Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Black Eye – Ophthalmology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/ophthalmology/eye-signs-and-symptoms/black-eye

  Ecchymosis is also called a black eye. It usually happens from some type of injury to the eye, causing the tissue around the eye to become bruised. […] Your healthcare provider will examine the eye closely to make sure there’s no damage to the eye itself. […] Most black eyes heal completely and don’t cause any damage to the eye. […] Talk with your healthcare provider or an ophthalmologist if the bruising and swelling doesn’t resolve on its own in a few days or if you have vision changes.

• #2 Things to know about black eye – Burman & Zuckerbrod Ophthalmology Associates

  https://www.2020detroit.com/things-to-know-about-black-eye/

  A black eye often results from injury to the face or the head and is caused when blood and other fluids collect in the space around the eye. […] The most common cause of a black eye is a blow to the eye, nose, or forehead. […] Complications include traumatic iritis and uveitis, hyphema, glaucoma, orbital floor fracture (blowout fracture), and retinal detachment. […] A black eye may be the first sign of this condition. […] Glaucoma may also result from blunt trauma to the eye, and can occur immediately or years later. […] Orbital floor fracture (blowout fracture) may also occur as a result of forceful blunt trauma to the eye. […] Retinal detachment can result in permanent vision loss.

• #3 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The age-adjusted prevalence of uncorrectable vision impairment and blindness is lower among Hispanics and Asians than among other minorities and non-Hispanic whites. […] The overall burden of eye disease varies from state to state, and the pattern of highest and lowest prevalence varies by condition. […] The distribution of uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness varies significantly by region and state. […] The overall lifetime prevalence of work-related eye injuries among adults 18 years and older is 4.4 percent. […] About 2,000 work-related eye injuries caused by blunt, sharp, or chemical trauma require medical treatment daily in the United States, and one-third of them are treated in hospital emergency departments. […] Each year, more than 2.5 million eye injuries occur in the United States, resulting in nearly 50,000 people permanently losing part or all of their vision.

• #4 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The leading cause of blindness in children is eye injury. […] The eye and vision health of children and adults can be compromised by infection, including eye infections, systemic infections that can potentially affect the development or function of the visual system, and nosocomial infections following eye surgery. […] Diabetic retinopathy has become the leading cause of new cases of blindness among U.S. adults ages 20 to 74. […] Diabetic retinopathy can progress through four stages of increasing severity: mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative. […] Glaucoma is a chronic condition that includes a group of eye disorders characterized by deterioration in the optic nerve or specific changes in the visual field. […] In the United States, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma.

• #5 The epidemiology of ocular injuries among patients presenting to provincial hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

  https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/items/26b85378-8191-4cab-8905-65212a741286

  Ocular injuries are increasingly becoming the permanent cause of visual blindness (Mufti et al, 2004). […] The purpose of this study was to provide epidemiological data on ocular injuries among patients utilising the provincial hospitals eye services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. […] Males were more likely than females to have ever experienced an eye injury (72.3% versus 27.7%, respectively) and urban males were more likely than rural males to incur an eye injury (79.1% versus 68.9%, respectively). […] The Black population has a higher prevalence of ocular injuries than other race groups: Blacks 93.8% followed by Indians 3.9%, Coloureds 2% and the least in Whites 0.3%. […] Ocular trauma is a relatively common problem in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, occurring most frequently in young adults and males warranting presentation to the eye casualty department for treatment. […] Ocular trauma is usually unilateral, but can also be bilateral and this remains a significant major public health problem. […] This warrants specific, targeted, prevention measures to be put in place to minimize the incidence of visually damaging trauma.

• #6 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  Surveillance is one of the cornerstones of public health, and it provides the basis for public health decision making (Lee et al., 2010). The World Health Organization defines surveillance as the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data, and notes that surveillance is critical for determining and monitoring the incidence and distribution of a health issue (WHO, 2016). […] Sound decisions about public policy and the prioritization of resources depend on having relevant and timely surveillance data. Surveillance of vision impairment and eye health is limited, however, and the lack of adequate surveillance has a substantial impact on public health efforts to address vision problems. […] A systematic and ongoing collection of relevant data about risk factors, the determinants of visual health, care practices and related health outcomes is needed to determine the nature and extent of the public health burden of eye disease and vision loss; to identify risk factors and at-risk populations; to discover disparities in access, care, and outcomes; and to tailor interventions to the needs of the public (West and Lee, 2012).

• #7 Improving and Enhancing U.S. Vision & Eye Health Surveillance | NORC at the University of Chicago

  https://www.norc.org/research/projects/vision-and-eye-health-surveillance-system.html

  The United States lacked consistently measured data on Americans vision loss and eye conditions. […] NORC developed a national surveillance system based on secondary data sources and statistical modeling. […] The surveillance system is an evolving and essential resource to guide research and policy in vision health. […] The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System went live in 2018 containing consistently measured prevalence estimates of vision and each health eye conditions from four insurance claims data sources, five representative national surveys, and one electronic health record system. […] In May 2021, in a peer-reviewed paper based on the systems data, researchers were able to report the most accurate picture to date of vision loss and blindness in the United States.

• #8 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  Vision impairment and blindness are appropriate targets for surveillance and research because they adversely affect a large portion of the population, affect populations unequally, can be reduced by treatment and preventive efforts, and will become an increasing burden as the population ages (Saaddine et al., 2003). […] Understanding the risk and protective factors (including treatment), the progression of eye diseases, related outcomes, and disparities associated with eye health for specific populations can, therefore, be used to reduce vision impairment and blindness more efficiently and to improve the overall management and treatment of diseases and conditions that affect population health. […] Surveillance and research on eye health and vision impairment can be used for a number of purposes, including estimating the magnitude of the problem of vision impairment and the preventable burden; understanding the natural history of eye disease from a population health perspective; understanding how specific interventions halt the progression of disease from early to advanced stages; understanding the relationship between risk factors and eye health outcomes; documenting the existence of social determinants and policies affecting visual health; evaluating prevention and control strategies; detecting changes in health practice; assessing the quality of eye care; assessing the impact of occupational health and safety devices; assessing the unmet need for timely care for specific disorders/conditions; planning public health actions and the use of resources; and identifying research needs.

• #9 Black eyes matter—do we treat Black patients differently in ophthalmology? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-021-01567-1

  Despite efforts to reduce avoidable blindness by 2020, latest figures from the World Health Organisation report at least 1 billion people still living with a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed. […] In the United States, age-related eye diseases are the most common causes of vision loss; however, the prevalences of these diseases vary significantly among different ethnic groups. […] Whilst age-related macular degeneration predominantly affects White individuals, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are more prevalent among Black individuals. […] Furthermore, responses to therapeutic interventions, from medications to surgery, also vary considerably by ethnicity. […] Addressing such variations in disease burden is made more difficult by lower rates of health insurance cover and poorer access to healthcare among minority groups.

• #10 New “Prevalence of glaucoma in the US in 2022” study finds higher prevalence of the eye disease than previously estimated | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/new-prevalence-glaucoma-us-2022-study-finds-higher-prevalence

  Black individuals are about 3 times as likely to have vision-affecting glaucoma as compared to White individuals. […] Rates of glaucoma vary by location, with Mississippi having the highest glaucoma prevalence rate (1.95 percent), and Utah the lowest (1.11 percent). […] The updated prevalence estimates provided by this study can help inform the development, prioritization, and evaluation of public health strategies to address glaucoma, allocate resources, and tailor public health strategies to the groups most affected. […] Study estimates were developed using data within CDCs Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS). […] VHI designs and implements public health surveillance at the national, state, and county level, supports applied public health research, and promotes the dissemination of evidence-based vision health interventions.

• #11 Eye Disease in Black & African American Communities – NVISION

  https://www.nvisioncenters.com/education/eye-disease-statistics/african-american/

  African Americans have particular susceptibility to certain eye diseases and health conditions that can cause those diseases. Chief among them is glaucoma. […] In 2011, the Glaucoma Research Foundation found that glaucoma is the primary cause of blindness among African Americans. They are 15 times more likely to experience a loss of vision caused by glaucoma than white Americans. […] Data from 2012 has found that over half a million Americans diagnosed with glaucoma are African American, making that condition the leading cause of irreversible blindness among Black people. […] As far back as 1991, the Baltimore Eye Survey, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, showed that African Americans were as much as four times more likely to have a diagnosis of glaucoma compared to white Americans.

• #12 Black eyes matter—do we treat Black patients differently in ophthalmology? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-021-01567-1

  Variation in health outcomes has also been linked to a lack of engagement with healthcare providers and physician bias. […] Studies have shown that Black people with age-related macular degeneration are 23% less likely to receive intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment and 18% less likely to have regular eye examinations compared to their White counterparts. […] Recently, we have also shown that among a diverse metropolitan population with a high prevalence of social deprivation, Black individuals with diabetic eye disease wait longer for treatment than their White counterparts. […] Regression analysis revealed that people of Black ethnicity were less likely to receive a therapeutic intervention than their White counterparts. […] Addressing health inequities and prioritising care to at-risk groups requires collaborative input from physicians, hospital administrators, healthcare regulators and professional bodies to actively engage, listen and communicate effectively with ethnic minority communities.

• #13 The African American Eye Disease Study: Design and Methods – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29580111/

  Purpose: To describe the study design, operational and recruitment strategies, procedures, and baseline characteristics of the African American Eye Disease Study (AFEDS), a population-based assessment of the prevalence of visual impairment, ocular disease, visual function, and health-related quality of life in African Americans. […] The AFEDS is the largest epidemiologic eye study among African Americans to date. The AFEDS cohort will provide information about the prevalence and risk factors of ocular disease in the largest ophthalmologic study population of African Americans in the United States.

• #14 The African American Eye Disease Study: Design and Methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6625507/

  The AFEDS is the largest epidemiologic eye study among African Americans to date. […] The AFEDS cohort will provide information about the prevalence and risk factors of ocular disease in the largest ophthalmologic study population of African Americans in the United States. […] AAs experience higher rates of visual impairment (VI), blindness, open angle glaucoma (OAG), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) than Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. […] The African American Eye Disease Study (AFEDS) is designed to fill the gaps in our understanding of vision health in AA adults. […] The study will provide data to estimate the prevalence of VI, blindness, lens opacities, OAG, Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and DR in AAs and to evaluate how these eye diseases impact quality of life.

• #15 The African American Eye Disease Study: Design and Methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6625507/

  AFEDS is the first comprehensive, population-based study of eye diseases and conditions in AAs in more than 2 decades. […] The data obtained from this study can be used to: identify the most urgent eye care needs in AAs; investigate associations of clinical, biologic, and lifestyle risk factors with ocular disease; and measure the association of VI/ocular disease with visual function. […] AFEDS will provide current data on eye health and utilization of care, and these data are essential to understanding the magnitude of the ocular disease burden upon quality of life and health care resources.

• #16 4 Surveillance and Research | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/6

  There is no current surveillance method that accurately and comprehensively measures the total burden of visual impairment and eye disease. Existing data collection methods and tools that are used to measure other health topics often ignore eye health, despite the available options for incorporating eye health measures into the data systems and tools that are used for other purposes. […] Vision health is a critical part of overall health, and the nations health information system should be able to monitor its epidemiology and treatment patterns in order to improve public health practice.

• #17 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  Determining the overall burden of vision impairment in the United States is challenging. […] National prevalence rates of vision impairment by etiology are typically calculated from the results of surveys, often self-reported by respondents, or are an aggregation of smaller studies, usually cross-sectional and not prospective. […] Reporting of epidemiological data is further complicated because outcomes are not measured or reported consistently. […] This section presents estimates of overall prevalence for uncorrectable vision impairment only, along with the epidemiology for refractive error, amblyopia and strabismus, visual system injury, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, AMD, cataract, vision-threatening infection, and rare eye diseases and conditions. […] Two recent estimates suggest that approximately 4.2 million adults ages 40 years and older in the United States suffer from uncorrectable vision impairment, including blindness.

• #18 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  The vast majority of individuals in the United States who reach average life expectancy will experience some type and degree of vision loss and impairment during their lifetimes, given current knowledge about effective prevention strategies, barriers to accessing appropriate health care, and the aging process itself. […] From clinical management and public health perspectives, it is important to understand what the major etiologies of vision loss are, who is most at risk, what risk and protective factors are known and modifiable, and how outcomes may be changed through policy and practice. […] There is no peer-reviewed literature on the total population affected by all causes of vision impairment in the United States. […] One model, based on a review of 12 major epidemiological studies and the 2010 U.S. Census population, estimates that approximately 90 million of the 142 million adults over the age of 40 in the United States experienced vision problems attributable to vision impairment, blindness, refractive error, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

• #19 2 Understanding the Epidemiology of Vision Loss and Impairment in the United States | Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/23471/chapter/4

  This raises questions about how to improve access to treatments to slow progression of vision loss and how to promote function and health within this population. […] Most of the data available about overall vision impairment in adults focus on individuals ages 40 and older. […] The most recent data on the prevalence and total numbers of individuals with uncorrectable visual impairment and blindness in adults come from two, separate sources that pool data from a number of studies to calculate national estimates. […] According to the Varma study, in 2015, the overall estimated prevalence of uncorrectable visual impairment in the U.S. population among individuals ages 40 and older was 2.14 percent, and the overall estimated prevalence of blindness was 0.68 percent. […] The combined total number of persons ages 40 and older who have uncorrectable vision impairment or are blind is projected to more than double from 4.24 million in 2015 to 8.96 million in 2050.

• #20 UCLA Center for Eye Epidemiology – Ophthalmology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/eye/about-us/academic-centers/ucla-center-eye-epidemiology

  The UCLA Center for Eye Epidemiology was established in 1997 to promote interdisciplinary investigations into blinding diseases of public health importance. […] The Center maintains and improves vision health through public health research and intervention, and serves as a coordinating body for expanding and sharing information. […] Members draw on their diverse backgrounds and complementary skills to promote an understanding of issues related to vision health as it affects individuals, communities, and society. […] The Center encourages collaborative research among faculty and investigators from various UCLA departments and other institutions around the world to advance knowledge related to the causes and prevention of specific eye diseases.

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