Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  Febrile seizures are generalized seizures, typically in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, that occur with a fever greater than 100.4 F (38 C) not associated with a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a known seizure-provoking etiology (eg, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, or substance abuse), or history of an afebrile seizure. […] The evaluation of febrile seizures primarily consists of characterizing a patient’s type of febrile seizure and determining the fever’s underlying cause through clinical assessment and diagnostic studies. […] Patients who have a presentation and clinical features consistent with simple febrile seizures do not need further diagnostic studies due to the benign nature of this type of febrile seizure. However, if a patient’s history is consistent with a complex febrile seizure, a thorough evaluation is recommended, which usually involves ruling out any structural or infectious causes and obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG).

• #1 Febrile Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448123/

  A lumbar puncture is not necessary for a patient with simple febrile seizures and a rapid return to baseline; however, the study is recommended when there are signs or concerns of a CNS infection. […] No specific treatment for simple or complex febrile seizures is indicated other than supportive care and evaluation for possible underlying conditions causing the fever.

• #2 Febrile Seizures – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/neurologic-disorders-in-children/febrile-seizures

  Febrile seizures are diagnosed when seizures occur in children 6 months to 5 years of age who have fever (temperature 38 C) that is not caused by a central nervous system infection and who have had no previous afebrile seizures. Diagnosis is by exclusion of other causes. […] Routine testing is not required for simple febrile seizures other than to determine the source of the fever, but if children have complex febrile seizures, neurologic deficits, or signs of a serious underlying disorder (eg, meningitis, metabolic disorders), further evaluation should be performed. […] Febrile seizures is assigned as a diagnosis after exclusion of other causes. A fever may trigger seizures in children with previous afebrile seizures; such events are not termed febrile seizures because these children have an underlying tendency to have seizures.

• #2 Febrile Seizures – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/neurologic-disorders-in-children/febrile-seizures

  Evaluation to exclude other disorders is based on clinical context: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis: To rule out meningitis and encephalitis in younger infants only when clinical features strongly suggest their presence (eg, in those with meningeal signs or signs of CNS depression) or in those who have seizures after several days of febrile illness; must also be considered if children are not fully immunized or are taking antibiotics. […] Electroencephalography (EEG): If febrile seizures have focal features or are recurrent (EEG typically does not identify specific abnormalities or help predict recurrent seizures and is not recommended after an initial simple febrile seizure in children with a normal neurologic examination.)

• #3 Clinical features and evaluation of febrile seizures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-evaluation-of-febrile-seizures

  Clinical features and evaluation of febrile seizures […] Febrile seizures are the most common neurologic disorder of infants and young children. They are an age-dependent phenomenon, occurring in 2 to 4 percent of children younger than five years of age. […] The risk factors, clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation of febrile seizures are reviewed here. […] A febrile seizure refers to an event in infancy or childhood, usually occurring between six months and five years of age, associated with fever but without evidence of intracranial infection or defined cause. Seizures with fever in children who have suffered a previous nonfebrile seizure are excluded from this definition. Febrile seizures are not considered a form of epilepsy, which is characterized by recurrent nonfebrile seizures.

• #4 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0115/p149.html

  Febrile seizures are common in the first five years of life, and many factors that increase seizure risk have been identified. Initial evaluation should determine whether features of a complex seizure are present and identify the source of fever. Routine blood tests, neuroimaging, and electroencephalography are not recommended, and lumbar puncture is no longer recommended in patients with uncomplicated febrile seizures. […] Continuous or intermittent antiepileptic or antipyretic medication is not recommended for the prevention of recurrent febrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures are the most common seizures of childhood, occurring in 2 to 5 percent of children six months to five years of age. As defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), febrile seizures occur in the absence of intracranial infection, metabolic disturbance, or history of afebrile seizures, and are classified as simple or complex. Simple febrile seizures represent 65 to 90 percent of febrile seizures and require all of the following features: a duration of less than 15 minutes, generalized in nature, a single occurrence in a 24-hour period, and no previous neurologic problems.

• #4 Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0115/p149.html

  Routine laboratory studies in patients with simple febrile seizures are discouraged because electrolyte abnormalities and serious bacterial illnesses are rare. […] The AAP recently updated its 1996 guideline regarding the use of lumbar puncture in children with simple febrile seizures. A lumbar puncture is now an option when evaluating children six to 12 months of age whose immunization status for Haemophilus influenzae type b and S. pneumoniae is incomplete or unknown, and in those pretreated with antibiotics. […] Electroencephalography has not been shown to predict recurrence of febrile seizures or future epilepsy in patients with simple febrile seizures. Routine neuroimaging after simple febrile seizures is discouraged; it also has no additional diagnostic or prognostic value, and in the case of computed tomography, carries a small increased risk of cancer.

• #5 Febrile seizure – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/566

  Febrile seizures are usually self-limiting; an increased risk of developing epilepsy is low except in a small number of cases. […] Most febrile seizures resolve spontaneously and quickly, and do not require acute or long-term anticonvulsant treatment. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics defines a febrile seizure as a seizure occurring in a febrile child (temperature 100.4F or 38C) between the ages of 6 and 60 months who does not have an intracranial infection, metabolic disturbance, or history of afebrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures may be classified as simple or complex depending on clinical features, duration, and recurrence. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Investigations to consider include lumbar puncture, viral studies, blood culture, EEG, brain MRI, serum sodium, FBC, capillary blood glucose, serum glucose, and iron studies.

• #6 Febrile seizure – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372527

  Febrile seizures occur in children with normal development. Your doctor will carefully review your child’s medical history and developmental history to exclude other risk factors for epilepsy. In normally developing children, identifying the cause of your child’s fever is the first step after a febrile seizure. […] Children who are current with their vaccinations who have a first simple febrile seizure don’t need testing. Your doctor can diagnose the febrile seizure based on history. […] In children with a delayed vaccination schedule or a compromised immune system, your doctor may recommend tests to look for severe infections: A blood test, A urine test, A spinal tap (lumbar puncture), to find out if your child has a central nervous system infection, such as meningitis. […] To diagnose the cause of a complex febrile seizure, your doctor may also recommend an electroencephalogram (EEG), a test that measures brain activity.

• #6 Febrile seizure – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372527

  Your doctor may also recommend an Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to check your child’s brain if your child has: An unusually large head, An abnormal neurological evaluation, Signs and symptoms of increased pressure in the skull, A febrile seizure that lasted an unusually long time. […] For febrile seizures, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What tests does my child need? Do these tests require special preparation? […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: Did your child have a fever or illness before having this seizure? […] Seek emergency care for a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes.

• #7 Febrile seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_seizure

  A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion, is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue. […] The diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain, there are no metabolic problems, and there have not been prior seizures that have occurred without a fever. […] Diagnosis involves gathering a detailed history including the value of highest temperature recorded, timing of seizure and fever, seizure characteristics, time to return to baseline, vaccination history, illness exposures, family history, etc.; and performing a physical exam that looks for signs of infection including meningitis and neurological status. […] Blood tests, imaging of the brain and an electroencephalogram are generally not needed.

• #7 Febrile seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_seizure

  However, for complex febrile seizures, EEG and imaging with an MRI of the brain may be helpful. […] Differential diagnosis includes other causes of seizures such as CNS infections (i.e. meningitis, encephalitis), metabolic disturbances (i.e. electrolyte imbalances), CNS trauma, drug use and/or withdrawal, genetic conditions (i.e. GEFS+), FIRES, shivering, febrile delirium, febrile myoclonus, breath holding spells, and convulsive syncope. […] However, febrile seizures are still the most likely cause of convulsions in children under the age of 5 years old.

• #8

  https://clarity-medical.com/blogs/updates/understanding-febrile-seizures-causes-diagnosis-treatment

  Febrile seizures are a common and often alarming occurrence in young children, typically associated with fever but not necessarily indicating a severe health problem. […] Febrile seizures require careful evaluation and management to ensure the child’s health and provide peace of mind to concerned parents. […] Diagnosing a febrile seizure involves a thorough evaluation to rule out other causes of seizures and to ensure the child’s overall health. […] The diagnostic process includes: Medical History: A detailed medical history is taken to understand the child’s health background, any previous seizures, family history, and the circumstances surrounding the febrile episode. […] Physical Examination: A complete physical exam is performed to check for signs of infection or other underlying conditions.

• #9 Seizures–Febrile | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617318/all/Seizures%E2%80%93Febrile?q=diazePAM

  Febrile seizure: seizure in 60-month-old child accompanied by a fever (100.4F or 38C by any method) but without central nervous system infection or prior unprovoked seizure (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] guidelines use 6 months as the lower age limit, whereas International League Against Epilepsy uses 1 month.) […] Two types: […] Simple: febrile seizures that are generalized from the start, last 15 minutes, AND do not recur in 24 hours […] Complex: Febrile seizures that are focal (including postictal weakness), last 15 minutes, OR occur 1 time in 24 hours (simple febrile seizures plus a proposed new category for those whose only complex feature is 1 seizure in 24 hours) […] Febrile status epilepticus: one febrile seizure or series of febrile seizures without full recovery in between lasting 30 minutes.

• #10 Febrile seizure – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/566

  Febrile seizures are usually self-limiting; increased risk of developing epilepsy is low except in a small number of cases. […] Most febrile seizures resolve spontaneously and quickly, and do not require acute or long-term anticonvulsant treatment. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics defines a febrile seizure as a seizure occurring in a febrile child (temperature 100.4F or 38C) between the ages of 6 and 60 months who does not have an intracranial infection, metabolic disturbance, or history of afebrile seizures. […] Febrile seizures may be classified as simple or complex depending on clinical features, duration, and recurrence. […] Key diagnostic factors include febrile illness and seizure. […] Other diagnostic factors include normal postictal exam. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Investigations to avoid include head CT. […] Tests to consider include lumbar puncture, viral studies, blood culture, EEG, brain MRI, serum sodium, CBC, capillary blood glucose, serum glucose, and iron studies.

• #11 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizures observed in the pediatric age group. Febrile seizures are categorized into the following two types: Simple febrile seizures (which are generalized, last 15 minutes, and do not recur within 24 hours) […] Complex febrile seizures (which are prolonged, recur more than once in 24 hours, or are focal). Complex febrile seizures may indicate a more serious disease process, such as meningitis, abscess, or encephalitis. […] Routine laboratory studies usually are not indicated for febrile seizure unless they are performed as part of a search for the source of a fever. A computed tomography (CT) scan should not be performed in the evaluation of a child with a first simple febrile seizure; however, CT should be considered in patients with complex febrile seizures.

• #11 Febrile Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview

  About one third of all children with a first febrile seizure experience recurrent seizures. Risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures include the following: Young age at time of first febrile seizure, relatively low fever at time of first seizure, family history of a febrile seizure in a first-degree relative, brief duration between fever onset and initial seizure, multiple initial febrile seizures during same episode. […] Patients with all 4 risk factors have greater than 70% chance of recurrence. Patients with no risk factors have less than a 20% chance of recurrence. […] Children with febrile seizures have a slightly higher incidence of epilepsy compared with the general population (2% vs 1%). Risk factors for epilepsy later in life include complex febrile seizure, family history of epilepsy or neurologic abnormality, and developmental delay.

• #12 Febrile Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/febrile-convulsions

  A febrile seizure or convulsion can be defined as a seizure which is: […] Without intra-cranial infection, metabolic disturbance or other aetiology such as hypoglycaemia. […] Present in infants and children aged 6 months to 5 years. […] Febrile seizures may be classified as simple or complex depending on the seizure duration, clinical features, and recurrence pattern: […] Complex febrile seizures have one or more of the following features: a partial (focal) seizure (movement limited to one side of the body or one limb); duration of more than 15 minutes; recurrence within 24 hours or within the same febrile illness; or incomplete recovery within one hour. […] Call an emergency ambulance if: […] Arrange immediate hospital assessment by a paediatrician if: […] Consider urgent hospital assessment for a period of observation if the child has unexplained fever and no apparent focus of infection.

• #12 Febrile Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/febrile-convulsions

  The choice of investigations will depend on the level of concern about the various differential diagnoses. Investigations may include those aimed at finding the focus of the infection (eg, urine or blood cultures), bloods to differentiate the severity of any infection (FBC, CRP), bloods to look for differential diagnosis (renal function, glucose) and more complex tests such as a lumbar puncture or imaging via CT or MRI. […] Explanation is important, as seizures can be very frightening for parents. […] Generally the prognosis is very good: […] By definition, febrile seizures do not recur beyond the age of approximately 5 years. […] There is no evidence for an increased risk of death, even for children with status epilepticus. […] Febrile seizures recur in about 30%. […] Risk factors for recurrence are: family history of febrile seizures, onset aged 18 months, lower temperature or shorter duration of fever at onset. […] Risk of epilepsy: 2-7% of children with febrile seizures will go on to develop epilepsy with afebrile seizures, the risk being higher with complicated febrile convulsions.

• #13 Febrile and First-Time Seizures | FreeCME.com

  https://www.freecme.com/clinical-resources/pediatric-medicine-resources/febrile-and-first-time-seizures

  The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) defines a febrile seizure as a seizure accompanied by fever (temperature 38C by any method) without central nervous system (CNS) infection that occurs in infants and children 6 through 60 months of age. […] A simple febrile seizure is defined as a primary generalized seizure lasting fewer than 15 minutes and without recurrence in a 24-hour period after onset. […] Febrile status epilepticus (FSE) is a febrile seizure lasting 30 minutes or a series of seizures without return to baseline in between lasting 30 minutes. Once again, these patients must not have a history of afebrile seizures or concerns for CNS infection to be considered FSE. […] The good news is that a generally healthy, well-appearing child who has since returned to baseline after a simple febrile seizure needs no more evaluation than a history and physical exam to rule out any underlying cause of the seizure. The AAP recommends against any workup based solely on the fact the child had a febrile seizure.

• #13 Febrile and First-Time Seizures | FreeCME.com

  https://www.freecme.com/clinical-resources/pediatric-medicine-resources/febrile-and-first-time-seizures

  A lumbar puncture (LP) should be performed in any patient presenting with febrile seizure and meningeal signs. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) is not indicated in a neurologically healthy child with simple febrile seizure. […] Neuroimaging should not be performed in the routine evaluation of a child with a simple febrile seizure.

• #14 Suspected diagnosis “febrile seizures”

  https://hcp.hipp.com/studies/child-health/suspected-diagnosis-febrile-seizures/

  In cases of febrile seizures any inflammatory conditions must be ruled out, especially all types of meningitis. […] Most children presenting with febrile seizures for the first time are admitted to a clinic for lumbar puncture, EEG, laboratory diagnostics and diagnostic imaging. […] The febrile seizure guideline of the American Academy of Pediatrics considers an immediate lumbar puncture to be indispensable in cases of neurological abnormalities in infants such as neck stiffness, signs of intracranial pressure, Kernigs or Brudzinskis signs. […] In general, the guideline renders a blood test (electrolytes, glucose levels, blood count), EEG, cranial X-ray, CT, MR unnecessary in cases of simple febrile seizures.

• #15 Febrile Seizures Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-workup

  In children under the age of 5 with complex febrile seizures, over one-third of experienced pediatric emergency physicians would do extensive workup, nearly half would admit, but variability exists in the approach to optimal management of patients with CFS. Past studies support more aggressive workup for patients under the age of 18 months, but future prospective studies on this subject are warranted. […] Routine laboratory studies usually are not indicated for febrile seizure unless they are performed as part of a search for the source of a fever. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Emergency Medicine does not recommend ordering laboratory testing for a child with a simple febrile seizure whose mental status has returned to baseline. […] Electrolytes assessments are rarely helpful in the evaluation of febrile seizures.

• #15 Febrile Seizures Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-workup

  A CT scan should not be performed in the evaluation of a child with a first simple febrile seizure. The AAP also advises against ordering a CT scan of the head for a child with a simple febrile seizure whose mental status has returned to baseline. […] A CT scan should be considered in patients with complex febrile seizures. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) is not necessary in the routine evaluation of a child with a simple febrile seizure. […] Controversy exists regarding the need for a lumbar puncture in a child presenting with a simple febrile seizure. Lumbar puncture is not needed for young children with first simple febrile seizure. […] In 1996, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that a lumbar puncture be strongly considered in patients younger than 12 months presenting with fever and seizure.

• #15 Febrile Seizures Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-workup

  In 2011, the AAP revised this guideline. It no longer recommends routine lumbar puncture in well-appearing, fully immunized children who present with a simple febrile seizure and makes lumbar puncture an option in infants age 6-12 months who are deficient in Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae immunizations or when immunization status cannot be established.

• #16 Febrile Seizures | Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/brain/neurology/epilepsy/types/syndromes/febrile-seizures

  Febrile seizures are characterized by elevated temperature. The doctor will first attempt to identify the source of the fever, examining the child for a possible ear or throat infection. […] Blood testing and urinalysis may be done to identify the cause of the fever. EEG and other neuroimaging studies are not necessary in simple febrile seizures, but an EEG may be ordered for a child with complex febrile seizures.

• #17 Febrile Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/febrile-seizures

  Most febrile seizures are over within a couple minutes. Parents and caregivers should stay calm and carefully watch the child. During a febrile seizure, they should: […] To diagnose a febrile seizure, a healthcare provider will review a child’s medical history and do a physical exam. To diagnose what’s causing a complex febrile seizure, a healthcare provider may also order an EEG (electroencephalogram), which measures brain electrical activity or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to create pictures of the child’s brain. These tests can help identify whether something else is causing the seizure(s). […] Meningitis, an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain, can cause both fever and seizures that can look like febrile seizures. But seizures caused by meningitis are much more serious, and are not febrile seizures. If a healthcare provider suspects meningitis, they may remove and test a small amount of the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord (called cerebrospinal fluid) by performing a lumbar puncture.

• #18 Febrile Seizures – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/neurologic-disorders-in-children/febrile-seizures

  Febrile seizures are seizures triggered by a fever of at least 100.4 F (about 38 C). […] Doctors sometimes do blood tests and a spinal tap to check for serious disorders that can cause seizures. […] A doctor’s evaluation […] Sometimes a spinal tap, blood tests, or brain imaging. […] Because parents cannot tell whether children have a brain infection, which is life-threatening, children who have a fever and who have a seizure for the first time or are very sick should be taken to the emergency department immediately for evaluation. […] Doctors examine the children and, depending on what they find, sometimes do tests to check for serious disorders that can cause seizures. These tests may include […] A spinal tap (lumbar puncture) with analysis of fluid from around the spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) to check for meningitis and encephalitis

• #18 Febrile Seizures – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/neurologic-disorders-in-children/febrile-seizures

  Blood tests to measure levels of sugar (glucose), calcium, magnesium, sodium, or other substances to check for metabolic disorders […] Cultures of blood and urine to check for infections […] Sometimes, imaging of the brain with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) (if MRI is not available) […] Electroencephalography (EEG) (a test that checks for abnormal electrical activity in the brain) for children who have certain symptoms or who have repeat seizures.

• #19 Febrile seizure – Emergency management in children | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/for-health-professionals/queensland-paediatric-emergency-care-qpec/queensland-paediatric-clinical-guidelines/febrile-seizure

  Most febrile seizures are brief, isolated, generalised tonic-clonic seizures that occur with an acute febrile illness in children aged six months to six years (known as simple febrile seizures). […] The diagnosis of a simple febrile seizure is based on careful history and examination. […] Prior to diagnosing a simple febrile seizure in a child aged outside of six months to six years, carefully consider and exclude alternative diagnoses. […] Investigations are not routinely required for simple febrile seizures providing the child is aged between six months and six years, makes a full recovery to normal self and the focus of infection can be identified. […] Any febrile seizure that has a focal component, is prolonged (more than 15 minutes), or results in a slow return to normal conscious state should prompt investigation into underlying infection.

• #20 GENETIC EPILEPSY WITH FEBRILE SEIZURES PLUS (GEFS+) SPECTRUM

  https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/fbp-overview.html

  Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus spectrum (GEFS+) is a familial syndrome characterized by the presence of febrile seizures in an individual with a family history of seizures/epilepsy. Febrile seizures may be typical febrile seizures or 'febrile seizures plus’ (FS+) may occur, where febrile seizures continue past 6 years of age and/or are accompanied by afebrile seizures which may be generalized or focal. […] Febrile seizures in this syndrome typically begin between the ages of 6 months and 6 years, they may begin before 6 months of age in some individuals. Febrile seizures are often multiple and may continue past 6 years of age (FS+). Seizures in FS+ are typically responsive to anti seizure medication (if used), and the epilepsy is self-limiting, remitting by puberty. […] Some individuals in a GEFS+ family may have other epilepsy syndromes e.g. epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures or Dravet syndrome, where the seizure types, comorbidities and prognosis are as expected for that syndrome.

• #21 The management of febrile seizures | British Columbia Medical Journal

  https://bcmj.org/articles/management-febrile-seizures

  Imaging of the brain is not indicated after a simple febrile seizure. […] Electroencephalography (EEG) is not helpful in children with simple FS. […] The role of EEG following a complex febrile seizure has received limited attention. […] Approximately 30% to 40% of children who have a febrile seizure will have a recurrence, usually within 12 months. […] The risk of having an afebrile seizure or developing epilepsy following a febrile seizure is very low. […] The most important factor influencing the risk of developing epilepsy following a febrile seizure is the neurological function of the child prior to the febrile seizure. […] In contrast, only 0.9% of children with normal neurological development and no history of epilepsy in the immediate family had an afebrile seizure by 7 years of age, a figure only slightly higher than in the general population.

• #21 The management of febrile seizures | British Columbia Medical Journal

  https://bcmj.org/articles/management-febrile-seizures

  The second step in management is to exclude a serious underlying cause such as meningitis. […] Treatment with meningitic doses of an appropriate antibiotic and acyclovir should be instituted when there is concern that the seizure may be due to meningitis or encephalitis. […] An integral part of the management of a first febrile seizure is reassurance of the family. […] It is important for the family to understand that there is no increased risk of intellectual delay or school difficulties and that febrile seizures less than 30 minutes in duration do not result in brain damage. […] Similarly, the family should appreciate the low risk of developing epilepsy and the lack of benefit in using antiepileptic drug treatment to lower that risk. […] Finally, the family should understand that EEG and neuroimaging are of little value.

• #22 Febrile Seizures – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/febrile-seizures/

  On an average, 1 in 25 children will have at least one febrile seizure. This will usually take place between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, with a peak at 18 months. Boys are slightly more at risk than girls for febrile seizures. […] These seizures can be a scary experience for parents and family members. However, they typically do not cause any long-term health problems. They are not synonymous with a child having epilepsy. They do not require daily anti-seizure medication. […] No additional neurological testing is needed for simple febrile seizures in a neurologically healthy child. […] However, some fevers have very serious causes. A thorough medical history and physical exam may be needed after a febrile seizure. This can evaluate the cause of the fever. […] Complex febrile seizures put children at a slightly higher risk for developing epilepsy. Epilepsy is a disorder in which a child experiences unprovoked seizures. In epilepsy, seizures are not related to fever. Various laboratory tests can help assess the risk of epilepsy in children with complex febrile seizures.

• #22 Febrile Seizures – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/febrile-seizures/

  For seizures lasting longer than 5 minutes, a physician may prescribe a special medication that can end the seizure. […] After a seizure, the child may be agitated or upset. In these cases, the parent should continue to stay composed. […] About one in three children who experienced a febrile seizure may have additional febrile seizures. […] The risk of developing epilepsy after a febrile seizure is very low. Therefore, daily anti-seizure medications are not recommended to prevent febrile seizure recurrence. […] Long term treatment with an anti-seizure medication is not indicated, as the side effects from putting the child on a daily medication far outweigh the minimal discomfort to the child from a febrile seizure. […] Febrile seizures are unique because they are age dependent. This means they are related to brain maturity. They are largely outgrown by age 5.

• #22 Febrile Seizures – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/febrile-seizures/

  Febrile seizures have not been found to impact: Intellectual capacity, School performance, Personality, Behavior, Future health. […] Whether recurrences or severe complex febrile seizures lead to scarring in the brain or epilepsy is debatable. However, risk factors for developing epilepsy do include: Complex febrile seizures, Pre-existing neurodevelopmental delays, A family history of epilepsy.

• #23 Fever – febrile convulsions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/fever-febrile-convulsions

  A febrile convulsion is a fit or seizure that occurs in children aged between 6 months and 6 years when they have a high fever. […] A febrile convulsion is not epilepsy and a short-lived fit will not cause brain damage even a long fit almost never causes harm. […] One in every 20 children will have one or more febrile convulsion. A febrile convulsion is not epilepsy and does not cause brain damage. […] A febrile convulsion is not epilepsy. No regular drugs are needed. […] A short-lived fit will not cause brain damage. Even a long fit almost never causes harm. […] There is a medication called Midazolam that is sometimes recommended for children who have a history of febrile convulsions lasting longer than 5 minutes. Most children do not require this medication. […] Call an ambulance if the fit lasts longer than 5 minutes, as medications may be needed to stop the fit.

• #24 What is a febrile seizure or febrile convulsion?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/168010

  A person will not need treatment for a simple febrile seizure, but they may need treatment for an underlying infection. […] If they have a complex seizure, a doctor will likely investigate to check for an underlying condition. […] A febrile seizure is different from an epileptic seizure, but some children who experience a febrile seizure lasting longer than 15 minutes receive a diagnosis of epilepsy later in life. […] Around 12% of children who have simple febrile seizures develop epilepsy, which is slightly higher than in the general population. […] A febrile seizure will not cause developmental delay or affect intelligence, experts say. […] Febrile seizures are common among children under the age of 5 years and usually accompany a fever. […] A seizure usually accompanies an infection, which may need treatment. […] In some cases, a child who has a prolonged seizure may later receive a diagnosis of epilepsy, but this is not the case for most febrile seizures.

• #25 Febrile Seizures: What to Look for and How to Take Action | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/febrile-seizures-what-look-and-how-take-action

  Febrile seizures occur in approximately two to four percent of children, most commonly between 12 to 18 months old. […] Though a febrile seizure does not mean your child has epilepsy, its important to recognize a seizure when its happening, so you can take appropriate action and keep your child safe. […] A febrile seizure often occurs in the first few hours of a fever, when the temperature is rising. […] Fever from any viral or bacterial infection can result in febrile seizures, says Sara Molisani, MD, attending physician in the Division of Neurology at Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). […] If this is your childs first febrile seizure, its important to seek treatment right away. […] The doctor will examine your child and ask you to describe the seizure. […] If a serious infection is found, if the seizure was prolonged, or if your child is younger than 6 months, they may be admitted for further observation and testing. […] Most febrile seizures are short and dont cause any long-term problems. […] Says Dr. Molisani, Febrile seizures do not cause brain damage, lowered IQ or lowered school achievement later in life.

• #26 Febrile seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000980.htm

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child triggered by a fever. […] A seizure lasting longer than 15 minutes, is in just one part of the body, or that occurs again during the same illness is not a normal febrile seizure. […] The health care provider may diagnose febrile seizure if the child has a tonic-clonic seizure but does not have a history of seizure disorders (epilepsy). […] With a typical febrile seizure, the examination usually is normal, other than symptoms of the illness causing the fever. […] Further testing may be needed if the child: Is younger than 9 months or older than 5 years, Has a brain, nerve, or developmental disorder, Had the seizure in only one part of the body, Had the seizure last longer than 15 minutes, Had more than one febrile seizure in 24 hours, Has an abnormal finding when examined.

• #26 Febrile seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000980.htm

  If the seizure lasts several minutes, call 911 or the local emergency number to have an ambulance take your child to the hospital. […] Contact your child’s provider as soon as possible to describe your child’s seizure. […] The provider may tell you to give your child medicines to reduce the fever. […] If the seizure ends quickly, drive the child to an emergency room when it is over. […] Take your child to their provider if: Repeated seizures occur during the same illness. […] Contact their provider if other symptoms occur before or after the seizure, such as: Abnormal movements, tremors, or problems with coordination, Agitation or confusion, Drowsiness, Nausea, Rash. […] Occasionally, a provider will prescribe a medicine called diazepam to prevent or treat febrile seizures that occur more than once.

• #27 Febrile Seizure: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/febrile-seizure

  Reducing your childs fever with ibuprofen or acetaminophen when theyre sick doesnt prevent febrile seizures. […] However, these preventative medications may be given if your child has recurrent febrile seizures or other risk factors. […] However, have your child seen by your doctor or another medical professional as soon as you can after your child has a febrile seizure. Your doctor can confirm that it was in fact a febrile seizure and rule out anything else that may need further treatment.

• #28 Febrile Seizures – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/emergency/emergency-medicine/febrile-seizures/

  30-35% of febrile seizures have one or more complex features (3). […] Febrile status epilepticus a subgroup of complex febrile seizure where the seizure duration exceeds 30 minutes, or there are multiple seizures lasting a total of 30 minutes without recovery between each one (1). […] The overall risk of bacterial meningitis is 0.2% in children with an apparent first simple febrile seizure, and 0.6% in children following a complex febrile seizure (10). […] Other investigations are usually unnecessary with a simple febrile convulsion where there is a clear source of infection. […] Most children who have had a febrile seizure present to the emergency department after the seizure has occurred (1). Short febrile seizures of less than 5 minutes do not need any specific treatment. […] Prolonged febrile convulsions or recurrent seizure without complete resolution in between must be treated (8). A seizure longer than 5 minutes should be treated as it is unlikely to spontaneously resolve (1,13).

• #29 Treatment and prognosis of febrile seizures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-febrile-seizures

  Febrile seizures are the most common neurologic disorder of infants and young children, occurring in 2 to 4 percent of children younger than five years of age. […] The initial evaluation of children with seizure in the setting of fever must distinguish febrile seizure from alternative and more serious etiologies such as central nervous system infection. […] Therapies discussed below assume that such etiologies have been ruled out and that the diagnosis of febrile seizure has been established.

• #30 Febrile seizure – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20372522

  A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child that’s caused by a fever. […] Call your doctor to have your child evaluated as soon as possible after a febrile seizure. […] See your child’s doctor as soon as possible after your child’s first febrile seizure, even if it lasts only a few seconds. […] Most febrile seizures produce no lasting effects. […] Febrile seizures are provoked seizures and don’t indicate epilepsy. […] Rarely, prescription anticonvulsant medications are used to try to prevent febrile seizures.

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