Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221/

  Based on the antibiotic susceptibilities, Methicillin resistance in S. aureus is defined as an oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/mL. MRSA infection is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections and is commonly associated with significant morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and cost burden. MRSA infections can be further divided into hospital-associated (HA-MRSA) infections and community-associated (CA-MRSA) infections. They differ not only in respect to their clinical features and molecular biology but also to their antibiotic susceptibility and treatment. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of MRSA and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the recognition and management of this condition.

• #2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Basics | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html

  MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. […] If left untreated, MRSA infections can cause sepsis or death. […] The risk increases for people with hospitalizations or nursing home stays, skin-to-skin contact with others (such as in contact sports), and exposure to crowded and unhygienic places. […] Contact your healthcare provider, especially if the symptoms include a fever or do not improve within 48 hours. […] MRSA infections can cause serious problems in and outside of healthcare settings, including pneumonia (lung infections), bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, sepsis, the body’s extreme response to an infection (if left untreated), and death (if left untreated). […] Although anyone can get MRSA, some groups have a higher risk: athletes, daycare and school students, military personnel in barracks, people who receive inpatient medical care, people who have surgery or medical devices inserted in their body, and people who inject drugs.

• #3 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of bacteria that many antibiotics dont work on. MRSA most often causes skin infections, but it can also cause serious illnesses that are hard to treat. […] MRSA infections are hard to treat because very few antibiotics are effective against them. MRSA most often causes skin infections but it can also cause serious infections in your lungs, heart and bloodstream. […] Providers treat MRSA infections by caring for open wounds and finding antibiotics that are effective against the strain of MRSA you have. Wound treatment includes draining fluid and surgically removing infected tissue. […] Providers treat severe MRSA infections with intravenous (through your vein) antibiotics in the hospital. […] Healthcare providers follow safety and sterilization rules to prevent healthcare-acquired infections like MRSA.

• #4 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Public Information | Orange County California – Health Care Agency

  https://www.ochealthinfo.com/services-programs/disease-prevention/diseases-conditions/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus

  Staphylococcus aureus (Staph; S. aureus) is a bacteria commonly found on the skin and in the nose of healthy people. Staph can also be found in the armpit, groin, rectum or genital area, where it also can live without causing infection. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, or MRSA, are Staph bacteria that have developed resistance to certain antibiotics (the beta-lactams) commonly used to treat Staph infections. […] MRSA infections do not look different than those caused by other Staph aureus. More severe or potentially life-threatening MRSA infections occur most frequently among patients in healthcare settings. […] S. aureus infections, including MRSA, are generally NOT reportable in Orange County, unless associated with an outbreak, or MRSA is identified in patient admitted to a healthcare facility. Outbreaks should be reported immediately by phone (714-834-8180) to OCHCA Epidemiology.

• #5 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221/

  Based on the antibiotic susceptibilities, Methicillin resistance in S. aureus is defined as an oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/mL. MRSA infection is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections and is commonly associated with significant morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and cost burden. MRSA infections can be further divided into hospital-associated (HA-MRSA) infections and community-associated (CA-MRSA) infections. They differ not only in respect to their clinical features and molecular biology but also to their antibiotic susceptibility and treatment. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of MRSA and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the recognition and management of this condition.

• #6 MRSA in Nursing Homes – Causes & Diagnosing MRSA

  https://nursinghomesabuse.org/nursing-home-injuries/infections/mrsa/

  MRSA represents a significant danger to nursing home residents, but many people outside the medical field haven’t heard of it. MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The disease is an antibiotic-resistant staph infection. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), healthcare facilities like nursing homes are particularly vulnerable to the disease because nursing home residents frequently receive inpatient medical care or surgery and have weakened immune systems due to age. […] Further CDC data indicates that around 120,000 MRSA infections occur each year and that approximately 20,000 deaths result from those infections. Many of those infections occur in health care settings like nursing homes. […] MRSA frequently spreads in health care facilities such as nursing homes, and it’s a worsening problem because of the increase of nursing home residents in the past several years. MRSA preys on individuals with weakened immune systems, and nursing home residents are elderly people, many of whom have weak immune systems.

• #7 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who’ve been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. […] MRSA is prevalent in nursing homes. Carriers of MRSA have the ability to spread it, even if they’re not sick themselves. […] In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment.

• #8 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221/

  The majority of data indicate that MRSA increases mortality and morbidity in seniors, nursing home patients and those with organ dysfunction. Individuals with end-stage liver disease, renal insufficiency and those admitted to the ICU have high mortality rates when there is an associated MRSA infection. The mortality rates vary from 5-60%, depending on the patient population and site of infection. More important, more patients with MRSA are now undergoing surgery, and in at least 40% of patients, a central line was the cause of the infection. Finally, about 60% of patients do acquire MRSA within 48 hours despite having no healthcare risks.

• #9 Airborne and Direct Contact Diseases – MRSA – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/mrsa.shtml

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams. These antibiotics include methicillin and other more common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. In the community, most MRSA infections are skin infections and these are considered non-invasive. When a person has MRSA bacteria, but it does not cause illness it is called „colonization.” While 25 30% of people are colonized in the nose with staph, less than 2% of people are colonized with MRSA (Gorwitz RJ et al. Journal of Disease Surveillances, 2008:”197:1226-34.) […] Severe or potentially life-threatening MRSA infections occur most frequently among patients in healthcare settings with an invasive MRSA infection. Patients in healthcare facilities may have weakened immune systems, undergo procedures (such as surgery) or have catheters inserted into the skin. These conditions make it easier for MRSA to get into the body and infect sterile sites, such as blood, CSF, or synovial fluid. […] Recommendations for the Prevention and Control of MRSA and VRE in Long Term Care Facilities (word*) […] MRSA outbreak checklist (word*) […] MRSA Prevention and Control Information for School Athletic Programs (pdf*) […] MRSA surveillance reports 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 (pdf*).

• #10 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated fomites. PPE, such as gowns and gloves, protect against MRSA acquisition and transmission to other patients. Infected patients should be placed in private rooms with their own equipment (i.e., thermometer, BP cuff) that is not shared among other patients.

• #11 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Basics | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html

  MRSA spreads in the community through contact with infected people, wounds, or things that have touched infected skin and are carrying the bacteria. […] Healthcare providers often prescribe antibiotics to treat MRSA infections. […] While MRSA can be resistant to several antibiotics, meaning these drugs cannot cure the infections, there are antibiotics available to treat MRSA infections.

• #12 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface (a place where the germ lives or is present). […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface and can cause infections if it gets into a cut, scrape or open wound. […] Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions about proper care of the wound. Pus from infected wounds can contain MRSA. […] If you see the medical device access area start to look infected (red, swollen, warm, draining), call your healthcare provider right away, especially if you have a fever. […] Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] Clean your hands before you enter their room and when you leave. […] Ask a healthcare provider if you need to wear protective gowns and gloves when you visit.

• #13 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  MRSA PREVENTION […] A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. […] Basic infection prevention measures — There are a number of other measures that may help to prevent the spread of infections, including infection with MRSA.

• #14 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  To identify factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections at the level of the hospital organization. […] MRSA infections decrease with increases in general cleaning, infection control training, hand hygiene, and error reporting climate. […] Intensified general cleaning, improved hand hygiene, additional infection control training, and a climate conducive to error reporting emerged as the factors most closely associated with trust-level reductions in MRSA infections over time. […] The patient factors that have been identified with health care-associated MRSA infection include colonization of the nares and skin on admission, surgical wounds, invasive devices, comorbid disease, recent and repeated hospitalizations, and residing in an assisted living facility.

• #15

• #16 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/mrsa.htm

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the name for the strains of staph bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics that are usually used to treat staph infections. […] Health care providers should take the following steps to reduce the risk of spreading MRSA infection: Clean hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after caring for each patient. […] Treatment of MRSA depends on the location and severity of the infection. Some infections are treated by draining the pimples or boils while others will require antibiotics. […] It is important to treat MRSA infections early. If left untreated, MRSA can spread throughout the body and cause more serious infections like sepsis.

• #17 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated fomites. PPE, such as gowns and gloves, protect against MRSA acquisition and transmission to other patients. Infected patients should be placed in private rooms with their own equipment (i.e., thermometer, BP cuff) that is not shared among other patients.

• #18 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  The Recommendations require acute care facilities to conduct an annual MRSA risk assessment using active surveillance testing to identify patients at high risk for MRSA colonization or units with high rates of MRSA transmission. […] The baseline infection prevention and control recommendations will prevent the transmission of MRSA and be useful in decreasing transmission of other health care-associated infections including Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. […] Tier One Recommendations for MRSA control in acute care settings include core MRSA infection prevention tools such as strict adherence to Contact Precautions, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices, and thorough environmental cleaning.

• #19 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  Organizational factors identified in previous research include contaminated environmental surfaces and poor hand hygiene practices. […] Our findings from fixed effects negative binominal and generalized method of moment analyses suggest the potential for acute trust administrators to contribute to the containment of MRSA in their trust by intensifying general cleaning activities, fostering infection control training, and establishing effective hand hygiene practices as well as a climate in which staff members feel comfortable reporting, discussing, and learning from errors, near misses, and incidents. […] Infection control and hygiene practices are vitally important if acute trust administrators expect to control MRSA infection. […] A number of reports suggest that poor cleaning and disinfection of surfaces increase the risk of MRSA colonization and transmission.

• #20 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  To identify factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections at the level of the hospital organization. […] MRSA infections decrease with increases in general cleaning, infection control training, hand hygiene, and error reporting climate. […] Intensified general cleaning, improved hand hygiene, additional infection control training, and a climate conducive to error reporting emerged as the factors most closely associated with trust-level reductions in MRSA infections over time. […] The patient factors that have been identified with health care-associated MRSA infection include colonization of the nares and skin on admission, surgical wounds, invasive devices, comorbid disease, recent and repeated hospitalizations, and residing in an assisted living facility.

• #21

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/static?pageid=993420

  The facility-wide campaign to reduce MRSA to zero brought everyone together with a message that MRSA is everyone’s business. […] Our institution patterned the best practice from our sister institution, the VA Pittsburgh, and the best practice is called the VHA MRSA bundle. […] The components to the bundle are the following: leadership engagement, active surveillance, hand hygiene, contact precautions, and cultural transformation. […] Active surveillance means that all patients who are admitted, discharged, or transferred are nares swabbed to identify MRSA carriers and followed by immediate feedback to the nursing unit when an MRSA-positive patient is identified. […] Hand hygiene absolutely!! The key to this campaign was adherence to the practice. […] The RED LINE approach is our best practice in contact precaution.

• #22 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with central lines in intensive care units are at risk for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), which can be a fatal complication. […] The patient with MRSA is placed on contact precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA to others. This involves placing the patient in a private room and ensuring that all healthcare providers wear appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and gowns, when entering the room. […] Proper wound care is essential in preventing the spread of infection and further damage to the tissues. […] If the patient has MRSA-infected wounds, it is essential to properly care for them to prevent worsening infection. Ensure that the wound is cleaned and dressed appropriately and that the patient and their family are educated to wash their hands before and after touching the wound or contaminated items.

• #23 MRSA infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/symptoms-causes/syc-20375336

  Most methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections occur in people who’ve been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. […] MRSA is prevalent in nursing homes. Carriers of MRSA have the ability to spread it, even if they’re not sick themselves. […] In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with MRSA often are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of MRSA. Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear protective garments. […] They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures. For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical appointment.

• #24 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  There is no indication for routine screening prior to transfer to home or to a community unit. […] The staff of the receiving community facility and the GP should be informed before transfer of a patient who is MRSA positive. […] Carriage of MRSA is not a contraindication to the transfer of a patient to a nursing or convalescent home. […] The resident with MRSA should be encouraged to practice good hygiene and be assisted with this if their physical or mental condition makes this difficult. […] Isolation is not required as this may adversely affect rehabilitation of the resident. […] Residents of community facilities colonised with MRSA should not be restricted from participation in social or therapeutic group facilities within the residence, if wounds are covered. […] A colonised resident who has open lesions should be in a single room if available and if this will not adversely affect the resident’s rehabilitation.

• #25 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  The colonised resident may join other residents for social activities in the sitting room, dining room and other communal areas providing their sores or wounds are kept covered with an appropriate dressing, preferably impermeable. […] Equipment with which the MRSA colonised resident has been in contact, such as a commode, should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] It is important that community residential facilities have appropriate infection control arrangements for the management of a growing infection problem, such as MRSA. […] Isolation of patients/residents is generally not required, other than in exceptional circumstances.

• #26 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa/

  This is a study guide for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which includes its nursing management, nursing assessment, selected nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. […] Nursing care in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) include the following: […] Nursing assessment for the patient with MRSA include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for MRSA are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for a patient with MRSA: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with MRSA include the following:

• #27 Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA Handout & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/nursing-diagnosis-for-mrsa-handout

  Carepatron’s guide to nursing diagnosis for MRSA highlights critical assessment techniques, treatment protocols, and patient care strategies for these invasive infections. […] As health care workers, understanding MRSA and its implications is crucial for effective patient care. Our Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA handout aims to equip nurses with the knowledge to efficiently identify, assess, manage, and prevent MRSA infections. […] Nurses should be vigilant in identifying symptoms of an MRSA infection in the body, which can vary depending on the infection site. […] Besides these physical symptoms, nurses should also assess a patient’s risk factors for MRSA, such as recent hospitalization, surgery, or other invasive procedures. […] Regular monitoring of vital signs is essential to identify potential complications and ensure early intervention.

• #28 MRSA infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375340

  Doctors diagnose methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by checking a tissue sample or nasal secretions for signs of drug-resistant bacteria. […] Both health care-associated and community-associated strains of still respond to certain antibiotics. […] Doctors may need to perform emergency surgery to drain large boils (abscesses), in addition to giving antibiotics. […] In some cases, antibiotics may not be necessary. For example, doctors may drain a small, shallow boil (abscess) caused by rather than treat the infection with drugs. […] During your physical exam, your doctor will closely examine any skin cuts you may have. He or she might take a sample of tissue or liquid from the cuts for testing.

• #29

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1871

  Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have worse symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness. Red streaks leading from the area. Pus draining from the area. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #30 Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA Handout & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/nursing-diagnosis-for-mrsa-handout

  Carepatron’s guide to nursing diagnosis for MRSA highlights critical assessment techniques, treatment protocols, and patient care strategies for these invasive infections. […] As health care workers, understanding MRSA and its implications is crucial for effective patient care. Our Nursing Diagnosis for MRSA handout aims to equip nurses with the knowledge to efficiently identify, assess, manage, and prevent MRSA infections. […] Nurses should be vigilant in identifying symptoms of an MRSA infection in the body, which can vary depending on the infection site. […] Besides these physical symptoms, nurses should also assess a patient’s risk factors for MRSA, such as recent hospitalization, surgery, or other invasive procedures. […] Regular monitoring of vital signs is essential to identify potential complications and ensure early intervention.

• #31 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  The role of cultures in managing recurrent skin and soft-tissue infections is limited. […] Recommended treatment for adults with uncomplicated bacteremia includes vancomycin or daptomycin at a dosage of 6 mg per kg intravenously once per day for at least two weeks. […] For adults with infective endocarditis, intravenous vancomycin or daptomycin (6 mg per kg intravenously once per day for six weeks) is recommended. […] Empiric therapy for MRSA is recommended, pending sputum and/or blood culture results, for hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia defined by one of the following: a requirement for admission to the intensive care unit, necrotizing or cavitary infiltrates, or empyema. […] The mainstay of therapy for osteomyelitis is surgical debridement with drainage of associated soft-tissue abscesses.

• #32 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with central lines in intensive care units are at risk for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), which can be a fatal complication. […] The patient with MRSA is placed on contact precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA to others. This involves placing the patient in a private room and ensuring that all healthcare providers wear appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and gowns, when entering the room. […] Proper wound care is essential in preventing the spread of infection and further damage to the tissues. […] If the patient has MRSA-infected wounds, it is essential to properly care for them to prevent worsening infection. Ensure that the wound is cleaned and dressed appropriately and that the patient and their family are educated to wash their hands before and after touching the wound or contaminated items.

• #33 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  To identify factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections at the level of the hospital organization. […] MRSA infections decrease with increases in general cleaning, infection control training, hand hygiene, and error reporting climate. […] Intensified general cleaning, improved hand hygiene, additional infection control training, and a climate conducive to error reporting emerged as the factors most closely associated with trust-level reductions in MRSA infections over time. […] The patient factors that have been identified with health care-associated MRSA infection include colonization of the nares and skin on admission, surgical wounds, invasive devices, comorbid disease, recent and repeated hospitalizations, and residing in an assisted living facility.

• #34 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Basics | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html

  MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. […] If left untreated, MRSA infections can cause sepsis or death. […] The risk increases for people with hospitalizations or nursing home stays, skin-to-skin contact with others (such as in contact sports), and exposure to crowded and unhygienic places. […] Contact your healthcare provider, especially if the symptoms include a fever or do not improve within 48 hours. […] MRSA infections can cause serious problems in and outside of healthcare settings, including pneumonia (lung infections), bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, sepsis, the body’s extreme response to an infection (if left untreated), and death (if left untreated). […] Although anyone can get MRSA, some groups have a higher risk: athletes, daycare and school students, military personnel in barracks, people who receive inpatient medical care, people who have surgery or medical devices inserted in their body, and people who inject drugs.

• #35 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa/

  This is a study guide for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which includes its nursing management, nursing assessment, selected nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. […] Nursing care in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) include the following: […] Nursing assessment for the patient with MRSA include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for MRSA are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for a patient with MRSA: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with MRSA include the following:

• #36 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) presents unique challenges for nursing care. This comprehensive guide covers essential nursing diagnoses, interventions, and care plans to help nurses provide optimal care for patients with MRSA infections. […] As a healthcare provider, understanding proper nursing diagnoses and interventions is crucial for effective patient care and preventing the spread of this challenging infection. […] Lets explore the most common nursing diagnoses for patients with MRSA infections, along with detailed care plans for each. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Infection Transmission related to highly contagious organisms and lack of knowledge regarding transmission precautions. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Implement contact precautions […] Educate patient and family about transmission prevention […] Monitor healthcare worker compliance with infection control.

• #37 MRSA [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  MRSA is a medical diagnosis and a subtype of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to most commonly prescribed antibiotics used to treat staph infections. […] Potential nursing diagnoses: […] Acute pain: pain medication and comfort measures, regular assessments with pain scale […] Impaired skin integrity: regular wound care with appropriate dressings and prescribed topical treatments […] Anxiety and deficient knowledge: reassurance and supportive environment, provide clear and accurate information […] Risk for infection: maintain strict hygiene, monitor for signs of worsening infection, and follow antibiotics administration plan. […] Follow all infection control protocols to prevent the spread of MRSA to other clients or healthcare workers.

• #38 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) presents unique challenges for nursing care. This comprehensive guide covers essential nursing diagnoses, interventions, and care plans to help nurses provide optimal care for patients with MRSA infections. […] As a healthcare provider, understanding proper nursing diagnoses and interventions is crucial for effective patient care and preventing the spread of this challenging infection. […] Lets explore the most common nursing diagnoses for patients with MRSA infections, along with detailed care plans for each. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Infection Transmission related to highly contagious organisms and lack of knowledge regarding transmission precautions. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Implement contact precautions […] Educate patient and family about transmission prevention […] Monitor healthcare worker compliance with infection control.

• #39 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive skin assessment […] Implement wound care protocol […] Support healing process. […] Desired Outcomes: Progressive wound healing […] Absence of new lesions […] Improved skin integrity. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Knowledge Deficit related to unfamiliarity with MRSA infection management as evidenced by questions about self-care and prevention measures. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess current knowledge level […] Provide targeted education […] Evaluate comprehension. […] Desired Outcomes: Demonstrated understanding of MRSA […] Correct performance of self-care activities […] Verbalization of prevention strategies. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to diagnosis of MRSA infection and required isolation precautions as evidenced by expressed concerns and restlessness.

• #40 Nursing diagnoses for MRSA – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/nursing-diagnoses-mrsa-t476076/

  I ended up using acute pain as #1, fatigue rt tachycardia and pain as #2, Infection as #3, and Risk for ineffective airway clearance for #4. […] Risk for Infection […] Risk for ineffective airway clearance […] Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion […] Risk for unstable blood glucose levels […] Risk for fluid volume overload […] Risk for constipation […] Risk for impaired skin integrity […] Risk for injury […] Risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction […] Risk for ineffective breathing pattern.

• #41 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients […] Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures […] Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics […] Implement pain management strategies […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. […] Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable […] Improved functional ability […] Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage.

• #42 MRSA [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  MRSA is a medical diagnosis and a subtype of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to most commonly prescribed antibiotics used to treat staph infections. […] Potential nursing diagnoses: […] Acute pain: pain medication and comfort measures, regular assessments with pain scale […] Impaired skin integrity: regular wound care with appropriate dressings and prescribed topical treatments […] Anxiety and deficient knowledge: reassurance and supportive environment, provide clear and accurate information […] Risk for infection: maintain strict hygiene, monitor for signs of worsening infection, and follow antibiotics administration plan. […] Follow all infection control protocols to prevent the spread of MRSA to other clients or healthcare workers.

• #43 Nursing diagnoses for MRSA – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/nursing-diagnoses-mrsa-t476076/

  I ended up using acute pain as #1, fatigue rt tachycardia and pain as #2, Infection as #3, and Risk for ineffective airway clearance for #4. […] Risk for Infection […] Risk for ineffective airway clearance […] Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion […] Risk for unstable blood glucose levels […] Risk for fluid volume overload […] Risk for constipation […] Risk for impaired skin integrity […] Risk for injury […] Risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction […] Risk for ineffective breathing pattern.

• #44 Nursing diagnoses for MRSA – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/nursing-diagnoses-mrsa-t476076/

  I ended up using acute pain as #1, fatigue rt tachycardia and pain as #2, Infection as #3, and Risk for ineffective airway clearance for #4. […] Risk for Infection […] Risk for ineffective airway clearance […] Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion […] Risk for unstable blood glucose levels […] Risk for fluid volume overload […] Risk for constipation […] Risk for impaired skin integrity […] Risk for injury […] Risk for peripheral neurovascular dysfunction […] Risk for ineffective breathing pattern.

• #45 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive skin assessment […] Implement wound care protocol […] Support healing process. […] Desired Outcomes: Progressive wound healing […] Absence of new lesions […] Improved skin integrity. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Knowledge Deficit related to unfamiliarity with MRSA infection management as evidenced by questions about self-care and prevention measures. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess current knowledge level […] Provide targeted education […] Evaluate comprehension. […] Desired Outcomes: Demonstrated understanding of MRSA […] Correct performance of self-care activities […] Verbalization of prevention strategies. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to diagnosis of MRSA infection and required isolation precautions as evidenced by expressed concerns and restlessness.

• #46 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess anxiety level […] Implement support measures […] Promote coping strategies. […] Desired Outcomes: Reduced anxiety levels […] Improved coping mechanisms […] Positive adjustment to diagnosis. […] Successful MRSA management requires comprehensive patient education focusing on: Hand hygiene […] Wound care […] Environmental cleaning […] Recognition of warning signs […] When to seek medical attention […] Medication compliance.

• #47 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa/

  This is a study guide for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which includes its nursing management, nursing assessment, selected nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. […] Nursing care in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) include the following: […] Nursing assessment for the patient with MRSA include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for MRSA are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for a patient with MRSA: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with MRSA include the following:

• #48 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA, or Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a bacterium that causes infection to different parts of the body and is challenging to treat as it is resistant to the most commonly-prescribed antibiotics. […] Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection. Strict contact precautions must be initiated to prevent the transmission of MRSA in the healthcare setting. Preventing MRSA reinfection is also a priority, and accurate patient education must be provided to both the patient and family members. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA. […] Administer empiric antibiotics if MRSA infection is confirmed or suspected. The use of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on the following: Disease type, Local S. aureus patterns of resistance, Medication accessibility, Side effect profile, Patient-specific information. IV vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections in hospitalized patients.

• #49 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated fomites. PPE, such as gowns and gloves, protect against MRSA acquisition and transmission to other patients. Infected patients should be placed in private rooms with their own equipment (i.e., thermometer, BP cuff) that is not shared among other patients.

• #50 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface (a place where the germ lives or is present). […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface and can cause infections if it gets into a cut, scrape or open wound. […] Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions about proper care of the wound. Pus from infected wounds can contain MRSA. […] If you see the medical device access area start to look infected (red, swollen, warm, draining), call your healthcare provider right away, especially if you have a fever. […] Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] Clean your hands before you enter their room and when you leave. […] Ask a healthcare provider if you need to wear protective gowns and gloves when you visit.

• #51 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482221/

  The selection of empiric antibiotic therapy for the treatment of MRSA infection depends on the type of disease, local S. aureus resistance patterns, availability of the drug, side effect profile, and individual patient profile. […] The key to managing MRSA infections is to prevent them in the first place. Over the years many guidelines have been issued, and most hospitals have a team of infectious disease experts as part of the hospital interprofessional team who perform surveillance and monitor for outbreaks of MRSA. Besides the standard precautions, the CDC recommends contact precautions. The patient should be in an isolated room if available; everyone should gown and glove when coming into contact with the patient. The transport of MRSA patients should be minimized and dedicated medicated equipment should be used on them. Further, environmental measures like cleaning and disinfecting the room are important. In addition, the hospital must have a surveillance policy, when to remove a patient from isolation and report the infection to the state. Many states now make it mandatory to report all new MRSA cases.

• #52 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated fomites. PPE, such as gowns and gloves, protect against MRSA acquisition and transmission to other patients. Infected patients should be placed in private rooms with their own equipment (i.e., thermometer, BP cuff) that is not shared among other patients.

• #53 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  Organizational factors identified in previous research include contaminated environmental surfaces and poor hand hygiene practices. […] Our findings from fixed effects negative binominal and generalized method of moment analyses suggest the potential for acute trust administrators to contribute to the containment of MRSA in their trust by intensifying general cleaning activities, fostering infection control training, and establishing effective hand hygiene practices as well as a climate in which staff members feel comfortable reporting, discussing, and learning from errors, near misses, and incidents. […] Infection control and hygiene practices are vitally important if acute trust administrators expect to control MRSA infection. […] A number of reports suggest that poor cleaning and disinfection of surfaces increase the risk of MRSA colonization and transmission.

• #54 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) presents unique challenges for nursing care. This comprehensive guide covers essential nursing diagnoses, interventions, and care plans to help nurses provide optimal care for patients with MRSA infections. […] As a healthcare provider, understanding proper nursing diagnoses and interventions is crucial for effective patient care and preventing the spread of this challenging infection. […] Lets explore the most common nursing diagnoses for patients with MRSA infections, along with detailed care plans for each. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Risk for Infection Transmission related to highly contagious organisms and lack of knowledge regarding transmission precautions. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Implement contact precautions […] Educate patient and family about transmission prevention […] Monitor healthcare worker compliance with infection control.

• #55 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with central lines in intensive care units are at risk for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), which can be a fatal complication. […] The patient with MRSA is placed on contact precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA to others. This involves placing the patient in a private room and ensuring that all healthcare providers wear appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and gowns, when entering the room. […] Proper wound care is essential in preventing the spread of infection and further damage to the tissues. […] If the patient has MRSA-infected wounds, it is essential to properly care for them to prevent worsening infection. Ensure that the wound is cleaned and dressed appropriately and that the patient and their family are educated to wash their hands before and after touching the wound or contaminated items.

• #56 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive skin assessment […] Implement wound care protocol […] Support healing process. […] Desired Outcomes: Progressive wound healing […] Absence of new lesions […] Improved skin integrity. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Knowledge Deficit related to unfamiliarity with MRSA infection management as evidenced by questions about self-care and prevention measures. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess current knowledge level […] Provide targeted education […] Evaluate comprehension. […] Desired Outcomes: Demonstrated understanding of MRSA […] Correct performance of self-care activities […] Verbalization of prevention strategies. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to diagnosis of MRSA infection and required isolation precautions as evidenced by expressed concerns and restlessness.

• #57 MRSA Testing | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/mrsa-testing

  California state law requires hospitals to test some patients for a germ called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA. If you have an infection, your doctor will treat it. Treatments may include draining the sores or taking antibiotics. […] Carry on with your daily life as usual and follow the simple suggestions listed below to help prevent MRSA from causing problems. […] Remind your doctors, nurses and other health care providers to clean their hands before touching you or items in the room. […] Ask visitors to clean their hands when they enter and leave your room. […] Clean your hands often before you eat or prepare food, after using the bathroom and before and after changing your dressing or bandage. […] Make sure you know how to care for any wounds or intravenous (IV) „lines,” such as a catheter or port, if you have them.

• #58 MRSA Testing | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/mrsa-testing

  Keep wounds clean and change bandages as instructed until the wounds have healed. […] Routine cleaning of your hands and environment is the best way to prevent your infection from spreading to others. […] If you’re given antibiotics, take all of them, even if your symptoms improve. If your infection doesn’t improve within several days, call your doctor. […] Your doctor or nurse can answer any other questions you have about MRSA.

• #59 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have worse symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness. Red streaks leading from the area. Pus draining from the area. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #60

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794634&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=794586

  Don’t touch the sore with your bare hands. Wear gloves when changing the bandage and throw away the used bandage right away. Put it in a trash bag where no one else can touch it. Dispose of your gloves the same way. Wash your hands after you remove the gloves. […] Wash your hands often throughout the day with soap and water. Rub your hands for 15 to 30 seconds each time (or as long as it takes you to sing Happy Birthday). Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water aren’t available. […] Shower daily using an antibacterial soap if advised by your health care provider. […] Wash your clothing, bedding, and towels separately from those of other family members. Use warm or hot water, bleach if possible, and a warm or hot setting on the clothes dryer. […] Don’t share personal items (towels, makeup, razors). […] Avoid contact sports or similar activities until your skin infection is healed.

• #61 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA, or Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a bacterium that causes infection to different parts of the body and is challenging to treat as it is resistant to the most commonly-prescribed antibiotics. […] Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection. Strict contact precautions must be initiated to prevent the transmission of MRSA in the healthcare setting. Preventing MRSA reinfection is also a priority, and accurate patient education must be provided to both the patient and family members. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA. […] Administer empiric antibiotics if MRSA infection is confirmed or suspected. The use of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on the following: Disease type, Local S. aureus patterns of resistance, Medication accessibility, Side effect profile, Patient-specific information. IV vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections in hospitalized patients.

• #62 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the United States continues to increase, with more than 94,000 cases of invasive disease reported in 2005. Illnesses caused by MRSA include skin and soft-tissue infections, bacteremia and endocarditis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, central nervous system disease, and toxic shock and sepsis syndromes. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has released its first evidence-based guidelines on the treatment of MRSA infections. In addition to common clinical syndromes, the guidelines address treatment with vancomycin, limitations of susceptibility testing, and alternative therapies. […] Antibiotics are recommended for patients who have abscesses associated with severe or extensive disease (e.g., multiple sites of infection) or rapid progression in the presence of associated cellulitis; signs and symptoms of systemic illness; associated comorbidities or immunosuppression; very young or very old age; abscesses in areas difficult to drain (e.g., face, hand, genitalia); associated septic phlebitis; or lack of response to incision and drainage alone.

• #63 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) […] This topic review discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and prevention of a particularly dangerous form of Staph aureus called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; pronounced „Mursa”). […] MRSA RISK FACTORS […] Hospital care — Risk factors for becoming infected with hospital-associated MRSA include the following: […] Preventive measures are discussed below. (See 'Prevention in the hospital’ below.) […] MRSA TREATMENT […] If MRSA infection is diagnosed, you will be given an antibiotic. There are now a large number of antibiotics that can be successfully used to treat MRSA infections. […] In addition to antibiotics, your health care provider may drain the infected area by inserting a needle or making a small cut in the skin. This is done to reduce the amount of infected material (pus), which will help the tissue to heal.

• #64 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  For hospitalized patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (i.e., deeper soft-tissue infections, surgical or traumatic wound infection, major abscesses, cellulitis, or infected ulcers and burns), empiric therapy for MRSA should be considered pending culture results, in addition to surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Empiric therapy options include intravenous vancomycin, linezolid (600 mg orally or intravenously twice per day), daptomycin (Cubicin; 4 mg per kg intravenously once per day), telavancin (Vibativ; 10 mg per kg intravenously once per day), or clindamycin (600 mg intravenously or orally three times per day). […] Physicians should provide instructions on personal hygiene and wound care for patients with skin and soft-tissue infections. […] Decolonization may be considered if a patient develops a recurrent infection despite good personal hygiene and wound care, or if other household members develop infections.

• #65 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics/print

  Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) […] This topic review discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, and prevention of a particularly dangerous form of Staph aureus called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; pronounced „Mursa”). […] If MRSA infection is diagnosed, you will be given an antibiotic. There are now a large number of antibiotics that can be successfully used to treat MRSA infections. […] Treatment of MRSA at home usually includes a 7- to 10-day course of an antibiotic (by mouth) such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (brand name: Bactrim), clindamycin, minocycline, linezolid, or doxycycline. […] In addition to antibiotics, your health care provider may drain the infected area by inserting a needle or making a small cut in the skin.

• #66 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients […] Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures […] Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics […] Implement pain management strategies […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. […] Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable […] Improved functional ability […] Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage.

• #67

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1871

  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that can cause a staph infection. But it cannot be killed by the antibiotic methicillin and some other antibiotics. This sometimes makes it harder to treat. […] Depending on how serious your infection is, the doctor may drain your wound and you may get antibiotics through a small tube placed in a vein (I.V.). Your doctor may also give you an antibiotic ointment to use on sores or in your nose. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.

• #68 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of bacteria that many antibiotics dont work on. MRSA most often causes skin infections, but it can also cause serious illnesses that are hard to treat. […] MRSA infections are hard to treat because very few antibiotics are effective against them. MRSA most often causes skin infections but it can also cause serious infections in your lungs, heart and bloodstream. […] Providers treat MRSA infections by caring for open wounds and finding antibiotics that are effective against the strain of MRSA you have. Wound treatment includes draining fluid and surgically removing infected tissue. […] Providers treat severe MRSA infections with intravenous (through your vein) antibiotics in the hospital. […] Healthcare providers follow safety and sterilization rules to prevent healthcare-acquired infections like MRSA.

• #69 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  If you have a skin infection, your provider will surgically treat and drain your wounds. They might give you topical or oral antibiotics. You’ll need to be treated in the hospital if you have a severe or invasive MRSA infection. […] Yes, more than half of all MRSA cases are cured with antibiotics, and providers successfully treat most MRSA skin infections. But serious infections like pneumonia, endocarditis and bacteremia can quickly get worse before a provider can find a treatment that works.

• #70 MRSA infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mrsa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375340

  Doctors diagnose methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by checking a tissue sample or nasal secretions for signs of drug-resistant bacteria. […] Both health care-associated and community-associated strains of still respond to certain antibiotics. […] Doctors may need to perform emergency surgery to drain large boils (abscesses), in addition to giving antibiotics. […] In some cases, antibiotics may not be necessary. For example, doctors may drain a small, shallow boil (abscess) caused by rather than treat the infection with drugs. […] During your physical exam, your doctor will closely examine any skin cuts you may have. He or she might take a sample of tissue or liquid from the cuts for testing.

• #71 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  For hospitalized patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (i.e., deeper soft-tissue infections, surgical or traumatic wound infection, major abscesses, cellulitis, or infected ulcers and burns), empiric therapy for MRSA should be considered pending culture results, in addition to surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Empiric therapy options include intravenous vancomycin, linezolid (600 mg orally or intravenously twice per day), daptomycin (Cubicin; 4 mg per kg intravenously once per day), telavancin (Vibativ; 10 mg per kg intravenously once per day), or clindamycin (600 mg intravenously or orally three times per day). […] Physicians should provide instructions on personal hygiene and wound care for patients with skin and soft-tissue infections. […] Decolonization may be considered if a patient develops a recurrent infection despite good personal hygiene and wound care, or if other household members develop infections.

• #72 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  The optimal duration of therapy for MRSA osteomyelitis is unknown, although a minimum of eight weeks is recommended. […] For patients with septic arthritis, the antibiotic choices for osteomyelitis are recommended; a three- to four-week course of therapy is suggested. […] For patients with early-onset (less than two months after surgery) or acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infections involving a stable implant with short duration of symptoms (three weeks or less) and debridement (but device retention), parenteral therapy should be initiated. […] For late-onset infections (more than 30 days after surgery), device removal is recommended. […] The recommended treatment for patients with meningitis is intravenous vancomycin for two weeks. […] Children with MRSA infections of the central nervous system should be treated with intravenous vancomycin.

• #73 IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment of MRSA Infections in Adults and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0815/p455.html

  For hospitalized patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (i.e., deeper soft-tissue infections, surgical or traumatic wound infection, major abscesses, cellulitis, or infected ulcers and burns), empiric therapy for MRSA should be considered pending culture results, in addition to surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics. […] Empiric therapy options include intravenous vancomycin, linezolid (600 mg orally or intravenously twice per day), daptomycin (Cubicin; 4 mg per kg intravenously once per day), telavancin (Vibativ; 10 mg per kg intravenously once per day), or clindamycin (600 mg intravenously or orally three times per day). […] Physicians should provide instructions on personal hygiene and wound care for patients with skin and soft-tissue infections. […] Decolonization may be considered if a patient develops a recurrent infection despite good personal hygiene and wound care, or if other household members develop infections.

• #74 MRSA

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mrsa/

  MRSA can be treated with antibiotics. […] Antibiotic tablets can be used for mild MRSA infections. […] More serious infections may need to be treated in hospital with antibiotics given by injection or a drip into a vein in your arm. […] You may need antibiotics for a few days or up to a few months, depending on how serious the infection is. […] If you get complications, you may need further treatment, such as surgery to drain a build-up of pus (abscess). […] People staying in care homes and hospitals (especially those having surgery) are at a higher risk of getting an MRSA infection. […] If you’re visiting someone in a care home or hospital, follow any instructions you’re given about washing or sanitising your hands. […] If you’re due to have surgery, you may be offered a screening test for MRSA before you go into hospital. […] If the result shows you have MRSA on your skin, you’ll need to treat it with a special nasal cream or spray, body wash and shampoo for around 5 to 10 days.

• #75 MRSA [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  MRSA is a medical diagnosis and a subtype of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to most commonly prescribed antibiotics used to treat staph infections. […] Potential nursing diagnoses: […] Acute pain: pain medication and comfort measures, regular assessments with pain scale […] Impaired skin integrity: regular wound care with appropriate dressings and prescribed topical treatments […] Anxiety and deficient knowledge: reassurance and supportive environment, provide clear and accurate information […] Risk for infection: maintain strict hygiene, monitor for signs of worsening infection, and follow antibiotics administration plan. […] Follow all infection control protocols to prevent the spread of MRSA to other clients or healthcare workers.

• #76 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients […] Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures […] Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics […] Implement pain management strategies […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. […] Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable […] Improved functional ability […] Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage.

• #77 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients […] Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures […] Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics […] Implement pain management strategies […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. […] Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable […] Improved functional ability […] Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage.

• #78 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Basics | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/about/index.html

  MRSA is a type of bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. […] If left untreated, MRSA infections can cause sepsis or death. […] The risk increases for people with hospitalizations or nursing home stays, skin-to-skin contact with others (such as in contact sports), and exposure to crowded and unhygienic places. […] Contact your healthcare provider, especially if the symptoms include a fever or do not improve within 48 hours. […] MRSA infections can cause serious problems in and outside of healthcare settings, including pneumonia (lung infections), bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, sepsis, the body’s extreme response to an infection (if left untreated), and death (if left untreated). […] Although anyone can get MRSA, some groups have a higher risk: athletes, daycare and school students, military personnel in barracks, people who receive inpatient medical care, people who have surgery or medical devices inserted in their body, and people who inject drugs.

• #79 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have worse symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness. Red streaks leading from the area. Pus draining from the area. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #80 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA, or Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a bacterium that causes infection to different parts of the body and is challenging to treat as it is resistant to the most commonly-prescribed antibiotics. […] Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection. Strict contact precautions must be initiated to prevent the transmission of MRSA in the healthcare setting. Preventing MRSA reinfection is also a priority, and accurate patient education must be provided to both the patient and family members. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA. […] Administer empiric antibiotics if MRSA infection is confirmed or suspected. The use of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on the following: Disease type, Local S. aureus patterns of resistance, Medication accessibility, Side effect profile, Patient-specific information. IV vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections in hospitalized patients.

• #81 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess anxiety level […] Implement support measures […] Promote coping strategies. […] Desired Outcomes: Reduced anxiety levels […] Improved coping mechanisms […] Positive adjustment to diagnosis. […] Successful MRSA management requires comprehensive patient education focusing on: Hand hygiene […] Wound care […] Environmental cleaning […] Recognition of warning signs […] When to seek medical attention […] Medication compliance.

• #82 Learning about MRSA: A guide for Patients – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/book.html

  MRSA should always be treated by a doctor. It is important to follow the instructions for treatment that your doctor gives you. […] If you have an active MRSA infection, your doctor may choose one or more of the following treatments: Give antibiotics, Drain the infection, Reduce the amount of staph on your skin and in your nose. […] MRSA can cause serious infections that can become life-threatening if left untreated. […] If you or someone in your family has been diagnosed with MRSA, there are steps you should take to avoid spreading it to your family and friends. […] Follow the recommendations and practice good hygiene to take care of yourself. […] MRSA may cause physical pain and emotional stress, but keep in mind that it can be managed. […] Clean your hands often. […] Take care of yourself: eat right, exercise, quit smoking, and avoid stress. […] Take good care of your skin. […] Keep skin infections covered to avoid spreading MRSA to others. […] Talk with your doctor if you have questions or concerns.

• #83 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11633-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  If you have a skin infection, your provider will surgically treat and drain your wounds. They might give you topical or oral antibiotics. You’ll need to be treated in the hospital if you have a severe or invasive MRSA infection. […] Yes, more than half of all MRSA cases are cured with antibiotics, and providers successfully treat most MRSA skin infections. But serious infections like pneumonia, endocarditis and bacteremia can quickly get worse before a provider can find a treatment that works.

• #84 MRSA: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/infections/mrsa-leaflet

  Infection with MRSA bacteria mainly occurs in people who are already ill in hospital. […] It can be difficult to treat MRSA, as the bacteria are resistant to most types of antibiotic medicines. […] Many people are carriers of MRSA without even realising it, as MRSA often does not cause symptoms in healthy people. […] MRSA infections are resistant to an antibiotic called meticillin and also to many other types of antibiotics. […] MRSA can also cause infections in people outside hospital but much less commonly than in hospitalised people. […] If you know you are a carrier of MRSA and are due to go into hospital – for example, for an operation – then you should let the hospital know before you go in. […] If you are found to be a carrier of MRSA then you are likely to be offered treatment which will then prevent future infections or the spread of MRSA.

• #85

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1871

  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that can cause a staph infection. But it cannot be killed by the antibiotic methicillin and some other antibiotics. This sometimes makes it harder to treat. […] Depending on how serious your infection is, the doctor may drain your wound and you may get antibiotics through a small tube placed in a vein (I.V.). Your doctor may also give you an antibiotic ointment to use on sores or in your nose. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.

• #86 MRSA Testing | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/mrsa-testing

  Keep wounds clean and change bandages as instructed until the wounds have healed. […] Routine cleaning of your hands and environment is the best way to prevent your infection from spreading to others. […] If you’re given antibiotics, take all of them, even if your symptoms improve. If your infection doesn’t improve within several days, call your doctor. […] Your doctor or nurse can answer any other questions you have about MRSA.

• #87 MRSA Infection in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=mrsa-infection-in-children-160-49

  Another way to manage MRSA infection is to remove the bacteria from places where they often live and grow, such as the nose. Your child’s healthcare provider may advise using an antibiotic medicine in your child’s nose to kill MRSA there. […] Don’t try to treat a MRSA infection on your own. This can spread the infection to other people or make it worse for your child. Cover the infected area, wash your hands, and call your child’s healthcare provider.

• #88

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794634&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=794586

  Contact your health care provider right away if you have symptoms like this. Don’t pick at the sore, or you may spread the infection. […] To find out if you have MRSA, your health care provider will take a sample of discharge from the sore or the inside of your nose for testing. Then he’ll treat the sore by draining it of pus and starting you on an antibiotic. He may apply an antibiotic cream and a bandage on the sore. […] Follow your health care provider’s directions for cleaning and caring for the sore. Take all of the antibiotic exactly as directed, even after you feel better. Depending on the test results, the health care provider may change your antibiotic. […] You can go to work or school if the sore is bandaged, you take your medications as prescribed, and you practice good hygiene. To prevent spreading MRSA to other parts of your body or to other people, follow these rules.

• #89

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794634&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=794586

  Don’t touch the sore with your bare hands. Wear gloves when changing the bandage and throw away the used bandage right away. Put it in a trash bag where no one else can touch it. Dispose of your gloves the same way. Wash your hands after you remove the gloves. […] Wash your hands often throughout the day with soap and water. Rub your hands for 15 to 30 seconds each time (or as long as it takes you to sing Happy Birthday). Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water aren’t available. […] Shower daily using an antibacterial soap if advised by your health care provider. […] Wash your clothing, bedding, and towels separately from those of other family members. Use warm or hot water, bleach if possible, and a warm or hot setting on the clothes dryer. […] Don’t share personal items (towels, makeup, razors). […] Avoid contact sports or similar activities until your skin infection is healed.

• #90 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that can cause a staph infection. But it cannot be killed by the antibiotic methicillin and some other antibiotics. This sometimes makes it harder to treat. […] Depending on how serious your infection is, the doctor may drain your wound and you may get antibiotics through a small tube placed in a vein (I.V.). Your doctor may also give you an antibiotic ointment to use on sores or in your nose. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.

• #91 MRSA: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mrsa-care-instructions.zc1871

  Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have worse symptoms of infection, such as: Increased pain, swelling, warmth, or redness. Red streaks leading from the area. Pus draining from the area. A fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #92 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Patients with central lines in intensive care units are at risk for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI), which can be a fatal complication. […] The patient with MRSA is placed on contact precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA to others. This involves placing the patient in a private room and ensuring that all healthcare providers wear appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves and gowns, when entering the room. […] Proper wound care is essential in preventing the spread of infection and further damage to the tissues. […] If the patient has MRSA-infected wounds, it is essential to properly care for them to prevent worsening infection. Ensure that the wound is cleaned and dressed appropriately and that the patient and their family are educated to wash their hands before and after touching the wound or contaminated items.

• #93 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa

  Severe MRSA infections are becoming harder to treat. […] You may need to keep taking antibiotics for a long time, even after you leave the hospital. […] Contact your provider right away if you have a wound that is getting worse instead of healing. […] Follow these steps to avoid a staph infection and to prevent an infection from spreading: Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. […] If you have surgery planned, tell your provider if you have had a MRSA infection before.

• #94 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa/

  This is a study guide for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which includes its nursing management, nursing assessment, selected nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. […] Nursing care in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) include the following: […] Nursing assessment for the patient with MRSA include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for MRSA are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for a patient with MRSA: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with MRSA include the following:

• #95 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Desired Outcomes: Zero transmission of MRSA to other patients […] Patient and family demonstrate proper infection control measures […] Compliance with isolation precautions. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to the inflammatory process and tissue invasion as evidenced by verbal reports of pain and guarding behavior. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess pain characteristics […] Implement pain management strategies […] Monitor the effectiveness of interventions. […] Desired Outcomes: Pain level reported as manageable […] Improved functional ability […] Successful participation in activities of daily living. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Impaired Skin Integrity related to bacterial invasion and inflammatory response as evidenced by lesions and wound drainage.

• #96 MRSA Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform comprehensive skin assessment […] Implement wound care protocol […] Support healing process. […] Desired Outcomes: Progressive wound healing […] Absence of new lesions […] Improved skin integrity. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Knowledge Deficit related to unfamiliarity with MRSA infection management as evidenced by questions about self-care and prevention measures. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess current knowledge level […] Provide targeted education […] Evaluate comprehension. […] Desired Outcomes: Demonstrated understanding of MRSA […] Correct performance of self-care activities […] Verbalization of prevention strategies. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to diagnosis of MRSA infection and required isolation precautions as evidenced by expressed concerns and restlessness.

• #97 MRSA Infections in Elders From Nursing Home Neglect

  https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/nursing-home-neglect/mrsa/

  MRSA represents a serious health risk in nursing homes. This dangerous bacterial infection resists traditional treatments, allowing it more time to develop into serious complications like pneumonia or blood poisoning. This is dangerous enough for healthy adults, but the risk rises significantly for elderly nursing home patients with compromised immune systems. […] MRSA can be carried by a patient without any signs or symptoms. While the host might not get sick, he or she can transmit the bacteria to others with open wounds or other entry points. […] Health care settings like nursing homes are especially prone to infections. Catheters, breathing tubes, and feeding tubes are all sources of infection, and caregivers are responsible for multiple patients. If glove etiquette and handwashing are lax, then MRSA will easily travel from patient to patient.

• #98 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  There is no indication for routine screening prior to transfer to home or to a community unit. […] The staff of the receiving community facility and the GP should be informed before transfer of a patient who is MRSA positive. […] Carriage of MRSA is not a contraindication to the transfer of a patient to a nursing or convalescent home. […] The resident with MRSA should be encouraged to practice good hygiene and be assisted with this if their physical or mental condition makes this difficult. […] Isolation is not required as this may adversely affect rehabilitation of the resident. […] Residents of community facilities colonised with MRSA should not be restricted from participation in social or therapeutic group facilities within the residence, if wounds are covered. […] A colonised resident who has open lesions should be in a single room if available and if this will not adversely affect the resident’s rehabilitation.

• #99 MRSA Infections in Elders From Nursing Home Neglect

  https://www.nursinghomeabusecenter.com/nursing-home-neglect/mrsa/

  MRSA represents a serious health risk in nursing homes. This dangerous bacterial infection resists traditional treatments, allowing it more time to develop into serious complications like pneumonia or blood poisoning. This is dangerous enough for healthy adults, but the risk rises significantly for elderly nursing home patients with compromised immune systems. […] MRSA can be carried by a patient without any signs or symptoms. While the host might not get sick, he or she can transmit the bacteria to others with open wounds or other entry points. […] Health care settings like nursing homes are especially prone to infections. Catheters, breathing tubes, and feeding tubes are all sources of infection, and caregivers are responsible for multiple patients. If glove etiquette and handwashing are lax, then MRSA will easily travel from patient to patient.

• #100 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  There is no indication for routine screening prior to transfer to home or to a community unit. […] The staff of the receiving community facility and the GP should be informed before transfer of a patient who is MRSA positive. […] Carriage of MRSA is not a contraindication to the transfer of a patient to a nursing or convalescent home. […] The resident with MRSA should be encouraged to practice good hygiene and be assisted with this if their physical or mental condition makes this difficult. […] Isolation is not required as this may adversely affect rehabilitation of the resident. […] Residents of community facilities colonised with MRSA should not be restricted from participation in social or therapeutic group facilities within the residence, if wounds are covered. […] A colonised resident who has open lesions should be in a single room if available and if this will not adversely affect the resident’s rehabilitation.

• #101 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  The colonised resident may join other residents for social activities in the sitting room, dining room and other communal areas providing their sores or wounds are kept covered with an appropriate dressing, preferably impermeable. […] Equipment with which the MRSA colonised resident has been in contact, such as a commode, should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] It is important that community residential facilities have appropriate infection control arrangements for the management of a growing infection problem, such as MRSA. […] Isolation of patients/residents is generally not required, other than in exceptional circumstances.

• #102 Recommendations – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/microbiologyantimicrobialresistance/europeanantimicrobialresistancesurveillancesystemearss/referenceandeducationalresourcematerial/saureusmrsa/factsheets/recommendations/

  The colonised resident may join other residents for social activities in the sitting room, dining room and other communal areas providing their sores or wounds are kept covered with an appropriate dressing, preferably impermeable. […] Equipment with which the MRSA colonised resident has been in contact, such as a commode, should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] It is important that community residential facilities have appropriate infection control arrangements for the management of a growing infection problem, such as MRSA. […] Isolation of patients/residents is generally not required, other than in exceptional circumstances.

• #103 MRSA

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/mrsa/

  MRSA can cause serious infection if it gets into your blood. […] Lower the risk of picking up and spreading MRSA in hospitals by: cleaning your hands often, use your own soap, flannel, sponge and razor, keeping your fingernails cut short to stop bacteria from building up under your nails. […] If you carry MRSA, this should not get in the way of your normal home life. MRSA is less likely to harm people well enough to be at home. […] If you carry MRSA, you may need treatment to remove it. […] If you have an MRSA infection, you can be treated with antibiotics.

• #104 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  MRSA PREVENTION […] A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. […] Basic infection prevention measures — There are a number of other measures that may help to prevent the spread of infections, including infection with MRSA.

• #105 MRSA

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/mrsa/

  MRSA can cause serious infection if it gets into your blood. […] Lower the risk of picking up and spreading MRSA in hospitals by: cleaning your hands often, use your own soap, flannel, sponge and razor, keeping your fingernails cut short to stop bacteria from building up under your nails. […] If you carry MRSA, this should not get in the way of your normal home life. MRSA is less likely to harm people well enough to be at home. […] If you carry MRSA, you may need treatment to remove it. […] If you have an MRSA infection, you can be treated with antibiotics.

• #106 Patient education: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-beyond-the-basics

  MRSA PREVENTION […] A number of prevention strategies are recommended to avoid becoming infected with MRSA. […] In the hospital, MRSA is commonly spread to patients from the hands of health care workers. To minimize this risk, patients and family members can help to ensure that anyone who comes in contact with the patient washes their hands or uses an alcohol-based hand sanitizer before and after touching the patient. […] Care for family members of infected person — Careful preventive measures, including washing hands, keeping wounds covered, washing bed sheets and towels, and avoiding shared personal items, are recommended for family members of a person with community-associated MRSA infection. […] Basic infection prevention measures — There are a number of other measures that may help to prevent the spread of infections, including infection with MRSA.

• #107 Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | MRSA | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html

  MRSA can survive on some surfaces for hours, days or even weeks. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface (a place where the germ lives or is present). […] Maintain good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths and razors to protect yourself from MRSA. […] MRSA can spread to people who touch a contaminated surface and can cause infections if it gets into a cut, scrape or open wound. […] Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions about proper care of the wound. Pus from infected wounds can contain MRSA. […] If you see the medical device access area start to look infected (red, swollen, warm, draining), call your healthcare provider right away, especially if you have a fever. […] Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] Clean your hands before you enter their room and when you leave. […] Ask a healthcare provider if you need to wear protective gowns and gloves when you visit.

• #108

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=794634&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=794586

  Don’t touch the sore with your bare hands. Wear gloves when changing the bandage and throw away the used bandage right away. Put it in a trash bag where no one else can touch it. Dispose of your gloves the same way. Wash your hands after you remove the gloves. […] Wash your hands often throughout the day with soap and water. Rub your hands for 15 to 30 seconds each time (or as long as it takes you to sing Happy Birthday). Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if soap and water aren’t available. […] Shower daily using an antibacterial soap if advised by your health care provider. […] Wash your clothing, bedding, and towels separately from those of other family members. Use warm or hot water, bleach if possible, and a warm or hot setting on the clothes dryer. […] Don’t share personal items (towels, makeup, razors). […] Avoid contact sports or similar activities until your skin infection is healed.

• #109 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/mrsa

  MRSA infections are treated with antibiotics that are not resistant to the bacteria. […] Isolation precautions are steps we take to stop infections from spreading from person to person. If you’re diagnosed with or exposed to a MRSA infection while you’re in the hospital: […] Be sure to do the following at home: […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom. […] Use a disinfectant (such as Clorox or Lysol) to wipe any surface that may have been contaminated with the germ, such as your doorknob.

• #110 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa/

  This is a study guide for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) which includes its nursing management, nursing assessment, selected nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. […] Nursing care in a patient with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) include the following: […] Nursing assessment for the patient with MRSA include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for MRSA are: […] The following are the major nursing care planning goals for a patient with MRSA: […] Listed below are the nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA: […] Nursing goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with MRSA include the following:

• #111 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  An estimated 1.7 million health care-associated infections occur each year in the United States resulting in over 98,000 deaths. A recent study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that there were 94,000 invasive MRSA infections in the United States in 2005, 86% of which were health care-associated. Furthermore, the proportion of all S. aureus isolates that are resistant to methicillin has been increasing each year and MRSA now accounts for over 60% of all S. aureus isolated from intensive care unit patients. […] The purpose of this document is to provide a standard set of recommendations for the prevention and control of MRSA in acute care facilities in Minnesota. It is expected that facilities will implement The Recommendations by January 1, 2009. […] Infection prevention and control practices two through four in the statute are included in The Recommendations as standard MRSA infection prevention and control practices for acute care facilities.

• #112 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  The Recommendations require acute care facilities to conduct an annual MRSA risk assessment using active surveillance testing to identify patients at high risk for MRSA colonization or units with high rates of MRSA transmission. […] The baseline infection prevention and control recommendations will prevent the transmission of MRSA and be useful in decreasing transmission of other health care-associated infections including Clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. […] Tier One Recommendations for MRSA control in acute care settings include core MRSA infection prevention tools such as strict adherence to Contact Precautions, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices, and thorough environmental cleaning.

• #113 Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Acute Care Settings – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/rec.html

  Tier Two Recommendations are indicated when hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates are not decreasing despite implementation of and adherence to the general infection prevention and control measures and Tier One Recommendations. […] Prevention and control of MRSA necessitates that health care facilities implement an antimicrobial stewardship program to augment their infection prevention and control program. […] Facility-wide commitment to antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control practice measures are essential to prevent health care-associated infections.

• #114 Fighting MRSA Infections in Hospital Care: How Organizational Factors Matter

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5441483/

  To identify factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections at the level of the hospital organization. […] MRSA infections decrease with increases in general cleaning, infection control training, hand hygiene, and error reporting climate. […] Intensified general cleaning, improved hand hygiene, additional infection control training, and a climate conducive to error reporting emerged as the factors most closely associated with trust-level reductions in MRSA infections over time. […] The patient factors that have been identified with health care-associated MRSA infection include colonization of the nares and skin on admission, surgical wounds, invasive devices, comorbid disease, recent and repeated hospitalizations, and residing in an assisted living facility.

• #115 MRSA: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mrsa-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  MRSA, or Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, is a bacterium that causes infection to different parts of the body and is challenging to treat as it is resistant to the most commonly-prescribed antibiotics. […] Nurses play an important role in preventing the spread of infection. Strict contact precautions must be initiated to prevent the transmission of MRSA in the healthcare setting. Preventing MRSA reinfection is also a priority, and accurate patient education must be provided to both the patient and family members. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section, you will learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with MRSA. […] Administer empiric antibiotics if MRSA infection is confirmed or suspected. The use of empiric antibiotic therapy depends on the following: Disease type, Local S. aureus patterns of resistance, Medication accessibility, Side effect profile, Patient-specific information. IV vancomycin is the drug of choice for MRSA infections in hospitalized patients.

• #116 Learning about MRSA: A guide for Patients – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/staph/mrsa/book.html

  MRSA should always be treated by a doctor. It is important to follow the instructions for treatment that your doctor gives you. […] If you have an active MRSA infection, your doctor may choose one or more of the following treatments: Give antibiotics, Drain the infection, Reduce the amount of staph on your skin and in your nose. […] MRSA can cause serious infections that can become life-threatening if left untreated. […] If you or someone in your family has been diagnosed with MRSA, there are steps you should take to avoid spreading it to your family and friends. […] Follow the recommendations and practice good hygiene to take care of yourself. […] MRSA may cause physical pain and emotional stress, but keep in mind that it can be managed. […] Clean your hands often. […] Take care of yourself: eat right, exercise, quit smoking, and avoid stress. […] Take good care of your skin. […] Keep skin infections covered to avoid spreading MRSA to others. […] Talk with your doctor if you have questions or concerns.

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