routine MRSA colonization surveillance. […] Vancomycin is commonly administered preoperatively to prevent MRSA SSI. However, much of this is discordant with updated guideline recommendations and is unnecessary.

• #22 When is vancomycin prophylaxis necessary? Risk factors for MRSA surgical site infection | Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antimicrobial-stewardship-and-healthcare-epidemiology/article/when-is-vancomycin-prophylaxis-necessary-risk-factors-for-mrsa-surgical-site-infection/03F9AA8C2C953E97133101FBB63E3732

  In 2022, SHEA/IDSA/APIC updated their recommendations to state that vancomycin prophylaxis should only be considered in patients known to be MRSA colonized or in the setting of a proven MRSA SSI outbreak. […] Reliance on general healthcare-associated characteristics has resulted in an overestimation of MRSA risk and subsequent vancomycin overuse in the surgical setting. […] Our findings support the updated 2022 SHEA/IDSA/APIC guideline recommendations to reserve vancomycin prophylaxis for patients who are known to be MRSA colonized. […] We also found patients undergoing hip and knee replacement to be at higher risk of MRSA SSI, which is consistent with prior data suggesting patients undergoing procedures involving prosthetic material are at higher risk of MRSA SSI. […] Additional research evaluating the role and cost-effectiveness of routine MRSA colonization screening to guide vancomycin prophylaxis is necessary.

• #23 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) – Diversey

  https://www.solutionsdesignedforhealthcare.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-prevention/

  Good general hygiene including proper cleaning and covering of wounds, hand hygiene, no sharing of personal items, and maintaining a clean environment will all help reduce the risk of transmission. […] It is known to survive on environmental surfaces for several months so diligent and frequent cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces as part of a comprehensive Environmental Hygiene Plan should be a key prevention strategy at healthcare, correctional, and athletic facilities.

• #24 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  There are a number of other measures that may help to prevent the spread of infections, including infection with MRSA. […] Use a tissue to cover the mouth when sneezing or coughing. Used tissues should be disposed of promptly. Sneezing/coughing into the sleeve of one’s clothing (at the inner elbow) is another means of containing sprays of saliva and secretions and has the advantage of not contaminating the hands. […] Use of disinfectant (antimicrobial cleaning agent) on surfaces (eg, counters, doorknobs, phones, computer keyboards) can help to reduce or eliminate bacteria.

• #25 MRSA Prevention Toolkit: ICUs & Non-ICUs | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/hai/tools/mrsa-prevention/toolkit/welcome.html

  Welcome to the AHRQ Toolkit for MRSA Prevention in ICU Non-ICU Settings. This Toolkit is designed to equip healthcare professionals with the essential knowledge, resources, and tools to tackle the complex problems of MRSA prevention in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) and non-intensive care units (non-ICUs). […] The clinical topics of this Toolkit are centered around the Four Key Strategies to Prevent MRSA. These denote four strategic areas where MRSA prevention efforts can have the greatest impact. […] This Toolkit is built upon concepts derived from the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP). Select this link to go to the section on CUSP for MRSA Prevention to learn how incorporating the CUSP methodology can enhance your MRSA prevention efforts. […] The Program Implementation section provides guidance on initiating or improving an MRSA Prevention program in your unit or facility by operationalizing this Toolkit and integrating multi-faceted MRSA prevention into your institutional efforts.

• #26 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults: Prevention and control – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-in-adults-prevention-and-control

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in adults: Prevention and control […] Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is among the most important challenges of infection prevention. Factors in transmission include colonization, impaired host defenses, and contact with skin or contaminated fomites. […] The success of MRSA control has varied substantially with different strategies. Numerous guidelines have been published from countries around the world: […] In 2023, United States guidelines were updated, entitled „SHEA/IDSA/APIC Practice recommendation: Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute care hospitals: 2022 update.” […] Guidelines for Europe and specific European countries can be found online: European MRSA prevention guidelines.

• #27 AHRQ Safety Program for MRSA Prevention – Stratis Health

  https://stratishealth.org/initiative/ahrq-safety-program-mrsa-prevention/

  The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), in conjunction with Johns Hopkins Medicine Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, and NORC at the University of Chicago created the AHRQ Safety Program for MRSA Prevention Program. […] This evidence-based infection prevention program that includes behavioral and cultural interventions is designed to reduce the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in intensive care units and other inpatient units, surgical services, and long-term care facilities across the United States. […] Facilitate the dissemination of research-based tools and evidence-based practices for the reduction of MRSA infections. […] Working with health professionals nationwide to embed a team-based safety culture and enhance infection prevention policies and practices […] Applying evidence-based strategies to enhance the quality of care and enhance clinical teams, patient, and family understanding of their role in infection prevention.

• #28 Toolkits for MRSA Prevention | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

  https://www.ahrq.gov/hai/tools/mrsa-prevention/toolkit/index.html

  The AHRQ Safety Program for MRSA Prevention was a 5-year national project aimed at implementing improvements in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevention across hospital acute care units (including both intensive care units and non-intensive care units), high-risk surgical services, and long-term care facilities. […] The goal of these toolkits is to assist staff and leadership in improving infection prevention practices and ultimately reduce MRSA rates in their units and facilities.

• #29 Healthcare Associated Infections – Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections

  https://eguideline.guidelinecentral.com/i/91872-prevention-of-healthcare-associated-infections/7

  Prevention of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Transmission Basic practices for prevention and monitoring of MRSA transmission* Components of a MRSA transmission prevention program > Conduct a MRSA risk assessment (B-III). > Implement a MRSA monitoring program (A-III). > Promote compliance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or World Health Organization hand hygiene recommendations (A-II). > Use contact precautions for MRSA-colonized or -infected patients (A-II). > Ensure cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment (B-III). > Educate healthcare personnel about MRSA, including risk factors, routes of transmission, outcomes associated with infection, prevention measures, and local epidemiology (B-III). > Implement a laboratory-based alert system that immediately notifies infection prevention and control and clinical personnel of new MRSA-colonized or -infected patients (B-III). > Implement an alert system that identifies readmitted or transferred MRSA-colonized or -infected patients (B-III). > Educate patients and their families about MRSA, as appropriate (B-III).

• #30 New guidelines recommend antibiotic stewardship for preventing MRSA | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/new-guidelines-recommend-antibiotic-stewardship-preventing-mrsa

  The guidelines note that while the quality of evidence for making antimicrobial stewardship programs an essential component of a MRSA prevention program is low, there is a theoretical rationale. […] „Receipt of antibiotics without MRSA activity has been associated with significant increases in the intranasal burden of MRSA; thus, receipt of such antibiotics may increase the risk of infection in the colonized person and/or increase risk of transmission to others,” the guidelines state. […] Other changes to the new guidelines include supporting data and specific recommendations for active surveillance testing for asymptomatic MRSA carriers and for MRSA decolonization strategies.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230627/Hospitals-urged-to-adopt-new-MRSA-prevention-strategies.aspx

  A group of five medical organizations have released updated recommendations for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, transmission and infection. […] Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals provides evidence-based, practical recommendations to prevent the spread of MRSA and reduce the risk of MRSA infection. […] The updated recommendations elevate antimicrobial stewardship an effort focused on improving how antibiotics are prescribed and used from an „additional practice” to an „essential practice,” meaning all hospitals should do it. […] Avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics may decrease these and other risks associated with antibiotic use, such as C. difficile infection.

• #32 MRSA Prevention: Strategies for Athletes | Matguard

  https://matguardusa.com/blogs/news/mrsa-prevention-guide?srsltid=AfmBOopIT69Iib-DGNAZAyRDmAWK9pzJ1mA0DvttresROCS1l3k3TufZ

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly known as MRSA, is a type of bacteria that has become resistant to several antibiotics. Understanding and implementing effective MRSA prevention strategies is crucial in these environments to safeguard the health and well-being of all participants. […] Effective MRSA prevention in these settings is not just a matter of personal hygiene but a collective responsibility. Preventing MRSA infections requires a coordinated effort involving athletes, coaching staff, and facility managers to minimize the risk of transmission and ensure a safe sporting environment. […] By understanding MRSA, recognizing how it spreads, and implementing robust prevention measures, we can significantly reduce the risk of MRSA infections among athletes. […] MRSA prevention is critical because it helps avoid the complications associated with these hard-to-treat infections.

• #33 MRSA Prevention: Strategies for Athletes | Matguard

  https://matguardusa.com/blogs/news/mrsa-prevention-guide?srsltid=AfmBOopIT69Iib-DGNAZAyRDmAWK9pzJ1mA0DvttresROCS1l3k3TufZ

  MRSA prevention in sports settings is crucial due to the bacteria’s ability to spread through both direct contact with an infected wound and indirect contact with contaminated objects and surfaces. […] Regular cleaning and disinfection of these shared spaces are pivotal in MRSA prevention strategies to minimize the risk of MRSA transmission. […] Early detection of MRSA infections is key to effective treatment and prevention of further spread. […] Effective MRSA prevention starts with rigorous personal hygiene practices. […] Incorporating the use of MatGuards antibacterial body wipes into the routine of athletes provides an additional layer of protection against MRSA. […] Proper wound care is a critical component of MRSA prevention. […] One of the simplest, yet most effective MRSA prevention strategies is to avoid sharing personal items such as towels, uniforms, and sports equipment.

• #34 MRSA Prevention Fact Sheet

  https://www.lysol.com/clean-and-protect/protect-against-germs/understanding-germs/mrsa-prevention-fact-sheet

  Hard to spell. Easy to kill* with Lysol. Lysol kills 99.9% of viruses bacteria, including MRSA! […] The key to preventing MRSA infections is for everyone to practice good hygiene. […] A few simple hygiene steps can help prevent and reduce the spread of possible Staph infections. […] Prevent spreading MRSA skin infections to others by following these steps. […] Keep wounds that are draining, or have pus, covered with clean, dry bandages until healed. […] You, your family, and others in close contact should wash their hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub, especially after changing the bandage or touching the infected wound. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms that may have had contact with the infected wound or bandage.

• #35

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/mrsa.html

  Cover your wound. Keep wounds that are draining or have pus covered with clean, dry bandages. […] Follow your health care providers instructions. Pus from infected wounds can contain staph or MRSA. Keeping the infection covered will help prevent the spread to others. Bandages or tape can be thrown away with the regular trash. […] Wash your hands. You, your family, and others in close contact should wash hands often with soap and warm water, especially after changing a bandage or touching an infected wound. You can use an alcohol-based hand gel when soap and water are not available. […] Do not share personal items. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms that may have had contact with the infected wound or bandage. Wash soiled sheets, towels, and clothes with water and laundry detergent. Drying clothes in a hot dryer, rather than air-drying, also helps kill bacteria in clothes.

• #36

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/mrsa.html

  Talk to your doctor. Tell any health care providers who treat you that you have or had a staph or MRSA skin infection. […] Keep your hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand gel. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed. […] Avoid contact with other peoples wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels or razors.

• #37 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  Regular handwashing is the best way to prevent getting and spreading staph, including MRSA. Keep your hands clean by washing them frequently with soap and warm water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after direct contact with another person’s skin. […] Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until they have healed. […] Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages. […] Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, toothbrushes and razors. Sharing these items may transfer staph from one person to another. […] Keep your skin healthy, and avoid getting dry, cracked skin, especially during the winter. Healthy skin helps to keep the staph on the surface of your skin from causing an infection underneath your skin. […] Contact your doctor if you have a skin infection that does not improve.

• #38 MRSA (Staph) Infection: Pictures, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa

  Take the following measures to reduce your risk of getting and spreading CA-MRSA: Wash your hands on a regular basis. This is the first line of defense against spreading MRSA. Scrub your hands for at least 15 seconds before drying them with a towel. Use another towel to turn off the faucet. Carry hand sanitizer that contains 60 percent alcohol. Use it to keep your hands clean when you dont have access to soap and water. […] Keep your wounds covered at all times. Covering wounds can prevent pus or other fluids containing staph bacteria from contaminating surfaces that other people may touch. […] Dont share personal items. This includes towels, sheets, razors, and athletic equipment. […] Sanitize your linens. If you have cuts or broken skin, wash bed linens and towels in hot water with extra bleach and dry everything at high heat in the dryer. You should also wash your gym and athletic clothes after each use.

• #39 Reduce MRSA bloodstream infections that people get in the hospital — HAI‑02 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-care-associated-infections/reduce-mrsa-bloodstream-infections-people-get-hospital-hai-02

  MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of bacteria that causes infections that cant be treated with many first-line antibiotics. […] Educating and training health care workers on how to prevent MRSA is critical for reducing these infections in hospitals. […] MRSA infections can be deadly, but they are preventable.

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