Łokieć tenisisty
Epidemiologia

Łokieć tenisisty (zapalenie nadkłykcia bocznego kości ramiennej) jest powszechną przyczyną bólu łokcia, z roczną zapadalnością wynoszącą 1-3% w populacji dorosłych, co odpowiada około 3,3-3,5 przypadkom na 1000 mieszkańców. Schorzenie najczęściej dotyka osoby w wieku 30-50 lat, z najwyższą zapadalnością w grupie 40-49 lat (10,2/1000 u kobiet i 7,8/1000 u mężczyzn), i częściej występuje w kończynie dominującej. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują prace manualne z powtarzalnymi ruchami nadgarstka i ramienia, palenie tytoniu, nadwagę, intensywne aktywności fizyczne oraz specyficzne czynniki u sportowców, takie jak nieprawidłowa technika uderzenia czy ciężka rakieta. Współistniejące schorzenia, takie jak patologie stożka rotatorów (OR 4,95) czy zespół cieśni nadgarstka (OR 1,50), oraz terapia doustnymi kortykosteroidami (OR 1,68) zwiększają ryzyko wystąpienia choroby.

Epidemiologia łokcia tenisisty

Łokieć tenisisty (zapalenie nadkłykcia bocznego kości ramiennej, lateral epicondylitis) jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn bólu łokcia wśród pacjentów zgłaszających się do placówek medycznych. Stanowi powszechny problem zdrowotny zarówno w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej, jak i w specjalistycznych poradniach ortopedycznych.12

Częstotliwość występowania

Roczna zapadalność na łokieć tenisisty wynosi od 1% do 3% populacji dorosłych.123 Badania epidemiologiczne wykazują, że schorzenie to dotyka rocznie około 3,3-3,5 osób na 1000 mieszkańców.4 Dokładniejsza analiza częstości występowania wykazała, że wskaźnik zapadalności dostosowany do wieku i płci zmniejszył się znacząco w okresie od 2000 do 2012 roku – z 4,5 na 1000 osób w 2000 roku do 2,4 na 1000 osób w 2012 roku.356

Interesujący jest fakt, że mimo nazwy „łokieć tenisisty”, zaledwie 10% pacjentów z tym schorzeniem to aktywni tenisiści.2 Jednakże wśród nieprofesjonalnych graczy w tenisa, problem ten dotyka ponad 50% zawodników, podczas gdy wśród profesjonalnych tenisistów odsetek ten wynosi zaledwie 5%.78

Rozkład demograficzny

Łokieć tenisisty dotyka najczęściej osoby w wieku od 30 do 50 lat, przy czym największa częstość występowania przypada na czwartą i piątą dekadę życia.23910 Według jednego z badań, najwyższa zapadalność występuje wśród osób w wieku 40-49 lat, z przewagą płci żeńskiej – 10,2 na 1000 pacjentek w porównaniu do 7,8 na 1000 pacjentów płci męskiej.11 Warto jednak zaznaczyć, że większość badań nie wykazuje istotnych różnic w występowaniu schorzenia między mężczyznami a kobietami, wskazując na równy rozkład między płciami.39

Schorzenie to występuje częściej w kończynie dominującej, co potwierdza jego związek z przeciążeniem wynikającym z codziennych aktywności.128

Grupy ryzyka i czynniki predysponujące

Łokieć tenisisty wykazuje silny związek z określonymi grupami zawodowymi oraz czynnikami ryzyka. Osoby najbardziej narażone na wystąpienie tego schorzenia to:2313

  • Osoby wykonujące prace manualne z powtarzalnymi ruchami nadgarstka i ramienia (hydraulicy, malarze, stolarze, rzeźnicy, kucharze)
  • Pracownicy biurowi i pielęgniarki
  • Osoby palące tytoń (obecnie lub w przeszłości)
  • Osoby z nadwagą lub otyłością
  • Osoby wykonujące powtarzalne ruchy przez co najmniej 2 godziny dziennie
  • Osoby podejmujące intensywne aktywności fizyczne (przenoszenie ciężarów powyżej 20 kg)

14215

U sportowców, oprócz tenisistów, problem ten często dotyka również graczy w badmintona, squasha oraz szermierzy.1617 W przypadku tenisistów, do głównych czynników ryzyka zalicza się:818

  • Nieprawidłową technikę uderzenia (szczególnie backhand)
  • Zbyt ciężką rakietę
  • Nieodpowiedni rozmiar uchwytu
  • Wysokie napięcie strun
  • Grę na twardych nawierzchniach

818

Badania wykazały również istnienie współzależności między zapaleniem nadkłykcia bocznego a innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak: patologie stożka rotatorów (OR 4,95), choroba de Quervaina (OR 2,48), zespół cieśni nadgarstka (OR 1,50) oraz terapia doustnymi kortykosteroidami (OR 1,68).1510

Przebieg naturalny i nawrotowość

Przebieg naturalny łokcia tenisisty jest zazwyczaj korzystny, z samoistną poprawą w ciągu jednego do dwóch lat u 80-90% pacjentów.219 Średni czas trwania typowego epizodu choroby wynosi od 6 do 24 miesięcy, przy czym większość pacjentów (89%) zgłasza powrót do zdrowia w ciągu roku.20

Wskaźnik nawrotowości w ciągu 2 lat od pierwszego epizodu wynosi około 8,5% i utrzymuje się na stałym poziomie na przestrzeni lat.321 Istotną obserwacją jest fakt, że pacjenci, u których objawy utrzymują się dłużej niż 6 miesięcy, mają większe prawdopodobieństwo przedłużonego przebiegu choroby i mogą wymagać interwencji chirurgicznej.1422

Tendencje w leczeniu chirurgicznym

W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano znaczący wzrost liczby przypadków leczonych chirurgicznie. Odsetek pacjentów poddanych zabiegom chirurgicznym w ciągu 2 lat od diagnozy potroił się z 1,1% w latach 2000-2002 do 3,2% po roku 2009.3621 Około 1 na 10 pacjentów z objawami utrzymującymi się powyżej 6 miesięcy wymaga interwencji chirurgicznej.322

Skuteczność leczenia nieoperacyjnego szacuje się na 80-95% przypadków.23 Natomiast skuteczność leczenia chirurgicznego ocenia się na 80-90%.23

Aspekty zawodowe łokcia tenisisty

Łokieć tenisisty stanowi poważny problem zdrowotny wśród pracowników wykonujących prace manualne. Częstość występowania w tej grupie zawodowej wynosi około 21%, co znacznie przewyższa wskaźnik 1-3% obserwowany w populacji ogólnej.2425

Badania wykazały, że pracownicy manualni są szczególnie narażeni na obustronny łokieć tenisisty z powodu takich czynników ryzyka zawodowego jak:2425

  • Wysiłek fizyczny
  • Zadania manualne
  • Powtarzalne ruchy
  • Praca z narzędziami wibrującymi

2425

W kontekście medycyny pracy, istotne jest rozpoznanie, że łokcie bez objawów u pracowników manualnych z jednostronnym łokciem tenisisty powinny być uznawane za zagrożone rozwojem tego schorzenia.2425 Zaproponowano protokoły oceny ryzyka i nadzoru w oparciu o wyniki testu krzesła oraz nieprawidłowe wyniki badania ultrasonograficznego, co mogłoby pomóc w identyfikacji przypadków predklinicznych.242627

Wpływ czynników psychospołecznych

Badania wykazały, że czynniki psychospołeczne w miejscu pracy mogą odgrywać istotną rolę w rozwoju i przebiegu łokcia tenisisty. Jedno z badań przeprowadzonych wśród 542 pracowników wykazało, że prawdopodobieństwo poszukiwania pomocy medycznej z powodu zaburzeń kończyn górnych, takich jak łokieć tenisisty, w ciągu następnych 12 miesięcy było przewidywane przez czynniki psychologiczne, a nie przez wyjściowe wymagania fizyczne czy czynniki demograficzne.28

Aspekty związane ze stylem życia, takie jak współistniejące schorzenia, wsparcie otrzymywane w pracy, warunki społeczne, poziom stresu oraz współistniejące objawy w obrębie szyi lub barku, mogą wpływać na wystąpienie i przebieg łokcia tenisisty.29

Obciążenie systemu opieki zdrowotnej

Łokieć tenisisty stanowi znaczące obciążenie dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Szacuje się, że około połowa pacjentów z tym schorzeniem poszukuje pomocy medycznej.30 Na podstawie danych epidemiologicznych, w samych Stanach Zjednoczonych rocznie występuje około miliona przypadków łokcia tenisisty.12

Obserwuje się, że pomimo wysokiej częstości występowania, nadal nie istnieje skuteczny złoty standard leczenia łokcia tenisisty.61 Nie ma również standardowych protokołów leczenia zachowawczego, co potwierdzają analizy obejmujące duże grupy pacjentów.12

Ocena skuteczności interwencji terapeutycznych jest istotnym elementem zarządzania obciążeniem systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Badania wykazują, że silne dowody naukowe potwierdzają znaczącą poprawę zarówno w średnim, jak i długoterminowym okresie zdrowienia u pacjentów, którym przepisano plan ćwiczeń.31 Randomizowane badania kliniczne wykazały wyższość ćwiczeń nad samym oczekiwaniem w zmniejszaniu bólu w przewlekłym zapaleniu nadkłykcia bocznego.32

Narzędzia diagnostyczne i monitorowanie

W ocenie pacjentów z łokciem tenisisty zaleca się stosowanie kwestionariusza PTREE (Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation), który jest wiarygodnym i trafnym narzędziem do oceny bólu i niepełnosprawności związanej z zapaleniem nadkłykcia bocznego.3334

Badania proponują następujące punkty odniesienia w interpretacji wyników kwestionariusza PTREE:34

  • Wyniki powyżej 54 punktów – poważny ból i niepełnosprawność
  • Wyniki poniżej 33 punktów – łagodny poziom bólu i niepełnosprawności
  • Zmiana o 11 punktów lub 37% poprawy w stosunku do wartości wyjściowej – minimalna klinicznie istotna różnica

34

Trendy i kierunki badań

Spadek zapadalności na łokieć tenisisty zaobserwowany w ostatnich latach może odzwierciedlać zmiany w praktykach diagnostycznych lub rzeczywisty spadek liczby przypadków.3522 Jednocześnie wzrost odsetka przypadków leczonych chirurgicznie wskazuje na potrzebę lepszego zrozumienia naturalnego przebiegu choroby i opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii leczenia zachowawczego.16

Badania wskazują na potrzebę dalszej analizy związku między czasem ekspozycji na czynniki ryzyka zawodowego a zapadalnością na łokieć tenisisty.7 Przyszłe badania powinny koncentrować się na relacji między narażeniem fizycznym a właściwościami biomechanicznymi wspólnego ścięgna prostowników.36

Konieczna jest również weryfikacja procesu podejmowania decyzji zaproponowanego w badaniach dotyczących identyfikacji łokcia zagrożonego rozwojem schorzenia, jako części badań wstępnych lub corocznego nadzoru zdrowotnego dla pracowników manualnych.36

Standaryzacja diagnostyki i eksploracja skutecznych opcji leczenia to obszary wymagające dalszych badań, szczególnie w kontekście wysokiej częstości występowania tego schorzenia.6

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The Epidemiology and Health Care Burden of Tennis Elbow
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4517446/
    Lateral elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis) is a common condition both in primary care and specialty clinics. […] Lateral elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis) or tennis elbow is a commonly seen condition in general practice clinics and has been reported to affect 1% to 3% of adults each year. […] While there is no standard protocol for treating lateral elbow tendinosis, traditionally, nonsurgical therapy has been the mainstay of initial management. […] While some prognostic indicators are described in the literature, there are virtually no data on the recurrence rate of lateral elbow tendinosis or the proportion of patients who require surgical intervention. […] In this study, we describe trends in incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis over time and demonstrate, for the first time, that the incidence decreased significantly over a relatively short time period between 2000 and 2012.
  • #2 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431092/
    Tennis elbow is the most common cause of elbow symptoms in patients presenting with elbow pain in general. The annual incidence is one to three percent in the United States. Despite the condition being commonly referred to as tennis elbow, tennis players make up only 10% of the patient population. […] It is more common in individuals older than 40 years of age. Smoking, obesity, repetitive movement for at least two hours daily, and vigorous activity (managing physical loads over 20 kg) are risk factors in the general population for developing this condition. […] The natural course of the condition is favorable, with spontaneous recovery within one to two years in 80% to 90% percent of the patients.
  • #3 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow): Practice Essentials, Background, Functional Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/327759-overview
    The annual incidence is 1-3% of the US population. Men and women are equally affected. Typically, lateral epicondylitis affects individuals older than age 40 years. There is usually a history of repetitive activity aggravating the extensor tendons of the forearm. Repetitive, eccentric motion of the wrist extensor muscles may increase risk of injury. Individuals with a current or prior history of tobacco use were also noted to be at increased risk. […] A study reported the age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis decreased from 4.5 per 1000 people in 2000 to 2.4 per 1000 in 2012. The recurrence rate within 2 years was 8.5% and the proportion of surgically treated cases within 2 years of diagnosis tripled from 1.1% during the 2000-2002 period to 3.2% after 2009. The study also added that about 1 in 10 patients with persistent symptoms at 6 months required surgery.
  • #4 The Epidemiology and Health Care Burden of Tennis Elbow
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4517446/
    We also noted a significant increase in the rate of surgical intervention in recent years. […] With an incidence around 3.3 to 3.5 per 1000, lateral elbow tendinosis continues to be a relatively common and debilitating upper extremity condition, and yet relatively little is known regarding risk factors, disease burden, and long-term outcomes. […] Our findings suggest that those without symptom resolution within 6 months of onset will tend to have a more prolonged course possibly requiring definitive procedural intervention.
  • #5 The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/6772/html
    Epidemiology is not an easy discipline to assess a large patient population. […] Up to this point in history, the epidemiological data concerning tennis elbow has been based primarily on the written articles from tertiary care centers reflecting their emphasis on diagnosis and treatment and empirical observations regarding epidemiology. […] In contrast, Dr. Sanders study was of a general population of 144,000. Over a period of 13 years, 5,867 persons were identified with tennis elbow, an overall incidence rate of 4.5 per 1,000 in the year 2000 reducing to 2.4 per 1,000 in the year 2012. […] A main stated goal of the study was to determine the natural history of the lateral tennis elbow and identify, if possible, a clear indicator to proceed to surgery. […] The Sanders study noted that patients with symptoms greater than 6 months were more likely to come to surgery but did not comment further on other potential surgical indicators.
  • #6 Tennis Elbow – Rheumatology Advisor
    https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/tennis-elbow/
    Lateral epicondylitis (LE), commonly known as tennis elbow, is a condition that causes pain and inflammation in the outer part of the elbow. […] Despite its relatively high prevalence, there is still no effective gold standard treatment for tennis elbow. […] Some research shows the annual incidence in the US remained stable overall between 2007 and 2014, with incidence and surgical intervention for tennis elbow increasing in those older than 65. […] Other studies of tennis elbow have found that the age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of tennis elbow decreased significantly over time from 4.5 per 1000 people in 2000 to 2.4 per 1000 in 2012, while those opting for surgery within two years tripled over the study period from 1.1% to 3.2%. […] Other researchers place the annual incidence of tennis elbow between 1% and 3% in the general American population. […] This condition warrants further investigation to standardize diagnosis and explore effective treatment options.
  • #7 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow): Practice Essentials, Background, Functional Anatomy
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/327759-overview
    Herquelot et al conducted a study that aimed to estimate the association between repeated measures of occupational risk factors and the incidence of lateral epicondylitis in a large working population. The study highlights the importance of temporal dimensions for occupational risk factors on the incidence of lateral epicondylitis. The authors conclude that further research should evaluate the risk associated with the duration and repetition of occupational exposure on the incidence of lateral epicondylitis. […] Lateral epicondylitis affects more than 50% of nonprofessional tennis players; however, only 5% of professional tennis players report this condition.
  • #8
    https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3082/lateral-epicondylitis-tennis-elbow
    Lateral Epicondylitis (also known as Tennis Elbow) is an overuse injury caused by eccentric overload at the origin of the common extensor tendon, leading to tendinosis and inflammation of the ECRB. […] Epidemiology […] Incidence […] most common cause for elbow symptoms in patients with elbow pain […] affects 1-3% of adults annually […] commonly in dominant arm […] affects up to 50% of all tennis players […] risk factors […] poor swing technique […] heavy racket […] incorrect grip size […] high string tension […] common in laborers who utilize heavy tools […] workers engaged in repetitive gripping or lifting tasks […] most common between ages of 45 and 64 years old […] men and women equally affected.
  • #9 Lateral epicondylitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lateral-epicondylitis?lang=us
    Lateral epicondylitis occurs with a frequency of 7 to 10 times that of medial epicondylitis. […] As with medial epicondylitis, it typically occurs in the 4th to 5th decades of life. […] There is no recognized gender predilection.
  • #10 Tennis Elbow: Definition, Causes, Epidemiology | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-7534-8_1
    Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is an overuse tendinopathy of the lateral wrist extensor muscles where they insert at the elbow. This condition occurs most commonly in adults between 30 and 50 years, with risk factors including repetitive use of the elbow, tobacco use, and other hand issues such as carpal tunnel syndrome and deQuervains tenosynovitis. […] Kitaie E, Itay S, Ruder A, Engel J, Modan M. An epidemiological study of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) in amateur male players. Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1986;5:11321. […] Wolf JM, Mountcastle S, Burks R, Sturdivant RX, Owens BD. Epidemiology of lateral and medial epicondylitis in a military population. Mil Med. 2010;175(5):3369 (4).
  • #11 Tennis Elbow Study – Mayo Clinic | Louisville Bones 
    https://louisvillebones.com/mayo-clinic-tennis-elbow-research/
    Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is a commonly seen condition in general practice clinics and has been reported to affect 1 to 3 percent of adults in the U.S. each year. […] The researchers found that the highest incidents of tennis elbow is among individuals age 40 to 49 years, with the majority of them being female -10.2 per 1000 female patients versus 7.8 per 1000 male patients. […] In conclusion, this tennis elbow epidemiology study indicates that lateral epicondylitis is relatively common, particularly among individuals age 40 to 49 years during their most productive years.
  • #12 The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/6772/html
    The Sanders study noted the preponderance of persons getting tennis elbow were office workers and nurses and that the dominant arm was more likely. […] The Sanders study included review of the 576 patients for non-operative and operative treatments. The study concluded there were no standard non-operative treatment protocols in the patients studied. […] The Sanders study confirms what we have known empirically, but it is always helpful to have confirmation. Lateral tennis elbow does not threaten quantity of life, but is a major impediment to quality of life. As noted in the Sanders report, the malady is also statistically significant and I agree with the Sanders estimation of approximately 1,000,000 cases per year in America.
  • #13 TENNIS ELBOW | Sports Medicine Today
    https://www.sportsmedtoday.com/tennis-elbow-va-152.htm
    Tennis elbow is associated with many activities, including tennis, squash, carpentry, sewing and even computer use. While this condition can occur at any age, it most commonly occurs between 45-54 years of age and affects 1-3 percent of the population. […] Individuals at highest risk for developing this condition include those who smoke, perform repetitive movements for at least 2 hours daily, regularly lift weights heavier than 44 pounds (20kg), and are between the ages of 45-54. […] Without treatment, tennis elbow is estimated to last 6 months to 2 years; if function and quality of life are not limited, it is reasonable to allow time for improvement. […] Research has shown that physical therapy with a focus on eccentric strengthening (contracting the muscle while it is lengthening) can help improve pain and function. […] Prevention of injury first involves identifying and changing activities that cause pain. […] Return to sport or work for this condition will vary depending on the degree of pain and strength; there is no set timeline.
  • #14 Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/
    Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is a painful condition of the elbow caused by overuse. Not surprisingly, playing tennis or other racquet sports can cause this condition. However, several other sports and activities can also put you at risk. […] Tennis elbow involves the degeneration (wearing down) or, in some cases, microtearing of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. […] Athletes are not the only people who get tennis elbow. Many people with tennis elbow participate in work or recreational activities that require repetitive and vigorous use of the forearm muscle or repetitive extension of the wrist and hand. […] Studies have shown that auto workers, cooks, and even butchers get tennis elbow more often than the rest of the population. […] Most people who get tennis elbow are between the ages of 30 and 50, although anyone can get tennis elbow if they have the risk factors.
  • #15 Lateral Epicondylalgia / Tennis Elbow | Diagnosis & Treatment
    https://www.physiotutors.com/conditions/lateral-epicondylalgia/
    Lateral Epidondylalgia is a frequent patient complaint, commonly referred to as tennis elbow (Pitzer et al. 2014). The association with the name tennis elbow for lateral epicondylalgia (LE) is due to the fact that the condition has long been associated with racquet sports and an estimated 10-50% of tennis players develop LE during their careers (Van Hoofwegen et al. 2010). […] Tichener et al. (2013) conducted a large case-control study with 4998 patients who were retrospectively screened for risk factors for the development of LE. They found that rotator cuff pathology (OR 4.95), De Quervains disease (Or 2.48), carpal tunnel syndrome (OR 1.50), oral corticosteroid therapy (OR 1.68), and previous smoking (OR 1.20) were risk factors associated with the development of tennis elbow. […] A study by Sanders et al. (2015) found that the annual incidence of LE decreased over time from 4.5 per 1000 people in 2000 to 2.4 per 1000 people in 2012 in the US population. […] In a study of the US military, incidence rates for LE were 2.98 per 1000 person-years (Wolf et al. 2010). Another study by Leach et al. (1987) mentions that LE is 7-10 times more common than medial epicondylalgia.
  • #16 Tennis Elbow: Common Symptoms and Tips for Prevention
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tennis-elbow-a2-2549917
    Tennis elbow affects about 1%-3% of adults each year. […] Most patients with tennis elbow are between 30 and 50 years old. […] Tennis elbow is seen in golfers, fencers, and other sports participants. […] There are two groups of people that are especially vulnerable to developing this condition: athletes, especially racquet sport players, and people who work with their hands. […] Tennis elbow does not solely occur in tennis players. […] The diagnosis of tennis elbow is made through a medical history and physical examination. […] Besides tennis elbow, there are several other causes of pain over the outside of the elbow including instability of the joint, elbow arthritis, radial tunnel syndrome, and cervical radiculopathy. […] These conditions are generally considered if the symptoms are not typical for tennis elbow, or if a person with presumed tennis elbow does not respond to treatment.
  • #17
    https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/121605/lateral-epicondylitis
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] more common in activities that result in repetitive wrist extension, such as […] badminton […] squash […] tennis […] […] […] Demographics […] typically between 40-50 years of age […] […] […] In most patients, symptoms resolve within 12 months with conservative treatment
  • #18 Lateral Epicondylitis / Tennis Elbow | The Bone School
    http://www.boneschool.com/upper-limb/elbow/epicondylitis/lateral-epicondylitis-tennis-elbow
    Lateral : Medial 9:1 […] 4th 5th decades […] – M = F […] – 75% dominant arm […] 50% of regular tennis players […] – especially 2 hrs / week […] Tennis […] – poor technique […] – poor grip […] – hard court surfaces […] – strings too taut […] History of overuse […] Pain lateral elbow […] Backhand in tennis main problem
  • #19 Tennis Elbow: Common Symptoms and Tips for Prevention
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tennis-elbow-a2-2549917
    Tennis elbow usually gets better on its own. […] Treatment of tennis elbow entails simple, non-surgical steps. […] Tennis elbow heals on its own within one to two years in 80%-90% of people. […] If you experience symptoms of tennis elbow, such as pain on the outside of the elbow, be sure to get it checked by a healthcare provider.
  • #20 Understanding the effects of tennis elbow – Personnel Today
    https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/understanding-the-effects-of-tennis-elbow/
    Tennis elbow or, to give it its correct term, lateral epicondylitis (LE) is characterised by pain over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. It is the second most commonly diagnosed musculoskeletal disorder of the upper extremities affecting both sexes between the ages of 35 and 54, typically affecting the dominant arm (Smidt and van der Windt, 2006). […] Individuals whose work involves manual tasks combining forces and repetition are at an increased risk of developing this condition (Haahr and Andersen, 2003). […] The average duration of a typical episode can be from six to 24 months, with most patients (89%) reporting recovery within one year (Smidt and others, 2006). […] Psychosocial workplace factors have been a focus of many musculoskeletal disorders, but few have focused on tennis elbow. The study of Haahr Andersen (2003) supports an association between physical workplace, home factors and LE. […] Active and early involvement in the management of LE facilitated an effective return to work. […] The health assessment undertaken on the client was based on an understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of this musculoskeletal disorder.
  • #21 The Epidemiology and Health Care Burden of Tennis Elbow: A Population-Based Study. | EBSCOhost
    https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=03635465&AN=102387434&h=fvG3jHEO4C1Y1dYH8TpOI%2FG8NMZJWw%2BaJLZfcyotb9TKPq%2BcLXNvPTlP3LL3nKIE70FZflAXM2RheU5bIuoCdA%3D%3D&crl=f
    The Epidemiology and Health Care Burden of Tennis Elbow: A Population-Based Study. […] Lateral elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis) is a common condition both in primary care and specialty clinics. […] To evaluate the natural history (ie, incidence, recurrence, and progression to surgery) of lateral elbow tendinosis in a large population. […] The study population comprised a population-based incidence cohort of patients with new-onset lateral elbow tendinosis between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012. […] The age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis decreased significantly over time from 4.5 per 1000 people in 2000 to 2.4 per 1000 in 2012 (P\.001). […] The recurrence rate within 2 years was 8.5% and remained constant over time. […] The proportion of surgically treated cases within 2 years of diagnosis tripled over time, from 1.1% during the 2000-2002 time period to 3.2% after 2009 (P \ .00001).
  • #22 The Epidemiology and Health Care Burden of Tennis Elbow: A Population-Based Study. | EBSCOhost
    https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=03635465&AN=102387434&h=fvG3jHEO4C1Y1dYH8TpOI%2FG8NMZJWw%2BaJLZfcyotb9TKPq%2BcLXNvPTlP3LL3nKIE70FZflAXM2RheU5bIuoCdA%3D%3D&crl=f
    About 1 in 10 patients with persistent symptoms at 6 months required surgery. […] The decrease in incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis may represent changes in diagnosis patterns or a true decrease in disease incidence. […] Natural history data can be used to help guide patients and providers in determining the most appropriate course at a given time in the disease process. […] The study data suggest that patients without resolution after 6 months of onset may have a prolonged disease course and may need surgical intervention.
  • #23 Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/
    Lateral epicondylitis can occur without any recognized repetitive injury. This occurrence is called idiopathic, or of an unknown cause. […] Your doctor will consider many factors in making a diagnosis, including: How your symptoms developed, Any occupational risk factors, Recreational sports participation. […] Your doctor may recommend additional tests to rule out other causes of your elbow pain. […] Approximately 80 to 95% of patients have success with nonsurgical treatment. […] If your symptoms do not respond after 6 to 12 months of nonsurgical treatments, your doctor may recommend surgery. […] Tennis elbow surgery is considered successful in 80 to 90% of patients.
  • #24
    https://journals.lww.com/jmut/fulltext/9900/evaluation_and_surveillance_of_lateral_elbow.73.aspx
    Manual workers are at risk of developing lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). […] Its prevalence in manual workers is approximately 21%, much higher than the 1%3% observed in the general population. […] Manual workers are particularly at risk of bilateral LET due to occupational risk factors such as strenuous work, manual tasks, repetitive motions, and work with vibrating tools. […] The unaffected elbows of manual workers with unilateral LET should be considered at risk of LET. […] We proposed a risk assessment and surveillance protocol based on chair test results and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. […] Highly sensitive physical and ultrasonographic examinations have been used as diagnostic and screening tools in athletes at risk of shoulder or knee injuries and may also be useful for developing programs to screen manual workers for LET risk.
  • #25
    https://journals.lww.com/jmut/fulltext/2025/01000/evaluation_and_surveillance_of_lateral_elbow.7.aspx
    Manual workers are at risk of developing lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). […] Its prevalence in manual workers is approximately 21%, much higher than the 1%3% observed in the general population. […] Manual workers are particularly at risk of bilateral LET due to occupational risk factors such as strenuous work, manual tasks, repetitive motions, and work with vibrating tools. […] The unaffected elbows of manual workers with unilateral LET should be considered at risk of LET. […] We proposed a risk assessment and surveillance protocol based on chair test results and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. […] Highly sensitive physical and ultrasonographic examinations have been used as diagnostic and screening tools in athletes at risk of shoulder or knee injuries and may also be useful for developing programs to screen manual workers for LET risk.
  • #26
    https://journals.lww.com/jmut/fulltext/9900/evaluation_and_surveillance_of_lateral_elbow.73.aspx
    Considering that the LET-unaffected elbows of manual workers are at risk of LET, we hypothesized that asymptomatic and LET-affected elbows of manual workers with unilateral LET both have a higher prevalence of positive physical examination results and morpho-mechanical changes in elbow ultrasonography than those of healthy individuals. […] The present study validated the following hypotheses: (i) unaffected elbows in manual workers with unilateral LET have a higher prevalence of positive chair test results and morphological changes in elbow ultrasonography than those of the controls and (ii) affected elbows of workers with unilateral LET showed significant differences on physical examination and ultrasonography, as well as in the mechanical properties of the CET, compared to those of the controls.
  • #27
    https://journals.lww.com/jmut/fulltext/9900/evaluation_and_surveillance_of_lateral_elbow.73.aspx
    Based on these findings, further risk assessment and surveillance protocols for unaffected elbows in manual workers with LET should be considered. […] The differences between the LET-unaffected elbows and controls in this study may suggest the presence of an asymptomatic preclinical stage of LET. […] Thus, the authors propose a protocol for risk assessment to identify screening for preclinical LET and consummate present occupational health management.
  • #28 Lateral epicondylitis: Current concepts
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/november/lateral-epicondylitis
    Lateral epicondylitis, more commonly referred to as tennis elbow, is a common condition seen in general practice. It effects approximately 47 per 1000 individuals. […] Lateral epicondylitis is a common cause of upper extremity pain. It affects 13% of adults each year, with an annual incidence of 47 per 1000 individuals. […] There is no sex bias in this condition, and incidence peaks during the fourth and fifth decades of life. […] One study of 542 workers presenting for their annual medical examination found that the workers probability of seeking care for an upper extremity disorder such as lateral epicondylitis over the following 12 months was predicted by psychological factors rather than by baseline physical demands or demographics. […] Despite its relatively high prevalence, there is currently no universally recognised effective and consistent management of lateral epicondylitis that is superior to the natural history of the disease. […] Evidence regarding the efficacy of surgery in the management of lateral epicondylitis is limited.
  • #29 Tennis Elbow: Advice for Players
    https://puresportsmed.com/blog/posts/tennis-elbow-advice-for-players
    In 2020 we saw many people re-turn, or turn, to tennis as their form of exercise, due to its naturally socially distanced nature and the warm weather we experienced that summer. […] It is suggested that up to 50% of players develop these symptoms at some point during their career. […] However, the prevalence of these symptoms is also common in the non-tennis playing population as well. […] Tennis Elbow has been associated with multiple lifestyle contributors, which can include: any co-existing medical complaints, your work, the support you receive at work, social circumstances, stress levels and any current symptoms in your neck or shoulder. […] Therefore, when considering possible contributing factors, it is likely that these will vary between people and be specific to each individual.
  • #30
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00180221
    Five studies of tennis elbow are presented. Epidemiological studies showed an incidence of tennis elbow between 1 and 2%. The prevalence of tennis elbow in women between 40 and 50 years of age was 10%. Half of the patients with tennis elbow seek medical attention. […] Anatomical investigations and nerve conduction studies of the Radial Tunnel Syndrome supported the hypothesis that the Lateral Cubital Force Transmission System is involved in the pathogenesis of tennis elbow.
  • #31 Tennis Elbow: Advice for Players
    https://puresportsmed.com/blog/posts/tennis-elbow-advice-for-players
    Strong scientific evidence demonstrates those prescribed an exercise plan see significant improvements in both the medium and long-term stages of their recovery journey. […] Professional guidance should prove beneficial if you have high levels of pain and discomfort, your function is reduced, your symptoms are persistent, or you have upcoming competitions/events you have concerns about competing in. […] There is some support for the use of a brace, in reducing symptoms during the painful activity but it is unlikely to impact your long-term outcome. […] Although most feel immediate relief, cortico-steroid injections have shown poor long-term outcomes, when compared to no treatment at all and a greater rate of recurrence, therefore it is usually not advised. […] If you are experiencing pain on the outside of your elbow, we suggest seeing one of our team for an initial assessment to begin your recovery journey. […] Nirschl 2015. The epidemiology and health care burden of tennis elbow: a population-based study. Annals Translational Medicine 3 […] Joshua et al Tennis Injuries. 2015. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 23.
  • #32
    https://ujms.net/index.php/ujms/article/view/6062
    Chronic tennis elbow (lateral epicondylosis) is a common disorder. […] This study is a randomized, controlled, clinical trial of the effect of exercise versus expectation (wait-list) on pain, muscle strength, function, and quality of life in patients with long-standing lateral epicondylosis. […] Eighty-one subjects with tennis elbow lasting for more than 3 months were randomly allocated to an exercise group (n = 40) or a reference group (n = 41). […] Exercise appears to be superior to expectation in reducing pain in chronic lateral epicondylosis.
  • #33 How to diagnose Tennis Elbow or Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy with 6 simple tests – ReHand: Rehabilitation of hand, wrist and finger injuries via Tablet
    https://rehand.net/en/how-to-diagnose-an-epicondylitis-or-lateral-elbow-tendinopathy-with-6-simple-tests/
    Commonly known as Lateral Epicondylitis, Epicondylalgia or Tennis Elbow Tendinopathy, is one of the most prevalent conditions affecting the upper limb. […] Its prevalence rates are similar between both genders, and it is estimated that between 1-3% of the population between 35 and 50 years of age will present Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy (Karanasios S et al 2021). […] Being a smoker, working in manual labour or being a tennis player increases the risk of developing it (Coombes BK et al 2015). […] This is why evidence-based diagnostic and assessment guidelines are required to allow the clinician to make a proper therapeutic decision. […] Clinical Practice Guidelines and clinical trials recommend the use of the PTREE Questionnaire to assess patient outcomes. […] The PRTEE is a reliable and valid questionnaire for the assessment of pain and disability associated with epicondylitis or lateral tendon epicondylalgia.
  • #34 How to diagnose Tennis Elbow or Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy with 6 simple tests – ReHand: Rehabilitation of hand, wrist and finger injuries via Tablet
    https://rehand.net/en/how-to-diagnose-an-epicondylitis-or-lateral-elbow-tendinopathy-with-6-simple-tests/
    Some studies propose that scores above 54 points are considered a range associated with severe pain and disability, while scores below 33 points represent a mild level of pain and disability. […] A change of 11 points or 37% improvement from baseline has also been proposed as the minimum clinically relevant difference. […] Regarding the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire, a good internal consistency was observed (cronbachs alpha 0.94). […] The reliability of the questionnaire is excellent, with its total score with r2=0.87. Sensitivity to change pre-post treatment is related to the Thomsen Test (r2=84) and DASH (r2=0.66).
  • #35 Tennis elbow – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_elbow
    Tennis Elbow is a commonly seen condition and has been reported to affect 1% to 3% of adults each year. […] The incidence of lateral elbow tendinosis has declined, which could be due to shifts in diagnostic practices or an actual drop in cases. […] Understanding the typical disease progression can help patients and providers choose the best treatment approach. […] Symptoms suggestive of lateral epicondylitis are present in about 1% of the adult population and are most common between ages 40 and 60. […] The prevalence varies somewhat between studies, likely as a result of varied diagnostic criteria and limited reliability between different observers. […] The data regarding symptoms of lateral epicondylitis in relation to occupations and sports are inconsistent and inconclusive. […] The shortcomings of the evidence that addresses the relationship between symptoms and occupation/sport include: variation in diagnostic criteria, limited reliability of diagnosis, confounding association of psychosocial factors, selection bias due to a high non-response rate, and the fact that exposures are usually by subjective patient reports and symptomatic patients might receive greater exposure.
  • #36
    https://journals.lww.com/jmut/fulltext/2025/01000/evaluation_and_surveillance_of_lateral_elbow.7.aspx
    Future research should focus on the relationship between physical exposure and biomechanical properties of the CET. […] It is also required to verify the decision-making process proposed in the present study for identifying the elbow at risk as part of preassignment medical examinations or annual health surveillance for manual workers.