Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Congenital Herpes Simplex – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/

  Congenital herpes simplex is a rare but potentially devastating viral infection that occurs in newborns and is transmitted from mother to baby during childbirth. Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), primarily HSV-2, congenital herpes simplex can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated. […] Identify the etiological factors for congenital herpes simplex. […] HSVs are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses primarily consisting of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Infections with HSV-1 usually involve the face and skin above the waist; however, an increasing number of genital herpes cases are attributable to HSV-1. Infections with HSV-2 usually involve the genitalia and skin below the waist in sexually active adolescents and adults. However, either type of virus can be found in either area, and both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause herpes disease in neonates.

• #2 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-hsv-infection

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection is usually transmitted during delivery. A typical sign is vesicular eruption, which may be accompanied by or progress to disseminated disease. […] Neonatal HSV infection has high mortality and significant morbidity. Incidence in the United States is as high as approximately 1 in 2000 live births. HSV type 2 causes more cases than HSV type 1. […] HSV is usually transmitted during delivery through an infected maternal genital tract or contact with infectious vaginal fluid. Transplacental transmission of virus and hospital-acquired spread from one neonate to another by hospital personnel or family may account for some cases. […] Neonates with localized disease can be divided into 2 groups. One group has encephalitis manifested by neurologic findings, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and elevated protein concentration, with or without concomitant involvement of the skin, eyes, and mouth. The other group has only skin, eye, and mouth involvement and no evidence of CNS or organ disease.

• #3 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates can result in devastating outcomes, including mortality and significant morbidity. All infants are potentially at risk for neonatal HSV infection. […] Transmission to newborns can occur with either genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Worldwide, an estimated 75% of NHSV cases are caused by HSV-2 and 25% by HSV-1. […] The most common and important category of NHSV acquisition is intrapartum. Even for HSV-1, 75% of cases of NHSV are acquired during delivery from genital disease that is often newly acquired and asymptomatic. […] Newborns may also acquire HSV infection through in utero or postnatal transmission. […] In most cases of NHSV infection, there is no known history of maternal genital HSV because mothers have never had or have never noticed external genital lesions.

• #4 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0315/p1138.html

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Many of the infections result from asymptomatic cervical shedding of virus after a primary episode of genital HSV in the third trimester. […] Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are transmitted from an infected mother, usually vertically, during delivery. The incidence of infection is approximately one per 3,000 to 20,000 live births. A woman who experiences a primary episode of genital HSV during the third trimester and who has not completed seroconversion by the onset of labor has a 33 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant. In contrast, a woman experiencing a secondary reactivation of HSV during the intrapartum period has approximately a 3 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant.

• #5 Congenital Herpes Simplex – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/

  Factors that can increase the risk of maternal-fetal HSV transmission include the following: Type of HSV infection (eg, primary or recurrent infection), Maternal serologic status, HSV typing, Active HSV at delivery, Mode of delivery (eg, vaginal versus cesarean delivery), Prolonged rupture of membranes, Fetal scalp electrode use. […] The incidence of congenital HSV infection is estimated to range between 1 in 3000 and 1 in 20,000 live births. HSV is transmitted to a neonate most commonly during birth through an infected maternal genital tract but can be caused by an ascending infection through ruptured or intact amniotic membranes. […] The prognosis of congenital HSV infection is contingent upon several factors, including the timing of maternal infection, the promptness of diagnosis, and the extent of neonatal organ involvement. Infants with mild or asymptomatic cases may have a more favorable prognosis. The best outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality are observed among infants with SEM disease.

• #6 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC321459/

  Infants born to mothers who have a first episode of genital HSV infection near term are at much greater risk of developing neonatal herpes than are those whose mothers have recurrent genital herpes. […] The duration of membrane rupture also appears to affect the risk of acquisition of neonatal infection. […] Estimates of the incidence of neonatal herpes have varied from 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 20,000 live births. […] The time of transmission for the overwhelming majority (85%) of infected neonates is in the peripartum period. […] HSV disease of the newborn is acquired during one of three distinct time intervals: intrauterine, peripartum, and postpartum. […] Intrauterine HSV disease occurs in approximately 1 in 300,000 deliveries. […] Almost one-third of all neonates with HSV infection are categorized as having CNS disease.

• #7 Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-herpes/

  Neonatal herpes is a herpes infection in a young baby. The younger the baby, the more vulnerable they are to the harmful effects of infection. […] Herpes can be very serious for a young baby, whose immune system will not have fully developed to fight off the virus. […] Neonatal herpes, which is rare in the UK, is caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] A baby is most at risk of getting a herpes infection in the first 4 weeks after birth. […] Because newborn babies have underdeveloped immune systems, they can quickly become seriously ill after catching the virus. […] Sometimes neonatal herpes will only affect the baby’s eyes, mouth or skin. […] But the condition is much more serious if it has spread to the baby’s organs. […] Many infants with this type of neonatal herpes will die, even after they have been treated. […] If widespread herpes is not treated immediately, there’s a high chance the baby will die.

• #8 Neonatal herpes (Neonatal HSV) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/neonatal-herpes

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a newborn baby is called neonatal herpes or neonatal HSV. […] In young or premature babies who have immature immune systems, HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Babies can become infected in two main ways: During a vaginal birth (perinatal): through contact with HSV in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection. […] Infection after birth usually occurs following contact with an active cold sore, HSV-infected broken skin or HSV blisters on the fingers (herpetic whitlow). […] Babies are most at risk from neonatal herpes if the birth parent contracts genital HSV (HSV-2) for the first time during the third trimester of pregnancy (28-40+ weeks). This is because a newly infected birth parent has not had time to develop antibodies against the herpes virus.

• #9 Neonatal herpes information and advice | Kit Tarka Foundation

  https://www.kittarkafoundation.org/neonatal-herpes-info-and-advice

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease, also called 'neonatal herpes’ or 'neonatal HSV’, is a rare, but potentially fatal, disease which usually occurs in the first four weeks of a baby’s life. […] It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), the same virus that causes cold sores and genital infections. […] In young babies who have immature immune systems; HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Early recognition and prompt treatment with antiviral medication is essential to save the baby’s life. […] Babies can become infected in one of three ways: During a vaginal birth 'perinatal’: through contact with HSV infected secretions in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection.

• #10 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC321459/

  Infants born to mothers who have a first episode of genital HSV infection near term are at much greater risk of developing neonatal herpes than are those whose mothers have recurrent genital herpes. […] The duration of membrane rupture also appears to affect the risk of acquisition of neonatal infection. […] Estimates of the incidence of neonatal herpes have varied from 1 in 3,000 to 1 in 20,000 live births. […] The time of transmission for the overwhelming majority (85%) of infected neonates is in the peripartum period. […] HSV disease of the newborn is acquired during one of three distinct time intervals: intrauterine, peripartum, and postpartum. […] Intrauterine HSV disease occurs in approximately 1 in 300,000 deliveries. […] Almost one-third of all neonates with HSV infection are categorized as having CNS disease.

• #11 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates can result in devastating outcomes, including mortality and significant morbidity. All infants are potentially at risk for neonatal HSV infection. […] Transmission to newborns can occur with either genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Worldwide, an estimated 75% of NHSV cases are caused by HSV-2 and 25% by HSV-1. […] The most common and important category of NHSV acquisition is intrapartum. Even for HSV-1, 75% of cases of NHSV are acquired during delivery from genital disease that is often newly acquired and asymptomatic. […] Newborns may also acquire HSV infection through in utero or postnatal transmission. […] In most cases of NHSV infection, there is no known history of maternal genital HSV because mothers have never had or have never noticed external genital lesions.

• #12 Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-hsv-infection-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection during pregnancy poses a significant risk to the developing fetus and newborn. Neonates can acquire HSV infection by intrauterine, perinatal, or postnatal transmission of the virus. Neonatal HSV infection causes serious morbidity and mortality and leaves many survivors with permanent sequelae. Strong clinical suspicion, timely diagnosis, and early antiviral treatment are critical to improving outcome. […] The fetus may be infected transplacentally or through retrograde spread through ruptured or seemingly intact membranes.

• #13 Neonatal herpes information and advice | Kit Tarka Foundation

  https://www.kittarkafoundation.org/neonatal-herpes-info-and-advice

  Postnatal transmission usually occurs following contact with an active cold sore, HSV-infected broken skin or HSV blisters on the fingers (herpetic whitlow). […] It is important to remember that many people with HSV infections will have very mild symptoms, or often none at all, meaning that infections can be missed or put down to another cause. […] Signs of infection in a baby include lethargy/extreme tiredness, irritability, high-pitched or abnormal cry, poor feeding, abnormally high or low temperature, floppiness, grunting or difficulty breathing, rash or sores on the skin, eye or inside the mouth. […] An antiviral medication is administered into the baby’s blood stream (intravenously) typically for 14-21 days. […] Treatment must be given promptly in order to be successful. Babies who are not given antiviral medication quickly may very sadly die. […] Some babies make a full recovery if they have been given early treatment but, even with treatment, if the infection has spread to the baby’s organs it may result in permanent disability or death.

• #14 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/other/neonatalherpes/factsheet/

  Babies can become infected with HSV in the womb (~5%) around the time of birth through contact with HSV infected sections in the birth canal (~85%) or contact with the virus in the days after birth (10%). […] Many factors influence the risk of the baby getting an infection but the risk is greatest when HSV infection is acquired for the first time by the mother in pregnancy and particularly when the infection occurs in the third trimester close to the time of birth. […] The virus can also be passed on to a newborn baby from caregivers, or those in close contact with a newborn who have HSV skin problems such as cold sores, HSV infected broken skin (eczema herpeticum) or blisters on the fingers due to HSV (herpetic whitlows). […] An antiviral medication (Aciclovir) is used for the treatment of HSV.

• #15 Neonatal herpes (Neonatal HSV) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/neonatal-herpes

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a newborn baby is called neonatal herpes or neonatal HSV. […] In young or premature babies who have immature immune systems, HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Babies can become infected in two main ways: During a vaginal birth (perinatal): through contact with HSV in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection. […] Infection after birth usually occurs following contact with an active cold sore, HSV-infected broken skin or HSV blisters on the fingers (herpetic whitlow). […] Babies are most at risk from neonatal herpes if the birth parent contracts genital HSV (HSV-2) for the first time during the third trimester of pregnancy (28-40+ weeks). This is because a newly infected birth parent has not had time to develop antibodies against the herpes virus.

• #16 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0315/p1138.html

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Many of the infections result from asymptomatic cervical shedding of virus after a primary episode of genital HSV in the third trimester. […] Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are transmitted from an infected mother, usually vertically, during delivery. The incidence of infection is approximately one per 3,000 to 20,000 live births. A woman who experiences a primary episode of genital HSV during the third trimester and who has not completed seroconversion by the onset of labor has a 33 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant. In contrast, a woman experiencing a secondary reactivation of HSV during the intrapartum period has approximately a 3 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant.

• #17 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  The category of maternal infection at time of delivery influences the likelihood of NHSV acquisition, presumably because mothers who have had an HSV infection transmit HSV-neutralizing antibodies to their infant across the placenta, provided that their infant is not born before 32 weeks gestation. […] Thus, infants born to mothers who have a first-episode primary infection at time of delivery are at the highest risk for acquiring HSV, with transmission rates of up to 60%, because their mother had no pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to transmit. […] Delivery by elective Cesarean section markedly reduces but does not eliminate the risk for newborn infection. […] Obstetrical procedures that can cause scalp abrasions or a break in the infants skin during labour and delivery may increase risk of NHSV transmission to a newborn infant.

• #18 Neonatal herpes encephalitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/neonatal-herpes-encephalitis

  The risk of neonatal infection is about 50% if the maternal genital lesions are primary, but the risk falls to only 4% to 5% if the maternal lesions are recurrent. […] Acyclovir is the drug of choice for herpes simplex virus. […] Acyclovir is given intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg every 8 hours (60 mg/kg per day) for at least 21 days for neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis and disseminated herpes simplex virus disease.

• #19 Neonatal herpes (Neonatal HSV) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/neonatal-herpes

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a newborn baby is called neonatal herpes or neonatal HSV. […] In young or premature babies who have immature immune systems, HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Babies can become infected in two main ways: During a vaginal birth (perinatal): through contact with HSV in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection. […] Infection after birth usually occurs following contact with an active cold sore, HSV-infected broken skin or HSV blisters on the fingers (herpetic whitlow). […] Babies are most at risk from neonatal herpes if the birth parent contracts genital HSV (HSV-2) for the first time during the third trimester of pregnancy (28-40+ weeks). This is because a newly infected birth parent has not had time to develop antibodies against the herpes virus.

• #20 Genital Herpes and Pregnancy

  https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/herpes-and-pregnancy/

  If a woman with genital herpes has virus present in the birth canal during delivery, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be spread to an infant, causing neonatal herpes, a serious and sometimes fatal condition. Neonatal herpes can cause an overwhelming infection resulting in lasting damage to the central nervous system, mental retardation, or death. […] While neonatal herpes is a serious condition, it is also very rare. Less than 0.1% of babies born in the United States each year get neonatal herpes. […] Babies are most at risk for neonatal herpes if the mother contracts genital herpes late in pregnancy. […] Women who have genital herpes before they become pregnant have a very low risk of transmitting the virus to their babies. […] The greatest risk of neonatal herpes is to babies whose mothers contract a genital infection late in pregnancy.

• #21 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0315/p1138.html

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections can result in serious morbidity and mortality. Many of the infections result from asymptomatic cervical shedding of virus after a primary episode of genital HSV in the third trimester. […] Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are transmitted from an infected mother, usually vertically, during delivery. The incidence of infection is approximately one per 3,000 to 20,000 live births. A woman who experiences a primary episode of genital HSV during the third trimester and who has not completed seroconversion by the onset of labor has a 33 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant. In contrast, a woman experiencing a secondary reactivation of HSV during the intrapartum period has approximately a 3 percent chance of transmitting the virus to her infant.

• #22 Neonatal herpes encephalitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/neonatal-herpes-encephalitis

  The risk of neonatal infection is about 50% if the maternal genital lesions are primary, but the risk falls to only 4% to 5% if the maternal lesions are recurrent. […] Acyclovir is the drug of choice for herpes simplex virus. […] Acyclovir is given intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg every 8 hours (60 mg/kg per day) for at least 21 days for neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis and disseminated herpes simplex virus disease.

• #23 Herpes and Pregnancy

  https://www.serkanoral.com/en/post/herpes-and-pregnancy

  Herpes Simplex is most commonly transmitted to a newborn during birth from a mother who is an HSV carrier while the baby is traveling through the birth canal. […] HSV can cause a rare but life-threatening disease called neonatal herpes. Neonatal herpes can cause eye or throat infections, central nervous system damage, mental retardation, or death. Early medical treatment can help prevent or reduce permanent damage. […] Babies are at the highest risk for neonatal herpes if the mother first contracts HSV in the late stages of pregnancy, because a newly infected woman does not have antibodies against the virus, so there is no natural protection for the baby at birth. […] Women who contract genital herpes before pregnancy have a very low risk of passing the virus to their baby (less than 1%) because their immune system produces antibodies that pass through the placenta to the baby.

• #24 Congenital Herpes Simplex – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507897/

  Factors that can increase the risk of maternal-fetal HSV transmission include the following: Type of HSV infection (eg, primary or recurrent infection), Maternal serologic status, HSV typing, Active HSV at delivery, Mode of delivery (eg, vaginal versus cesarean delivery), Prolonged rupture of membranes, Fetal scalp electrode use. […] The incidence of congenital HSV infection is estimated to range between 1 in 3000 and 1 in 20,000 live births. HSV is transmitted to a neonate most commonly during birth through an infected maternal genital tract but can be caused by an ascending infection through ruptured or intact amniotic membranes. […] The prognosis of congenital HSV infection is contingent upon several factors, including the timing of maternal infection, the promptness of diagnosis, and the extent of neonatal organ involvement. Infants with mild or asymptomatic cases may have a more favorable prognosis. The best outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality are observed among infants with SEM disease.

• #25 Neonatal herpes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_herpes

  Neonatal herpes simplex, or simply neonatal herpes, is a herpes infection in a newborn baby, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It occurs mostly as a result of vertical transmission of the HSV from an affected mother to her baby. […] The cause is HSV 1 and 2. It can infect the unborn baby, but more often passes to the baby during childbirth. […] The baby is at greater risk of being affected if the mother contracts HSV in later pregnancy. […] In such scenarios a prolonged rupture of membranes may increase the risk further. […] Sites of injury such as forceps or scalp electrodes may provide a portal of entry for HSV.

• #26 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  The category of maternal infection at time of delivery influences the likelihood of NHSV acquisition, presumably because mothers who have had an HSV infection transmit HSV-neutralizing antibodies to their infant across the placenta, provided that their infant is not born before 32 weeks gestation. […] Thus, infants born to mothers who have a first-episode primary infection at time of delivery are at the highest risk for acquiring HSV, with transmission rates of up to 60%, because their mother had no pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to transmit. […] Delivery by elective Cesarean section markedly reduces but does not eliminate the risk for newborn infection. […] Obstetrical procedures that can cause scalp abrasions or a break in the infants skin during labour and delivery may increase risk of NHSV transmission to a newborn infant.

• #27 What Are the Causes of Neonatal HSV Infection?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/neonatal-herpes-simplex-infection

  Neonatal herpes simplex infection is a viral infection that can occur in newborn babies caused by the HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses. […] Neonatal herpes simplex infection is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that can affect newborn babies. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which is highly contagious and can be spread from mother to child during childbirth. […] Neonatal herpes simplex infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which is highly contagious and may be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby during delivery. In rare cases, the virus can be transmitted to the baby through blood transfusions or organ transplants. The virus can also spread through infected saliva, mucous membranes, or skin lesions. […] A baby’s risk of developing neonatal herpes increases if the mother has had a genital herpes infection for the first time during pregnancy or has had recurrent outbreaks at any time.

• #28 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0315/p1138.html

  Many neonatal infections occur because of asymptomatic cervical shedding of virus, usually after a primary episode of HSV infection. […] Antibodies to HSV-2 have been detected in approximately 20 percent of pregnant women; however, only 5 percent report a history of symptomatic infection. […] Symptomatic and asymptomatic primary genital HSV infections are associated with preterm labor and low-birth-weight infants. […] The diagnosis of neonatal HSV can be difficult, but it should be suspected in any newborn with irritability, lethargy, fever or poor feeding at one week of age. […] All newborns suspected to have or who are diagnosed with HSV infection should be treated with parenteral acyclovir.

• #29 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates can result in devastating outcomes, including mortality and significant morbidity. All infants are potentially at risk for neonatal HSV infection. […] Transmission to newborns can occur with either genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Worldwide, an estimated 75% of NHSV cases are caused by HSV-2 and 25% by HSV-1. […] The most common and important category of NHSV acquisition is intrapartum. Even for HSV-1, 75% of cases of NHSV are acquired during delivery from genital disease that is often newly acquired and asymptomatic. […] Newborns may also acquire HSV infection through in utero or postnatal transmission. […] In most cases of NHSV infection, there is no known history of maternal genital HSV because mothers have never had or have never noticed external genital lesions.

• #30 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0315/p1138.html

  Many neonatal infections occur because of asymptomatic cervical shedding of virus, usually after a primary episode of HSV infection. […] Antibodies to HSV-2 have been detected in approximately 20 percent of pregnant women; however, only 5 percent report a history of symptomatic infection. […] Symptomatic and asymptomatic primary genital HSV infections are associated with preterm labor and low-birth-weight infants. […] The diagnosis of neonatal HSV can be difficult, but it should be suspected in any newborn with irritability, lethargy, fever or poor feeding at one week of age. […] All newborns suspected to have or who are diagnosed with HSV infection should be treated with parenteral acyclovir.

• #31 Herpes Virus in Infants

  https://browntrialfirm.com/birth-injury-lawyer/herpes-in-infants/

  Birth-acquired herpes, also called congenital herpes, is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that affects newborn babies. Congenital HSV is transmitted to a baby from an infected mother and can appear at any time within the first 28 days of a babys life. […] Birth-acquired herpes happens when a baby contracts HSV from their mother. The babies at highest risk for contracting birth-acquired herpes are those delivered vaginally who come into contact with blisters from a mother with an active infection. […] Most babies who contract the herpes virus during birth, however, are born to mothers with no known history of herpes and no active infection. This is because doctors are supposed to take precautions to prevent mothers with a known history of herpes infection from passing it on to their babies. […] Babies can also be infected by their mothers HSV while in the womb. This is particularly true if the mother was first infected during pregnancy.

• #32 Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-herpes/

  Neonatal herpes is a herpes infection in a young baby. The younger the baby, the more vulnerable they are to the harmful effects of infection. […] Herpes can be very serious for a young baby, whose immune system will not have fully developed to fight off the virus. […] Neonatal herpes, which is rare in the UK, is caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] A baby is most at risk of getting a herpes infection in the first 4 weeks after birth. […] Because newborn babies have underdeveloped immune systems, they can quickly become seriously ill after catching the virus. […] Sometimes neonatal herpes will only affect the baby’s eyes, mouth or skin. […] But the condition is much more serious if it has spread to the baby’s organs. […] Many infants with this type of neonatal herpes will die, even after they have been treated. […] If widespread herpes is not treated immediately, there’s a high chance the baby will die.

• #33 Herpes Simplex Virus in the Newborn

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/fact_sheet.htm

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that usually causes skin infections. […] HSV infection in newborn babies can be very severe and can even cause death. This is because newborns’ immune systems are not fully developed. […] Most HSV infections in newborns are caused by HSV-2 that the infant catches from the mother’s birth canal. […] Newborns can sometimes get HSV-1 from close contact with someone who is shedding HSV-1 virus in their saliva or has an active HSV-1 outbreak (cold sores). […] Infected newborns may have mild symptoms at first, such as low grade fever (100.4 degrees F., or more, rectally), poor feeding, or one or more small skin blisters. […] HSV infection in newborns can be very severe and can even cause death. […] Newborns with HSV require hospitalization for intravenous antiviral medication for 21 days. Even with this treatment, some newborns can suffer death or brain damage from HSV infection.

• #34 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-hsv-infection

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection is usually transmitted during delivery. A typical sign is vesicular eruption, which may be accompanied by or progress to disseminated disease. […] Neonatal HSV infection has high mortality and significant morbidity. Incidence in the United States is as high as approximately 1 in 2000 live births. HSV type 2 causes more cases than HSV type 1. […] HSV is usually transmitted during delivery through an infected maternal genital tract or contact with infectious vaginal fluid. Transplacental transmission of virus and hospital-acquired spread from one neonate to another by hospital personnel or family may account for some cases. […] Neonates with localized disease can be divided into 2 groups. One group has encephalitis manifested by neurologic findings, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and elevated protein concentration, with or without concomitant involvement of the skin, eyes, and mouth. The other group has only skin, eye, and mouth involvement and no evidence of CNS or organ disease.

• #35 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis: A Rare Cause of Neonatal Refractory Seizures and Challenge for Neonatologist – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/neonatal-herpes-encephalitis-a-rare-cause-of-neonatal-refractory-seizures-and-challenge-for-neonatologist.html

  These infections are usually because of fetal contact with infected maternal secretions; therefore, the early identification of infected babies and prompt intervention with antiviral drugs leads to an improved therapeutic outcome. […] The risk of neonatal infection with HSV is significantly higher with first-episode primary and first-episode non primary maternal infections when compared with recurrent genital infections. […] HSV 2 is the most common cause of neonatal HSV encephalitis with incidence of around 75-86%. […] Neonatal HSV present in three forms SEM disease (Skin Eye and mucosal), CNS disease and Disseminated Disease. […] This accounts for approximately 30% of cases of neonatal herpes. Neonate may present with lethargy, poor feeding, irritability, temperature instability or seizures.

• #36 Birth-Acquired Herpes: Causes, Symptoms, Picture, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-acquired-herpes

  The HSV can also cause a dangerous condition known as encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain that may lead to brain damage. […] The herpes virus can be treated, but not cured. […] Acyclovir (Zovrax) is the most commonly used antiviral medication for birth-acquired herpes. […] Babies with systemic herpes infections may not even respond to treatment and can possibly face several additional health risks. […] Since theres no cure for herpes, the virus will stay in the childs body.

• #37 Neonatal herpes encephalitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/neonatal-herpes-encephalitis

  Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a catastrophic disease of newborns. Without specific therapy, 40% to 50% of neonates with this infection will die, and survivors have a high rate of neurologic sequelae. […] In most cases of neonatal herpes encephalitis, the infection is acquired during vaginal delivery. […] Most cases of neonatal herpes encephalitis are due to infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). […] Infants typically acquire the virus from the maternal genital tract during delivery. […] Herpes simplex virus infection acquired in utero represents only about 4% of all neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. […] In 86% of cases, infants acquire the virus during vaginal delivery from exposure to an infected, maternal genital tract. […] The most vulnerable infants are those whose mothers have primary or their first episode of genital herpes infection during pregnancy.

• #38 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-hsv-infection

  Neonates with disseminated disease and visceral organ involvement have hepatitis, pneumonitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or a combination, with or without encephalitis or skin disease. […] The mortality rate of untreated disseminated herpes simplex disease is 85%; among neonates with untreated encephalitis, it is approximately 50%. Without treatment, at least 65% of survivors of disseminated disease or encephalitis have severe neurologic sequelae. […] To prevent neonatal herpes infection, pregnant patients with a history of genital herpes should be offered suppressive viral therapy at or beyond 36 weeks gestation. Cesarean delivery is recommended for pregnant patients with active genital herpes simplex lesions or prodromal symptoms at the time of delivery. […] Neonatal herpes infection may be localized to the skin, eyes, or mouth, the central nervous system, or may be disseminated. Encephalitis and disseminated disease have a high mortality rate, and neurologic sequelae are common among survivors.

• #39 Neonatal Meningitis & Herpes Encephalitis | Birth Injuries

  https://www.malpracticeohio.com/birth-injuries/neonatal-intensive-care-errors/meningitis-herpes-encephalitis/

  The overall mortality rate for neonatal HSV-2 encephalitis is 15-57%; […] The CNS form is lethal in about 6% of cases, and leaves approximately 69% of babies with permanent disabilities; and […] A DIS infection is lethal in 31% of cases, and leaves approximately 17% of babies with permanent disabilities. […] Babies that survive often experience long-term or permanent injuries, including: Brain damage, Cognitive impairments — hearing and/or speech loss or blindness, Cerebral palsy, Edema (fluid buildup in the brain), Brain abscesses (pus-filled pockets), Developmental delays, Seizure disorders, Learning disabilities. […] Symptoms of encephalitis and meningitis usually appear 4-11 days after birth and may include: Fever, Lethargy, Poor feeding, Vomiting, Body stiffness, Unexplained or unusual irritability, Seizures, Tremors, Full or bulging fontanel (soft spot on the top of the head). […] A doctor who fails to follow any of the standard practices related to HSV is negligent and may be held liable if such medical negligence injures a baby or mother.

• #40 Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-herpes/

  Neonatal herpes is a herpes infection in a young baby. The younger the baby, the more vulnerable they are to the harmful effects of infection. […] Herpes can be very serious for a young baby, whose immune system will not have fully developed to fight off the virus. […] Neonatal herpes, which is rare in the UK, is caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] A baby is most at risk of getting a herpes infection in the first 4 weeks after birth. […] Because newborn babies have underdeveloped immune systems, they can quickly become seriously ill after catching the virus. […] Sometimes neonatal herpes will only affect the baby’s eyes, mouth or skin. […] But the condition is much more serious if it has spread to the baby’s organs. […] Many infants with this type of neonatal herpes will die, even after they have been treated. […] If widespread herpes is not treated immediately, there’s a high chance the baby will die.

• #41 Herpes Simplex Virus in the Newborn

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/fact_sheet.htm

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that usually causes skin infections. […] HSV infection in newborn babies can be very severe and can even cause death. This is because newborns’ immune systems are not fully developed. […] Most HSV infections in newborns are caused by HSV-2 that the infant catches from the mother’s birth canal. […] Newborns can sometimes get HSV-1 from close contact with someone who is shedding HSV-1 virus in their saliva or has an active HSV-1 outbreak (cold sores). […] Infected newborns may have mild symptoms at first, such as low grade fever (100.4 degrees F., or more, rectally), poor feeding, or one or more small skin blisters. […] HSV infection in newborns can be very severe and can even cause death. […] Newborns with HSV require hospitalization for intravenous antiviral medication for 21 days. Even with this treatment, some newborns can suffer death or brain damage from HSV infection.

• #42 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  The category of maternal infection at time of delivery influences the likelihood of NHSV acquisition, presumably because mothers who have had an HSV infection transmit HSV-neutralizing antibodies to their infant across the placenta, provided that their infant is not born before 32 weeks gestation. […] Thus, infants born to mothers who have a first-episode primary infection at time of delivery are at the highest risk for acquiring HSV, with transmission rates of up to 60%, because their mother had no pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to transmit. […] Delivery by elective Cesarean section markedly reduces but does not eliminate the risk for newborn infection. […] Obstetrical procedures that can cause scalp abrasions or a break in the infants skin during labour and delivery may increase risk of NHSV transmission to a newborn infant.

• #43 Neonatal herpes (Neonatal HSV) | Bliss

  https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/neonatal-herpes

  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a newborn baby is called neonatal herpes or neonatal HSV. […] In young or premature babies who have immature immune systems, HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Babies can become infected in two main ways: During a vaginal birth (perinatal): through contact with HSV in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection. […] Infection after birth usually occurs following contact with an active cold sore, HSV-infected broken skin or HSV blisters on the fingers (herpetic whitlow). […] Babies are most at risk from neonatal herpes if the birth parent contracts genital HSV (HSV-2) for the first time during the third trimester of pregnancy (28-40+ weeks). This is because a newly infected birth parent has not had time to develop antibodies against the herpes virus.

• #44 Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neonatal-herpes/

  Neonatal herpes is a herpes infection in a young baby. The younger the baby, the more vulnerable they are to the harmful effects of infection. […] Herpes can be very serious for a young baby, whose immune system will not have fully developed to fight off the virus. […] Neonatal herpes, which is rare in the UK, is caused by the herpes simplex virus. […] A baby is most at risk of getting a herpes infection in the first 4 weeks after birth. […] Because newborn babies have underdeveloped immune systems, they can quickly become seriously ill after catching the virus. […] Sometimes neonatal herpes will only affect the baby’s eyes, mouth or skin. […] But the condition is much more serious if it has spread to the baby’s organs. […] Many infants with this type of neonatal herpes will die, even after they have been treated. […] If widespread herpes is not treated immediately, there’s a high chance the baby will die.

• #45 Neonatal herpes information and advice | Kit Tarka Foundation

  https://www.kittarkafoundation.org/neonatal-herpes-info-and-advice

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease, also called 'neonatal herpes’ or 'neonatal HSV’, is a rare, but potentially fatal, disease which usually occurs in the first four weeks of a baby’s life. […] It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), the same virus that causes cold sores and genital infections. […] In young babies who have immature immune systems; HSV infections can spread rapidly if left untreated, causing irreversible cell damage which can lead to permanent disability or death. […] Early recognition and prompt treatment with antiviral medication is essential to save the baby’s life. […] Babies can become infected in one of three ways: During a vaginal birth 'perinatal’: through contact with HSV infected secretions in the birth canal. This is the most common source of infection.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus

  Neonatal herpes can occur when an infant is exposed to HSV during delivery. Neonatal herpes is rare, occurring in an estimated 10 out of every 100,000 births globally. However, it is a serious condition that can lead to lasting neurologic disability or death. The risk for neonatal herpes is greatest when a mother acquires HSV for the first time in late pregnancy.

• #47 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/infections-in-neonates/neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-hsv-infection

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection is usually transmitted during delivery. A typical sign is vesicular eruption, which may be accompanied by or progress to disseminated disease. […] Neonatal HSV infection has high mortality and significant morbidity. Incidence in the United States is as high as approximately 1 in 2000 live births. HSV type 2 causes more cases than HSV type 1. […] HSV is usually transmitted during delivery through an infected maternal genital tract or contact with infectious vaginal fluid. Transplacental transmission of virus and hospital-acquired spread from one neonate to another by hospital personnel or family may account for some cases. […] Neonates with localized disease can be divided into 2 groups. One group has encephalitis manifested by neurologic findings, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and elevated protein concentration, with or without concomitant involvement of the skin, eyes, and mouth. The other group has only skin, eye, and mouth involvement and no evidence of CNS or organ disease.

• #48 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections

  Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in neonates can result in devastating outcomes, including mortality and significant morbidity. All infants are potentially at risk for neonatal HSV infection. […] Transmission to newborns can occur with either genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Worldwide, an estimated 75% of NHSV cases are caused by HSV-2 and 25% by HSV-1. […] The most common and important category of NHSV acquisition is intrapartum. Even for HSV-1, 75% of cases of NHSV are acquired during delivery from genital disease that is often newly acquired and asymptomatic. […] Newborns may also acquire HSV infection through in utero or postnatal transmission. […] In most cases of NHSV infection, there is no known history of maternal genital HSV because mothers have never had or have never noticed external genital lesions.

• #49 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis: A Rare Cause of Neonatal Refractory Seizures and Challenge for Neonatologist – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/neonatal-herpes-encephalitis-a-rare-cause-of-neonatal-refractory-seizures-and-challenge-for-neonatologist.html

  Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are one of the most severe of all infections acquired during the perinatal period. HSV 2 accounts for majority of the neonatal HSV infections with intrapartum route being the most common pathway for transmission to the newborn. […] Neonatal HSV encephalitis is a very rare and severe infection which requires a high degree of clinical suspicion, as in many a history of exposure is absent and delay in therapy would be life threatening. […] HSV infection has varied manifestation in the newborn. Treating neonatologists always rule out the common causes of neonatal seizures but this rare etiology may present with refractory seizures in some and in them an early diagnosis would result in optimal outcomes. […] Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are one of the most severe of all infections acquired by the neonate. It is an uncommon occurrence with an estimated to be between 1 in 3000 to 1 in 20000 deliveries.

• #50 Neonatal Herpes Simplex Infection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC321459/

  Tremendous advances have occurred over the past 30 years in the diagnosis and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease. […] Neonatal infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) were first reported in the mid-1930s, when Hass described the histopathologic findings of a fatal case and when Batignani reported a newborn with herpes simplex keratitis. […] The next development in the management of neonatal HSV disease was a landmark comparison of vidarabine and a lower dose of acyclovir conducted during the 1980s. […] Additional improvements in the outcomes of neonates with HSV disease have been achieved through advances in the diagnostics available to clinicians, the most powerful of which is the application of PCR to patients with neonatal HSV disease. […] Other areas of promise with respect to prevention of neonatal HSV infections include the development of genetically engineered subunit and live attenuated HSV vaccines for prevention of maternal genital infections and evaluation of antiviral administration to gravid women to reduce the likelihood of clinically apparent genital disease at the time of delivery.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2021/08001/assessing_the_burden_of_infant_deaths_due_to.2.aspx

  There have been significant advances in the detection and treatment of neonatal herpes infection, such as the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to cerebrospinal fluid and blood specimens and the use of intravenous high-dose acyclovir. […] However, the national burden of neonatal herpes infection has not been well characterized because the condition is not nationally notifiable, and few states and local jurisdictions conduct routine surveillance. […] The lack of recent and national data assessing neonatal herpes mortality remains a substantial knowledge gap that this investigation aims to address. […] The primary objective is to characterize trends in HSV-related infant deaths across a wide time frame in the United States, an effort that may also provide insights into disease burden trends given the absence of national incidence data.

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