Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7769798/

  Glaucoma poses a significant public health concern as it is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts, and this blindness is usually irreversible. It is estimated that 57.5 million people worldwide are affected by primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). […] By 2020, it is expected that approximately 76 million people will suffer from glaucoma with that number estimated to reach 111.8 million by 2040. […] An estimated 57.5 million people worldwide are affected by POAG with a global prevalence of 2.2%. […] The most common type of glaucoma in the UK is POAG, affecting 2% of individuals older than 40 years and 10% of individuals older than 75 years, particularly African-Caribbean people; PACG is not as prevalent and only affects 0.17% of individuals younger than 40 years, particularly East Asians.

• #2 Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33391921/

  Glaucoma poses a significant public health concern as it is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts, and this blindness is usually irreversible. […] It is estimated that 57.5 million people worldwide are affected by primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). […] By 2020, it is expected that approximately 76 million people will suffer from glaucoma with that number estimated to reach 111.8 million by 2040. […] In this article, we perform an extensive literature review focusing on the epidemiology of glaucoma and try to determine the number of people affected; we categorize them by sex, location, and level of income. […] Furthermore, we strive to estimate the future projection of the disease in the next 20 years (2040) while determining the disease burden, including the cost involved in treating and preventing the disease and the disease and disability projection of glaucoma.

• #3 VEHSS Modeled Estimates for Glaucoma | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/prevalence-estimates/prevalence-estimates-glaucoma.html

  The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) Modeled Estimates of Glaucoma are CDC’s primary estimates of the prevalence of glaucoma in the United States. […] Glaucoma is a common age-related eye disease that can cause permanent vision loss, with an estimated 4.22 million and 1.5 million Americans living with glaucoma and vision-affecting glaucoma, respectively, in 2022. […] In 2022, an estimated 4.2 million Americans of all ages were living with glaucoma, including 1.5 million people with vision-affecting glaucoma. Non-Hispanic Black people had the highest crude prevalence rate of glaucoma (1.97%) and vision-affecting glaucoma (0.74%). Females had higher prevalence rates than males for glaucoma (1.36% vs. 1.17%) and vision-affecting glaucoma (0.48% vs. 0.41%). […] The VEHSS Modeled Estimates are CDC’s primary measure of the percentage of people with glaucoma in the United States by state, by county, and across different age groups, racial and ethnic groups, and sex. […] The VEHSS Modeled Estimates of glaucoma are CDCs primary measure of the percentage of U.S. residents who have glaucoma, where they live, and who they are.

• #4 Epidemiology studies highlight glaucoma public health impact

  https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/epidemiology-studies-highlight-glaucoma-public-health-impact

  Statistics released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002 indicate glaucoma has become a more common cause of blindness than it was in the past, said Anne L. Coleman, MD, PhD, the Frances and Ray Stark Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles. […] While glaucoma previously ranked third on the WHO list of leading causes of blindness worldwide, in the 2002 report the disease had moved up to second place. Overall, an estimated 12.3% of the worlds 37 million blind had lost their sight because of glaucoma. […] The bottom line is that glaucoma is a disease with a huge public health impact, and for that reason there is significant interest in directing human and financial resources toward its prevention and treatment, Dr. Coleman said.

• #5 Glaucoma Worldwide: A Growing Concern – Glaucoma Research Foundation

  https://glaucoma.org/articles/glaucoma-worldwide-a-growing-concern

  The worldwide prevalence of glaucoma is increasing. […] It is estimated that in 2010, 8.4 million individuals worldwide were blind from primary open-angle glaucoma. By the year 2040, it is estimated that there will be 22 million individuals worldwide who are blind from glaucoma. […] For some time we have known that individuals of African ancestry are at very high risk. We are now learning that Hispanic individuals and certain Asian populations also are at very high risk. […] Vision loss from glaucoma is silent, it is slow, it is progressive, it is irreversible, but it is treatable. Glaucoma blindness is preventable. […] The key to preserving vision is timely diagnosis and treatment, through regular complete eye examinations; and the purpose of glaucoma treatment is to allow the glaucoma patient to maintain his or her independence and quality of life.

• #6 Current Glaucoma Programs | Vision and Eye Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health/php/glaucoma-programs/index.html

  Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the United States. More than 3 million Americans have glaucoma. By 2050, that number is expected to rise to 6.3 million due to the aging US population. Glaucoma costs the US economy $2.86 billion every year in direct costs and productivity losses. […] Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma. But if the disease is found early, it can be treated and managed before vision loss or blindness occurs. Because there are usually no symptoms, only 50% of people with glaucoma even know they have it. […] Certain population groups are at higher risk of becoming blind from glaucoma. These groups include Black or African American people, Hispanic or Latino people, people who are uninsured or underinsured, people living in poverty, and people living in rural areas with limited resources.

• #7 Glaucoma Information Statistics – Glaucoma Information

  https://www.glaucomapatients.org/basic/statistics/

  Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness. Based on prevalence studies, it is estimated that 79.6 million individuals will have glaucoma in 2020. This number is likely to increase to 111.8 million individuals in 2040. At least, half of those with glaucoma are unaware that they are affected. In some developing countries, 90% of glaucoma is undetected. It is estimated that more than 11 million individuals will be bilaterally blind due to glaucoma in 2020 (around 13% of the cases). In most cases, blindness can be prevented with appropriate control and treatment. Unfortunately, many individuals are unaware of the existence of glaucoma. A better awareness could prevent visual disability in many people. […] It is important for you to get yourself regularly screened for glaucoma. If you have been diagnosed to have glaucoma, effective treatment options are now available and regular treatment and follow up can help you to preserve your vision for your lifetime, avoiding unnecessary fear of going blind. You can live happily with glaucoma and enjoy an excellent quality of life, particularly if the disease is detected early and treated in time. Always remember that once you have glaucoma, you will have to be under the care of an eye doctor for the rest of your life. There is a lot of research going on and new treatments may become available for glaucoma in the near future.

• #8 Glaucoma, Suspect, Adult: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1205421-overview

  Elevated IOP (ocular hypertension) is estimated to affect 5-10 million Americans, placing them at risk for developing glaucomatous damage. Each year, about 1% of individuals with ocular hypertension develop glaucomatous damage. Similarly, many patients with other risk factors, such as suspicious optic nerve appearance, nerve fiber layer defects, and family history of glaucoma without definite glaucomatous damage, are observed. […] More than 100 million people have elevated IOP. More than 3 million people worldwide are blind secondary to POAG; about 2.4 million people develop POAG each year. […] Glaucoma is the second most common cause of legal blindness (described as visual acuity [VA] of 20/200 or poorer and visual field of less than 20 in width of its diameter) in the United States, and it is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans. Between 80,000-116,000 persons are legally blind secondary to glaucoma. Each year, an additional 5,500 people are estimated to become legally blind. At least 2.25 million people older than 40 years have glaucoma, but only one half are aware of it and are being treated.

• #9 Ch 2. Epidemiology of glaucoma

  http://eyerounds.org/books/glaucoma_guide/chapter2.html

  Glaucoma represents a significant public health problem. Glaucoma affects more than 67 million people in the world, and approximately 10% of them are estimated to be blind from glaucoma. It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. In the United States, glaucoma affects more than 2.2 million people, and is the second leading cause of blindness in adults over the age of 40 (the first is macular degeneration). […] Epidemiology (study of disease in populations) of the open-angle glaucoma is sufficiently different from the angle closure glaucoma that each warrants a separate discussion. […] Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma has been extensively studied by a number of well-designed clinical studies in different populations. In white populations, primary open angle glaucoma is present in 0.3 to 4.0% of the older population. In Asian populations, POAG is present in 0.5 to 2.6% of the older population. In the Hispanic population in the United States, POAG is present in 2.0%; however, the number of studies on Hispanic populations is limited. In black populations, the prevalence of POAG is higher and ranges from 2.9 to 8.8% of the older population. It is clear that the black population is at a higher risk of developing POAG than in other populations.

• #10 Epidemiology studies highlight glaucoma public health impact

  https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/epidemiology-studies-highlight-glaucoma-public-health-impact

  Strategies to prevent blindness from glaucoma will need to focus on the identification of risk factors and how they can be used to determine screening, treatment, and monitoring. In that regard, ethnicity-related differences in glaucoma risk are important to consider. […] Glaucoma is three times more common in African-Americans than in whites and together with cataracts are a leading cause of blindness in African-Americans, while recent data from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study indicate that glaucoma prevalence rises rapidly after age 65 in Hispanics and it is the most common cause of blindness in older Hispanics, Dr. Coleman said.

• #11 Glaucoma, Suspect, Adult: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1205421-overview

  African Americans have a significantly increased risk for developing POAG. The prevalence of POAG is 3-6 times higher in African Americans than in whites. Glaucoma usually occurs earlier in African Americans than in whites. African Americans not only are 4-8 times more likely to become blind but also go blind 8 times faster. […] The risk of POAG increases with advancing age. The prevalence of POAG is 3-10 times higher among individuals older than 80 years (than people in their 40s).

• #12 Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glaucoma_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. […] Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46-65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites. […] The prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) varies among different racial and ethnic groups. […] The prevalence is estimated at 0.1%, in Caucasian populations in the United States and Europe. […] The Inuit populations from the Arctic regions have the highest-known prevalence of PACG about 20 to 40 times higher than that for Caucasian. […] The available data suggests that for most Asian population groups, the prevalence of PACG is between that for Caucasian and Inuit populations. […] The studies have shown that the prevalence of PACG among blacks is similar to that among whites, with most cases among this group being chronic variety.

• #12 Glaucoma epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glaucoma_epidemiology_and_demographics

  After applying race, age, and gender-specific rates to the US population as determined as per the 2010 US census, it was estimated that OAG affects 5.47 million US citizens. […] Due to the rapidly increasing size of the geriatric population, the number with OAG will increase by 50% to 3.36 million by 2020. […] The Rotterdam and Barbados study, recorded a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. […] Various multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups. […] As per the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry, and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas.

• #13 Glaucoma – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034 – Research and Markets

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5322341/glaucoma-epidemiology-forecast-2034?srsltid=AfmBOor7kAA47J3W2TgTkfavov2prTyHSJBvKfGDvCL1P9WrwF1063Pc

  Among EU4 and the UK, Germany had the highest diagnosed prevalent population of glaucoma, with 0.7 million cases, followed by France and Italy in 2023. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest diagnosed prevalent population in the European region in 2023. […] The epidemiology model for glaucoma classifies open-angle glaucoma into subtypes based on various clinical features. In 2023, there were around 2 million cases of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 0.8 million cases of normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and 0.2 million cases of secondary open-angle glaucoma (SOAG). […] Glaucoma can affect both males and females, but certain studies have reported differences in prevalence between the genders. Women bear a greater burden than men. […] As per the analysis, diagnosed prevalent cases of glaucoma based on age were categorized into three groups, 2-17 years, 18-39 years, and 40 years and above. The age group 40 years and above accounted for highest among all age group with 6.6 million cases in the 7MM in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, Japan reported around 1.6 million cases diagnosed prevalent cases of glaucoma in 2023.

• #13 Glaucoma – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034 – Research and Markets

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5322341/glaucoma-epidemiology-forecast-2034?srsltid=AfmBOor7kAA47J3W2TgTkfavov2prTyHSJBvKfGDvCL1P9WrwF1063Pc

  The analysts project that in the 7MM, around 42% of the total prevalent cases of Glaucoma are diagnosed, owing to factors such as aging populations and enhanced diagnostic techniques facilitating early detection. […] Approximately 7 million cases of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of glaucoma was estimated in the 7MM in 2023 and indicated to increase in the study period. […] The estimates indicate that in 2023, there were approximately 2.5 million diagnosed prevalent cases of glaucoma in the US, around 3 million in EU4 and the UK combined, and roughly 1.6 million in Japan. […] As per estimations, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of Glaucoma in the 7MM were approximately 7 million cases in 2022 and are projected to increase during the forecast period. […] Glaucoma is considered one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the country. The analyzed glaucoma prevalent cases from the total US population in 2023 were estimated to be approximately 5 million and is forecasted to rise by 2034.

• #14 The Changing and Challenging Epidemiology of Glaucoma

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-changing-and-challenging-epidemiology-of-glaucoma

  The prevalence of glaucoma is believed to be about 2% (with estimates ranging between 1.6% and 2.7%) in adults over the age of 40. In the year 2000, an estimated 2.2 million Americans had glaucoma, including those either diagnosed or unknown. This number is expected to reach 3.3 million by the year 2020. The rapid growth in glaucoma is due to the aging of baby boomer population. […] Numerous studies have shown that the prevalence of glaucoma increases with age. The Eye Disease Prevalence Research Group developed estimates of glaucoma prevalence from data that included multiple US-based and international studies. The group estimated that open-angle glaucoma prevalence increased from 0.7% at age 40 to 7.7% for those over age 80. Self-reported epidemiologic data from the National Health Interview Survey found glaucoma prevalence increasing from 0.2% at age 18 to over 10.7% for those over 75. The growth in the oldest-old is important, as the prevalence of glaucoma triples in those over 75 compared to those aged 65.

• #15 Epidemiology of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in the Hong Kong Chinese population: prospective study | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v7n2/118.htm

  OBJECTIVES. To determine the incidence of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma in the Hong Kong Chinese population, and to identify risk factors for this condition. […] The crude incidence was 10.4 per 100,000 per year in the population aged 30 years and older. […] Patients at higher risk of attacks were those aged 70 years or older (age-specific incidence, 58.7 per 100,000 per year) and females, who had a relative risk of 3.8 compared with males (95% confidence interval, 1.7-8.4). […] There is a high incidence of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma among Chinese residents of Hong Kong, with elderly females at highest risk.

• #16 Epidemiology of Glaucoma: The Past, Present, and Predictions for the Future

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7769798/

  The prevalence of glaucoma varies within each ethnicity depending on the country of birth. […] The prevalence of glaucoma is lower in Nigeria than in Barbados and similar to black populations in the United States (US). […] Another of Tham et al.’s predictions include an increase in the number of people aged 40-80 years who have glaucoma from 76 million in 2020 to 111.8 million by 2040. […] The economic burden of glaucoma alone on the American economy is $2.9 billion. […] The cost of treating and preventing glaucoma is about $5.8 billion per year in the US with the annual medical cost of glaucoma projected to be as high as $12 billion by 2032 and $17.3 billion by 2050. […] The high prevalence and high rate of blindness make glaucoma a public health concern and a priority among healthcare planners and policymakers with an emphasis on the need for glaucoma care pathways for early detection and treatment to prevent blindness.

• #17 Glaucoma Facts And Stats – Glaucoma Research Foundation

  https://glaucoma.org/articles/glaucoma-facts-and-stats

  As of 2020, approximately 80 million people worldwide have glaucoma, with 60 million affected by open-angle glaucoma. […] The financial burden of glaucoma on the US economy is estimated at $2.86 billion annually. […] Early detection and effective management of glaucoma are crucial in preserving vision and minimizing these significant economic consequences.

• #18 The Global Burden of Glaucoma: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study and Predictions by Bayesian Age–Period–Cohort Analysis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/5/1828

  This study aims to report the most up-to-date information about the global disease burden of glaucoma from 1990 to 2019 and to forecast trends in the next few years. […] The prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of glaucoma from 1990 to 2019 were reported. […] We showed that, globally, the number of prevalent cases was 3,881,624 in 1990 and increased to 7,473,400 in 2019, while the age-standardized prevalence rate decreased from 111.92 in 1990 to 94.68 in 2019. […] The DALY number of glaucoma increased between 1990 and 2019, from 442,182 in 1990 to 748,308 in 2019. […] There was a significantly negative association between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and age-standardized DALY rates. […] In summary, from 1990 to 2019, the global burden of glaucoma increased and the age-standardized DALY rate is predicted to decrease in the next few years. […] The highest burden of glaucoma was found in low-SDI regions, which need more attention regarding early diagnosis and treatment.

• #19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/primary-openangle-glaucoma–europe

  Glaucoma is the most common cause of preventable, irreversible blindness worldwide. […] Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is responsible for 12.3% of blindness worldwide. […] In people older than 40 years old, the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is 1.86%. […] People in their 70s have a 3 to 8 times higher prevalence of POAG. As the population ages, the total number of glaucoma patients will continue to rise. […] POAG prevalence is estimated to be highest among Chinese people, intermediate in Japanese, and lower in Europeans and Indians. […] In a rural East African population-based study, 3,268 underwent ophthalmic examination. POAG was diagnosed in 3.1%. […] A hospital-based survey of the glaucomas in Ghana reported that the most common form of glaucoma was primary open-angle glaucoma (44.2%).

• #20 Understanding Glaucoma: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology – Ocular Health

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/ocular-health/understanding-glaucoma-epidemiology-and-pathophysiology-/994

  Glaucoma comprises a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve injury that results in visual field loss and potentially permanent blindness. […] More than 64 million people globally are believed to have glaucoma, and it is expected that more than 111 million will have it by 2040, due to population aging. […] Throughout the world, approximately 8.4 million cases of irreversible bilateral blindness are attributed to glaucoma, and it accounts for an estimated 9% to 12% of all blindness in the United States. […] Primary OAG accounts for the majority of cases. […] ACG is responsible for half of all glaucoma-related blindness. […] Regardless of precipitating factor, IOP reduction is still the only proven treatment to slow glaucomatous damage for all types of glaucoma. […] Numerous risk factors for glaucoma exist, including age >60 years, hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and African or Hispanic heritage. […] Although glaucoma mainly occurs with aging, younger adults can also get the disease. […] This is why regular eye examinations are critical.

• #21 Ch 2. Epidemiology of glaucoma

  http://eyerounds.org/books/glaucoma_guide/chapter2.html

  In general, the risk of developing glaucoma is very small in general population. However, there are several risk factors that are associated with the development of POAG. As seen in Table 2-1, the black race is one such risk factor. Other risk factors include older age, positive family history of glaucoma, and elevated intraocular pressure. A black person has 4 times the risk of developing glaucoma than a white person. The older you are, the more likely you will develop glaucoma. If your first-degree relative (parent or sibling) has glaucoma, your chance of developing glaucoma increases by 2 to 4 fold. If your intraocular pressure is over 30 (mm Hg), the chance of developing glaucoma is 40 times greater than if the IOP is under 15. […] Epidemiology of PACG is less studied than that of open angle glaucoma. However, it is no less important. In fact, PACG may account for 64% of all glaucomas in Mongolia, and 50% of all glaucomas worldwide. […] Blindness can occur in angle closure glaucoma as well. In fact, the rate of blindness from angle closure glaucoma may be even higher than that of open angle glaucoma.

• #22 Glaucoma Epidemiology Analysis, Share & Forecast to 2033

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/glaucoma-epidemiology-analysis/

  In the 7MM, there were 4,190,943 diagnosed incident cases of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) excluding NTG in 2023. The diagnosed incident cases of glaucoma will register an AGR of more than 1% during 2023-2033. […] Glaucoma is a group of progressive neurodegenerative eye diseases caused by damage to the optic nerve. Glaucoma has a major effect on quality of life and is the primary cause of blindness and vision loss worldwide. […] The glaucoma market research report provides an overview of the risk factors and the global and historical epidemiological trends for glaucoma in the eight major markets (7MM: US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, and Japan). Additionally, this report includes a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed incident cases of glaucoma and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of glaucoma.

• #23 Glaucoma Epidemiology Forecast Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220505005584/en/Glaucoma-Epidemiology-Forecast-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  Glaucoma is a common, asymptomatic group of eye diseases that causes damage to the eye’s optic nerve, resulting in progressive, irreversible vision loss. […] Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, especially in elderly people. […] To forecast the total and diagnosed prevalent cases in 7MM, the publisher epidemiologists obtained nationally representative, population-based studies that provided these epidemiological data in the 7MM. […] The following data describes epidemiology of POAG and PACG cases. In 2020, the 7MM had 7,289,907 total prevalent cases of POAG. This is expected to increase to 8,835,233 total prevalent cases by 2030, at an Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of 2.12%. In the 7MM, the total prevalent cases of PACG will increase from 1,781,968 cases in 2020 to 2,065,644 cases in 2030, at an AGR of 1.59%.

• #24 Glaucoma Epidemiology Analysis, Share & Forecast to 2033

  https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/glaucoma-epidemiology-analysis/

  The key countries across the 7MM are the US, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the UK, and Japan. In 2023, the US accounted for the highest percentage of diagnosed incident cases of glaucoma in the 7MM. Changes in diagnosed prevalent cases are attributable to changing population demographics and moderately increasing prevalence across markets. […] Based on sex, the market can be segmented into men and women. In 2023, the diagnosed incident cases of glaucoma in the 7MM were higher in women than men. […] The glaucoma epidemiology report provides an overview of the risk factors, comorbidities, and global and historical epidemiological trends for glaucoma in the seven major markets (7MM: the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and Japan). The report includes a 10-year epidemiology forecast for the diagnosed prevalent cases of POAG and PACG, segmented by age and sex (4044 years, 4549 years, 5054 years, 5559 years, 6064 years, 6569 years, 7074 years, 7579 years, 8084 years, and 85 years) in the 7MM. […] In the 7MM, the diagnosed prevalent cases of POAG (including NTG) are expected to increase in 2033. POAG is the predominant clinical subtype of glaucoma in all markets.

• #25 Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92971-w

  POAG is still a worldwide public health burden that requires improvement in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, particularly in populations with high prevalence. […] Age is known to be the major risk factor for POAG, as the prevalence increase as people get older. […] In this study, male gender is found to be a significant risk factor for POAG (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.12~1.45, p0.01), in consistent with other reports. […] Among the continents, Africa is found to have the highest prevalence of POAG (4.0%), while Oceania had the lowest (1.8%). […] The estimated total population of POAG in the world is about 68.56 million in 2020 and over 53% of them are in Asia.

• #26 Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Concepts and Epidemiology – Glaucoma Today

  https://glaucomatoday.com/articles/2009-july-aug/GT0709_08-php

  Twin studies support a genetic influence in ACG, but no specific gene has been isolated. […] The definition of ACG by consensus now allows comparisons among studies, and the word glaucoma is used only when there is disc and field loss. […] The gonioscopic definition for angle closure is coverage of more than one-half of the pigmented meshwork without indentation. […] Recent quantitative measurements of the iris and angle with anterior segment optical coherence tomography that took the pupil’s size into account showed that the angle’s narrowing on dilation is partially due to changes in iris volume. […] Eyes with ACG lose less iris volume on dilation, making angle closure more likely. […] Choroidal expansion is five times more common in asymptomatic ACG eyes than in controls. A 20% choroidal expansion would dramatically increase IOP to 60 mm Hg yet would be invisible clinically. […] Research into the multiple dynamic features of ACG may explain its risk factors and lead to better diagnosis.

• #27 Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies — JOGH

  https://jogh.org/2024/jogh-14-04252/

  Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies […] This study aims to estimate global incidence and assess risk factors for glaucoma subtypes. […] A total of 9050 articles were identified in literature search, and 50 articles provided incidence data of glaucoma subtypes. In 2022, the global incidence rate of POAG was 23.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 15.68–32.91) per 10,000 person-years among 40–79 years. An increase from 5.51 (95% CI = 1.63–11.12) per 10,000 person-years in 40–44 years to 64.36 (95% CI = 49.82–80.70) per 10,000 person-years in 75–79 years was noted between the year 1990 and 2019. Across sociodemographic index (SDI) and World Health Organization (WHO) regions, the incidence rate was the highest in low SDI region and Africa, respectively. The pooled ACI of POAG was 0.21% (95% CI = 0.13%–0.30%). Six risk factors for POAG were identified, including intraocular pressure (IOP) treatment (meta-odds ratio (OR) = 3.69; 95% CI = 2.64–5.15), a family history of glaucoma (meta-OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.92–3.24), myopia (meta-OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.59–2.70), elevated IOP (meta-OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.11–1.15), advanced age (meta-OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.05–1.08), male (female: meta-OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.66–0.88). The pooled ACI of PACG was 0.05% (95% CI = 0.00%–0.16%).

• #28 Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies — JOGH

  https://jogh.org/2024/jogh-14-04252/

  Risk factors for glaucoma are multifaceted, with some nonmodifiable such as a family history of the disease, which can increase risk by up to 2.85 times. Other documented risk factors include advanced age, male sex, high intraocular pressure (IOP), and high blood pressure. Moreover, glaucoma can also develop secondary to certain systemic diseases or treatments, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and corticoid hormone use. All the aforementioned risk factors may individually or collectively influence the risk of glaucoma. The identification and management of modifiable risk factors are needed to reduce the incidence and burden of glaucoma.

• #29 Glaucoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839

  Glaucoma tends to run in families. In some people, scientists have identified genes related to high eye pressure and optic nerve damage. […] Glaucoma can damage vision before you notice any symptoms. So be aware of these risk factors: High internal eye pressure, also known as intraocular pressure. Age over 55. Black, Asian or Hispanic heritage. Family history of glaucoma. Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, migraine, high blood pressure and sickle cell anemia. Corneas that are thin in the center. Extreme nearsightedness or farsightedness. Eye injury or certain types of eye surgery. Taking corticosteroid medicines, especially eye drops, for a long time. […] Regular eye exams can help find glaucoma in its early stages, before a lot of damage occurs.

• #30 Prevalence of glaucoma among US adults in 2022 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/prevalence-glaucoma-among-us-adults-2022

  One in about 180 adults in the United States have vision loss from glaucoma. […] Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and, in the US, disproportionately affects people from racial and ethnic minority groups. […] To estimate glaucoma and vision-affecting glaucoma prevalence by demographic factors and US state and county for the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS). […] For 2022, an estimated 4.22 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3.46 million to 5.23 million) in the US were living with glaucoma, with a prevalence of 1.62% (UI, 1.33%-2.00%) among people 18 years or older and 2.56% (UI, 2.10%-3.16%) among people 40 years or older. […] An estimated 1.49 million people (UI, 1.17 million to 1.90 million) were living with vision-affecting glaucoma, with a prevalence of 0.57% (UI, 0.45%-0.73%) among people 18 years or older and 0.91% (UI, 0.71%-1.16%) among people 40 years or older.

• #31 Prevalence of glaucoma among US adults in 2022 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/prevalence-glaucoma-among-us-adults-2022

  Prevalence of glaucoma among people 18 years or older ranged from 1.11% (UI, 0.89%-1.40%) in Utah to 1.95% (UI, 1.57%-2.39%) in Mississippi. […] Black adults had a prevalence of 3.15% (UI, 2.32%-4.09%) compared with 1.42% (UI, 1.10%-1.85%) among White adults; adults in the Hispanic and all other racial and ethnic categories combined had a prevalence of 1.56% (UI, 1.13%-2.06%). […] This meta-analysis found that an estimated 2.56% of people 40 years or older have glaucoma, slightly more than estimated by previous studies. Black individuals are disproportionately affected. Prevalence estimates at the state and county level can help guide public health planning.

• #32 Current Glaucoma Programs | Vision and Eye Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health/php/glaucoma-programs/index.html

  Members of some racial and ethnic groups are at higher risk of developing glaucoma. For example: A 2016 study found that 81% of glaucoma cases among Hispanic or Latino people are undiagnosed and untreated compared to 73% in non-Hispanic White people. By the year 2050, it is expected that 50% of all glaucoma patients in the United States will be Hispanic people. Glaucoma is six times more common among Black or African American people than White people. […] CDC supports glaucoma detection projects across the country through its Vision Health Initiative (VHI) Glaucoma Detection Program. These studies are designed to reach populations at high risk and overcome challenges to screening and treatment. […] The goal of this study is to develop a program that can be expanded nationwide into both rural and urban communities to reach populations at high risk for glaucoma. […] The goal of this study is to evaluate the program to see if it can be effective in other communities. […] The goal of this study is to share program findings and create a model that other communities can use to provide similar services to prevent vision loss from glaucoma and other eye diseases.

• #33 A Population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Nigeria: results from the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-015-0160-6

  Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. […] Research findings of glaucoma in Nigeria will significantly increase our understanding of glaucoma in Nigeria, in people of the West African diaspora and similar population groups. […] We determined the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Nigeria from the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment cross-sectional Survey of adults aged 40 years. […] A total of 13,591 participants in 305 clusters were examined (response rate 90.4 %). […] There were 682 participants with glaucoma; a prevalence of 5.02 % (95 % CI 4.605.47). […] Among those with definite primary glaucoma that had gonioscopy (n=243), open-angle glaucoma was more common (86 %) than angle-closure glaucoma (14 %). […] Nigeria has a high prevalence of glaucoma which is largely open-angle glaucoma.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/glaucomajournal/fulltext/2024/08000/epidemiology_and_treatment_of_patients_with.3.aspx

  Based on a large administrative database of German claims data, our study provides current estimates of the prevalence and incidence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Germany and describes selected outcomes for prevalent patients with POAG. […] To estimate the prevalence and incidence of POAG in Germany, to describe the patient population in terms of comorbidity burden, routine care, and overall healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and associated costs, and to describe treatment patterns over time in patients undergoing relevant laser procedures. […] For the adult German population (18 y), we estimated a POAG 1-year prevalence of 1.70% and a 1-year incidence of 0.17% in 2018; both increased with age, peaking in 80- to 89-year-olds. […] Our study provides insights into epidemiology and routine care of POAG in Germany and HCRU in prevalent patients.

• #35 Childhood Glaucoma Research Network Classification and Epidemiology of Childhood Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Childhood_Glaucoma_Research_Network_Classification_and_Epidemiology_of_Childhood_Glaucoma

  Pediatric glaucoma is a group of disorders that result in ocular hypertension with subsequent optic nerve damage and vision loss if left untreated. It accounts for 5% of blindness in the pediatric population and affects more than 300,000 children in the world. […] Several studies have used the CGRN classification for the categorization of childhood glaucoma. Bouhenni et al. conducted a study in Akron, Ohio. The study included 104 patients diagnosed with childhood glaucoma or glaucoma suspects from 2008 through 2018. Males represented 64% of the whole cohort. The authors found that glaucoma suspect was the most prevalent category in their study (46%). […] Another study conducted by Mokbel et al. in Mansoura Ophthalmic Center in Dakahelia, Egypt. They included 207 glaucoma patients (305 eyes) who have been seen at their institute over the period of 4 years. They reported that males represented 63.8% and that PCG was the predominant glaucoma category (55.1%).

• #36

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/congenital-glaucoma-europe

  Congenital glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases with the following classifications based on age: […] The incidence of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is about 1 in 10,00018,000 live births and depends heavily on ethnic origin. […] PCG is highly prevalent in inbred populations and consanguinity is strongly associated with the disease (Elder MJ, 1993). […] Glaucoma-induced blindness in children is responsible for 18% of children in blind institutions and 5% of pediatric blindness worldwide (Gilbert et al, 1994). […] In European countries, there is a preponderance of males compared to females with PCG.

• #37 Normal Tension Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Normal_Tension_Glaucoma

  Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a common form of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in which there is no measured elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP). […] The epidemiology of NTG presents an intriguing challenge for researchers and clinicians. While the exact prevalence of NTG can vary by geographic region, it is estimated to comprise a significant proportion of all glaucoma cases, with some studies suggesting it may account for up to 30-40% of all glaucoma patients. […] Current research tackles the disparity demonstrated by the aforementioned data, suggesting that other factors/predispositions within specific ethnic groups may be playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of NTG. […] A recent cross-sectional study aimed to further describe a potential link between the incidence of NTG in patients with dementia.

• #38 Normal Tension Glaucoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Normal_Tension_Glaucoma

  A recent study demonstrated that persons with NTG had increased risk for developing vascular dementia (VaD), with particular increased risk when diagnosed with glaucoma at ages 70. […] The Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study (CNTGS) demonstrated the benefit of IOP reduction for the treatment of patients with NTG. […] The study concluded that a 30 percent reduction in baseline IOP resulted in a reduced risk of disease progression. […] The CNTGS trial was therefore instrumental in demonstrating the role of IOP in the pathogenesis of NTG and the benefit of treatment to lower it.

• #39 Update: Incidence of Glaucoma Diagnoses, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/02/01/Glaucoma?type=Fact+Sheets

  Update: Incidence of Glaucoma Diagnoses, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20132017 […] Glaucoma is an eye disease that involves progressive optic nerve damage and vision loss, leading to blindness if undetected or untreated. This report describes an analysis using the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify all active component service members with an incident diagnosis of glaucoma during the period between 2013 and 2017. The analysis identified 37,718 incident cases of glaucoma and an overall incidence rate of 5.9 cases per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). The majority of cases (97.6%) were diagnosed at an early stage as borderline glaucoma; of these borderline cases, 2.2% progressed to open-angle glaucoma during the study period. No incident cases of absolute glaucoma, or total blindness, were identified. Rates of glaucoma were higher among non-Hispanic black (11.0 per 1,000 p-yrs), Asian/Pacific Islander (9.5), and Hispanic (6.9) service members, compared with non-Hispanic white (4.0) service members. Rates among female service members (6.6 per 1,000 p-yrs) were higher than those among male service members (5.8). Between 2013 and 2017, incidence rates of glaucoma diagnoses increased by 75.4% among all service members.

• #40 Update: Incidence of Glaucoma Diagnoses, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013–2017 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/02/01/Glaucoma?type=Fact+Sheets

  The vast majority of glaucoma diagnoses in active component service members (97.6%) represent early stage disease (borderline or suspect glaucoma). Over the surveillance period, incidence rates of glaucoma diagnoses increased by 75.4% overall; the greatest increase occurred in service members 20 years of age, which may reflect improved detection among younger service members. […] There is no cure for glaucoma, and vision loss caused by glaucoma does not return with treatment; treatment only stops or reduces the rate of new vision loss. Glaucoma prevention efforts should continue to focus on early detection through periodic and comprehensive eye examinations performed by an eye care professional (optometrist or ophthalmologist). […] During the 5-year surveillance period, a total of 37,718 incident cases of glaucoma were identified. This represents an overall incidence rate of 5.9 per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). The rate of incident glaucoma diagnoses among female service members (6.6 per 1,000 p-yrs) was 14% higher than that of male service members (5.8 per 1,000 p-yrs). The rate was highest among non-Hispanic black service members (11.0 per 1,000 p-yrs) and it was more than double the rate among non-Hispanic white service members (4.0 per 1,000 p-yrs). Rates among both Asian/Pacific Islander (9.5 per 1,000 p-yrs) and Hispanic (6.9 per 1,000 p-yrs) service members were also elevated in comparison with non-Hispanic white service members.

• #41 Glaucoma Identification and Co Management 1st Edition David F. Edgar | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/glaucoma-identification-and-co-management-1st-edition-david-f-edgar/278837267

  There are approximately 250,000 sufferers from Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) in the UK, with possibly a similar number remaining undiagnosed in the community. POAG patients now represent 25-30% of the outpatient load of ophthalmology departments in the UK, and this outpatient burden will increase as life expectancy increases and as our methods of detection of glaucoma become more sensitive. […] A general finding from population-based surveys is that approximately 50% of people found to have glaucoma were previously undiagnosed, hence the role of general practitioners, optometrists and technicians as primary screeners has been investigated. […] Consensus is yet to be reached on the most effective way to screen for glaucoma, and at present there is no satisfactory test that would be suitable for mass screening for glaucoma.

• #42 New “Prevalence of glaucoma in the US in 2022” study finds higher prevalence of the eye disease than previously estimated | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/new-prevalence-glaucoma-us-2022-study-finds-higher-prevalence

  Among those ages 40 and older, 2.56% have glaucoma and 0.91% have vision-affecting glaucoma. […] The updated prevalence estimates provided by this study can help inform the development, prioritization, and evaluation of public health strategies to address glaucoma, allocate resources, and tailor public health strategies to the groups most affected. […] These new glaucoma prevalence data can help inform policy planning related to vision health and will be valuable as states and localities work to support their aging populations. […] Study estimates were developed using data within CDCs Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS). […] These estimates mark the fourth set of national, state, and county level estimates created by the Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System, joining previously published estimates of vision impairment and blindness, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

• #43 Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies — JOGH

  https://jogh.org/2024/jogh-14-04252/

  Significant disparities existed in incidence rates for glaucoma across geographic regions and age groups. Further research is needed to understand which risk factors drive glaucoma incidence in different socioeconomic strata for tailored health policy on preventing glaucoma. […] Glaucoma, characterised by progressive optic neuropathy, is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness worldwide. In 2020, an estimated 76 million individuals globally were affected by glaucoma, with approximately 4.5 million experiencing moderate to severe visual impairment and 3.2 million suffering from blindness. With the anticipated rise in the aging population, the number of prevalent glaucoma cases is projected to reach 112 million by 2040. Glaucoma-induced visual impairment seriously affects the life quality and healthy life expectancy of patients. It also imposes a large burden on families and health care systems. Due to the insidious onset and low detection rate in the early stages of glaucoma, most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages with extensive and irreversible damage. Therefore, early detection and intervention are essential to prevent irreversible visual damage and associated disability.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2023/71100/prevalence_of_glaucoma_types,_clinical_profile_and.8.aspx

  Also due to the large geographical and ethnic diversity, the pattern of glaucoma varies in different regions of India. […] This tertiary institutional-based, cross-sectional study reflects the pattern of glaucoma and its subtypes in Southern India. […] Among primary glaucoma, POAG and PACG had similar disease severity; however, JOAG had greater severity at presentation. […] Patients with secondary glaucoma were noted to be younger and presented with higher IOP with severe disc damage and with severe field defects. […] Creating public awareness, emphasis on comprehensive evaluation when patient visits any ophthalmologist for a spectacle correction or any other complaint would help with earlier detection of glaucoma. […] Appropriate care or timely referral would help care for the deserving patients and prevent blindness due to glaucoma.

• #45 Epidemiology and clinical presentation of glaucoma in a referral facility in Ghana: Any lessons for public health intervention? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245486

  The prevalence of glaucoma at the tertiary eye center during the ten-years was 660 out of 19000 representing 3.5% of the total cases reported to the eye care facility. […] This ten-year clinic-based prevalence study indicated that fewer persons with glaucoma are receiving care relative to the reported prevalence in the population of Ghana. […] This points to the critical need for a thorough glaucoma screening campaign to protect the eyesight of the many Ghanaians who are either unaware of their glaucoma status or not receiving care. […] The majority of the patients despite having essentially normal visual acuity were found to have lost significant peripheral vision as per the visual field assessment. […] The inherent threat is that given the most accessible and utilized means of transport in Ghana is by road, most of these patients who own cars per their socioeconomic status or engaged in commercial driving do not only endanger their own lives but that of other road users and passengers.

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