Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538217/

  Glaucoma is a complex eye condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that may progress to vision loss over time. […] Researchers are investigating genetic and environmental factors contributing to glaucoma development. […] The exact etiology of glaucoma is unknown, but a clear correlation with elevated eye pressure exists in most cases. High IOP is the primary risk factor for developing glaucoma and for the progression of the disease, and it is also the sole factor that current treatments can effectively address. […] Although IOP is often associated with glaucoma, a direct causal relationship has not been definitively established. Researchers are investigating genetic and environmental factors contributing to glaucoma development. Evidence from studies involving monozygotic twin pairs, who exhibit a higher concordance rate compared to dizygotic pairs, suggests that environmental factors also have a significant role in the disease’s development.

• #2

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a disease that damages your eyes optic nerve. It usually happens when fluid builds up in the front part of your eye. That extra fluid increases the pressure in your eye, damaging the optic nerve. […] Your eye constantly makes aqueous humor. As new aqueous flows into your eye, the same amount should drain out. The fluid drains out through an area called the drainage angle. This process keeps pressure in the eye (called intraocular pressure or IOP) stable. But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid builds up. Pressure inside the eye rises, damaging the optic nerve. […] If the drainage angle is blocked, fluid cannot flow out of the eye, causing pressure to increase. […] This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens gradually, where the eye does not drain fluid as well as it should (like a clogged drain). As a result, eye pressure builds and starts to damage the optic nerve.

• #3 Glaucoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

  The total prevalence of glaucoma is about the same in North America and Asia, but the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma is four times higher in Asia than in North America. […] Other factors can cause glaucoma, known as „secondary glaucoma”, including prolonged use of steroids (steroid-induced glaucoma); conditions that severely restrict blood flow to the eye, such as severe diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion (neovascular glaucoma); ocular trauma (angle-recession glaucoma); plateau iris; and inflammation of the middle layer of the pigmented vascular eye structure (uveitis), known as uveitic glaucoma. […] The underlying cause of open-angle glaucoma remains unclear. Several theories exist on its exact etiology. […] The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not well understood. Several theories exist regarding the mechanism of the damage to the optic nerve in glaucoma.

• #4 Glaucoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839

  Glaucoma develops when the optic nerve becomes damaged. As this nerve gradually gets worse, blind spots develop in your vision. For reasons that eye doctors don’t fully understand, this nerve damage is usually related to increased pressure in the eye. […] Raised eye pressure happens as the result of a buildup of fluid that flows throughout the inside of the eye. This fluid, called the aqueous humor, usually drains through a tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. This tissue is called the trabecular meshwork. The cornea is important to vision because it lets light into the eye. When the eye makes too much fluid or the drainage system doesn’t work properly, eye pressure may increase. […] In pigmentary glaucoma, small pigment granules flake off from the iris and block or slow fluid drainage from the eye. Activities such as jogging sometimes stir up the pigment granules. That leads to a deposit of pigment granules on tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. The granule deposits cause an increase in pressure. […] Glaucoma tends to run in families. In some people, scientists have identified genes related to high eye pressure and optic nerve damage.

• #5

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a disease that damages your eyes optic nerve. It usually happens when fluid builds up in the front part of your eye. That extra fluid increases the pressure in your eye, damaging the optic nerve. […] Your eye constantly makes aqueous humor. As new aqueous flows into your eye, the same amount should drain out. The fluid drains out through an area called the drainage angle. This process keeps pressure in the eye (called intraocular pressure or IOP) stable. But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid builds up. Pressure inside the eye rises, damaging the optic nerve. […] If the drainage angle is blocked, fluid cannot flow out of the eye, causing pressure to increase. […] This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens gradually, where the eye does not drain fluid as well as it should (like a clogged drain). As a result, eye pressure builds and starts to damage the optic nerve.

• #6 Glaucoma Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/glaucoma/causes.html

  The exact cause of glaucoma is not known. Experts think that increased pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) may cause the nerve damage in many cases. But some people who have glaucoma have normal eye pressure. […] In open-angle glaucoma (OAG), fluid in the eye (aqueous humor) doesn’t drain well. When this happens, the fluid builds up. This buildup increases the intraocular pressure (IOP) and may damage the optic nerve. […] Up to half of the people with OAG don’t have higher-than-normal IOP. This is called normal- or low-tension glaucoma. […] In closed-angle glaucoma (CAG), fluid can’t drain because the drainage angle is blocked. This may happen when: The colored part of the eye (iris) and the lens block the movement of fluid between the chambers of the eye. The blocked fluid causes pressure to build up in the eye and makes the iris press on the eye’s drainage system (trabecular meshwork). The increased pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve, leading to vision loss and possible blindness.

• #7 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Glaucoma affects over 67 million people worldwide. Its one of the primary causes of preventable vision loss and blindness among adults in the United States and Canada and is among the leading causes of blindness globally. […] OAG has no early warning signs and can only be detected during a comprehensive eye exam. If left untreated, all types of glaucoma may cause irreparable damage to your optic nerve, ultimately leading to blindness. […] Usually, the fluid inside your eye (aqueous humor) flows into the veins at the back of your eyes through a mesh-like channel. If that channel gets blocked, or the eye produces too much fluid, the volume of liquid inside the eye builds up. This increases the internal pressure in the eye (IOP), causing OAG glaucoma. […] The normal range of IOP is 12 to 20 mmHG. Pressure higher than this can start to cause OAG and affect the health of the optic nerve.

• #8 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Glaucoma affects over 67 million people worldwide. Its one of the primary causes of preventable vision loss and blindness among adults in the United States and Canada and is among the leading causes of blindness globally. […] OAG has no early warning signs and can only be detected during a comprehensive eye exam. If left untreated, all types of glaucoma may cause irreparable damage to your optic nerve, ultimately leading to blindness. […] Usually, the fluid inside your eye (aqueous humor) flows into the veins at the back of your eyes through a mesh-like channel. If that channel gets blocked, or the eye produces too much fluid, the volume of liquid inside the eye builds up. This increases the internal pressure in the eye (IOP), causing OAG glaucoma. […] The normal range of IOP is 12 to 20 mmHG. Pressure higher than this can start to cause OAG and affect the health of the optic nerve.

• #9 6 Primary Causes Of Glaucoma

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/causes

  There are two main subtypes of glaucoma primary glaucoma, when there is no identifiable cause, and secondary glaucoma, where there is a known predisposing factor such as injury, or inflammation. […] There are several theories about the causes of primary glaucoma, and although we dont know all the answers yet, we have identified several key risk factors: […] The basic cause of glaucoma is a blockage to the drainage system of the eye; something is getting in the way of the eyes natural drain, and as a result, pressure builds up. This pressure exerts a damaging effect to the optic nerve and causes the nerve tissue to degenerate. […] Trauma to the eye can occur as a result of injury such as an accident that causes the eye or surrounding structures to be hurt, or as a result of another eye surgery or laser treatment that youve had.

• #10 What Causes Glaucoma?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma/causes/

  Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease that leads to vision loss and, often, blindness. It develops when internal eye pressure is too high for the optic nerve to withstand. In most cases, there aren’t any known causes of glaucoma. But it is usually related to problems in the eyes drainage pathway. […] Experts know that problems in the drainage pathway raise IOP, and they know that higher IOP can harm the optic nerve. But in most cases, they don’t know why the drainage problems develop. And they don’t know exactly why IOP affects the optic nerve. This is why eye doctors talk about risk factors rather than causes of glaucoma. […] There are several different types of glaucoma, but they can be divided into two broad categories. The first category is primary glaucomas. They are called primary because they develop on their own, without any known cause. Most cases fall into this category.

• #11 6 Primary Causes Of Glaucoma

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/causes

  There are two main subtypes of glaucoma primary glaucoma, when there is no identifiable cause, and secondary glaucoma, where there is a known predisposing factor such as injury, or inflammation. […] There are several theories about the causes of primary glaucoma, and although we dont know all the answers yet, we have identified several key risk factors: […] The basic cause of glaucoma is a blockage to the drainage system of the eye; something is getting in the way of the eyes natural drain, and as a result, pressure builds up. This pressure exerts a damaging effect to the optic nerve and causes the nerve tissue to degenerate. […] Trauma to the eye can occur as a result of injury such as an accident that causes the eye or surrounding structures to be hurt, or as a result of another eye surgery or laser treatment that youve had.

• #12 Glaucoma: Types, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9710

  Glaucoma refers to a buildup of pressure within the eye that causes damage to the optic nerve. […] Experts do not know exactly what causes glaucoma, but some health conditions increase the risk. […] If a person has primary glaucoma, there is no identifiable cause. If they have secondary glaucoma there is an underlying cause, such as a tumor, diabetes, hypothyroidism, an advanced cataract, or inflammation. […] Risk factors for glaucoma include the following: having diabetes or another underlying health condition, a family history of glaucoma, having an eye injury or condition, previous eye surgery, severe myopia (nearsightedness), taking corticosteroid medication, especially as eye drops, high blood pressure, genetic factors, which can lead to childhood glaucoma. […] There is no known way to prevent glaucoma, but early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chance of preventing vision loss.

• #13 Open Angle Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441887/

  Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by an open angle of the anterior chamber, typical optic nerve head changes, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and progressive loss of peripheral vision. […] Elevated intraocular pressure is a key risk factor for primary or secondary causes. […] Understanding the formation and drainage of aqueous humor is necessary to comprehend the etiology of OAG. […] Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type, characterized by increased resistance to drainage in the trabecular meshwork. […] However, the drainage angle between the cornea and iris remains open. […] Due to this blockage, the pressure in the eye gradually increases, resulting in optic nerve damage and progressive visual loss.

• #14

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a disease that damages your eyes optic nerve. It usually happens when fluid builds up in the front part of your eye. That extra fluid increases the pressure in your eye, damaging the optic nerve. […] Your eye constantly makes aqueous humor. As new aqueous flows into your eye, the same amount should drain out. The fluid drains out through an area called the drainage angle. This process keeps pressure in the eye (called intraocular pressure or IOP) stable. But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid builds up. Pressure inside the eye rises, damaging the optic nerve. […] If the drainage angle is blocked, fluid cannot flow out of the eye, causing pressure to increase. […] This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens gradually, where the eye does not drain fluid as well as it should (like a clogged drain). As a result, eye pressure builds and starts to damage the optic nerve.

• #15 Glaucoma | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders that lead to progressive damage to the optic nerve. […] The most common form of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, develops slowly and usually without any symptoms. […] There are many theories about the causes of glaucoma, but the exact cause is unknown. […] One theory about its development is that the eye’s drainage system becomes inefficient over time. […] Another theory about the cause of this type of glaucoma is that there is poor blood flow (perfusion) to the optic nerve. […] This type of glaucoma results from an injury or another eye disease. […] In this form of glaucoma, eye pressure remains within the „normal” range, but the optic nerve is damaged nevertheless. […] The following factors can increase the risk of developing glaucoma: Age. People over age 60 are at increased risk for the disease.

• #16 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  There is good evidence that IOP related mechanisms of optic nerve damage are very important in the pathogenesis of POAG. By definition, patients with POAG have raised IOP. Raised IOP is an important risk factor for the progression to POAG from ocular hypertension (OHT), and is the only common clinical finding in a wide variety of secondary glaucomas. IOP seems to be important even in NTG, as reduction of IOP was shown to reduce the risk of progression in these patients in the Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study. In animal models, raised IOP always precedes glaucomatous nerve damage. It is thought that raised IOP primarily affects the optic nerve via the mechanical changes at the lamina cribrosa. There is consensus that the etiology of raised IOP is due to reduced aqueous outflow, rather than over-production of aqueous. Several theories exist as to the cause of reduced aqueous outflow (see below).

• #17 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Closed-angle glaucoma is a condition where the pressure inside your eye builds up because fluid isnt flowing out of your eye as it should. This happens when the outer edge of the iris bunches up over the drainage canal. […] In this type of glaucoma, the IOP rises very suddenly and can cause extreme eye pain and rapid vision loss. […] Also known as low-tension glaucoma or normal-pressure glaucoma, NTG results from damage to the optic nerve even when eye pressure is within the normal range. It isnt known why the optic nerve is sometimes susceptible to damage from a normal amount of eye pressure. […] Less common causes of glaucoma include a blunt or chemical injury to the eye, severe eye infection, blocked blood vessels inside the eye, and inflammatory conditions. […] People over 40 are at an increased risk of glaucoma, and the risk increases with each passing year.

• #18 Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/angle-closure-glaucoma

  Angle-closure glaucoma happens because your enlarged iris blocks fluid from draining properly in your eye. This causes your intraocular pressure to rise. […] Angle-closure glaucoma is when the iris and lens press together and cause pressure inside the eye to increase. Angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency condition that happens when trapped fluid inside your eye causes pressure to build up. […] High IOP happens because fluid called aqueous humor cant flow freely in your eye. In angle-closure glaucoma, a bulging or swollen iris (the colored part of your eye) blocks the drainage system. The condition may happen quickly or over time. […] Angle-closure glaucoma happens because aqueous humor in your eye cant flow in and out as it normally should. Your body constantly makes new fluid to replace the existing fluid.

• #19 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Hispanics and African-Americans are three to four times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than Caucasians. People of Asian descent are at a higher risk of closed-angle glaucoma. […] People with thin corneas (less than 555um) have been found to be four to six times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than those with thicker corneas. […] If a parent or grandparent had open-angle glaucoma, you are more than 10 times more likely to develop the condition. […] Those with high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes have a much higher risk of developing glaucoma. Eye injury or eye trauma also raises the risk. […] People who are very nearsighted or farsighted have a greater chance of developing glaucoma than people with milder forms.

• #20 Narrow Angle Glaucoma: Causes and Treatment – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/glaucoma-guide/narrow-angle-glaucoma-causes-and-treatment/

  The anterior chamber tends to become increasingly shallow as people age, and the drainage angle may narrow. […] Farsighted people are more likely to have shallow anterior chambers and narrow angles in their eyes, which increases their risk of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] Asians, as well as Inuit and other northern indigenous peoples, naturally have narrower anterior chamber drainage angles. As a result, these populations have a higher incidence of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] According to Ophthalmology (2010) narrow-angle glaucoma affects 3 times more women than men among Caucasians. Men and women appear to be equally affected among African Americans. […] Lowering your ocular pressure to a safe, steady level is the best strategy to treat narrow-angle glaucoma. […] If your eye doctor detects signs of narrow-angle glaucoma during an eye exam, glaucoma surgery may be recommended to reduce your risk of angle-closure attacks. […] Iridotomy and iridectomy are common procedures for people with narrow-angle glaucoma. […] The sooner any type of glaucoma is diagnosed and treated, the higher the chance of keeping clear vision and healthy eyes.

• #21 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Closed-angle glaucoma is a condition where the pressure inside your eye builds up because fluid isnt flowing out of your eye as it should. This happens when the outer edge of the iris bunches up over the drainage canal. […] In this type of glaucoma, the IOP rises very suddenly and can cause extreme eye pain and rapid vision loss. […] Also known as low-tension glaucoma or normal-pressure glaucoma, NTG results from damage to the optic nerve even when eye pressure is within the normal range. It isnt known why the optic nerve is sometimes susceptible to damage from a normal amount of eye pressure. […] Less common causes of glaucoma include a blunt or chemical injury to the eye, severe eye infection, blocked blood vessels inside the eye, and inflammatory conditions. […] People over 40 are at an increased risk of glaucoma, and the risk increases with each passing year.

• #22 Your Guide on Glaucoma in the Eyes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/glaucoma

  Glaucoma is usually, but not always, the result of abnormally high pressure inside the eye. Over time, the increased pressure can erode optic nerve tissue, leading to vision loss or even blindness. […] Eye doctors believe one or more of these factors may contribute to IOP increases: blocked or restricted drainage in your eye, medications, such as corticosteroids, poor or reduced blood flow to your optic nerve, high or elevated blood pressure. […] With open-angle glaucoma, the water-like fluid produced in the tissue of your eye near the cornea (aqueous humor) doesn’t drain adequately, leading to a gradual eye pressure increase. This pressure damages the optic nerve and leads to vision loss. […] Secondary glaucoma is often a side effect of injury or another eye condition, such as cataracts or eye tumors. […] In some cases, people without increased eye pressure can develop damage to their optic nerve. This is known as normal tension glaucoma. Researchers believe that extreme sensitivity or a lack of blood flow to your optic nerve may be a factor in this type of glaucoma.

• #23 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  A proportion of patients develop glaucoma and continue to progress despite low IOP. Equally, a proportion of patients with elevated IOP never develop POAG. This supports the theories of IOP independent mechanisms of glaucomatous nerve damage. These include ischemia, loss of neurotrophic factors, neurotoxicity, and failure of cellular repair mechanisms.

• #24 What Causes Glaucoma?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma/causes/

  The other category is secondary glaucomas. They are called secondary because they develop as a result of something else that came first. Causes of secondary glaucoma range from congenital birth defects to eye infections. […] However, for many people, moderately high IOP never affects these cells. Others develop glaucoma even though their IOP has always been within a normal range. And in some patients, the nerve cell damage keeps progressing after treatment lowers their IOP. […] Researchers have not yet been able to solve why eye pressure affects the optic nerve differently in different people. […] There is also evidence that one of the causes of glaucoma may be an autoimmune dysfunction. […] Though there are no definitive answers about the causes of glaucoma, lowering IOP is the main target in treatments. Most, if not all, forms of the disease are related to IOP in some way. […] The difference between the two is that secondary glaucoma has causes that are distinct and identifiable. […] Secondary glaucoma can be caused by many things, including underlying health conditions, eye disease and eye injuries. It can also be caused by medication side effects or eye surgery.

• #25 Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538217/

  Glaucoma can manifest at different ages, with the age of onset often characterizing its presentation. Although POAG is typically associated with adulthood, it can also affect younger individuals and children, suggesting a significant genetic component. […] Angle-closure glaucoma can also occur as a secondary condition due to various causes. […] Secondary open-angle glaucoma can result from various factors such as eye injury, eye disease, and occasionally eye surgery. […] Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a type of glaucoma characterized by the presence of flaky material within the anterior chamber of the eye that collects in the angle. […] Steroid-induced glaucoma can occur in susceptible individuals undergoing cortisone therapy due to glucocorticoid’s effects. […] Another form of secondary glaucoma is a carotid-cavernous fistula, characterized by an abnormal connection between the cavernous sinus and the carotid artery. […] Secondary glaucoma can also result from posttraumatic or postoperative conditions, elevated episcleral venous pressure, and tumor-related factors.

• #26 Glaucoma: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/glaucoma-eyes

  Glaucoma is a condition that damages your eye’s optic nerve, and it gets worse over time. It’s often linked to a buildup of pressure inside your eye. […] The fluid inside your eye, called aqueous humor, usually flows out of your eye through a mesh-like channel. If this channel gets blocked or the eye is producing too much fluid, the liquid builds up. Sometimes, experts dont know what causes this blockage, but it can be inherited, meaning its passed from parents to children. […] Less-common causes of glaucoma include a blunt or chemical injury to your eye, severe eye infection, blocked blood vessels inside your eye, and inflammatory conditions. […] Scientists have identified mutations, or changes, in certain genes that can lead to glaucoma. […] If you have a family history of glaucoma, you may be at a higher risk of developing the condition.

• #27 Glaucoma Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/glaucoma/causes.html

  Glaucoma that a baby is born with (congenital glaucoma) or that develops in the first few years of life (infantile glaucoma) is often caused by certain birth defects. A birth defect may happen because of an infection in the mother during pregnancy, such as rubella. Or it can happen because of an inherited condition such as neurofibromatosis. […] Some people get glaucoma after an eye injury or after eye surgery. A cataract and some medicines (corticosteroids) that are used to treat other diseases may also cause glaucoma. Glaucoma caused in these ways is called secondary glaucoma.

• #28 Causes of Glaucoma | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/glaucoma/causes

  Glaucoma causes this fluid to drain too slowly or not at all. When this happens, the pressure inside the eye increases and damages the optic nerve. […] The two most common types of glaucoma are: […] Open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common type of glaucoma, especially in older adults. It occurs when the eyes fluid drains too slowly. […] Narrow-angle glaucoma. Here, drainage of fluid is partly or completely blocked. Fluid pressure in the eye builds up quickly and damages the optic nerve. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent blindness! […] Risk is higher when a person uses steroids in or around the eye. Drugs to treat congestion, depression, bladder problems, and certain other conditions also are risky.

• #29 Glaucoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839

  Glaucoma develops when the optic nerve becomes damaged. As this nerve gradually gets worse, blind spots develop in your vision. For reasons that eye doctors don’t fully understand, this nerve damage is usually related to increased pressure in the eye. […] Raised eye pressure happens as the result of a buildup of fluid that flows throughout the inside of the eye. This fluid, called the aqueous humor, usually drains through a tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. This tissue is called the trabecular meshwork. The cornea is important to vision because it lets light into the eye. When the eye makes too much fluid or the drainage system doesn’t work properly, eye pressure may increase. […] In pigmentary glaucoma, small pigment granules flake off from the iris and block or slow fluid drainage from the eye. Activities such as jogging sometimes stir up the pigment granules. That leads to a deposit of pigment granules on tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. The granule deposits cause an increase in pressure. […] Glaucoma tends to run in families. In some people, scientists have identified genes related to high eye pressure and optic nerve damage.

• #30 Glaucoma Risks – Understanding Risk Factors

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/risks

  Glaucoma affects people of all ages, from babies to teens to younger and older adults. […] Although everyone is at risk for glaucoma, those at higher risk include people who: Are over 60 years old, Are of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent, Have relatives with glaucoma, Are very nearsighted (myopic) or far-sighted (hyperopic), Use steroid medications, Have high eye pressure, Have a thin central cornea, Have had an eye injury. […] After cataracts, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness among African Americans and people of African descent. Glaucoma is six to eight times more common in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Glaucoma is much more common among older people. You are six times more likely to get glaucoma if you are over 60 years old. […] The most common type of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, is hereditary. If members of your immediate family have glaucoma, you are at a much higher risk than the rest of the population. Family history increases risk of glaucoma four to nine times.

• #31 Glaucoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can lead to damage of the optic nerve. A major risk factor for glaucoma is increased pressure within the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). It is associated with old age, a family history of glaucoma, and certain medical conditions or the use of some medications. […] Glaucoma can affect anyone. Some people have a higher risk or susceptibility to develop glaucoma due to certain risk factors, including increasing age, high intraocular pressure, a family history of glaucoma, and use of steroid medications. […] Ocular hypertension (increased pressure within the eye) is an important risk factor for glaucoma, but only about 10-70% of people – depending on ethnic group – with primary open-angle glaucoma actually have elevated ocular pressure. […] Positive family history is a risk factor for glaucoma. The relative risk of having primary open-angle glaucoma is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma.

• #32 Glaucoma Risks – Understanding Risk Factors

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/risks

  Glaucoma affects people of all ages, from babies to teens to younger and older adults. […] Although everyone is at risk for glaucoma, those at higher risk include people who: Are over 60 years old, Are of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent, Have relatives with glaucoma, Are very nearsighted (myopic) or far-sighted (hyperopic), Use steroid medications, Have high eye pressure, Have a thin central cornea, Have had an eye injury. […] After cataracts, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness among African Americans and people of African descent. Glaucoma is six to eight times more common in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Glaucoma is much more common among older people. You are six times more likely to get glaucoma if you are over 60 years old. […] The most common type of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, is hereditary. If members of your immediate family have glaucoma, you are at a much higher risk than the rest of the population. Family history increases risk of glaucoma four to nine times.

• #33 Risk Factors for Glaucoma | Glaucoma Australia

  https://glaucoma.org.au/what-is-glaucoma/risk-factors-for-glaucoma

  It is estimated that over 300,000 Australians have glaucoma, yet 50% are unaware they have it, thinking they have healthy eyes. […] Left untreated, glaucoma can cause vision loss and may even lead to blindness. […] Anyone may develop glaucoma, but the incidence increases with age. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing glaucoma – they are people who: have a family history of glaucoma, have high eye pressure, are aged over 50, are of African or Asian descent, have diabetes, are short or long sighted, have been on a prolonged course of cortisone (steroid) medication, experience migraines, have had an eye operation or eye injury, have a history or high or low blood pressure, experience obstructive sleep apnoea. […] In many cases, glaucoma is an inherited (genetic) disease that is passed on within families – you are 10x more likely to have glaucoma if you have a direct family member with glaucoma.

• #34 Risk Factors for Glaucoma | Glaucoma Australia

  https://glaucoma.org.au/what-is-glaucoma/risk-factors-for-glaucoma

  First degree relatives (parents, siblings and children) are at greater risk – having an almost 1 in 4 chance of developing glaucoma in their own lifetime, and that risk doubles if the relative has advanced glaucoma. […] Early assessment by an optometrist, particularly if you have a family history of glaucoma, is critical in detecting glaucoma and commencing treatment in a timely manner.

• #35 Open Angle Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441887/

  Secondary OAG can have multiple etiologies but is far less common than POAG. […] Several study results (based on whole-exome sequencing using gene-based and single-variant analyses) have revealed more than 40 new previously unreported genes associated with glaucoma phenotypes. […] Understanding this disease’s genetic and molecular mechanisms is crucial to developing new drug targets.

• #36 Glaucoma: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.005005.php

  Primary open angle glaucoma is caused due to visual field defect, increased IOP and morphological loss of optic disk as shown in Figure 1. […] Open angle glaucoma is not described by the Mendelian mode of inheritance rather it involves multiple genes. […] Glaucoma is associated with genetic/congenital eye malformations. Mutations at several loci of genes are associated with glaucoma. […] One third of POAG is comprised of normal tension Glaucoma and it is also linked to genetic mutations. […] It is a surgical method utilized to treat glaucoma. […] In this procedure, an opening is created by removing small part of clogged trabecular meshwork and a new drainage path is created for the fluid to flow out of the infected eye. […] These drops are utilized to decrease eye pressure, either by decreasing the amount of fluid it produces or increasing the eyes ability to drain.

• #37 Glaucoma Risks – Understanding Risk Factors

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/risks

  Glaucoma affects people of all ages, from babies to teens to younger and older adults. […] Although everyone is at risk for glaucoma, those at higher risk include people who: Are over 60 years old, Are of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent, Have relatives with glaucoma, Are very nearsighted (myopic) or far-sighted (hyperopic), Use steroid medications, Have high eye pressure, Have a thin central cornea, Have had an eye injury. […] After cataracts, glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness among African Americans and people of African descent. Glaucoma is six to eight times more common in African Americans than in Caucasians. […] Glaucoma is much more common among older people. You are six times more likely to get glaucoma if you are over 60 years old. […] The most common type of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, is hereditary. If members of your immediate family have glaucoma, you are at a much higher risk than the rest of the population. Family history increases risk of glaucoma four to nine times.

• #38 Narrow Angle Glaucoma: Causes and Treatment – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/glaucoma-guide/narrow-angle-glaucoma-causes-and-treatment/

  The anterior chamber tends to become increasingly shallow as people age, and the drainage angle may narrow. […] Farsighted people are more likely to have shallow anterior chambers and narrow angles in their eyes, which increases their risk of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] Asians, as well as Inuit and other northern indigenous peoples, naturally have narrower anterior chamber drainage angles. As a result, these populations have a higher incidence of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] According to Ophthalmology (2010) narrow-angle glaucoma affects 3 times more women than men among Caucasians. Men and women appear to be equally affected among African Americans. […] Lowering your ocular pressure to a safe, steady level is the best strategy to treat narrow-angle glaucoma. […] If your eye doctor detects signs of narrow-angle glaucoma during an eye exam, glaucoma surgery may be recommended to reduce your risk of angle-closure attacks. […] Iridotomy and iridectomy are common procedures for people with narrow-angle glaucoma. […] The sooner any type of glaucoma is diagnosed and treated, the higher the chance of keeping clear vision and healthy eyes.

• #39 Narrow Angle Glaucoma: Causes and Treatment – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/glaucoma-guide/narrow-angle-glaucoma-causes-and-treatment/

  The anterior chamber tends to become increasingly shallow as people age, and the drainage angle may narrow. […] Farsighted people are more likely to have shallow anterior chambers and narrow angles in their eyes, which increases their risk of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] Asians, as well as Inuit and other northern indigenous peoples, naturally have narrower anterior chamber drainage angles. As a result, these populations have a higher incidence of narrow-angle glaucoma. […] According to Ophthalmology (2010) narrow-angle glaucoma affects 3 times more women than men among Caucasians. Men and women appear to be equally affected among African Americans. […] Lowering your ocular pressure to a safe, steady level is the best strategy to treat narrow-angle glaucoma. […] If your eye doctor detects signs of narrow-angle glaucoma during an eye exam, glaucoma surgery may be recommended to reduce your risk of angle-closure attacks. […] Iridotomy and iridectomy are common procedures for people with narrow-angle glaucoma. […] The sooner any type of glaucoma is diagnosed and treated, the higher the chance of keeping clear vision and healthy eyes.

• #40 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Hispanics and African-Americans are three to four times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than Caucasians. People of Asian descent are at a higher risk of closed-angle glaucoma. […] People with thin corneas (less than 555um) have been found to be four to six times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than those with thicker corneas. […] If a parent or grandparent had open-angle glaucoma, you are more than 10 times more likely to develop the condition. […] Those with high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes have a much higher risk of developing glaucoma. Eye injury or eye trauma also raises the risk. […] People who are very nearsighted or farsighted have a greater chance of developing glaucoma than people with milder forms.

• #41 Glaucoma | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0415/p668.html

  Glaucoma is a set of irreversible, progressive optic neuropathies that can lead to severe visual field loss and blindness. […] Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma include older age, black race, Hispanic origin, family history of glaucoma, and diabetes mellitus. Risk factors for primary angle-closure glaucoma include older age, Asian descent, and female sex. […] Recent meta-analyses have concluded that diabetes mellitus is associated with a greater risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma and higher intraocular pressure. […] Known risk factors for glaucoma are listed in Table 1 and reviewed below. Family history of glaucoma in a first-degree relative is associated with a significantly increased risk of glaucoma. […] Blacks and Hispanics have an increased prevalence of POAG, more severe glaucoma on presentation, and a higher risk of blindness.

• #42 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/glaucoma/primary-open-angle-glaucoma

  Although numerous conditions can cause open angle glaucomas, 60 to 70% of cases in the United States have no identifiable cause and are termed primary open-angle glaucoma. […] Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma include older age, positive family history, black race, thinner central corneal thickness, systemic hypertension, diabetes, and myopia. […] In Black people, glaucoma is more severe, develops at an earlier age, and blindness is 6 to 8 times more likely.

• #43 Glaucoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

  The total prevalence of glaucoma is about the same in North America and Asia, but the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma is four times higher in Asia than in North America. […] Other factors can cause glaucoma, known as „secondary glaucoma”, including prolonged use of steroids (steroid-induced glaucoma); conditions that severely restrict blood flow to the eye, such as severe diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion (neovascular glaucoma); ocular trauma (angle-recession glaucoma); plateau iris; and inflammation of the middle layer of the pigmented vascular eye structure (uveitis), known as uveitic glaucoma. […] The underlying cause of open-angle glaucoma remains unclear. Several theories exist on its exact etiology. […] The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not well understood. Several theories exist regarding the mechanism of the damage to the optic nerve in glaucoma.

• #44 Glaucoma: Causes and Risk Factors | Cove Eyecare

  https://www.coveeyecare.com/eye-care-services/glaucoma-testing-treatment/glaucoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  Hispanics and African-Americans are three to four times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than Caucasians. People of Asian descent are at a higher risk of closed-angle glaucoma. […] People with thin corneas (less than 555um) have been found to be four to six times more likely to develop open-angle glaucoma than those with thicker corneas. […] If a parent or grandparent had open-angle glaucoma, you are more than 10 times more likely to develop the condition. […] Those with high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes have a much higher risk of developing glaucoma. Eye injury or eye trauma also raises the risk. […] People who are very nearsighted or farsighted have a greater chance of developing glaucoma than people with milder forms.

• #45 What Causes Glaucoma?

  https://www.eyesightassociates.com/blog/what-causes-glaucoma/

  Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision loss in the US, with more than 2.2 million Americans currently living with a glaucoma diagnosis. The National Eye Institute estimates that as many as 2 million additional Americans are presently affected by glaucoma but are unaware of it. It’s the leading cause of irreversible blindness and is known as the “silent blinder” because it presents no noticeable symptoms in its early stages. […] While the causes of some types of glaucoma are still unknown, there are well-identified risk factors for the most common types. Addressing these risk factors early and getting regular eye exams are the best ways for individuals to reduce their risk of glaucoma-related vision loss. […] Among the risk factors for glaucoma, increased ocular pressure is the only factor that can be addressed. The other risk factors are unchangeable: Race – Glaucoma is more prevalent in African- and Hispanic-Americans. Age – The risk of glaucoma increases after the age of 60. Family history – People who have family members, especially siblings, with glaucoma are more likely to develop the condition. Corneal thickness – Those with a thinner cornea are at a higher risk for glaucoma.

• #46 Glaucoma – Types, Causes, Risk Factors | Vision Source

  https://www.visionsource.com/patients/vision-care-products/eye-diseases/glaucoma/

  Medical Conditions. Some studies indicate that diabetes may increase your risk of developing glaucoma, as do high blood pressure and heart disease. […] Eye Injury. Severe trauma to the eye can result in immediate increased eye pressure and future increases in pressure due to internal damage. […] Other Eye-related Risk Factors. Eye anatomy (namely corneal thickness and optic nerve appearance) indicate risk for development of glaucoma. […] Corticosteroid Use. Using corticosteroids for prolonged periods of time appears to put some people at risk of getting secondary glaucoma.

• #47 Open-Angle Glaucoma: Symptoms and Risk Factors

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/open-angle-glaucoma-symptoms-and-risk-factors/

  Race and ethnicity are also risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma. Black and Hispanic people have an increased risk of glaucoma, though the reasons for this increased risk are not yet definitively known. […] Family history is also a risk factor, especially if first degree relatives such as parents or siblings have glaucoma. […] The thickness of the cornea, which is the clear window to the eye, will be measured during a comprehensive eye exam. Patients with thinner corneas may have an increased risk of glaucoma. […] Patients who have myopia, or nearsightedness, also have increased risk of primary-open angle glaucoma. […] Diabetic patients or patients with high blood pressure may also have increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma, although this relationship is not as well-established as the risk factors discussed above.

• #48 Glaucoma | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/glaucoma

  Family history of glaucoma. Having a family history of glaucoma increases the risk of developing glaucoma. […] Some studies indicate that diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease may increase the risk of developing glaucoma. […] Certain features of eye anatomy, namely thinner corneas and optic nerve sensitivity, indicate an increased risk for developing glaucoma. […] Using corticosteroids (including cortisone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone) for prolonged periods of time appears to put some people at risk of getting secondary glaucoma.

• #49 Glaucoma | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0415/p668.html

  The prevalence of glaucoma increases sharply with age. […] Population studies have reported conflicting results regarding the association between diabetes mellitus and glaucoma. However, recent meta-analyses have concluded that diabetes is associated with a greater risk of developing POAG and higher intraocular pressure.

• #50 Causes and Risk Factors of Glaucoma

  https://www.health.com/glaucoma-causes-8652169

  Research indicates that there is a genetic link to glaucoma, meaning that if you have family members with glaucoma, you may be more vulnerable to developing the condition. […] Some people may experience glaucoma because their genes have mutations that affect the way the eye regulates pressure, or they inherit changes in the way their eyes are structured. […] Certain risk factors may make you more predisposed to developing glaucoma. […] Eye injuries can lead to secondary glaucoma. Any injury to the eye can lead to a build-up of pressure. Glaucoma caused by an injury is known as traumatic glaucoma. […] People with hypotension (low blood pressure) or hypertension (high blood pressure) may be at risk for certain types of glaucoma. […] For instance, people with hypertension may be at risk for the most common type of glaucoma, open-angle glaucoma, which occurs when there is pressure built up in the eye.

• #51 Causes and Risk Factors of Glaucoma

  https://www.health.com/glaucoma-causes-8652169

  People with diabetes may be at higher risk for developing open-angle glaucoma or neovascular glaucoma. […] Research shows there could be a connection between migraine and glaucoma. […] A recent analysis of research showed that people with OSA tend to be more likely to experience glaucoma than people without OSA. […] Treatments for other conditions may increase your risk of glaucoma. […] Long-term steroid use has also been associated with a higher risk of glaucoma. […] On its own, smoking may or may not be a risk factor for glaucoma—the research has been mixed. However, some research suggests that for people who are genetically predisposed to developing glaucoma, smoking can cause glaucoma at an earlier age. […] Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that can cause vision loss. There are different types of glaucoma, all of which occur when the optic nerve becomes damaged. Usually, a build-up of pressure and fluid causes the damage. […] Most cases of glaucoma are primary, meaning the underlying cause is unknown. With secondary glaucoma, experts can pinpoint the exact cause, such as an injury.

• #52 Glaucoma Risks – Understanding Risk Factors

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/risks

  Studies indicate that the risk for Hispanic populations is greater than those of predominantly European ancestry, and that the risk increases among Hispanics over age 60. […] People of Asian descent appear to be at increased risk for angle-closure glaucoma. […] Some evidence links steroid use to glaucoma. A 1997 study reported in the Journal of American Medical Association demonstrated a 40% increase in the incidence of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma in adults who require approximately 14 to 35 puffs of steroid inhaler to control asthma. […] Injury to the eye may cause secondary open-angle glaucoma. […] Blunt injuries that bruise the eye (called blunt trauma) or injuries that penetrate the eye can damage the eyes drainage system, leading to traumatic glaucoma. […] Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness, and therefore everyone needs to be aware of this disease.

• #53 Glaucoma Causes, Visions Symptoms, Medication & Hereditary

  https://www.medicinenet.com/glaucoma/article.htm

  If the eye’s trabecular meshwork becomes clogged or blocked, the intraocular pressure may become elevated. […] Likewise, if too much fluid is being produced within the eye, the intraocular pressure may become too high. […] Primary open-angle glaucoma cannot be prevented, given our current state of knowledge. However, the optic nerve damage and visual loss resulting from glaucoma can be prevented by earlier diagnosis, effective treatment, and compliance with treatment. […] Secondary types of glaucoma can often be prevented by avoidance of trauma to the eye and prompt treatment of eye inflammation and other diseases of the eye or body that may cause secondary forms of glaucoma. […] Most cases of visual loss from angle-closure glaucomas can be prevented by the appropriate use of laser iridotomy in eyes at risk for the development of acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma.

• #54 Causes of Glaucoma | American Geriatrics Society | HealthInAging.org

  https://www.healthinaging.org/a-z-topic/glaucoma/causes

  Glaucoma causes this fluid to drain too slowly or not at all. When this happens, the pressure inside the eye increases and damages the optic nerve. […] The two most common types of glaucoma are: […] Open-angle glaucoma. This is the most common type of glaucoma, especially in older adults. It occurs when the eyes fluid drains too slowly. […] Narrow-angle glaucoma. Here, drainage of fluid is partly or completely blocked. Fluid pressure in the eye builds up quickly and damages the optic nerve. This is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent blindness! […] Risk is higher when a person uses steroids in or around the eye. Drugs to treat congestion, depression, bladder problems, and certain other conditions also are risky.

• #55 Glaucoma | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/glaucoma

  Family history of glaucoma. Having a family history of glaucoma increases the risk of developing glaucoma. […] Some studies indicate that diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease may increase the risk of developing glaucoma. […] Certain features of eye anatomy, namely thinner corneas and optic nerve sensitivity, indicate an increased risk for developing glaucoma. […] Using corticosteroids (including cortisone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone) for prolonged periods of time appears to put some people at risk of getting secondary glaucoma.

• #56 Glaucoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

  The total prevalence of glaucoma is about the same in North America and Asia, but the prevalence of angle-closure glaucoma is four times higher in Asia than in North America. […] Other factors can cause glaucoma, known as „secondary glaucoma”, including prolonged use of steroids (steroid-induced glaucoma); conditions that severely restrict blood flow to the eye, such as severe diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion (neovascular glaucoma); ocular trauma (angle-recession glaucoma); plateau iris; and inflammation of the middle layer of the pigmented vascular eye structure (uveitis), known as uveitic glaucoma. […] The underlying cause of open-angle glaucoma remains unclear. Several theories exist on its exact etiology. […] The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not well understood. Several theories exist regarding the mechanism of the damage to the optic nerve in glaucoma.

• #57 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  Glaucoma describes a group of conditions in which there is characteristic cupping of the optic disc with corresponding visual field defects, due to retinal ganglion cell loss. It is a progressive condition and is the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a subset of the glaucomas defined by an open, normal appearing anterior chamber angle and raised intraocular pressure (IOP), with no other underlying disease. If there is an identifiable underlying cause for raised IOP, this is termed secondary glaucoma. If the IOP is within normal limits, this is termed normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Secondary glaucoma and NTG are not discussed in this section. […] The final common pathway for all potential etiologies of POAG is optic nerve head damage. This is thought to be secondary to primarily ganglion cell axon loss, although loss of blood vessels and glial cells has also been observed. There are many postulated mechanisms of ganglion cell damage.

• #58 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  There is good evidence that IOP related mechanisms of optic nerve damage are very important in the pathogenesis of POAG. By definition, patients with POAG have raised IOP. Raised IOP is an important risk factor for the progression to POAG from ocular hypertension (OHT), and is the only common clinical finding in a wide variety of secondary glaucomas. IOP seems to be important even in NTG, as reduction of IOP was shown to reduce the risk of progression in these patients in the Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study. In animal models, raised IOP always precedes glaucomatous nerve damage. It is thought that raised IOP primarily affects the optic nerve via the mechanical changes at the lamina cribrosa. There is consensus that the etiology of raised IOP is due to reduced aqueous outflow, rather than over-production of aqueous. Several theories exist as to the cause of reduced aqueous outflow (see below).

• #59 Glaucoma: Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management

  https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.005005.php

  Glaucoma is a steady degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerves axons. […] Several factors contributing to glaucoma are increased intraocular pressure (IOP), Migraine headache, family history, systemic hypertension. […] Actual Biological basis and factors contributing to the progression of glaucoma are still not fully understood. Main reason yet known for glaucoma is the increased intraocular pressure within the eye, which is responsible of the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and nerve cells. […] Both close-angle and open-angle glaucoma can occur with no identifiable cause, ensuing in idiopathic or primary glaucoma. The type of glaucoma which has an identifiable cause of elevated IOP, resulting in optic nerve damage is referred as secondary glaucoma e.g. Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.

• #60 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  There is good evidence that IOP related mechanisms of optic nerve damage are very important in the pathogenesis of POAG. By definition, patients with POAG have raised IOP. Raised IOP is an important risk factor for the progression to POAG from ocular hypertension (OHT), and is the only common clinical finding in a wide variety of secondary glaucomas. IOP seems to be important even in NTG, as reduction of IOP was shown to reduce the risk of progression in these patients in the Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study. In animal models, raised IOP always precedes glaucomatous nerve damage. It is thought that raised IOP primarily affects the optic nerve via the mechanical changes at the lamina cribrosa. There is consensus that the etiology of raised IOP is due to reduced aqueous outflow, rather than over-production of aqueous. Several theories exist as to the cause of reduced aqueous outflow (see below).

• #61 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  A proportion of patients develop glaucoma and continue to progress despite low IOP. Equally, a proportion of patients with elevated IOP never develop POAG. This supports the theories of IOP independent mechanisms of glaucomatous nerve damage. These include ischemia, loss of neurotrophic factors, neurotoxicity, and failure of cellular repair mechanisms.

• #62 Glaucoma Causes – The Glaucoma Community – Responsum Health

  https://responsumhealth.com/conditions/glaucoma/causes/

  The causes of each type of glaucoma are differentiated by the source of inadequate drainage and heightened pressure. […] Normal-tension glaucoma: Damage occurs even if your eye pressure is within the normal range. Experts think this may be due to either a sensitive optic nerve or insufficient blood supply to the nerve, which is caused by health issues that affect circulation. […] Pediatric glaucoma: Incomplete or incorrect development of eye drainage systems in utero can result in children being born with glaucoma. The optic nerve can also sustain damage from an underlying health condition.

• #63 What Causes Glaucoma?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma/causes/

  The other category is secondary glaucomas. They are called secondary because they develop as a result of something else that came first. Causes of secondary glaucoma range from congenital birth defects to eye infections. […] However, for many people, moderately high IOP never affects these cells. Others develop glaucoma even though their IOP has always been within a normal range. And in some patients, the nerve cell damage keeps progressing after treatment lowers their IOP. […] Researchers have not yet been able to solve why eye pressure affects the optic nerve differently in different people. […] There is also evidence that one of the causes of glaucoma may be an autoimmune dysfunction. […] Though there are no definitive answers about the causes of glaucoma, lowering IOP is the main target in treatments. Most, if not all, forms of the disease are related to IOP in some way. […] The difference between the two is that secondary glaucoma has causes that are distinct and identifiable. […] Secondary glaucoma can be caused by many things, including underlying health conditions, eye disease and eye injuries. It can also be caused by medication side effects or eye surgery.

• #64 Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Primary_Open-Angle_Glaucoma

  A proportion of patients develop glaucoma and continue to progress despite low IOP. Equally, a proportion of patients with elevated IOP never develop POAG. This supports the theories of IOP independent mechanisms of glaucomatous nerve damage. These include ischemia, loss of neurotrophic factors, neurotoxicity, and failure of cellular repair mechanisms.

• #65 Glaucoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839

  Glaucoma develops when the optic nerve becomes damaged. As this nerve gradually gets worse, blind spots develop in your vision. For reasons that eye doctors don’t fully understand, this nerve damage is usually related to increased pressure in the eye. […] Raised eye pressure happens as the result of a buildup of fluid that flows throughout the inside of the eye. This fluid, called the aqueous humor, usually drains through a tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. This tissue is called the trabecular meshwork. The cornea is important to vision because it lets light into the eye. When the eye makes too much fluid or the drainage system doesn’t work properly, eye pressure may increase. […] In pigmentary glaucoma, small pigment granules flake off from the iris and block or slow fluid drainage from the eye. Activities such as jogging sometimes stir up the pigment granules. That leads to a deposit of pigment granules on tissue located at the angle where the iris and cornea meet. The granule deposits cause an increase in pressure. […] Glaucoma tends to run in families. In some people, scientists have identified genes related to high eye pressure and optic nerve damage.

• #66

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma

  Some people can have optic nerves that are sensitive to normal eye pressure. This means their risk of getting glaucoma is higher than normal. Regular eye exams are important to find early signs of damage to their optic nerve. […] This type happens when someone’s iris is very close to the drainage angle in their eye. The iris can end up blocking the drainage angle. […] Angle-closure glaucoma can cause blindness if not treated right away. […] Some people have no signs of damage but have higher than normal eye pressure (called ocular hypertension). These patients are considered „glaucoma suspects” and have a higher risk of eventually developing glaucoma. […] Some people with PDS or pigmentary glaucoma may see halos or have blurry vision after activities like jogging or playing basketball.

• #67

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma

  Some people can have optic nerves that are sensitive to normal eye pressure. This means their risk of getting glaucoma is higher than normal. Regular eye exams are important to find early signs of damage to their optic nerve. […] This type happens when someone’s iris is very close to the drainage angle in their eye. The iris can end up blocking the drainage angle. […] Angle-closure glaucoma can cause blindness if not treated right away. […] Some people have no signs of damage but have higher than normal eye pressure (called ocular hypertension). These patients are considered „glaucoma suspects” and have a higher risk of eventually developing glaucoma. […] Some people with PDS or pigmentary glaucoma may see halos or have blurry vision after activities like jogging or playing basketball.

• #68 Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538217/

  Glaucoma is a complex eye condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that may progress to vision loss over time. […] Researchers are investigating genetic and environmental factors contributing to glaucoma development. […] The exact etiology of glaucoma is unknown, but a clear correlation with elevated eye pressure exists in most cases. High IOP is the primary risk factor for developing glaucoma and for the progression of the disease, and it is also the sole factor that current treatments can effectively address. […] Although IOP is often associated with glaucoma, a direct causal relationship has not been definitively established. Researchers are investigating genetic and environmental factors contributing to glaucoma development. Evidence from studies involving monozygotic twin pairs, who exhibit a higher concordance rate compared to dizygotic pairs, suggests that environmental factors also have a significant role in the disease’s development.

• #69 Open Angle Glaucoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441887/

  Secondary OAG can have multiple etiologies but is far less common than POAG. […] Several study results (based on whole-exome sequencing using gene-based and single-variant analyses) have revealed more than 40 new previously unreported genes associated with glaucoma phenotypes. […] Understanding this disease’s genetic and molecular mechanisms is crucial to developing new drug targets.

• #70 Glaucoma: What’s new and what do I need to know? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/glaucoma-whats-new-and-what-do-i-need-to-know-2021031122104

  Glaucoma is a complex disease, and while many associated genes have been identified, the underlying causes are still unclear. […] A number of important risk factors have been identified, which include age older than 60 (40 for African Americans), a first-degree relative with glaucoma, African American or Hispanic descent, East and Southeast Asian descent (for angle-closure glaucoma), history of eye trauma or multiple eye surgeries, chronic eye conditions, such as diabetic eye disease, highly near-sighted or far-sighted, and use of steroid medications. […] Research in glaucoma continues to improve our understanding of the causes of disease and develop more targeted and personalized treatments.

• #71 Glaucoma | Blindness | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/glaucoma.html

  Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the optic nerve of one, or both, of your eyes. This can result in vision loss. […] Medical experts aren’t sure what causes glaucoma, but the most common types usually happen when the fluid pressure inside your eye slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. Other types of glaucoma may be caused by medical conditions, or a baby may be born with it. […] Not everyone with high eye pressure develops glaucoma. Some people may even get glaucoma with normal eye pressure. The amount of pressure your optic nerve can handle is different for each person. […] There is no way to prevent glaucoma. Eye exams can help find glaucoma or other eye problems before they can affect your vision. If you have glaucoma, be sure to continue with treatment to prevent your vision from getting worse.

• #72 Glaucoma Risks – Understanding Risk Factors

  https://glaucoma.org/understanding-glaucoma/risks

  These include: people over the age of forty, individuals who are severely myopic or nearsighted, people who have diabetes, people diagnosed with hypertension, long term steroid or cortisone users, people of African or Mediterranean descent, people who have family members with the disease, individuals who have experienced a serious injury or trauma to their eye, those who have high intra ocular pressure, and people with enlarged optic nerves. […] Glaucoma usually occurs in both eyes, but increased eye pressure tends to happen in one eye first. […] Sight lost from glaucoma cannot be restored. However, early detection and treatment can prevent vision loss and maintain remaining vision.

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