Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Radiation sickness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058

  Radiation sickness is damage to the body caused by a large dose of radiation often received over a short time. This is called acute radiation sickness. […] Radiation sickness also is called acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning. […] The severity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on how much radiation you’ve absorbed. […] The first symptoms of treatable radiation sickness are usually nausea and vomiting. […] If you’ve had a mild exposure, it may take hours to weeks before symptoms begin. But with high exposure, symptoms can begin minutes to days after exposure. […] Radiation sickness is caused by being exposed to a high dose of radiation. […] Radiation sickness happens when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body. […] Having radiation sickness can contribute to both short-term and long-term mental health problems, such as grief, fear and anxiety about: […] If you know you’ve been overexposed to radiation, seek emergency medical care.

• #2 Radiation Sickness (Acute Radiation Syndrome)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24328-radiation-sickness

  Radiation sickness (acute radiation syndrome) or radiation poisoning is a life-threatening condition that results from significant exposure to ionizing radiation. Its severity depends on: […] Healthcare providers diagnose radiation sickness by considering the following: […] After acute radiation exposure, your provider will likely order lab tests like a complete blood count (CBC) and follow your results over time to estimate your initial radiation dosage and prognosis (outcome). […] When providers suspect radioactive contamination, they test your entire body with a tool called a Geiger-Muller counter to detect and measure ionizing radiation. […] The treatment for radiation sickness varies based on its severity. […] The prognosis (outlook) of radiation sickness depends on several factors, including: […] An incident involving high doses of radiation exposure is always an emergency that requires immediate medical care.

• #3 Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

  Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) (sometimes known as acute radiation sickness) is an acute illness caused by radiation exposure (or irradiation) of the entire body (or most of the body) by a high dose of penetrating radiation in a very short period of time (usually a matter of minutes). […] The diagnosis of ARS can be difficult to make because ARS causes no unique sign or symptom. Also, depending on the dose, the prodromal stage may not occur for hours or days after exposure, or the patient may already be in the latent stage by the time they receive treatment, in which case the patient may appear and feel well when first assessed. […] If a patient received more than 0.05 Gy (5 rads) and three or four CBCs are taken within 8 to 12 hours of the exposure, a quick estimate of the dose can be made.

• #4 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure

  Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure […] This topic will address the clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation injury. […] Acute radiation injury should be suspected in an individual who has had potential exposure to radiation (eg, from medical exposure, industrial incident, or nuclear event) and findings that are consistent with radiation exposure. […] The diagnosis of radiation injury is based on the presence of clinical findings that are consistent with the type, amount, and timing of radiation exposure, and laboratory studies (eg, serial lymphocyte counts and chromosomal aberration analysis) that support the diagnosis.

• #5 Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-evaluation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-radiation-exposure/print

  Clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation exposure […] This topic will address the clinical manifestations, evaluation, and diagnosis of acute radiation injury. […] In the absence of a known exposure, recognition of acute radiation injury requires a high degree of suspicion based on clinical findings and/or laboratory evaluation. […] Acute radiation injury should be suspected in an individual who has had potential exposure to radiation (eg, from medical exposure, industrial incident, or nuclear event) and findings that are consistent with radiation exposure. […] The diagnosis of radiation injury is based on the presence of clinical findings that are consistent with the type, amount, and timing of radiation exposure, and laboratory studies (eg, serial lymphocyte counts and chromosomal aberration analysis) that support the diagnosis.

• #6 Radiation sickness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377061

  When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive. […] Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes: […] The time between radiation exposure and when vomiting starts is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before vomiting starts, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose. […] Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and unusual changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.

• #7 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Radiation sickness | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20377044

  When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive. […] Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes: […] The time between radiation exposure and when vomiting starts is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before vomiting starts, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose. […] Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and unusual changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.

• #8 Radiation sickness

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/r/radiation-sickness2/?section=Symptoms

  Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes: Known exposure. Details about distance from the source of radiation and duration of exposure can help provide a rough estimate of the severity of radiation sickness. […] Vomiting and other symptoms. The time between radiation exposure and the onset of vomiting is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before the onset of this sign, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other signs and symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose. […] Blood tests. Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and abnormal changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.

• #9 Radiation Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441931/

  Prolonged or significant exposure to ionizing radiation can result in acute radiation syndrome. The proper care of acute radiation syndrome requires planning at the governmental, local, and clinical levels to ensure that exposure to radiation is limited and that individuals with acute radiation syndrome are identified and treated appropriately. This activity reviews the presentation, evaluation, and management of acute radiation syndrome and stresses the role of an interprofessional team approach to care for affected patients. […] The initial care of a patient with acute radiation syndrome is based on getting the best history possible. The location, dose, and injuries sustained will make the triage of the patient easier. Record if and when a patient had any vomiting or nausea after the exposure. Vomiting is one of the earliest signs of radiation exposure. A complete physical exam must be performed. At this time, it would be a good idea to take mouth and nostril swabs to be sent for radiation testing.

• #10 Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians | Radiation Emergencies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

  If a patient is known to have been or suspected of having been exposed to a large radiation dose, draw blood for CBC analysis with special attention to the lymphocyte count, every 2 to 3 hours during the first 8 hours after exposure (and every 4 to 6 hours for the next 2 days). […] If no radiation exposure is initially suspected, you may consider ARS in the differential diagnosis if a history exists of nausea and vomiting that is unexplained by other causes. Other indications are bleeding, epilation, or white blood count (WBC) and platelet counts abnormally low a few days or weeks after unexplained nausea and vomiting. […] Treat vomiting, and repeat CBC analysis, with special attention to the lymphocyte count, every 2 to 3 hours for the first 8 to 12 hours following exposure (and every 4 to 6 hours for the following 2 or 3 days).

• #11 Radiation Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441931/

  All patients with nuclear or radiation exposure should have a baseline complete blood cell count (CBC) with a differential, blood type and screen, and electrolytes. A CBC should be repeated every 6 to 12 hours so as to be able to monitor the white cell count depletion if any. Lymphocyte depletion kinetics are the best predictor of radiation exposure and clinical outcome. […] Management of acute radiation syndrome is best done by a team of healthcare professionals. When a patient presents with acute radiation exposure, the first thing is to determine the source and, secondly, the protection of other workers. Most hospitals have protocols for the management of radiation exposure. The best source of information is the nuclear medicine department.

• #12 Acute radiation syndrome – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome

  Also called radiation poisoning, radiation toxicity, or radiation sickness. […] Acute illness caused by exposure to high doses (at least 1 Gy) of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. […] Healthcare providers should use isolation precautions and decontamination procedures. […] Clinical diagnosis, based on history and physical. […] Absolute lymphocyte count is the best prognosticator at 48hrs post-exposure (1500 is abnormal and indicates a significant exposure).

• #13 Radiation Exposure and Contamination – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/radiation-exposure-and-contamination/radiation-exposure-and-contamination

  Diagnosis is by history of exposure, symptoms and signs, and laboratory testing. The onset, time course, and severity of symptoms can help determine radiation dose and thus also help triage patients relative to their likely consequences. […] The relationship between dose and lymphocyte counts can be altered by physical trauma, which can shift lymphocytes from the interstitial spaces into the vasculature, raising the lymphocyte count. […] The CBC is repeated weekly to monitor bone marrow activity and as needed based on the clinical course.

• #13 Radiation Exposure and Contamination – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/radiation-exposure-and-contamination/radiation-exposure-and-contamination

  Diagnosis is by history of exposure, symptoms and signs, and sometimes use of radiation detection equipment to localize and identify radionuclide contamination. […] Diagnosis is by history of exposure, symptoms and signs, and laboratory testing. The onset, time course, and severity of symptoms can help determine radiation dose and thus also help triage patients relative to their likely consequences. […] After acute radiation exposure, complete blood count (CBC) with differential and calculation of absolute lymphocyte count is done and repeated 24, 48, and 72 hours after exposure to estimate the initial radiation dose and prognosis. […] When contamination is suspected, the entire body should be surveyed with a thin window Geiger-Muller probe attached to a survey meter (Geiger counter) to identify the location and extent of external contamination.

• #14 Radiation sickness – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377061

  A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person. […] A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness. […] Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

• #15 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Radiation sickness | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20377044

  A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person. […] A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness.

• #16 Radiation sickness

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/r/radiation-sickness2/?section=Symptoms

  Dosimeter. A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person. […] Survey meter. A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to survey people to determine the body location of radioactive particles. […] Type of radiation. A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness.

• #17 Potential new method for rapid diagnosis of radiation sickness

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7392597/

  Radiation sickness, or acute radiation syndrome, might now be identified within hours of radiation exposure using a new finger-stick blood test developed by researchers. […] In an attempt to create the first-in-human approved biodosimetry assay for the estimation of absorbed ionising radiation dose, Marshleen Yadav and colleagues at The Ohio State University (Columbus, OH, USA) identified a pair of microRNA molecules in the blood that can be used to determine the degree of radiation exposure and assess whether or not toxicity has occurred. […] This breakthrough diagnostic method offers a promising alternative to the standard dicentric chromosome assay, which looks for signs of DNA damage caused by radiation and can take several days to produce results. […] Because individuals who have been exposed to toxic amounts of radiation require urgent and aggressive treatment, and because the period immediately after exposure is the most important in terms of the identification and triaging of patients, this accelerated diagnosis from a few days to only a few hours has the potential to substantially improve individual prognosis and save lives.

• #18 Single Drop of Blood Could Help Rapidly Detect Radiation Sickness | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/single-drop-of-blood-could-help-rapidly-detect-radiation-sickness-23315

  A new proof-of-concept study reports evidence that a new testing method has the potential to rapidly identify radiation sickness based on biomarkers measured through a single drop of blood. […] The current diagnostic test a dicentric chromosome assay requires three to four days to get results. […] This new test uses a single drop of blood collected from a simple finger prick and results are ready in a few hours. […] Comparing these two molecular measures allows scientists to quantify the actual radiation dose absorbed, and therefore the overall exposure risk. […] With additional research, this new testing method could potentially help oncologists measure in real time absorbed radiation and intervene before radiation sickness occurs.

• #19 Test reveals radiation sickness in hours via a single drop of blood

  https://newatlas.com/medical/radiation-sickness-test-blood/

  A new diagnostic tool developed by scientists at Ohio State University promises to drastically reduce the time needed to detect radiation sickness, by measuring a pair of key biomarkers in just a single drop of blood. With the results ready in just a few hours, the technology could be of great aid for health workers responding to disasters such as Chernobyl, by allowing them quickly identify the patients who need immediate treatment. […] Determining the degree of radiation exposure is vital to triaging patient treatments, though this currently takes three to four days through what is known as a dicentric chromosome assay. […] This new test uses a single drop of blood collected from a simple finger prick and results are ready in a few hours, says Naduparambil K. Jacob, study author. It is rapid, scalable and can serve as a point-of-care-type diagnostic tool for real-time evaluation to screen a large number of individuals in a short time. […] With additional research, this new testing method could potentially help oncologists measure in real time absorbed radiation and intervene before radiation sickness occurs.

• #20 Radiation Sickness: Facts, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/radiation-sickness-facts

  Radiation sickness happens when a large dose of high-energy radiation goes through your body and reaches your internal organs. […] Symptoms of radiation sickness show up when you’re exposed to levels of more than 500 millisieverts (mSv), or half a sievert. […] The most common early symptoms of radiation sickness are the same as for many other illnesses — nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] If you have these symptoms after a radiation emergency, you should seek medical help as soon as it’s safe to do so. […] Radiation damages your stomach and intestines, blood vessels, and bone marrow, which makes blood cells. […] Most people who die from radiation sickness are killed by infections or internal bleeding. […] Recovery from radiation sickness can take up to 2 years.

• #21 Radiation Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/radiation-poisoning

  Radiation poisoning happens when you’re exposed to extremely high radiation levels, like those caused by a nuclear explosion. Early symptoms include nausea and vomiting. Later, it causes organ damage. […] Radiation poisoning is a term commonly used to refer to acute radiation syndrome, the sickness that occurs after you’re exposed to toxic levels of radiation. […] The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements defines acute radiation syndrome as a broad term describing the signs and symptoms of severe damage to your organ systems after significant radiation exposure. […] Radiation poisoning becomes more likely and more severe at higher radiation doses. […] Scientists measure the amount of radiation absorbed by a person with two units called Gray (Gy) and rads. A radiation dose of more than 0.7 Gy, or 70 rads, can cause radiation poisoning.

• #22 Radiation Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/radiation-poisoning

  Mild symptoms of radiation poisoning can start at absorption rates as low as 0.3 Gy, or 30 rads. […] Overall, radiation poisoning doesn’t happen unless: The radiation reaches your internal organs. A large amount of your body is exposed. The dose is delivered in a short period, usually within minutes. […] Radiation poisoning develops in four stages: Prodromal stage: Symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, or diarrhea can appear within minutes to days after exposure. Latent stage: Your symptoms subside during the latent phase, and you generally look and feel healthy for hours to weeks. Manifest illness stage: Your symptoms develop again in the manifest illness stage. The symptoms depend on which of your organ systems is damaged. Recovery or death: Your recovery process can last several weeks to up to 2 years. Most people die if they don’t recover within several months.

• #23 Radiation Poisoning: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/radiation-poisoning

  Symptoms of radiation poisoning often develop shortly after exposure and can include: nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, bleeding, hair loss, swelling, itching, skin redness, other skin problems. […] There are three classic syndromes linked to radiation poisoning. A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that occur together. […] The three syndromes that appear during the manifest illness stage include: Bone marrow syndrome: Bone marrow syndrome is characterized by the destruction of cells in your bone marrow. It usually occurs after exposure to 0.7 to 10 Gy, but mild symptoms can start at 0.3 Gy. Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome: GI syndrome usually occurs at doses of more than 10 Gy, but some symptoms might appear at 6 Gy. It’s characterized by the destruction of your GI tract, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. Survival from this syndrome is unlikely. Cardiovascular and central nervous syndrome: This syndrome usually occurs at doses of more than 50 Gy but can sometimes occur at doses as low as 20 Gy. Death occurs within 3 days, often due to the destruction of your circulatory system.

• #24 Radiation Sickness Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/radiation-sickness/4545

  Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Radiation sickness results when humans (or other animals) are exposed to very large doses of ionizing radiation. […] The severity of symptoms and illness (acute radiation sickness) depends on the type and amount of radiation, how long you were exposed, and which part of the body was exposed. Symptoms of radiation sickness may occur right after exposure, or over the next few days, weeks, or months. […] Because it is difficult to determine the amount of radiation exposure from nuclear accidents, the best signs of the severity of the exposure are: the length of time between the exposure and the onset of symptoms, the severity of symptoms, and severity of changes in white blood cells. […] Children who receive radiation treatments or who are accidentally exposed to radiation will be treated based on their symptoms and their blood cell counts. Frequent blood studies are necessary and require a small puncture through the skin into a vein to obtain blood samples.

• #25 Radiation sickness: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000026.htm

  Radiation sickness is illness and symptoms resulting from excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. […] Radiation sickness results when humans (or other animals) are exposed to very large doses of ionizing radiation. […] Radiation exposure can occur as a single large exposure (acute). Or it can occur as a series of small exposures spread over time (chronic). Exposure may be accidental or intentional (as in radiation therapy for disease treatment). […] Radiation sickness is generally associated with acute exposure and has a characteristic set of symptoms that appear in an orderly fashion. […] The severity of symptoms and illness (acute radiation sickness) depends on the type and amount of radiation, how long you were exposed, and which part of the body was exposed. […] Because it is difficult to determine the amount of radiation exposure from nuclear accidents, the best signs of the severity of the exposure are: the length of time between the exposure and the onset of symptoms, the severity of symptoms, and severity of changes in white blood cells. […] Children who receive radiation treatments or who are accidentally exposed to radiation will be treated based on their symptoms and their blood cell counts. Frequent blood studies are necessary and require a small puncture through the skin into a vein to obtain blood samples.

• #26 Diagnosis of Chronic Radiation Syndrome | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/diagnosis-of-chronic-radiation-syndrome/

  A typical example of problems a physician has to deal with is a combined effect of IR and non-radiation factors. […] The procedures of differential diagnosis should allow the physician to reject any possible diseases with similar clinical symptoms. […] The most important hematological features of CRS include leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia, a differential diagnosis is needed to exclude a large group of congenital and acquired conditions, characterized by similar changes in the blood.

• #27 Diagnosis of Chronic Radiation Syndrome | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/diagnosis-of-chronic-radiation-syndrome/

  Diagnosing CRS is often a complicated task, especially when no data on the individual organ doses are available. […] The major criterion of the CRS is a clear-cut dependence of the dynamics of the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and thrombocytes in the peripheral blood on the dose rate to RBM, and in case of a long-term exposure on annual dose rates to RBM. […] In diagnosing CRS it is necessary to take a due account of the long-term influence of non-radiation factors (chemicals, stress, etc.) and to make differential diagnosis with a large group of diseases that have clinical manifestations similar to those of the CRS (hematological diseases, diseases of the nervous system, infectious diseases, etc.). […] The diagnosis of CRS is made on the basis of patients clinical symptoms and findings of laboratory investigations characteristic of the syndrome (changes in the hematopoietic, nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems and digestive organs) and also taking into account the dosimetry data.

• #28 Diagnosis of Chronic Radiation Syndrome | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/diagnosis-of-chronic-radiation-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of CRS should only be made by qualified experts with an in-depth knowledge of the clinical picture of CRS and an adequate experience in radiation medicine. […] The diagnosis of CRS can only be made in retrospect on the basis of the results of a more or less prolonged medical supervision of the patients critical systems (hematopoietic, nervous, etc.) involving a comparison of the dynamics of the changes observed with the changes in the dose rate to the organ of interest, the mandatory analysis of the dose threshold, latency period, concomitant diseases, and non-radiation factors. […] The estimation of individual exposure doses is of special diagnostic value. […] The latency period of the CRS development is rather long which is influenced by the sufficient enough capacities of cells, tissues, and organ systems for recovery and compensation of the radiation damage to cells and tissues induced by a low dose rate exposure.

• #29 Radiation in Healthcare: Imaging Procedures | Radiation and Your Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-health/features/imaging-procedures.html

  Ionizing radiation is used in healthcare procedures to help providers find causes of symptoms (diagnostics) and to manage or treat health conditions. […] Healthcare providers can use these images for diagnostics, finding out what is causing your health problem, or sometimes to guide treatment. […] Healthcare providers use medical imaging procedures for diagnostics, finding out what is causing a health problem, or to guide treatment.

• #30 Radiation basics for effective medical diagnosis and treatment | IAEA

  https://www.iaea.org/topics/radiation-basics

  Ionizing radiation can penetrate solid objects deeply. This characteristic is the basis for diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy. […] When this process is applied in medicine, in a specialised field called diagnostic radiology, it provides images of the internal structures of the human body with minimal intervention. […] In nuclear medicine, medical practitioners inject patients with a radioactive substance that accumulates in a targeted part of the body. By detecting the radiation exiting the body they can draw conclusions about the physiological functions of the anatomy.

• #31 Radioisotopes in Medicine – World Nuclear Association

  https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-medicine

  Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person’s specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures using radioisotopes are now routine. […] There is widespread awareness of the use of radiation and radioisotopes in medicine, particularly for diagnosis (identification) and therapy (treatment) of various medical conditions. […] Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person’s specific organs, or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a quick diagnosis of the patient’s illness. […] Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. […] The most common radioisotope used in diagnosis is technetium-99 (Tc-99m) accounting for about 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures and 85% of diagnostic scans in nuclear medicine worldwide.

• #32 Radioisotopes in Medicine – World Nuclear Association

  https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-medicine

  Radioisotopes are an essential part of medical diagnostic procedures. In combination with imaging devices which register the gamma rays emitted from within, they can be used for imaging to study the dynamic processes taking place in various parts of the body. […] In using radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis, a radioactive dose is given to the patient and the activity in the organ can then be studied either as a two dimensional picture or, using tomography, as a three dimensional picture. […] Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine use radioactive tracers which emit gamma rays from within the body. […] The camera builds up an image from the points from which radiation is emitted; this image is enhanced by a computer and viewed on a monitor for indications of abnormal conditions. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) is the current major scanning technology to diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions.

• #33 Radioisotopes in Medicine – World Nuclear Association

  https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-medicine

  A more recent development is positron emission tomography (PET) which is a more precise and sophisticated technique using isotopes produced in a cyclotron. […] PET’s most important clinical role is in oncology, with fluorine-18 as the tracer, since it has proven to be the most accurate non-invasive method of detecting and evaluating most cancers. […] New procedures combine PET with computed X-ray tomography (CT) scans to give co-registration of the two images (PET-CT), enabling 30% better diagnosis than with a traditional gamma camera alone. […] Positioning of the radiation source within (rather than external to) the body is the fundamental difference between nuclear medicine imaging and other imaging techniques such as X-rays. […] Organ malfunction can be indicated if the isotope is either partially taken up in the organ (cold spot), or taken up in excess (hot spot).

• #34 Radiation Sickness: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Care.

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/radiation-sickness/

  Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective management. […] A detailed medical history and thorough physical examination are the first steps in diagnosing radiation sickness. […] Blood tests can help assess the extent of bone marrow damage by measuring white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelet counts. […] Dosimetry involves measuring the absorbed radiation dose, which can aid in determining the severity of exposure and guiding treatment plans. […] Diagnosis involves assessing exposure history and clinical symptoms.

• #35 How to Manage Radiation Poisoning?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/radiology/radiation-poisoning

  Radiation poisoning can be diagnosed in the following ways: […] Blood Tests – The doctor does regular blood tests frequently to detect the DNA changes and radiation particles in the white blood cells. […] Dosimeters – It is a device used to measure the absorbed radiation dose. […] Symptoms – Vomiting helps to detect exposure levels, and the shorter the time between exposure and onset of vomiting, the higher the radiation dose exposure. […] Known Exposure – The duration and distance of exposure to a person can diagnose the severity of radiation poisoning. […] Type of Radiation – Identifying the type of radiation exposure or radioactive in accidental or attack situations can help treat the person better for radiation poisoning.

• #36 Understanding Radiation Sickness: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome – Raybloc X-ray Protection

  https://raybloc.com/radiation-sickness/

  Radiation sickness, also known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS), is a serious condition resulting from a high dose of ionising radiation in a short period of time. […] Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments of ARS is crucial for effective disease control and prevention. […] The diagnosis of ARS is a critical first step and involves a detailed assessment of symptoms, a thorough history of exposure, and various diagnostic tests. Blood tests are particularly crucial, as they can reveal the extent of damage to the bone marrow and other organs. Clinicians may also use dosimetry and radiation survey meters to ascertain the level of exposure, aiding in determining the appropriate course of treatment.

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