Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

  Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as acute radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by radiation exposure (or irradiation) of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes). […] The major cause of this syndrome is depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells in specific tissues. […] Unintentional exposures to sterilization irradiators have also caused ARS. […] The required conditions for Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) are […] The radiation dose must be large (i.e., greater than 0.7 Gray (Gy) or 70 rads). […] The dose usually must be external (i.e., the source of radiation is outside of the patient’s body). […] The radiation must be penetrating (i.e., able to reach the internal organs).

• #1 Acute radiation syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome

  Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a short period of time. […] ARS is caused by exposure to a large dose of ionizing radiation (~0.1 Gy) over a short period of time (~0.1 Gy/h). […] Sources of such radiation can occur accidentally or intentionally. […] They may involve nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, certain devices used in cancer therapy, nuclear weapons, or radiological weapons. […] Accidental exposure may be the result of a criticality or radiotherapy accident. […] Intentional exposure is controversial as it involves the use of nuclear weapons, human experiments, or is given to a victim in an act of murder. […] The intentional atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in tens of thousands of casualties; the survivors of these bombings are known today as hibakusha. […] Death is highly likely, and radiation poisoning is almost certain if one is caught in the open with no terrain or building masking-effects within a radius of 0-3 km from a 1 megaton airburst.

• #1 Radiation Sickness (Acute Radiation Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24328-radiation-sickness

  Radiation sickness (acute radiation syndrome) or radiation poisoning is a life-threatening condition that results from significant exposure to ionizing radiation. Its most likely to happen after a radiological or nuclear emergency, not from medical procedures. […] Radiation sickness is generally associated with acute (sudden and severe) exposure, like from a nuclear power plant accident. Its severity depends on: […] Radiation sickness (acute radiation syndrome) can occur after direct exposure or contamination by high doses of radioactive materials. […] A nuclear blast, radiation accidents and fallout from nuclear weapons testing can result in direct exposure. Contamination can result from consuming nuclear-contaminated food and water and skin contact with nuclear material.

• #1 Radiation Sickness – Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/diseases-and-conditions/radiation-sickness/

  Radiation sickness is an illness resulting from a high exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Radiation sickness is triggered by exposure to an enormous amount of radiation, like an abnormally high dose of radiation from an industrial disaster. […] Origins of high-degree radiation areas can include: Radioactive detonation, Industrial accidents, Nuclear weapons, Radioactive material.

• #1 Radiation Injury – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/radiation-injury/radiation-injury

  Radiation injury is damage to tissues caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Large doses of ionizing radiation can cause acute illness by reducing the production of blood cells and damaging the digestive tract. […] A very large dose of ionizing radiation can also damage the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), brain, and skin. […] Radiation injury due to large and very large doses is referred to as a tissue reaction. The dose needed to cause visible tissue injury varies with tissue type. […] Ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer. […] Ionizing radiation is emitted by radioactive substances (radionuclides), such as uranium, radon, and plutonium. […] Radiation exposure has also occurred from lost or stolen medical or industrial sources containing large amounts of radioactive material.

• #1 Radiation Injury – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/radiation-injury/radiation-injury

  More than 30 workers and emergency responders died within a few months of the accident, and many more developed acute radiation sickness. […] A large radiation exposure increases the risk of cancer because of damage to the genetic material (DNA) in cells that survive the radiation. […] In a fetus or child, the risk of radiation-induced cancer is several times higher than in an adult. […] Disorders, such as systemic rheumatic diseases and diabetes, may increase sensitivity to radiation injury. […] The possibility of intentional radiation exposure through terrorist activities includes the use of a device to contaminate an area by dispersing radioactive material.

• #1

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/arafat-mystery-10-cases-radiation-poisoning/story?id=20815459

  Radiation poisoning is rare, but deadly. Polonium-210 (P-210) is a high-energy alpha emitter with a radioactive half-life of 138 days. It is only a hazard if it is ingested, because of the low range of alpha particles in biological tissues. As a result, external contamination does not cause radiation sickness, according to a 2007 report in the Journal of Radiologic Protection. But taken internally, the poison can be fatal within one month. […] Polonium’s effect, known as „acute radiation syndrome,” first causes nausea, vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea. After a latent phase, victims experience hair loss and bone marrow failure and, if they do not recover, die within weeks to months. […] History reveals other frightening cases of radiation poisoning caused by ignorance, industrial disasters and even criminal intent.

• #1 Radiation sickness | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/hie%20multimedia-textonly/1/000026

  Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Radiation sickness results when humans (or other animals) are exposed to very large doses of ionizing radiation. […] Causes include: Accidental exposure to high doses of radiation, such as radiation from a nuclear power plant accident. […] Exposure to excessive radiation for medical treatments.

• #1 Radiation Illness: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options • Yesil Health

  https://yesilhealth.com/your-health/radiation-illness-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/

  Radiation illness, also known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS), is a serious health condition that occurs when an individual is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation. This can happen due to various reasons such as nuclear accidents, medical radiation therapy, or exposure to radioactive materials. […] Ionizing radiation can cause damage to the DNA, leading to cell death or genetic mutations. This can result in a range of health problems, including cancer, genetic disorders, and other complications. […] Radiation illness can occur through various means, and understanding the causes and risk factors is crucial for prevention and early detection. […] Workers in certain industries, such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and industrial facilities, are at risk of radiation exposure. Prolonged exposure to low levels of radiation can lead to chronic radiation syndrome, while acute exposure can cause immediate radiation illness.

• #1 How Radiation Sickness Works | HowStuffWorks

  https://science.howstuffworks.com/radiation-sickness.htm

  Radiation sickness is an umbrella term for the damage caused by a large acute dose of radiation. In fact, the technical term for radiation sickness is acute radiation syndrome. You might also hear it referred to as radiation poisoning. […] The kind of radiation that causes radiation sickness is called ionizing radiation and includes ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray energy. […] Radiation sickness is the cumulative effect of all this damage on a human body that’s been bombarded with radiation. […] A burst dose of 0.75 Sv can be enough to induce radiation sickness, including nausea and a weakened immune system. […] Symptoms occur more quickly the greater the dose of radiation and will fade in one or two days. […] The radiation damages cells and structures within the body. Most vulnerable is bone marrow, where stem cells produce blood cells.

• #1 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  Radiation exposure may result from background radiation, medical exposure, industrial exposure, and accidental or deliberate events (eg, nuclear reactor incidents, detonation of nuclear weapons, or terrorist activity with intentional dispersal of radioactive material [eg, using a chemical explosive such as a dirty bomb]). […] Biologic effects of radiation depend on the type and amount of radiation exposure and the tissues that are exposed: […] Different types of ionizing radiation exposure produce varying patterns of injury depending on their ability to penetrate tissue and dose of radiation. […] Vulnerability to radiation exposure varies between individuals, but the mechanisms that account for differential radiation sensitivity are largely undefined. […] However, fetuses, infants, and young children, as well as patients with certain genetic syndromes (eg, Fanconi anemia) that impair DNA-damage responses, are more vulnerable to radiation injury.

• #1 Radiation Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441931/

  Prolonged or significant exposure to ionizing radiation can result in acute radiation syndrome. […] Acute radiation syndrome can result from direct exposure or contamination by radioactive materials. Direct exposure can be caused by a nuclear blast, while contamination can result from the ingestion of nuclear-contaminated food, water, and skin contact with the nuclear material. […] Acute radiation syndrome is divided into 3 groups: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiac/neurological systems. Each system will require a different dose of radiation to manifest the symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. […] The timing of symptoms is also subdivided into prodrome, latent, and manifest phases.

• #1 What Causes Contamination versus Exposure | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/causes/index.html

  Radioactive contamination and radiation exposure could occur as the result of an accident, an event in nature, or an act of terrorism. Such a release could expose people and contaminate their surroundings and personal property. […] Internal contamination occurs when you swallow or breathe in radioactive materials. It also happens when radioactive materials enter the body through an open wound or are absorbed through the skin. […] Some types of radioactive materials stay in the body and accumulate in different body organs. Other types are eliminated from the body in: Blood, Sweat, Urine, Feces.

• #1 Radiation Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688608/3.3/Radiation_Sickness

  Radiation sickness, or acute radiation syndrome (ARS), is defined as an acute illness caused by radiation of most or all of the body with a relatively high dose of radiation over a short period of time. This may be due to the release of radioactive emissions such as x-rays, -rays, neutrons, or -radiation from radioactive materials. […] Radiation interactions with atoms/molecules can result in ionization and the formation of free radicals that damage tissue by disrupting chemical bonds and molecular structures in the cell. Damage to DNA is most pathophysiologically relevant. […] Radiation damage can lead to cell death; cells that recover may be mutated and at higher risk for subsequent cancer. Cell sensitivity increases as the replication rate increases and the cell differentiation decreases.

• #1

  https://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/radiation-health-effects/

  The primary way radiation affects our health is through breakage of DNA molecules. […] When the DNA or other critical parts of a cell receive a very high dose of radiation, normally delivered over a short period of time, the cell may either die or be damaged beyond repair. […] The first evidence of deterministic effects became apparent with early experimenters and users of radiation. […] More recently, this relationship was observed at the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear plant accident where more than 130 workers and firefighters received high radiation doses (800 to 16,000 mSv), and suffered severe radiation sickness. […] Studies on survivors of the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 indicate that the principal long-term effects of radiation exposure have been an increase in the frequency of cancer and leukemia.

• #1 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  A wide variety of reactions occur in response to irradiation in the different organs and tissues of the body. Some of the reactions occur quickly, while others occur slowly. The killing of cells in affected tissues, for example, may be detectable within minutes after exposure, whereas degenerative changes such as scarring and tissue breakdown may not appear until months or years afterward. […] In general, dividing cells are more radiosensitive than nondividing cells, with the result that radiation injury tends to appear soonest in those organs and tissues in which cells proliferate rapidly. Such tissues include the skin, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the bone marrow, where progenitor cells multiply continually in order to replace the mature cells that are constantly being lost through normal aging.

• #1 Radiation Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688608/3.3/Radiation_Sickness

  Bone marrow and mucosal surfaces of the GI tract (high mitotic activity) are more sensitive to radiation than slowly dividing tissues, such as muscle or bone. […] Ionizing radiation: damage to DNA affecting rapidly dividing cells (GI mucosa, bone marrow, vascular endothelium, reproductive organs) […] ARS: results from whole-body exposure.

• #1 Radiation sickness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058

  Radiation sickness is caused by being exposed to a high dose of radiation. […] Radiation sickness happens when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body. Areas of the body most at risk of being affected by high-energy radiation are the bone marrow cells and the lining of the intestinal tract.

• #1 Acute radiation syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-radiation-syndrome?lang=us

  Acute radiation syndrome, also known as radiation poisoning or radiation sickness, refers to the signs and symptoms associated with the acute effects of high-dose rates of ionizing radiation (usually over 0.5 Gy) through either whole body or partial body irradiation. […] The exact prevalence of the condition is difficult to establish but people exposed to higher radiation doses and higher dose rates are at the highest risk. […] High-risk situations include: radiation therapy, nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear or radiological weapons use, exposure to orphan sources. […] A variety of factors must be considered when dealing with radiation exposure including the: dose, route of exposure (e.g. external irradiation versus ingestion), area of the body exposed, dose rate. […] Radiation-induced cytotoxicity causes many of the symptoms of the syndrome together with the inflammatory SIRS-like response to the large degree of cell death. More rapidly proliferating tissues (e.g. skin, bone marrow) are the most affected.

• #1 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  A whole-body dose of 4.5 Gy is lethal to 50 percent of exposed persons (LD50) and a dose of ≥10 Gy is typically associated with 100 percent mortality. […] Ionizing radiation has predictable dose- and time-dependent effects on hematopoiesis that are manifest as cytopenias (ie, neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia) with resultant clinical consequences, including infections, weakness, and bleeding. […] Ionizing radiation can also have long-term consequences for immune function and is associated with the development of various myeloid malignancies (eg, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloid leukemia, or acute myeloid leukemia). […] The occurrence and timing of vomiting can be used with the absolute lymphocyte count to determine the dose of radiation exposure. […] The GI tract is vulnerable to radiation injury from damage to the mucosal barrier, loss of proliferative epithelial cells in the intestinal crypts, and effects on the vasculature. […] The gonads are exquisitely sensitive to radiation exposure. […] The effects of ionizing radiation on the fetus include growth restriction; congenital malformations; embryonic, fetal, or neonatal death; and carcinogenesis.

• #1 About Time to Onset of Vomiting – Radiation Emergency Medical Management

  https://remm.hhs.gov/aboutvomiting.htm

  After exposure to radiation, victims may vomit. […] The amount, severity, and time to onset of vomiting are related to the dose received, the dose rate, and what parts of the body (or the whole body) were irradiated. […] In general, the higher the radiation dose absorbed, the greater the severity of symptoms and the more rapid the onset of vomiting. […] Radiation-induced vomiting occurs as a result of effects on the central nervous system and on the GI tract.

• #1 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  The damaging effects of radiation on an organ are generally limited to that part of the organ directly exposed. Accordingly, irradiation of only a part of an organ generally causes less impairment in the function of the organ than does irradiation of the whole organ. […] Radiation can cause various types of injury to the skin, depending on the dose and conditions of exposure. […] The blood-forming cells of the bone marrow are among the most radiosensitive cells in the body. If a large percentage of such cells are killed, as can happen when intensive irradiation of the whole body occurs, the normal replacement of circulating blood cells is impaired. […] The response of the gastrointestinal tract is comparable in many respects to that of the skin. Proliferating cells in the mucous membrane that lines the tract are easily killed by irradiation, resulting in the denudation and ulceration of the mucous membrane.

• #1 Radiation Health Effects | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-health-effects

  These studies show that radiation exposure increases the chance of getting cancer, and the risk increases as the dose increases: the higher the dose, the greater the risk. […] Conversely, cancer risk from radiation exposure declines as the dose falls: the lower the dose, the lower the risk. […] The use of the LNT model for radiation protection purposes has been repeatedly recommended by authoritative scientific advisory bodies, including the National Academy of Sciences and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. […] Children and fetuses are especially sensitive to radiation exposure. The cells in children and fetuses divide rapidly, providing more opportunity for radiation to disrupt the process and cause cell damage.

• #1 Radiation Illness: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments • Yesil Health

  https://yesilhealth.com/your-health/radiation-illness-understanding-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/

  The severity of radiation illness is directly related to the level of exposure. Higher doses of radiation increase the likelihood of developing symptoms. The threshold for radiation illness is typically around 100 rem (1 sievert) for acute effects, but even lower doses can have long-term health implications. […] Prolonged exposure to radiation, even at lower levels, can accumulate and lead to health problems. […] Pre-existing health conditions can influence how an individual responds to radiation exposure. […] The environment plays a significant role in radiation exposure. […] Some lifestyle choices can exacerbate the effects of radiation exposure. […] In summary, radiation illness can arise from various causes, primarily linked to exposure to ionizing radiation. Understanding the risk factors can empower individuals to take proactive steps in minimizing their exposure and protecting their health.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-and-health

  Excessive exposure to radiation may damage living tissues and organs, depending on the amount of radiation received (i.e. the dose). […] The risk of developing adverse health effects depends on the radiation dose. The higher the dose, the higher the risk of adverse effects. […] At very high doses, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and organs and produce acute effects such as nausea and vomiting, skin redness, hair loss, acute radiation syndrome, local radiation injuries (also known as radiation burns), or even death. […] Yes, children are more likely to develop adverse health effects from radiation exposure. […] Excessive exposure to doses of radiation can increase the risk of certain types of cancer developing in the long term.

• #1 Prodromal Phase of Acute Radiation Syndrome and Exposure Doses [MOE]

  https://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/rhm/basic-info/1st/03-03-03.html

  From prodromal symptoms that appear within 48 hours after the exposure, exposure doses can roughly be estimated in the case of acute exposure. Exposure to radiation of 1 to 2 Gy may cause loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting. In addition, very mild headache appears. Exposure to radiation of 2 to 4 Gy may cause vomiting, mild headache or slight fever (1 to 3 hours, 10 to 80% incidence). Exposure of 4 to 6 Gy causes 100% incidence of vomiting within one hour after exposure and also causes moderate diarrhea and headache as well as 80 to 100% incidence of fever. Exposure of 6 to 8 Gy causes 100% incidence of vomiting within 30 minutes and also causes severe diarrhea/headache as well as 100% incidence of high fever. Furthermore, disturbance of consciousness may appear. Exposure to radiation exceeding 8 Gy causes 100% incidence of vomiting within 10 minutes and causes symptoms such as severe diarrhea/headache, high fever and loss of consciousness.

• #1 Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

  The entire body (or a significant portion of it) must have received the dose. […] The dose must have been delivered in a short time (usually a matter of minutes). […] The primary cause of death is the destruction of the bone marrow, resulting in infection and hemorrhage. […] Survival is extremely unlikely with this syndrome. […] Death usually occurs within 2 weeks. […] Death may occur within 3 days. […] The concept of Cutaneous Radiation Injury (CRI) describes the complex pathological syndrome that results from acute radiation exposure to the skin. […] ARS usually will be accompanied by some skin damage. […] It is also possible to receive a damaging dose to the skin without symptoms of ARS, especially with acute exposures to beta radiation or X-rays.

• #1 Acute Radiation Syndrome : How Does Radiation Sickness Work? – CheckOrphan

  https://checkorphan.org/video/acute-radiation-syndrome-how-does-radiation-sickness-work/

  Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as radiation toxicity or radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by irradiation of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes). […] The primary cause of death is the destruction of the bone marrow, resulting in infection and hemorrhage. […] Damage to the gastrointestinal tract is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality following radiation exposure. […] Death likely is due to collapse of the circulatory system as well as increased pressure in the confining cranial vault as the result of increased fluid content caused by edema, vasculitis, and meningitis.

• #1 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  Although mature spermatozoa are relatively resistant to radiation, immature sperm-forming cells (spermatogonia) are among the most radiosensitive cells in the body. […] Irradiation can cause opacification of the lens, the severity of which increases with the dose. […] Generally speaking, humans do not sense a moderate radiation field; however, small doses of radiation can produce phosphene, a light sensation on the dark-adapted retina.

• #1 Risk Factors: Radiation – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation

  Radiation of certain wavelengths, called ionizing radiation, has enough energy to damage DNA and cause cancer. […] High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons, can damage DNA and cause cancer. […] Certain medical procedures, such as chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and radiation therapy can also cause cell damage that leads to cancer.

• #1

  https://consensus.app/questions/does-radiation-make-you-sick/

  Radiation exposure, particularly ionizing radiation, has significant health implications that can manifest both immediately and over the long term. […] Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, occurs when the entire body or most of it is exposed to a high dose of penetrating radiation within a short period, typically minutes. The primary cause of ARS is the depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells in specific tissues. […] Long-term exposure to ionizing radiation significantly increases the risk of developing cancer. […] The relationship between radiation dose and cancer risk is generally assumed to be linear without a threshold, meaning even low doses of radiation can increase cancer risk. […] In addition to cancer, high doses of radiation may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other non-cancerous conditions.

• #1 BfS – Hereditary radiation damage

  https://www.bfs.de/EN/topics/ion/effect/hereditary/hereditary_node.html

  When ionising radiation acts upon gonads or germ cells, it may cause damage to the genetic material (mutations) which can lead to genetically induced diseases (hereditary defects). […] An association between radiation exposure and the occurrence of hereditary damage has not been observed in humans to date. […] The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) assumes that the parental radiation exposure to a single (acute) gonadal dose of 1 gray (Gy) leads to one additional severe disease caused by radiation-induced mutations in 500 births. […] Chronic radiation exposure may persist over several generations. […] When estimating the genetic radiation risk, a doubling dose of 1 Gy is assumed in the case of chronic exposure. […] In the case of acute radiation exposure the doubling dose is 0.3 Gy.

• #1 Manhattan Project: Science > Radioactivity > Radiation Sickness

  https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Science/Radioactivity/rad-sickness.html

  Exposure to high-levels of radiation, such as that emitted by a nuclear explosion or caused by exposure to a highly radioactive substance, can cause a variety of medical problems in the days and weeks that follow. These are often referred to collectively as „radiation sickness.” […] People exposed to large doses of radiation, either acute or chronic (such as might occur due to fallout following a nuclear explosion or in an unsafe working environment), can be subject to a variety of possible long-term health problems. […] Yet linking radioactive exposure to particular long-term health problems can be difficult as such disorders are also linked to many other unrelated factors.

• #1 Radiation Sickness: Facts, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/radiation-sickness-facts

  Radiation sickness happens when a large dose of high-energy radiation goes through your body and reaches your internal organs. […] It’s not clear how many of the 150,000 to 250,000 people killed in those attacks died from radiation sickness. […] Since then, about 50 people have died from radiation sickness. […] Most of the other people who have died from it were scientists or technicians in U.S. or Soviet nuclear plants during the Cold War. […] The amount of radiation your body gets is measured in an international unit called a sievert (Sv). Symptoms of radiation sickness show up when you’re exposed to levels of more than 500 millisieverts (mSv), or half a sievert. More than 4 to 5 Sv is likely to be fatal. […] Radiation damages your stomach and intestines, blood vessels, and bone marrow, which makes blood cells. Damage to bone marrow lowers the number of disease-fighting white blood cells in your body. As a result, most people who die from radiation sickness are killed by infections or internal bleeding. […] Recovery from radiation sickness can take up to 2 years. But you’ll still be at risk of other health problems after recovery. For example, your odds of getting cancer are higher.

• #1 Radiation Exposure and Contamination – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/radiation-exposure-and-contamination/radiation-exposure-and-contamination

  Ionizing radiation injures tissues vary based on radiation dose, rate of exposure, type of radiation, and part of the body exposed. […] Symptoms may be local (eg, burns) or systemic (eg, acute radiation sickness). […] Acute radiation syndromes can be caused by a sufficient dose of some internally deposited radionuclides that are widely distributed in tissues and organs and have a high specific activity. […] For example, polonium-210 (Po-210) has a specific activity of 166 terabecquerels per gram (TBq/g), and 1 mcg (approximately the size of a grain of salt) of Po-210 delivers a whole-body dose of 50 Sv (~20 times the median lethal dose). […] Although internal contamination with any radionuclide is possible, historically, most cases in which contamination posed a significant risk to the patient involved a relatively small number of radionuclides, such as phosphorus-32, cobalt-60, strontium-90, cesium-137, iodine-131, iodine-125, radium-226, uranium-235, uranium-238, plutonium-238, plutonium-239, polonium-210, and americium-241.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Radiation-Poisoning-History.aspx

  Radiation poisoning was the cause of the aplastic anemia that eventually killed Curie. […] The gravity of the effects caused by radiation were not fully understood until the 1940s. […] Her death in 1945 was the first to be officially documented as having been caused by radiation poisoning.

• #2 Radiation Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK441931/

  Prolonged or significant exposure to ionizing radiation can result in acute radiation syndrome. […] Acute radiation syndrome can result from direct exposure or contamination by radioactive materials. Direct exposure can be caused by a nuclear blast, while contamination can result from the ingestion of nuclear-contaminated food, water, and skin contact with the nuclear material. […] Acute radiation syndrome is divided into 3 groups: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiac/neurological systems. Each system will require a different dose of radiation to manifest the symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. […] The dose, symptom onset, and acute radiation syndrome subdivision are below.

• #2 Radiation Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/radiation-poisoning

  Radiation poisoning becomes more likely and more severe at higher radiation doses. […] Overall, radiation poisoning doesn’t happen unless: The radiation reaches your internal organs. A large amount of your body is exposed. The dose is delivered in a short period, usually within minutes. […] Radiation poisoning is rare. It usually occurs after: extreme events like nuclear explosions, directly handling highly radioactive materials, consuming nuclear-contaminated food or water. […] The Chernobyl explosion in the former Soviet Union in 1986 and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings in 1945 are two examples of events that exposed humans to lethal amounts of radiation. […] Your chances of developing radiation poisoning are higher the closer you are to a nuclear explosion. […] Radiation poisoning is caused by high doses of radiation such as those from nuclear explosions or from direct handling or consumption of radioactive material.

• #2 Understanding Radiation Sickness: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome – Raybloc X-ray Protection

  https://raybloc.com/radiation-sickness/

  Radiation sickness, also known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS), is a serious condition resulting from a high dose of ionising radiation in a short period of time. Significant radiation exposure, such as from atomic bomb blasts or nuclear accidents like Chernobyl, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, can cause this illness. More likely, ARS can also be the consequence of overexposure to ionising radiation. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments of ARS is crucial for effective disease control and prevention. […] Radiation sickness can occur due to: […] Extreme events like nuclear explosions […] Directly handling highly radioactive materials […] Consuming nuclear-contaminated food or water […] Exposure to excessive radiation for medical treatments.

• #2

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/arafat-mystery-10-cases-radiation-poisoning/story?id=20815459

  The official death toll was 31 from acute radiation syndrome, but associated cancers, heart disease and birth defects have been associated with the accident. […] The accident released more radiation than the bombing of Hiroshima. […] The reactor did not explode but these men died in agony of radiation poisoning, „begging their shipmates to kill them,” according to a 1994 report in the Los Angeles Times.

• #2 Radiation sickness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377061

  When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive. […] A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness. […] If you’re exposed to significant radiation, your thyroid will absorb radioactive iodine (radioiodine) just as it would other forms of iodine. […] Some treatments may reduce damage to internal organs caused by radioactive particles. Medical personnel would use these treatments only if you’ve been exposed to a specific type of radiation. […] Potassium iodide isn’t a cure-all and is most effective if taken within a day of exposure. […] This treatment speeds up the elimination of the radioactive particles and reduces the amount of radiation cells may absorb. […] That lowers the amount of radiation absorbed.

• #2 Risk Factors: Radiation – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation

  Radiation of certain wavelengths, called ionizing radiation, has enough energy to damage DNA and cause cancer. […] High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons, can damage DNA and cause cancer. […] Certain medical procedures, such as chest x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and radiation therapy can also cause cell damage that leads to cancer.

• #2 How Radiation Sickness Works | HowStuffWorks

  https://science.howstuffworks.com/radiation-sickness.htm

  Radiation sickness is an umbrella term for the damage caused by a large acute dose of radiation. In fact, the technical term for radiation sickness is acute radiation syndrome. You might also hear it referred to as radiation poisoning. […] The kind of radiation that causes radiation sickness is called ionizing radiation and includes ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray energy. […] Radiation sickness is the cumulative effect of all this damage on a human body that’s been bombarded with radiation. […] A burst dose of 0.75 Sv can be enough to induce radiation sickness, including nausea and a weakened immune system. […] Symptoms occur more quickly the greater the dose of radiation and will fade in one or two days. […] The radiation damages cells and structures within the body. Most vulnerable is bone marrow, where stem cells produce blood cells.

• #2 Radiation Sickness (Acute Radiation Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24328-radiation-sickness

  Radiation sickness (acute radiation syndrome) or radiation poisoning is a life-threatening condition that results from significant exposure to ionizing radiation. Its most likely to happen after a radiological or nuclear emergency, not from medical procedures. […] Radiation sickness is generally associated with acute (sudden and severe) exposure, like from a nuclear power plant accident. Its severity depends on: […] Radiation sickness (acute radiation syndrome) can occur after direct exposure or contamination by high doses of radioactive materials. […] A nuclear blast, radiation accidents and fallout from nuclear weapons testing can result in direct exposure. Contamination can result from consuming nuclear-contaminated food and water and skin contact with nuclear material.

• #2 Radiation Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441931/

  Prolonged or significant exposure to ionizing radiation can result in acute radiation syndrome. […] Acute radiation syndrome can result from direct exposure or contamination by radioactive materials. Direct exposure can be caused by a nuclear blast, while contamination can result from the ingestion of nuclear-contaminated food, water, and skin contact with the nuclear material. […] Acute radiation syndrome is divided into 3 groups: hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cardiac/neurological systems. Each system will require a different dose of radiation to manifest the symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. […] The timing of symptoms is also subdivided into prodrome, latent, and manifest phases.

• #2

  https://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/radiation-health-effects/

  The primary way radiation affects our health is through breakage of DNA molecules. […] When the DNA or other critical parts of a cell receive a very high dose of radiation, normally delivered over a short period of time, the cell may either die or be damaged beyond repair. […] The first evidence of deterministic effects became apparent with early experimenters and users of radiation. […] More recently, this relationship was observed at the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear plant accident where more than 130 workers and firefighters received high radiation doses (800 to 16,000 mSv), and suffered severe radiation sickness. […] Studies on survivors of the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 indicate that the principal long-term effects of radiation exposure have been an increase in the frequency of cancer and leukemia.

• #2 Radiation Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688608/3.3/Radiation_Sickness

  Radiation sickness, or acute radiation syndrome (ARS), is defined as an acute illness caused by radiation of most or all of the body with a relatively high dose of radiation over a short period of time. This may be due to the release of radioactive emissions such as x-rays, -rays, neutrons, or -radiation from radioactive materials. […] Radiation interactions with atoms/molecules can result in ionization and the formation of free radicals that damage tissue by disrupting chemical bonds and molecular structures in the cell. Damage to DNA is most pathophysiologically relevant. […] Radiation damage can lead to cell death; cells that recover may be mutated and at higher risk for subsequent cancer. Cell sensitivity increases as the replication rate increases and the cell differentiation decreases.

• #2 Radiation damage Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/radiation-damage

  Radiation sickness or radiation emergency happens after exposure to a large amount of radiation. Acute radiation sickness occurs within 24 hours of exposure. Chronic radiation syndrome is a range of symptoms occurring over a period of time. These symptoms can happen immediately or months or years after exposure to radiation: […] Damage happens when radiation interacts with oxygen, causing certain molecules to form in the body. These molecules can damage or break strands of DNA in cells. The cells may die. […] People who have been exposed to radiation, and who also have the following conditions or characteristics are at risk for developing radiation damage: High dose of radiation exposure, Young age at time of exposure, Use of chemotherapy, antibiotics, Exposure to radiation before birth (while in the womb).

• #2 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  A wide variety of reactions occur in response to irradiation in the different organs and tissues of the body. Some of the reactions occur quickly, while others occur slowly. The killing of cells in affected tissues, for example, may be detectable within minutes after exposure, whereas degenerative changes such as scarring and tissue breakdown may not appear until months or years afterward. […] In general, dividing cells are more radiosensitive than nondividing cells, with the result that radiation injury tends to appear soonest in those organs and tissues in which cells proliferate rapidly. Such tissues include the skin, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the bone marrow, where progenitor cells multiply continually in order to replace the mature cells that are constantly being lost through normal aging.

• #2 Radiation Sickness | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688608/3.3/Radiation_Sickness

  Bone marrow and mucosal surfaces of the GI tract (high mitotic activity) are more sensitive to radiation than slowly dividing tissues, such as muscle or bone. […] Ionizing radiation: damage to DNA affecting rapidly dividing cells (GI mucosa, bone marrow, vascular endothelium, reproductive organs) […] ARS: results from whole-body exposure.

• #2 Radiation – Health Effects, Exposure, Protection | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Radiation-sickness

  The signs and symptoms resulting from intensive irradiation of a large portion of the bone marrow or gastrointestinal tract constitute a clinical picture known as radiation sickness, or the acute radiation syndrome. […] The higher the dose received, the sooner and more profound are the radiation effects. […] When the dose to the whole body is between 6 and 10 Gy, the earliest symptoms are loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, followed by prostration, watery and bloody diarrhea, abhorrence of food, and fever. […] Moderate doses of radiation can severely depress the immunologic defense mechanisms, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to bacterial toxins, greatly decreased fixation of antigens, and reduced efficiency of antibody formation. […] Below a dose of 1.5 Gy, an irradiated person is generally able to survive intensive whole-body irradiation.

• #2 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  Radiation exposure may result from background radiation, medical exposure, industrial exposure, and accidental or deliberate events (eg, nuclear reactor incidents, detonation of nuclear weapons, or terrorist activity with intentional dispersal of radioactive material [eg, using a chemical explosive such as a dirty bomb]). […] Biologic effects of radiation depend on the type and amount of radiation exposure and the tissues that are exposed: […] Different types of ionizing radiation exposure produce varying patterns of injury depending on their ability to penetrate tissue and dose of radiation. […] Vulnerability to radiation exposure varies between individuals, but the mechanisms that account for differential radiation sensitivity are largely undefined. […] However, fetuses, infants, and young children, as well as patients with certain genetic syndromes (eg, Fanconi anemia) that impair DNA-damage responses, are more vulnerable to radiation injury.

• #2 Radiation Sickness: Facts, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/radiation-sickness-facts

  Radiation sickness happens when a large dose of high-energy radiation goes through your body and reaches your internal organs. […] It’s not clear how many of the 150,000 to 250,000 people killed in those attacks died from radiation sickness. […] Since then, about 50 people have died from radiation sickness. […] Most of the other people who have died from it were scientists or technicians in U.S. or Soviet nuclear plants during the Cold War. […] The amount of radiation your body gets is measured in an international unit called a sievert (Sv). Symptoms of radiation sickness show up when you’re exposed to levels of more than 500 millisieverts (mSv), or half a sievert. More than 4 to 5 Sv is likely to be fatal. […] Radiation damages your stomach and intestines, blood vessels, and bone marrow, which makes blood cells. Damage to bone marrow lowers the number of disease-fighting white blood cells in your body. As a result, most people who die from radiation sickness are killed by infections or internal bleeding. […] Recovery from radiation sickness can take up to 2 years. But you’ll still be at risk of other health problems after recovery. For example, your odds of getting cancer are higher.

• #2 Acute Radiation Syndromes [ Hematopoietic, GI, CNS ] For Radiologic Technologists • How Radiology Works

  https://howradiologyworks.com/acute-radiation-syndromes/

  For acute radiation syndromes, the radiation doses are received in a short time (seconds to minutes). […] If full body irradiation takes places, the bone marrow is irradiated, and this radiation prevents blood cells from being generated effectively. The severity of the effects depends on the dose of radiation. […] For doses of radiation, down to as low as 0.7 Gy, we can see effects of bone marrow syndrome. […] In case of exposure to higher radiation levels, (~10-100Gy), the patient who has been exposured to the radiation will die of Gastrointestinal Syndrome. […] If you have radiation dose above 10Gy, the GI syndrome will be fatal within 10 days. […] When the body receives these very high radiation doses breakdown of the cerebral vascular system leads to increased fluid within the brain. […] This syndrome is fatal in 1-3 days.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ionizing-radiation-and-health-effects

  Acute health effects such as skin burns or acute radiation syndrome can occur when doses of radiation exceed very high levels. […] Low doses of ionizing radiation can increase the risk of longer term effects such as cancer. […] Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and/or organs and can produce acute effects such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, or acute radiation syndrome. […] Epidemiological studies on populations exposed to radiation, such as the survivors of the atomic bombings or radiotherapy patients, showed a significant increase of cancer risk at doses above 100 mSv. […] More recently, some epidemiological studies in individuals exposed to medical exposure during childhood (paediatric CT) have suggested that cancer risk may increase even at lower doses (between 50-100 mSv). […] Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation may induce brain damage in foetuses following an acute dose exceeding 100 mSv between weeks 8-15 of pregnancy and 200 mSv between weeks 16-25 of pregnancy.

• #2 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  The damaging effects of radiation on an organ are generally limited to that part of the organ directly exposed. Accordingly, irradiation of only a part of an organ generally causes less impairment in the function of the organ than does irradiation of the whole organ. […] Radiation can cause various types of injury to the skin, depending on the dose and conditions of exposure. […] The blood-forming cells of the bone marrow are among the most radiosensitive cells in the body. If a large percentage of such cells are killed, as can happen when intensive irradiation of the whole body occurs, the normal replacement of circulating blood cells is impaired. […] The response of the gastrointestinal tract is comparable in many respects to that of the skin. Proliferating cells in the mucous membrane that lines the tract are easily killed by irradiation, resulting in the denudation and ulceration of the mucous membrane.

• #2 Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

  Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as acute radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by radiation exposure (or irradiation) of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes). […] The major cause of this syndrome is depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells in specific tissues. […] Unintentional exposures to sterilization irradiators have also caused ARS. […] The required conditions for Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) are […] The radiation dose must be large (i.e., greater than 0.7 Gray (Gy) or 70 rads). […] The dose usually must be external (i.e., the source of radiation is outside of the patient’s body). […] The radiation must be penetrating (i.e., able to reach the internal organs).

• #2 How Radiation Sickness Works | HowStuffWorks

  https://science.howstuffworks.com/radiation-sickness.htm

  At 5 Sv and up, radiation can damage skin so severely that it doesn’t heal properly. […] Once you’re exposed, how are you treated? Radiation sickness treatment starts with decontaminating the patient if any radioactive material is still present. […] The best way to prevent radiation sickness, of course, is to avoid intense sources of radiation.

• #2 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  A whole-body dose of 4.5 Gy is lethal to 50 percent of exposed persons (LD50) and a dose of ≥10 Gy is typically associated with 100 percent mortality. […] Ionizing radiation has predictable dose- and time-dependent effects on hematopoiesis that are manifest as cytopenias (ie, neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia) with resultant clinical consequences, including infections, weakness, and bleeding. […] Ionizing radiation can also have long-term consequences for immune function and is associated with the development of various myeloid malignancies (eg, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloid leukemia, or acute myeloid leukemia). […] The occurrence and timing of vomiting can be used with the absolute lymphocyte count to determine the dose of radiation exposure. […] The GI tract is vulnerable to radiation injury from damage to the mucosal barrier, loss of proliferative epithelial cells in the intestinal crypts, and effects on the vasculature. […] The gonads are exquisitely sensitive to radiation exposure. […] The effects of ionizing radiation on the fetus include growth restriction; congenital malformations; embryonic, fetal, or neonatal death; and carcinogenesis.

• #2 Diseases Associated with Ionizing Radiation Exposure – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/radiation/diseases.asp

  Diseases Associated with Ionizing Radiation Exposure […] VA recognizes certain diseases as related to ionizing radiation exposure during military service. Veterans may be eligible for disability compensation and health care for these diseases. Their survivors also may be eligible for survivors’ benefits. […] For Veterans who participated in a radiation-risk activity during service, VA assumes that certain cancers are related to their exposure. We call these „presumptive diseases.” […] Cancers of the bile ducts, bone, brain, breast, colon, esophagus, gall bladder, liver (primary site, but not if cirrhosis or hepatitis B is indicated), lung (including bronchiolo-alveolar cancer), pancreas, pharynx, ovary, salivary gland, small intestine, stomach, thyroid, urinary tract (kidney/renal, pelvis, urinary bladder, and urethra) […] Leukemia (except chronic lymphocytic leukemia) […] Lymphomas (except Hodgkins disease) […] Multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells).

• #2

  https://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/radiation-health-effects/

  Studies have shown that radiation will increase the frequency of some cancers that already occur naturally and that this increase is proportionate to the radiation dose i.e., the greater the dose, the greater the risk of cancer. […] Most people who showed health effects in studies were exposed to relatively high doses (greater than 100 mSv) delivered in a very short period of time. […] Genetic damage occurs when the DNA of sperm or egg cells are damaged. […] However, to date there have been no known genetic effects in humans caused by radiation.

• #2

  https://consensus.app/questions/does-radiation-make-you-sick/

  There is also evidence suggesting that radiation exposure may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. […] Radiation exposure has been linked to lung diseases, including pneumonitis and fibrosis, especially following high-dose exposure. […] Radiation exposure can indeed make you sick, with effects ranging from acute radiation syndrome to long-term cancer risks and other health complications. […] Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) is a severe acute illness caused by high doses of penetrating radiation in a short period of time, primarily due to depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells in specific tissues. […] Ionising radiation exposure can cause cancer, skin burns, bone marrow depression, and acute radiation sickness, with higher doses causing lethal outcomes. […] High-dose ionizing radiation exposure causes pneumonitis and fibrosis, and low-dose occupational radiation may increase lung cancer risk.

• #2 The Real Chernobyl: Q&A With a Radiation Exposure Expert | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/07/414976/real-chernobyl-qa-radiation-exposure-expert

  The latest report from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation found 134 first responders who were diagnosed with acute radiation syndrome (ARS) after the Chernobyl accident. Of these, 28 died in the first four months, but not instantaneously. […] Large doses of radiation could affect a number of systems in the body that are necessary for survival. Patients with ARS could develop a bone marrow syndrome, which suppresses their immunity, or a gastrointestinal syndrome, which could lead to damage to the lining of the intestines and associated infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. […] We confirmed that the particular type of radiation in Chernobyl, radioactive iodine, could cause thyroid cancer. […] We did a study of cleanup workers in Ukraine and confirmed that gamma radiation causes leukemia, as was found in atomic bomb survivors in Japan.

• #2

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/arafat-mystery-10-cases-radiation-poisoning/story?id=20815459

  Radiation poisoning is rare, but deadly. Polonium-210 (P-210) is a high-energy alpha emitter with a radioactive half-life of 138 days. It is only a hazard if it is ingested, because of the low range of alpha particles in biological tissues. As a result, external contamination does not cause radiation sickness, according to a 2007 report in the Journal of Radiologic Protection. But taken internally, the poison can be fatal within one month. […] Polonium’s effect, known as „acute radiation syndrome,” first causes nausea, vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea. After a latent phase, victims experience hair loss and bone marrow failure and, if they do not recover, die within weeks to months. […] History reveals other frightening cases of radiation poisoning caused by ignorance, industrial disasters and even criminal intent.

• #3 Radiation sickness | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/hie%20multimedia-textonly/1/000026

  Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Radiation sickness results when humans (or other animals) are exposed to very large doses of ionizing radiation. […] Causes include: Accidental exposure to high doses of radiation, such as radiation from a nuclear power plant accident. […] Exposure to excessive radiation for medical treatments.

• #3 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  The damaging effects of radiation on an organ are generally limited to that part of the organ directly exposed. Accordingly, irradiation of only a part of an organ generally causes less impairment in the function of the organ than does irradiation of the whole organ. […] Radiation can cause various types of injury to the skin, depending on the dose and conditions of exposure. […] The blood-forming cells of the bone marrow are among the most radiosensitive cells in the body. If a large percentage of such cells are killed, as can happen when intensive irradiation of the whole body occurs, the normal replacement of circulating blood cells is impaired. […] The response of the gastrointestinal tract is comparable in many respects to that of the skin. Proliferating cells in the mucous membrane that lines the tract are easily killed by irradiation, resulting in the denudation and ulceration of the mucous membrane.

• #3 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  Lethality of radiation varies with the type of radiation, degree of exposure, and access to medical care. […] Ionizing radiation has dose-dependent („deterministic”) effects with predictable thresholds for tissue reaction and severity of injury (eg, bone marrow suppression). […] Ionizing radiation can damage macromolecules (eg, DNA, RNA, proteins) and cellular components (eg, plasma membrane). […] Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to displace electrons from multiple orbits, thereby creating charged particles (eg, ions). […] Ionizing radiation can cause internal tissue damage after ingestion, inhalation, and/or absorption through the skin or subcutaneous tissue. […] The threshold whole-body dose for ARS in adults is approximately 1 Gy (100 rad); lower doses are not expected to cause clinically apparent ARS.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-and-health

  Excessive exposure to radiation may damage living tissues and organs, depending on the amount of radiation received (i.e. the dose). […] The risk of developing adverse health effects depends on the radiation dose. The higher the dose, the higher the risk of adverse effects. […] At very high doses, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and organs and produce acute effects such as nausea and vomiting, skin redness, hair loss, acute radiation syndrome, local radiation injuries (also known as radiation burns), or even death. […] Yes, children are more likely to develop adverse health effects from radiation exposure. […] Excessive exposure to doses of radiation can increase the risk of certain types of cancer developing in the long term.

• #3 Radiation Health Effects | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-health-effects

  Exposure to very high levels of radiation, such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health effects such as skin burns and acute radiation syndrome (radiation sickness). […] A very high level of radiation exposure delivered over a short period of time can cause symptoms such as nausea and vomiting within hours and can sometimes result in death over the following days or weeks. This is known as acute radiation syndrome, commonly known as radiation sickness. […] It takes a very high radiation exposure to cause acute radiation syndrome—more than 0.75 gray in a short time span (minutes to hours). […] Acute radiation syndrome is rare, and comes from extreme events like a nuclear explosion or accidental handling or rupture of a highly radioactive source. […] Exposure to low-levels of radiation does not cause immediate health effects, but can cause a small increase in the risk of cancer over a lifetime.

• #3 Radiation – Somatic Effects, DNA Damage, Cancer | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/radiation/Effects-on-organs-of-the-body-somatic-effects

  Although mature spermatozoa are relatively resistant to radiation, immature sperm-forming cells (spermatogonia) are among the most radiosensitive cells in the body. […] Irradiation can cause opacification of the lens, the severity of which increases with the dose. […] Generally speaking, humans do not sense a moderate radiation field; however, small doses of radiation can produce phosphene, a light sensation on the dark-adapted retina.

• #3 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  A whole-body dose of 4.5 Gy is lethal to 50 percent of exposed persons (LD50) and a dose of ≥10 Gy is typically associated with 100 percent mortality. […] Ionizing radiation has predictable dose- and time-dependent effects on hematopoiesis that are manifest as cytopenias (ie, neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia) with resultant clinical consequences, including infections, weakness, and bleeding. […] Ionizing radiation can also have long-term consequences for immune function and is associated with the development of various myeloid malignancies (eg, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloid leukemia, or acute myeloid leukemia). […] The occurrence and timing of vomiting can be used with the absolute lymphocyte count to determine the dose of radiation exposure. […] The GI tract is vulnerable to radiation injury from damage to the mucosal barrier, loss of proliferative epithelial cells in the intestinal crypts, and effects on the vasculature. […] The gonads are exquisitely sensitive to radiation exposure. […] The effects of ionizing radiation on the fetus include growth restriction; congenital malformations; embryonic, fetal, or neonatal death; and carcinogenesis.

• #3 Radiation Exposure and Contamination – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/radiation-exposure-and-contamination/radiation-exposure-and-contamination

  Radiation-induced genetic damage to somatic cells may result in malignant transformation. […] Protracted whole-body exposure is thought to increase an average adults lifetime risk of cancer mortality. […] The chance of developing cancer due to commonly encountered doses (ie, from background radiation and typical imaging tests) is much less and may be zero. […] Estimates of increased risk of radiation-induced cancer as a result of the typically low doses experienced by people in the vicinity of reactor incidents such as Fukushima have been made by extrapolating downward from known effects of much higher doses. […] The very small resultant theoretical effect is multiplied by a large population to give what may appear to be a concerning number of additional cancer deaths. […] The potential risks from radiation exposure mandate giving careful consideration to the need for (or alternatives to) imaging tests involving radiation, optimizing the radiation exposure for body habitus and the clinical question being asked, as well as attention to the use of proper radiation protection procedures, especially in children and pregnant women.

• #3 Diseases Associated with Ionizing Radiation Exposure – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/radiation/diseases.asp

  Qualifying Veterans don’t have to prove a connection between these diseases and their service to be eligible for disability compensation. Their survivors also may be eligible for survivors’ benefits if the Veteran dies as the result of one of these diseases. […] VA recognizes that the following diseases are possibly caused by exposure to ionizing radiation during service: All cancers […] Non-malignant thyroid nodular disease […] Parathyroid adenoma […] Posterior subcapsular cataracts […] Tumors of the brain and central nervous system. […] Eligibility for disability compensation or survivors’ benefits are based on radiation type, radiation dose, and timing of the onset of illness. VA decides these claims on a case-by-case basis. VA also will consider the possibility that other diseases not listed above were caused by radiation, if supported by medical or scientific evidence. To be eligible for compensation, VA must be able to establish that it is at least as likely as not that a Veterans disease was caused by his/her exposure to radiation during military service.

• #3

  https://consensus.app/questions/does-radiation-make-you-sick/

  Ionizing radiation exposure may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, with chronic effects persisting for years after exposure. […] Ionizing radiation exposure can cause cancer, heart, digestive, and other systemic complications, and identifying early biomarkers for radiation injury is crucial for diagnosis and prognosis.

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