Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A febrile seizure is a seizure occurring in a child six months to five years of age that is accompanied by a fever (100.4F or greater) without central nervous system infection. […] The cause of febrile seizures is likely multifactorial. Viral illnesses, certain vaccinations, and genetic predisposition are common risk factors that may affect a vulnerable, developing nervous system under the stress of a fever. […] Certain genes that have been identified as risk factors for familial epilepsy syndromes may also increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] Viral infections, particularly those associated with high fevers, increase the risk of febrile seizures because high fevers have been shown to increase neuronal excitability and lower the seizure threshold. […] Certain vaccine preparations and associated age at administration have been shown to increase the risk of febrile seizures.

• #2 Pediatric Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1176205-overview

  Pediatric febrile seizures, which represent the most common childhood seizure disorder, exist only in association with an elevated temperature. Evidence suggests, however, that they have little connection with cognitive function, so the prognosis for normal neurologic function is excellent in children with febrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in childhood. Since early in the 20th century, people have debated about whether these children would benefit from daily anticonvulsant therapy. Epidemiologic studies have led to the division of febrile seizures into 3 groups, as follows: simple febrile seizures, complex febrile seizures, and symptomatic febrile seizures. […] This is a unique form of seizures that occurs in early childhood and only in association with an elevation of temperature. The underlying pathophysiology is unknown, but genetic predisposition clearly contributes to the occurrence of this disorder. […] Febrile seizures occur in 2-5% of children aged 6 months to 5 years in industrialized countries. Among children with febrile seizures, about 70-75% have only simple febrile seizures, another 20-25% have complex febrile seizures, and about 5% have symptomatic febrile seizures.

• #3 Febrile Seizures: What to Look for and How to Take Action | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/febrile-seizures-what-look-and-how-take-action

  Febrile seizures occur in approximately two to four percent of children, most commonly between 12 to 18 months old. […] Fever from any viral or bacterial infection can result in febrile seizures, says Sara Molisani, MD, attending physician in the Division of Neurology at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). One of the more common viruses associated with febrile seizures is HHV-6, the virus that causes roseola. […] Even when a febrile seizure lasts a long time, most children recover completely. Says Dr. Molisani, Febrile seizures do not cause brain damage, lowered IQ or lowered school achievement later in life.

• #4 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #5 Febrile Seizure (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/21653

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] Febrile seizures occur with a fever 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or a history of an afebrile seizure. The highest fever necessary to cause febrile seizures is specific to the individual, as each child’s threshold convulsive temperature varies. While the degree of the fever is ultimately the most significant factor in febrile seizures, these seizures often occur as the patient’s temperature rises. A febrile seizure may be the first sign that a child is ill, with a fever 100.4 F (38 C) discovered shortly after that. No fever etiology is more likely than others to cause febrile seizures. Any fever may cause a febrile seizure.

• #6 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #7 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Although it is well known that viral infections rather than severe bacterial infections are the major causes of fever in children with FS, investigations of the viral etiology in children with FS have not been extensively performed. Moreover, considering that 10% of children experience FS, the seizure-provoking potential of various viruses may differ, and individual host factors might influence seizure occurrence among children infected with the same virus. […] The pathogenesis of FS is multifactorial and heterogeneous. There are no consistent and definite results regarding the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the CNS or on the mechanisms for increasing neuronal excitability in the CNS during fever. It is impossible to predict and prevent seizures in febrile children infected by a specific respiratory virus.

• #8 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #9

• #10 Fever – febrile convulsions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/fever-febrile-convulsions

  A febrile convulsion is a fit or seizure that occurs in children when they have a high fever. This can happen in children aged 6 months to 6 years. […] Febrile convulsions only happen when there is a rise in body temperature. The fever is usually due to a viral illness or, sometimes, a bacterial infection. […] The growing brain of a child is more sensitive to fever than an adult brain. Febrile convulsions tend to run in families, although the reason for this is unknown.

• #11 Febrile Seizure: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/febrile-seizure

  Febrile seizures are bursts of electrical activity in a childs brain that happen with a fever. They could occur with common childhood infections like the flu, an ear infection or chickenpox. […] A febrile seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your childs brain that can happen while your child has a fever. […] There are many potential causes for febrile seizures. The word febrile refers to a fever. Theyre most likely to happen during the first day of an illness as your child’s temperature rises. […] The following illnesses may cause a fever: Chickenpox, Coronavirus (COVID-19), Ear infection, Flu (influenza), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Upper respiratory infection. […] In some cases, children will have a seizure before developing a fever. […] Its important to note that some childhood vaccinations may cause a fever as a side effect. While rare, if a child has a febrile seizure after vaccination, its the fever not the vaccine itself that causes the seizure.

• #12 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  A febrile seizure is a fit that can happen when a child has a fever. […] The cause of febrile seizures is unknown, although theyre linked to the start of a fever (a high temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above). […] In most cases, a high temperature is caused by an infection such as chickenpox, flu (influenza), middle ear infections (otitis media), or tonsillitis. […] There may also be a genetic link to febrile seizures because the chances of having a seizure are increased if a close family member has a history of them. […] Febrile seizures are linked to fevers, but the exact cause is unknown. […] Some researchers think that the biological processes associated with a high temperature may be responsible. […] A high temperature is thought to be caused by a bacterial or viral infection that stimulates the release of cytokines.

• #13 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  One theory is that in certain people, high levels of cytokines may temporarily scramble the workings of the brain and nervous system, triggering a seizure. […] Although febrile seizures are poorly understood, a family history of the conditions is thought to increase the risk. […] If a child has a first-degree relative (mother, father, sister or brother) with a history of febrile seizures, their risk of having seizures increases. […] Most febrile seizures occur when a child has a high temperature caused by an infection. […] The three most common infections associated with febrile convulsions are viral infections, such as chickenpox and flu, middle ear infections (otitis media), and tonsillitis.

• #14 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #15 Febrile Seizures | HEAL Medical | Paediatrics | Child Fever

  https://www.heal-medical.com/en/our-services/febrile-seizures/

  Febrile seizures are commonly triggered by fever-inducing infections, especially respiratory infections. Viral or bacterial infections can cause fever, which may lead to seizures. […] Some research indicates that febrile seizures may be related to the rate of fever. The risk of seizures may increase when body temperature rises rapidly. […] A small percentage of children who experience febrile seizures have epilepsy (about 3%).

• #16 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #17 Febrile Seizures – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/febrile-seizures/

  Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures in healthy children. They result from a high or rapid rise in fever. […] A viral infection is often the immediate cause of a febrile seizure. However, there is often a genetic component to a child’s susceptibility to this condition. […] In up to half of cases, there is a family history of febrile seizures, mostly in a parent or sibling. Febrile seizures are two to three times more common in the family members of affected children. […] Researchers have now identified several genes that can influence the risk of febrile seizures.

• #18 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #19 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #20 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  One theory is that in certain people, high levels of cytokines may temporarily scramble the workings of the brain and nervous system, triggering a seizure. […] Although febrile seizures are poorly understood, a family history of the conditions is thought to increase the risk. […] If a child has a first-degree relative (mother, father, sister or brother) with a history of febrile seizures, their risk of having seizures increases. […] Most febrile seizures occur when a child has a high temperature caused by an infection. […] The three most common infections associated with febrile convulsions are viral infections, such as chickenpox and flu, middle ear infections (otitis media), and tonsillitis.

• #21 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures tend to occur in families. In a child with febrile seizure, the risk of febrile seizure is 10% for the sibling and almost 50% for the sibling if a parent has febrile seizures as well. Although clear evidence exists for a genetic basis of febrile seizures, the mode of inheritance is unclear. […] Whereas polygenic inheritance is likely, a small number of families are identified with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of febrile seizures, leading to the description of a „febrile seizure susceptibility trait” with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance. […] Risk factors for developing febrile seizures are as follows: Family history of febrile seizures, High temperature, Parental report of developmental delay, Neonatal discharge at an age greater than 28 days (suggesting perinatal illness requiring hospitalization), Daycare attendance, Presence of 2 of these risk factors – Increases the probability of a first febrile seizure to about 30%, Maternal alcohol intake and smoking during pregnancy – Two-fold increased risk.

• #22 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #23 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever. […] Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers. […] Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures. […] 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence: Onset before the 18 months, shorter duration of fever (1 hour) before the onset of the seizure, lower temperature close to 38oC, family history of febrile seizures.

• #24

• #25 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #26 Febrile seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/febrile-seizure?content_id=CON-20372504

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that’s caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. […] Usually, a higher than normal body temperature causes febrile seizures. Even a low-grade fever can trigger a febrile seizure. […] The fevers that trigger febrile seizures are usually caused by a viral infection, and less commonly by a bacterial infection. The flu (influenza) virus and the virus that causes roseola, which often are accompanied by high fevers, appear to be most frequently associated with febrile seizures. […] The risk of febrile seizures may increase after some childhood vaccinations. These include the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A child can develop a low-grade fever after a vaccination. The fever, not the vaccine, causes the seizure.

• #27 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever. […] Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers. […] Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures. […] 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence: Onset before the 18 months, shorter duration of fever (1 hour) before the onset of the seizure, lower temperature close to 38oC, family history of febrile seizures.

• #28 Patient education: Febrile seizures (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/febrile-seizures-beyond-the-basics

  Febrile seizures can occur as a result of the fever that accompanies bacterial or viral infections, especially human herpesvirus-6 (also called roseola or sixth disease). […] Fever can occur as a side effect of certain vaccines, particularly after measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccination. The fever typically occurs 8 to 14 days after the injection. […] A family history of febrile seizures increases a child’s risk of febrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures can occur with infections or after immunizations that cause fever.

• #29 Febrile seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/febrile-seizure?content_id=CON-20372504

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that’s caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. […] Usually, a higher than normal body temperature causes febrile seizures. Even a low-grade fever can trigger a febrile seizure. […] The fevers that trigger febrile seizures are usually caused by a viral infection, and less commonly by a bacterial infection. The flu (influenza) virus and the virus that causes roseola, which often are accompanied by high fevers, appear to be most frequently associated with febrile seizures. […] The risk of febrile seizures may increase after some childhood vaccinations. These include the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A child can develop a low-grade fever after a vaccination. The fever, not the vaccine, causes the seizure.

• #30 Febrile Seizure (Febrile Convulsion): Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/fever-in-children-high-temperature/febrile-seizure-febrile-convulsion

  A febrile seizure is sometimes called a febrile convulsion. Any illness that causes a high temperature (fever) can cause a febrile seizure. Most occur with common illnesses such as ear infections, tonsillitis, colds, flu and other viral infections. Serious infections, such as pneumonia, kidney infections, meningitis, etc, are much less common causes. […] 82 out of 100 febrile seizures are caused by viral illnesses, particularly influenzae (the flu virus), rhinoviruses (a cold virus) and enteroviruses (the most common group of viruses which cause lots of minor illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease). […] It is important to assess why a child has had the fever causing the febrile seizure. Often this is obvious as they have had a cold or flu like symptoms or are known to have an ear infection or urinary tract infection. If the cause is not obvious then investigations will need to be done in the emergency department which may include blood tests or x-rays (although these are not recommended routinely in febrile seizures as they are unlikely to change management). Although meningitis is an unusual cause of febrile seizures (as they are common and meningitis is uncommon), 1 in 4 children with meningitis will have a febrile seizure at the start of the illness – it is therefore important to rule this out in children where the cause is otherwise unclear. […] The cause of a febrile seizure is related to the feverish illness and is not due to epilepsy or any brain abnormality.

• #31 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #32 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #33 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  A febrile seizure is a seizure caused by a fever in healthy infants and young children. Any fever may cause a febrile seizure. These seizures may happen when a child has an illness such as a cold, the flu, roseola, chickenpox, COVID-19, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), or an ear infection. […] Having a febrile seizure does not mean a child has epilepsy. […] Although rare, some children including those with cerebral palsy, delayed development, or other neurological issues who have had febrile seizures have an increased risk of developing epilepsy. […] Children between ages of 6 months and 5 years are the most likely to have febrile seizures, with the greatest risk for children between ages 1 and 3 years. […] Certain things increase the risk for more febrile seizures, including: […] Making sure children receive recommended vaccinations at the recommended age may prevent some febrile seizures.

• #34 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  A febrile seizure is a seizure caused by a fever in healthy infants and young children. Any fever may cause a febrile seizure. These seizures may happen when a child has an illness such as a cold, the flu, roseola, chickenpox, COVID-19, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), or an ear infection. […] Having a febrile seizure does not mean a child has epilepsy. […] Although rare, some children including those with cerebral palsy, delayed development, or other neurological issues who have had febrile seizures have an increased risk of developing epilepsy. […] Children between ages of 6 months and 5 years are the most likely to have febrile seizures, with the greatest risk for children between ages 1 and 3 years. […] Certain things increase the risk for more febrile seizures, including: […] Making sure children receive recommended vaccinations at the recommended age may prevent some febrile seizures.

• #35 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  One theory is that in certain people, high levels of cytokines may temporarily scramble the workings of the brain and nervous system, triggering a seizure. […] Although febrile seizures are poorly understood, a family history of the conditions is thought to increase the risk. […] If a child has a first-degree relative (mother, father, sister or brother) with a history of febrile seizures, their risk of having seizures increases. […] Most febrile seizures occur when a child has a high temperature caused by an infection. […] The three most common infections associated with febrile convulsions are viral infections, such as chickenpox and flu, middle ear infections (otitis media), and tonsillitis.

• #36 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  One theory is that in certain people, high levels of cytokines may temporarily scramble the workings of the brain and nervous system, triggering a seizure. […] Although febrile seizures are poorly understood, a family history of the conditions is thought to increase the risk. […] If a child has a first-degree relative (mother, father, sister or brother) with a history of febrile seizures, their risk of having seizures increases. […] Most febrile seizures occur when a child has a high temperature caused by an infection. […] The three most common infections associated with febrile convulsions are viral infections, such as chickenpox and flu, middle ear infections (otitis media), and tonsillitis.

• #37 Febrile seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_seizure

• #38 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures observed in the pediatric age group. Febrile seizures are categorized into the following two types: Simple febrile seizures (which are generalized, last 15 minutes, and do not recur within 24 hours) […] Complex febrile seizures (which are prolonged, recur more than once in 24 hours, or are focal). Complex febrile seizures may indicate a more serious disease process, such as meningitis, abscess, or encephalitis. […] The underlying cause of the fever should be sought. A careful physical examination often reveals otitis media, pharyngitis, or a viral exanthem. […] Viral illnesses are the predominant cause of febrile seizures. Recent literature documented the presence of human herpes simplex virus 6 (HHSV-6) as the etiologic agent in roseola in about 20% of a group of patients presenting with their first febrile seizures. Other viruses that have been commonly implicated in febrile seizures are influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and parainfluenza viruses. Shigella gastroenteritis also has been associated with febrile seizures.

• #39 Febrile Seizures – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/emergency/emergency-medicine/febrile-seizures/

  In one third of cases, there is a positive family history in either or both parents (1,3). Twin studies have shown a predisposing genetic component along with numerous possible loci which are thought to be associated with febrile convulsions (2). However, a single susceptibility gene for febrile seizures has not yet been identified (3). […] Viral infections are associated and triggering factors in 80% of febrile convulsion cases. The most common causes include upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), otitis media, and urinary tract infections (UTI) (2,4). Gastroenteritis and fever post-vaccination are also associated, but are not as common (5).

• #40 Febrile Seizure: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/febrile-seizure

  Febrile seizures generally happen when your child has an illness, but many times they occur before you realize your child is sick. Thats because they usually take place on the first day of an illness, so your child may not be showing any other symptoms yet. […] There are several different causes for febrile seizures: […] A fever that occurs after immunizations, especially the MMR (mumps measles rubella) immunization, can cause febrile seizures. A high fever after immunizations most often occurs 8 to 14 days after your child has been given the immunization. However, this is very rare, and the benefits of the vaccine far outweigh the risks. Talk with your doctor if you have concerns. […] A fever thats the result of a virus or a bacterial infection can cause febrile seizures. Roseola is the most common cause of febrile seizures. […] Risk factors, such as having family members whove had febrile seizures, will increase your childs chance of having them.

• #41 Febrile Seizure: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/febrile-seizure

  Febrile seizures are bursts of electrical activity in a childs brain that happen with a fever. They could occur with common childhood infections like the flu, an ear infection or chickenpox. […] A febrile seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your childs brain that can happen while your child has a fever. […] There are many potential causes for febrile seizures. The word febrile refers to a fever. Theyre most likely to happen during the first day of an illness as your child’s temperature rises. […] The following illnesses may cause a fever: Chickenpox, Coronavirus (COVID-19), Ear infection, Flu (influenza), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Upper respiratory infection. […] In some cases, children will have a seizure before developing a fever. […] Its important to note that some childhood vaccinations may cause a fever as a side effect. While rare, if a child has a febrile seizure after vaccination, its the fever not the vaccine itself that causes the seizure.

• #42 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #43 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0115/p149.html

  Most causes of febrile seizures are multifactorial, with two or more genetic and contributing environmental factors. […] Case-control studies suggest that iron and zinc deficiencies may also be risk factors for febrile seizures. […] Vaccinations associated with increased risk include 2010 Southern Hemisphere seasonal influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine (Fluvax Junior and Fluvax); diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP); and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR).

• #44

• #45 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0115/p149.html

  Most causes of febrile seizures are multifactorial, with two or more genetic and contributing environmental factors. […] Case-control studies suggest that iron and zinc deficiencies may also be risk factors for febrile seizures. […] Vaccinations associated with increased risk include 2010 Southern Hemisphere seasonal influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine (Fluvax Junior and Fluvax); diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP); and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR).

• #46 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #47 Febrile Seizure: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/febrile-seizure

  Febrile seizures are bursts of electrical activity in a childs brain that happen with a fever. They could occur with common childhood infections like the flu, an ear infection or chickenpox. […] A febrile seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your childs brain that can happen while your child has a fever. […] There are many potential causes for febrile seizures. The word febrile refers to a fever. Theyre most likely to happen during the first day of an illness as your child’s temperature rises. […] The following illnesses may cause a fever: Chickenpox, Coronavirus (COVID-19), Ear infection, Flu (influenza), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), Upper respiratory infection. […] In some cases, children will have a seizure before developing a fever. […] Its important to note that some childhood vaccinations may cause a fever as a side effect. While rare, if a child has a febrile seizure after vaccination, its the fever not the vaccine itself that causes the seizure.

• #48 Febrile seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/febrile-seizure?content_id=CON-20372504

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that’s caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. […] Usually, a higher than normal body temperature causes febrile seizures. Even a low-grade fever can trigger a febrile seizure. […] The fevers that trigger febrile seizures are usually caused by a viral infection, and less commonly by a bacterial infection. The flu (influenza) virus and the virus that causes roseola, which often are accompanied by high fevers, appear to be most frequently associated with febrile seizures. […] The risk of febrile seizures may increase after some childhood vaccinations. These include the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A child can develop a low-grade fever after a vaccination. The fever, not the vaccine, causes the seizure.

• #49 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  The measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures (10 additional cases per 10,000 children 16 to 23 months of age, but only four additional cases per 10,000 children 12 to 15 months of age). […] The risk of seizure is not significantly increased following the influenza vaccine or the modern acellular pertussis vaccine. […] The causes of fever with or without seizure in children are similar. […] The evaluation of children with febrile seizures should begin with a focused history and physical examination to determine the cause of the fever. […] The neurologic examination is crucial when deciding whether to perform a lumbar puncture. […] Febrile status epilepticus should raise suspicion for serious bacterial infection, intracranial abnormality, or toxic ingestion.

• #50 Patient education: Febrile seizures (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/febrile-seizures-beyond-the-basics

  Febrile seizures can occur as a result of the fever that accompanies bacterial or viral infections, especially human herpesvirus-6 (also called roseola or sixth disease). […] Fever can occur as a side effect of certain vaccines, particularly after measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccination. The fever typically occurs 8 to 14 days after the injection. […] A family history of febrile seizures increases a child’s risk of febrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures can occur with infections or after immunizations that cause fever.

• #51 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  The measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures (10 additional cases per 10,000 children 16 to 23 months of age, but only four additional cases per 10,000 children 12 to 15 months of age). […] The risk of seizure is not significantly increased following the influenza vaccine or the modern acellular pertussis vaccine. […] The causes of fever with or without seizure in children are similar. […] The evaluation of children with febrile seizures should begin with a focused history and physical examination to determine the cause of the fever. […] The neurologic examination is crucial when deciding whether to perform a lumbar puncture. […] Febrile status epilepticus should raise suspicion for serious bacterial infection, intracranial abnormality, or toxic ingestion.

• #52 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  In a Danish study, DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccination was associated with an increased risk of febrile seizures on the day of first and second vaccinations, although the absolute risk was small. A higher risk for febrile seizures was found on the day of first vaccination, as well as on the day of the second vaccination, but higher risk was not seen on the day of the third vaccination when compared with the reference group. […] In a case-series analysis of a cohort of 323,247 US children born from 2004 to 2008, Hambidge et al found that delaying the first dose of MMR or MMRV vaccine beyond the age of 15 months may more than double the risk of postvaccination seizures in the second year of life. […] A study by Duffy et al sought to determine whether concomitant administration of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) with other vaccines affects the febrile seizure risk. The study found that the administration of IIV3 on the same day as either pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis-containing vaccine was associated with a greater risk of febrile seizure than when IIV3 was given on a separate day.

• #53

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/fever/Pages/Febrile-Seizures.aspx

  Febrile seizures can happen with any condition that causes a fever, such as common colds, the flu, ear infection or roseola. […] They can also happen if your child experiences heat-related illness such as heat stroke when there is a rise in core body temperature. […] Febrile seizures usually happen only once during any given illness, often with the first fever spike. […] However, they can occur just before or just after your child gets a fever. […] Vaccines can cause your child to have a fever, but febrile seizures are generally rare after vaccination. […] Recommended vaccines can actually help prevent some febrile seizures, since getting sick with measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, influenza (the flu), pneumococcal infections and other diseases can cause fevers and febrile seizures. […] It is more important to determine and treat the cause of the fever rather than the seizure.

• #54 Febrile Seizures and Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/about/febrile-seizures.html

  Infants and young children are most at risk for febrile seizures. […] Vaccinating children at the recommended age may prevent some febrile seizures. […] There is a small increased risk for febrile seizures in certain age groups after some vaccines. […] Febrile seizures can happen with any condition that causes a fever. […] Fevers can be caused by common childhood illnesses like colds, the flu, an ear infection, or roseola. […] Vaccinating children at the recommended age may prevent some febrile seizures by protecting children against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, influenza, pneumococcal infections and other diseases that can cause fever and febrile seizures. […] There is a small increased risk for febrile seizures after MMR and MMRV vaccines. […] There is a small increased risk for febrile seizures when inactivated influenza vaccine (flu shot) is given at the same doctor visit as either the PCV13 (pneumococcal) vaccine or the DTaP vaccine. […] There may be a small increase in the risk of febrile seizure when PCV13 (pneumococcal) vaccine is given by itself.

• #55 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #56 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures tend to occur in families. In a child with febrile seizure, the risk of febrile seizure is 10% for the sibling and almost 50% for the sibling if a parent has febrile seizures as well. Although clear evidence exists for a genetic basis of febrile seizures, the mode of inheritance is unclear. […] Whereas polygenic inheritance is likely, a small number of families are identified with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of febrile seizures, leading to the description of a „febrile seizure susceptibility trait” with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance. […] Risk factors for developing febrile seizures are as follows: Family history of febrile seizures, High temperature, Parental report of developmental delay, Neonatal discharge at an age greater than 28 days (suggesting perinatal illness requiring hospitalization), Daycare attendance, Presence of 2 of these risk factors – Increases the probability of a first febrile seizure to about 30%, Maternal alcohol intake and smoking during pregnancy – Two-fold increased risk.

• #57 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0115/p149.html

  Febrile seizures are common in the first five years of life, and many factors that increase seizure risk have been identified. […] Risk factors for febrile seizures include developmental delay, discharge from a neonatal unit after 28 days, day care attendance, viral infections, a family history of febrile seizures, certain vaccinations, and possibly iron and zinc deficiencies. […] Viral infections are a common cause of fever that triggers febrile seizures. A particular risk for febrile seizure is associated with primary human herpesvirus 6 infection, which is typically acquired during the first two years of life. […] A genetic predisposition for febrile seizures has been postulated, although no susceptibility gene has been identified. Genetic abnormalities have been reported in persons with febrile epilepsy syndromes, such as severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+).

• #58 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures tend to occur in families. In a child with febrile seizure, the risk of febrile seizure is 10% for the sibling and almost 50% for the sibling if a parent has febrile seizures as well. Although clear evidence exists for a genetic basis of febrile seizures, the mode of inheritance is unclear. […] Whereas polygenic inheritance is likely, a small number of families are identified with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of febrile seizures, leading to the description of a „febrile seizure susceptibility trait” with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance. […] Risk factors for developing febrile seizures are as follows: Family history of febrile seizures, High temperature, Parental report of developmental delay, Neonatal discharge at an age greater than 28 days (suggesting perinatal illness requiring hospitalization), Daycare attendance, Presence of 2 of these risk factors – Increases the probability of a first febrile seizure to about 30%, Maternal alcohol intake and smoking during pregnancy – Two-fold increased risk.

• #59 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures tend to occur in families. In a child with febrile seizure, the risk of febrile seizure is 10% for the sibling and almost 50% for the sibling if a parent has febrile seizures as well. Although clear evidence exists for a genetic basis of febrile seizures, the mode of inheritance is unclear. […] Whereas polygenic inheritance is likely, a small number of families are identified with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of febrile seizures, leading to the description of a „febrile seizure susceptibility trait” with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance. […] Risk factors for developing febrile seizures are as follows: Family history of febrile seizures, High temperature, Parental report of developmental delay, Neonatal discharge at an age greater than 28 days (suggesting perinatal illness requiring hospitalization), Daycare attendance, Presence of 2 of these risk factors – Increases the probability of a first febrile seizure to about 30%, Maternal alcohol intake and smoking during pregnancy – Two-fold increased risk.

• #60 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures tend to occur in families. In a child with febrile seizure, the risk of febrile seizure is 10% for the sibling and almost 50% for the sibling if a parent has febrile seizures as well. Although clear evidence exists for a genetic basis of febrile seizures, the mode of inheritance is unclear. […] Whereas polygenic inheritance is likely, a small number of families are identified with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of febrile seizures, leading to the description of a „febrile seizure susceptibility trait” with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with reduced penetrance. […] Risk factors for developing febrile seizures are as follows: Family history of febrile seizures, High temperature, Parental report of developmental delay, Neonatal discharge at an age greater than 28 days (suggesting perinatal illness requiring hospitalization), Daycare attendance, Presence of 2 of these risk factors – Increases the probability of a first febrile seizure to about 30%, Maternal alcohol intake and smoking during pregnancy – Two-fold increased risk.

• #61 Febrile Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/febrile-seizures/

  Several other factors may increase the risk of febrile seizures: a family history of seizures, chronic maternal ill health, parental fertility problems, breech birth, Caesarean birth, small birth weight, developmental delay, cerebral problems (may increase the incidence of febrile seizures), smoking and drug intake including anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy (can further increase the risk).

• #62 Febrile Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/febrile-seizures/

  Several other factors may increase the risk of febrile seizures: a family history of seizures, chronic maternal ill health, parental fertility problems, breech birth, Caesarean birth, small birth weight, developmental delay, cerebral problems (may increase the incidence of febrile seizures), smoking and drug intake including anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy (can further increase the risk).

• #63 Febrile Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/febrile-seizures/

  Several other factors may increase the risk of febrile seizures: a family history of seizures, chronic maternal ill health, parental fertility problems, breech birth, Caesarean birth, small birth weight, developmental delay, cerebral problems (may increase the incidence of febrile seizures), smoking and drug intake including anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy (can further increase the risk).

• #64 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #65 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #66 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever. […] Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers. […] Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures. […] 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence: Onset before the 18 months, shorter duration of fever (1 hour) before the onset of the seizure, lower temperature close to 38oC, family history of febrile seizures.

• #67 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #68 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever. […] Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers. […] Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures. […] 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence: Onset before the 18 months, shorter duration of fever (1 hour) before the onset of the seizure, lower temperature close to 38oC, family history of febrile seizures.

• #69 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #70 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #71 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever. […] Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers. […] Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures. […] 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence: Onset before the 18 months, shorter duration of fever (1 hour) before the onset of the seizure, lower temperature close to 38oC, family history of febrile seizures.

• #72 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #73 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Interestingly, no data support the theory that a rapid rise in temperature is a cause of febrile seizures. […] About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, Relatively low fever at time of first seizure, Family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, Brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, Multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Regarding vaccination and risk of febrile seizures, Administration of the first dose of MMRV vaccine at age 12-15 months carries a slight increase risk of febrile seizure (0.05%, approximately 1 in 2000), from day 5 through 12 following receipt of the vaccine.

• #74 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  A febrile seizure is a seizure caused by a fever in healthy infants and young children. Any fever may cause a febrile seizure. These seizures may happen when a child has an illness such as a cold, the flu, roseola, chickenpox, COVID-19, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), or an ear infection. […] Having a febrile seizure does not mean a child has epilepsy. […] Although rare, some children including those with cerebral palsy, delayed development, or other neurological issues who have had febrile seizures have an increased risk of developing epilepsy. […] Children between ages of 6 months and 5 years are the most likely to have febrile seizures, with the greatest risk for children between ages 1 and 3 years. […] Certain things increase the risk for more febrile seizures, including: […] Making sure children receive recommended vaccinations at the recommended age may prevent some febrile seizures.

• #75 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A population-based cohort study found no increase in long-term mortality in children with simple febrile seizures compared with the general population. […] Children with complex febrile seizures were more likely to die in the following two years when compared with children without febrile seizures (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.99), although this was at least in part secondary to neurologic abnormalities and subsequent epilepsy. […] Based on a cohort study, children with febrile seizures are five times more likely to develop subsequent unprovoked seizures compared with children with no febrile seizures. […] The risk of epilepsy ranges from 2.4% in children with simple febrile seizures to 6% to 8% in children with complex seizures. […] Multiple pharmacologic interventions have been studied to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures.

• #76 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A population-based cohort study found no increase in long-term mortality in children with simple febrile seizures compared with the general population. […] Children with complex febrile seizures were more likely to die in the following two years when compared with children without febrile seizures (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.99), although this was at least in part secondary to neurologic abnormalities and subsequent epilepsy. […] Based on a cohort study, children with febrile seizures are five times more likely to develop subsequent unprovoked seizures compared with children with no febrile seizures. […] The risk of epilepsy ranges from 2.4% in children with simple febrile seizures to 6% to 8% in children with complex seizures. […] Multiple pharmacologic interventions have been studied to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures.

• #77 Febrile Seizure Treatment, Definition, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/febrile_seizures/article.htm

  Seizures occur because the brain becomes irritated and an „electrical storm” occurs. […] In infants and children, high fevers can cause this threshold to lower, resulting in febrile seizures. […] A few factors appear to boost a child’s risk of having recurrent febrile seizures, including young age (less than 15 months) during the first seizure, frequent fevers, and having immediate family members with a history of febrile seizures. […] Although they can be frightening to parents, the vast majority of febrile seizures are harmless. […] There is no evidence that febrile seizures cause brain damage. […] Between 95 and 98 percent of children who have experienced febrile seizures do not go on to develop epilepsy. […] If a child has a fever most parents will use fever-lowering drugs such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to make the child more comfortable, although there are no studies that prove that this will reduce the risk of a seizure.

• #78 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #79 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #80 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #81 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #82 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  Drugs that lower fevers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may make the child more comfortable. However, numerous studies have shown that treating a fever does not lower the risk of febrile seizure. […] Results from an NINDS-funded study have suggested that children with prolonged febrile seizures are at increased risk of developing epilepsy and that prolonged febrile seizures may injure the brain. […] Some children with prolonged febrile seizures that last longer than 30 minutes, called febrile status epilepticus (fSE), are at risk of developing epilepsy.

• #83 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  Drugs that lower fevers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may make the child more comfortable. However, numerous studies have shown that treating a fever does not lower the risk of febrile seizure. […] Results from an NINDS-funded study have suggested that children with prolonged febrile seizures are at increased risk of developing epilepsy and that prolonged febrile seizures may injure the brain. […] Some children with prolonged febrile seizures that last longer than 30 minutes, called febrile status epilepticus (fSE), are at risk of developing epilepsy.

• #84 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #85 Febrile convulsions – Don’t Forget the Bubbles

  https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/febrile-seizures/

  The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy. The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures: complex febrile seizures, presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality, family history of epilepsy, prolonged febrile seizures. […] Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present. […] A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.

• #86 Febrile Seizure Treatment, Definition, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/febrile_seizures/article.htm

  Seizures occur because the brain becomes irritated and an „electrical storm” occurs. […] In infants and children, high fevers can cause this threshold to lower, resulting in febrile seizures. […] A few factors appear to boost a child’s risk of having recurrent febrile seizures, including young age (less than 15 months) during the first seizure, frequent fevers, and having immediate family members with a history of febrile seizures. […] Although they can be frightening to parents, the vast majority of febrile seizures are harmless. […] There is no evidence that febrile seizures cause brain damage. […] Between 95 and 98 percent of children who have experienced febrile seizures do not go on to develop epilepsy. […] If a child has a fever most parents will use fever-lowering drugs such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to make the child more comfortable, although there are no studies that prove that this will reduce the risk of a seizure.

• #87 How to Prevent Febrile Seizure, Treatment, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/seizures_and_fever/article_em.htm

  Complex febrile seizures are those that are either prolonged (longer than 15 minutes), focal (meaning they involve only a part of the body, such as the face), or recurring within a 24-hour period. […] Children who have experienced a complex febrile seizure may be at risk for these outcomes: A somewhat higher risk of having a serious infection, More likely to have preexisting neurologic abnormalities, A higher risk for developing epilepsy later. […] Parents should feel reassured that febrile seizures, except in the very rare cases in which they are extremely prolonged and last 20-30 minutes, do not result in any lasting ill effects such as brain damage, decreased intelligence, behavioral problems, or delay in development. […] Although otherwise healthy children who have had a simple febrile seizure may have a slightly higher risk of epilepsy later in life, there is no evidence that the febrile seizure itself causes epilepsy.

• #88 How to Prevent Febrile Seizure, Treatment, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/seizures_and_fever/article_em.htm

  Complex febrile seizures are those that are either prolonged (longer than 15 minutes), focal (meaning they involve only a part of the body, such as the face), or recurring within a 24-hour period. […] Children who have experienced a complex febrile seizure may be at risk for these outcomes: A somewhat higher risk of having a serious infection, More likely to have preexisting neurologic abnormalities, A higher risk for developing epilepsy later. […] Parents should feel reassured that febrile seizures, except in the very rare cases in which they are extremely prolonged and last 20-30 minutes, do not result in any lasting ill effects such as brain damage, decreased intelligence, behavioral problems, or delay in development. […] Although otherwise healthy children who have had a simple febrile seizure may have a slightly higher risk of epilepsy later in life, there is no evidence that the febrile seizure itself causes epilepsy.

• #89 Febrile Seizures: What to Look for and How to Take Action | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/febrile-seizures-what-look-and-how-take-action

  Febrile seizures occur in approximately two to four percent of children, most commonly between 12 to 18 months old. […] Fever from any viral or bacterial infection can result in febrile seizures, says Sara Molisani, MD, attending physician in the Division of Neurology at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). One of the more common viruses associated with febrile seizures is HHV-6, the virus that causes roseola. […] Even when a febrile seizure lasts a long time, most children recover completely. Says Dr. Molisani, Febrile seizures do not cause brain damage, lowered IQ or lowered school achievement later in life.

• #90 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A population-based cohort study found no increase in long-term mortality in children with simple febrile seizures compared with the general population. […] Children with complex febrile seizures were more likely to die in the following two years when compared with children without febrile seizures (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.99), although this was at least in part secondary to neurologic abnormalities and subsequent epilepsy. […] Based on a cohort study, children with febrile seizures are five times more likely to develop subsequent unprovoked seizures compared with children with no febrile seizures. […] The risk of epilepsy ranges from 2.4% in children with simple febrile seizures to 6% to 8% in children with complex seizures. […] Multiple pharmacologic interventions have been studied to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures.

• #91 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A population-based cohort study found no increase in long-term mortality in children with simple febrile seizures compared with the general population. […] Children with complex febrile seizures were more likely to die in the following two years when compared with children without febrile seizures (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.99), although this was at least in part secondary to neurologic abnormalities and subsequent epilepsy. […] Based on a cohort study, children with febrile seizures are five times more likely to develop subsequent unprovoked seizures compared with children with no febrile seizures. […] The risk of epilepsy ranges from 2.4% in children with simple febrile seizures to 6% to 8% in children with complex seizures. […] Multiple pharmacologic interventions have been studied to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures.

• #92 Febrile seizures

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/febrile_convulsions/

  No. No matter how dramatic and frightening febrile seizures may look, they do not cause brain damage. Even very long seizures lasting an hour or more almost never cause any harm. […] No. Even though these medicines may help to reduce a fever, if your child is going to have a febrile seizure, then it will happen. There is nothing you can do to prevent it.

• #93 Febrile Seizure Causes Deficit in Social Novelty, Gliosis, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Response in the Hippocampal CA2 Region in Rats

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/20/2446

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs as a response to fever, is the most common seizure that occurs in infants and young children. […] Hyperthermic seizures can cause serious effects such as acute hippocampal neuronal injury and inflammatory response. […] Other studies in rodents also showed that seizures in infancy or FSs due to genetic mutations cause hyperactivity, impaired social behavior, and cognitive memory. […] According to a cohort analysis in Sweden, the prevalence of Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE), including autism spectrum disorders, was significantly higher in children who experienced febrile seizures compared to those who did not experience seizures. […] Inflammation triggers the release of many cytokines and signaling molecules, some of which have been found to predispose to FS and alter long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

• #94 Febrile Seizure Causes Deficit in Social Novelty, Gliosis, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Response in the Hippocampal CA2 Region in Rats

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/20/2446

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs as a response to fever, is the most common seizure that occurs in infants and young children. […] Hyperthermic seizures can cause serious effects such as acute hippocampal neuronal injury and inflammatory response. […] Other studies in rodents also showed that seizures in infancy or FSs due to genetic mutations cause hyperactivity, impaired social behavior, and cognitive memory. […] According to a cohort analysis in Sweden, the prevalence of Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE), including autism spectrum disorders, was significantly higher in children who experienced febrile seizures compared to those who did not experience seizures. […] Inflammation triggers the release of many cytokines and signaling molecules, some of which have been found to predispose to FS and alter long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

• #95 Febrile Seizure Causes Deficit in Social Novelty, Gliosis, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Response in the Hippocampal CA2 Region in Rats

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/12/20/2446

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs as a response to fever, is the most common seizure that occurs in infants and young children. […] Hyperthermic seizures can cause serious effects such as acute hippocampal neuronal injury and inflammatory response. […] Other studies in rodents also showed that seizures in infancy or FSs due to genetic mutations cause hyperactivity, impaired social behavior, and cognitive memory. […] According to a cohort analysis in Sweden, the prevalence of Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE), including autism spectrum disorders, was significantly higher in children who experienced febrile seizures compared to those who did not experience seizures. […] Inflammation triggers the release of many cytokines and signaling molecules, some of which have been found to predispose to FS and alter long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

• #96 Pediatric Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1176205-overview

  Pediatric febrile seizures, which represent the most common childhood seizure disorder, exist only in association with an elevated temperature. Evidence suggests, however, that they have little connection with cognitive function, so the prognosis for normal neurologic function is excellent in children with febrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in childhood. Since early in the 20th century, people have debated about whether these children would benefit from daily anticonvulsant therapy. Epidemiologic studies have led to the division of febrile seizures into 3 groups, as follows: simple febrile seizures, complex febrile seizures, and symptomatic febrile seizures. […] This is a unique form of seizures that occurs in early childhood and only in association with an elevation of temperature. The underlying pathophysiology is unknown, but genetic predisposition clearly contributes to the occurrence of this disorder. […] Febrile seizures occur in 2-5% of children aged 6 months to 5 years in industrialized countries. Among children with febrile seizures, about 70-75% have only simple febrile seizures, another 20-25% have complex febrile seizures, and about 5% have symptomatic febrile seizures.

• #97 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Although it is well known that viral infections rather than severe bacterial infections are the major causes of fever in children with FS, investigations of the viral etiology in children with FS have not been extensively performed. Moreover, considering that 10% of children experience FS, the seizure-provoking potential of various viruses may differ, and individual host factors might influence seizure occurrence among children infected with the same virus. […] The pathogenesis of FS is multifactorial and heterogeneous. There are no consistent and definite results regarding the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the CNS or on the mechanisms for increasing neuronal excitability in the CNS during fever. It is impossible to predict and prevent seizures in febrile children infected by a specific respiratory virus.

• #98 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #99 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #100 Fever – febrile convulsions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/fever-febrile-convulsions

  A febrile convulsion is a fit or seizure that occurs in children when they have a high fever. This can happen in children aged 6 months to 6 years. […] Febrile convulsions only happen when there is a rise in body temperature. The fever is usually due to a viral illness or, sometimes, a bacterial infection. […] The growing brain of a child is more sensitive to fever than an adult brain. Febrile convulsions tend to run in families, although the reason for this is unknown.

• #101 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The primary febrile seizure risk factors appear to include existing neurologic impairment, the presence of a viral infection, a family history of seizure, developmental delay, decreased serum zinc and iron levels, and maternal smoking and stress. […] An estimated 10% to 33% of patients have a first-degree relative with a positive seizure history, along with a concordance rate of approximately 35% to 69% in monozygotic twins and 14% to 20% in dizygotic twins, which suggests that the cause of febrile seizures may have a genetic component.

• #102 Pathogenetic and etiologic considerations of febrile seizures

  https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125555595

  Febrile seizure (FS), which occurs in febrile children without underlying health problems, is the most common type of seizure disorder in children. The suggested pathogenesis of FS derived from several animal and human studies is multifactorial and debatable. Neuronal hyperexcitability, which develops during inflammatory responses that accompany fever, provokes seizures. However, the exact role of each inflammatory mediator (e.g., cytokines) is undefined in terms of the connection between systemic or local inflammation and the central nervous system, and the mechanisms by which cytokines increase neuronal excitability remain unclear. […] In contrast, the cause of fever in most children with FS is usually mild respiratory virus infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus) rather than severe bacterial infections. In temperate regions, the major causative respiratory viruses seem to mirror seasonally prevalent respiratory viruses in the community. Therefore, vigorous efforts to identify the causative pathogen of fever may not be necessary in children with FS. Genetic factors seem to play a role in neuronal hyperexcitability, and some types of genetic variation have been identified in several genes encoding ion channels of neurons that participate in neuronal excitation.

• #103 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Another factor determining the risk of febrile seizures may be the highest temperature reached during a fever rather than the speed at which the temperature rises. […] Iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, selenium, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies increase the risk of febrile seizures. […] No specific fever etiology is more likely to cause febrile seizures; however, 80% of viral infections rather than bacterial infections are commonly associated with febrile seizures. […] Vaccines have also been shown to temporarily increase the risk of febrile seizures a few days postinoculation.

• #104 Febrile seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/febrile-seizure?content_id=CON-20372504

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that’s caused by a fever. The fever is often from an infection. […] Usually, a higher than normal body temperature causes febrile seizures. Even a low-grade fever can trigger a febrile seizure. […] The fevers that trigger febrile seizures are usually caused by a viral infection, and less commonly by a bacterial infection. The flu (influenza) virus and the virus that causes roseola, which often are accompanied by high fevers, appear to be most frequently associated with febrile seizures. […] The risk of febrile seizures may increase after some childhood vaccinations. These include the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A child can develop a low-grade fever after a vaccination. The fever, not the vaccine, causes the seizure.

• #105 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p445.html

  A population-based cohort study found no increase in long-term mortality in children with simple febrile seizures compared with the general population. […] Children with complex febrile seizures were more likely to die in the following two years when compared with children without febrile seizures (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.99), although this was at least in part secondary to neurologic abnormalities and subsequent epilepsy. […] Based on a cohort study, children with febrile seizures are five times more likely to develop subsequent unprovoked seizures compared with children with no febrile seizures. […] The risk of epilepsy ranges from 2.4% in children with simple febrile seizures to 6% to 8% in children with complex seizures. […] Multiple pharmacologic interventions have been studied to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures.

• #106 How to Prevent Febrile Seizure, Treatment, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/seizures_and_fever/article_em.htm

  Complex febrile seizures are those that are either prolonged (longer than 15 minutes), focal (meaning they involve only a part of the body, such as the face), or recurring within a 24-hour period. […] Children who have experienced a complex febrile seizure may be at risk for these outcomes: A somewhat higher risk of having a serious infection, More likely to have preexisting neurologic abnormalities, A higher risk for developing epilepsy later. […] Parents should feel reassured that febrile seizures, except in the very rare cases in which they are extremely prolonged and last 20-30 minutes, do not result in any lasting ill effects such as brain damage, decreased intelligence, behavioral problems, or delay in development. […] Although otherwise healthy children who have had a simple febrile seizure may have a slightly higher risk of epilepsy later in life, there is no evidence that the febrile seizure itself causes epilepsy.

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