Choroba parkinsona
Epidemiologia

Choroba Parkinsona (PD) jest drugą najczęstszą chorobą neurodegeneracyjną, z globalną częstością występowania około 1,51 na 1000 osób w 2023 roku, dotykając ponad 8,5 miliona osób w 2019 roku i przewidywanym wzrostem do 25,2 miliona do 2050 roku. Zapadalność roczna w USA wynosi około 90 000 nowych przypadków, z wyższą częstością w regionach Midwest, Południa i obszarach rolniczych, co może wiązać się z ekspozycją na pestycydy i herbicydy. Wiek jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka – choroba występuje 40 razy częściej u osób w wieku 80 lat niż u osób w wieku 40-49 lat, a mężczyźni są 1,5 raza bardziej narażeni niż kobiety. Różnice etniczne wskazują na niższą zapadalność u osób pochodzenia azjatyckiego i czarnoskórych w porównaniu z białymi i Latynosami. Czynniki środowiskowe, takie jak ekspozycja na paraquat, heptachlor i rotenon, oraz czynniki genetyczne, w tym mutacje genu LRRK2, odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie PD.

  1. Epidemiologia choroby Parkinsona – globalne dane i tendencje
    1. Regionalne zróżnicowanie w występowaniu choroby Parkinsona
    2. Czynniki demograficzne wpływające na epidemiologię choroby Parkinsona
  2. <a href="#zapadalnosc-a-rozpowszechnienie-choroby-parkinsona”>Zapadalność a rozpowszechnienie choroby Parkinsona
    1. Tendencje czasowe w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona
  3. Czynniki ryzyka i ochronne w chorobie Parkinsona
  4. Wczesne objawy i biomarkery w nadzorze epidemiologicznym choroby Parkinsona
    1. Systemy nadzoru w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona
  5. Wyzwania w diagnostyce i dostępie do opieki w chorobie Parkinsona
    1. Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i przyszłych badań
  6. Wpływ demografii na wzorce epidemiologiczne choroby Parkinsona
    1. Wpływ wieku na chorobę Parkinsona
    2. Różnice związane z płcią w chorobie Parkinsona
    3. Zróżnicowanie etniczne w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona
    4. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia choroby Parkinsona – globalne dane i tendencje

Choroba Parkinsona (PD) jest drugą co do częstości występowania chorobą neurodegeneracyjną po chorobie Alzheimera i obecnie najszybciej rozwijającą się pod względem całkowitej liczby przypadków.1 Globalne szacunki z 2019 roku wskazywały na ponad 8,5 miliona osób z chorobą Parkinsona.2 W tym samym roku choroba ta spowodowała 5,8 miliona lat życia skorygowanych niepełnosprawnością (DALY), co stanowi wzrost o 81% od 2000 roku, oraz 329 000 zgonów, co oznacza wzrost o ponad 100% od 2000 roku.3

Częstość występowania choroby Parkinsona na świecie wynosi około 1-2 na 1000 osób w populacji ogólnej w danym momencie.4 Według danych z 2023 roku, globalna częstość występowania szacowana była na 1,51 przypadku na 1000 osób.5 Przewiduje się, że liczba osób żyjących z chorobą Parkinsona na świecie wzrośnie do 15,6 miliona w 2030 roku, 20,4 miliona w 2040 roku, a do 2050 roku osiągnie 25,2 miliona, co oznacza wzrost o 112% w porównaniu z 2021 rokiem.6

Regionalne zróżnicowanie w występowaniu choroby Parkinsona

Występowanie choroby Parkinsona wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie geograficzne. W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że około 1,1 miliona osób żyje z chorobą Parkinsona, a liczba ta ma wzrosnąć do 1,2 miliona do 2030 roku.7 W Europie i Ameryce Północnej częstość występowania jest wyższa niż w Afryce, choć podobna do tej w Ameryce Łacińskiej.8 Przewiduje się, że do 2030 roku Chiny będą miały prawie połowę światowej populacji osób z chorobą Parkinsona.9

W Stanach Zjednoczonych zaobserwowano wyższą częstość występowania choroby Parkinsona w regionach Środkowego Zachodu, Południa oraz w niektórych regionach rolniczych, które zbiorczo określono jako „pas PD” (PD belt).10 Związek między zamieszkiwaniem obszarów wiejskich a chorobą Parkinsona może być spowodowany czynnikami środowiskowymi, takimi jak herbicydy, pestycydy i odpady przemysłowe.1112

Badania wykazały również różnice w częstości występowania choroby Parkinsona w zależności od grupy etnicznej. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w USA stwierdzono, że u Amerykanów pochodzenia azjatyckiego i czarnoskórych choroba Parkinsona rozwija się z połową częstotliwości w porównaniu z białymi i Latynosami.13

Czynniki demograficzne wpływające na epidemiologię choroby Parkinsona

Wiek jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju choroby Parkinsona.1415 Choroba ta dotyka 1% populacji powyżej 60 roku życia.1617 W metaanalizie danych dotyczących światowej częstości występowania stwierdzono, że choroba Parkinsona występuje 40 razy częściej w populacjach w wieku 80 lat niż w populacjach w wieku 40-49 lat.18

Płeć również odgrywa rolę w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona. Mężczyźni są 1,5 raza bardziej narażeni na rozwój choroby Parkinsona niż kobiety.1920 Stosunek mężczyzn do kobiet chorujących na chorobę Parkinsona zwiększa się wraz z wiekiem, co sugeruje, że płeć biologiczna jest wewnętrznym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju tej choroby.21 W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Norwegii stosunek częstości występowania u mężczyzn do kobiet wynosił 1,5 we wszystkich grupach wiekowych, podczas gdy stosunek zapadalności wzrastał wraz z wiekiem, od 1,4 u osób w wieku 60 lat do 2,03 u osób w wieku 90 lat.22

rozpowszechnienie-choroby-parkinsona”>Zapadalność a rozpowszechnienie choroby Parkinsona

Zapadalność (liczba nowych przypadków w określonym czasie) na chorobę Parkinsona wzrasta wraz z wiekiem i jest wyższa u mężczyzn.23 W Stanach Zjednoczonych co roku diagnozuje się około 90 000 nowych przypadków choroby Parkinsona, co stanowi wzrost o 50% w porównaniu z wcześniejszymi szacunkami wynoszącymi 60 000 rozpoznań rocznie.2425

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w pięciu kohortach epidemiologicznych w Ameryce Północnej szacunki zapadalności skorygowane względem wieku i płci wahały się od 108 do 212 na 100 000 osób w wieku 65 lat i starszych oraz od 47 do 77 na 100 000 osób w wieku 45 lat i starszych.26 Ustalono zakres całkowitej liczby nowych rozpoznań choroby Parkinsona w Ameryce Północnej na około 60 000 do 95 000 wśród dorosłych w wieku 45 lat i starszych.27

Rozpowszechnienie (całkowita liczba przypadków w populacji w danym momencie) choroby Parkinsona również różni się znacznie w zależności od regionu i populacji. W regionie siedmiu głównych rynków (7MM: USA, Francja, Niemcy, Włochy, Hiszpania, Wielka Brytania i Japonia) w 2023 roku było 2 636 930 zdiagnozowanych przypadków choroby Parkinsona.28 Stany Zjednoczone odpowiadały za najwyższy odsetek zdiagnozowanych przypadków w tych krajach.29

Tendencje czasowe w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona

Częstość występowania choroby Parkinsona na świecie podwoiła się w ciągu ostatnich 25 lat.30 Liczba przypadków wzrosła o 74% w latach 1990-2016.31 Ten wzrost może być spowodowany różnymi czynnikami globalnymi, w tym wydłużeniem oczekiwanej długości życia, zwiększoną industrializacją i zmniejszonym paleniem tytoniu.32

Według analizy dekompozycji, starzenie się populacji będzie głównym czynnikiem przyczyniającym się do wzrostu liczby przypadków choroby Parkinsona w latach 2021-2050 na całym świecie i we wszystkich regionach o różnym poziomie rozwoju społeczno-demograficznego.33 Jednak badanie przeprowadzone w Norwegii wskazuje, że wcześniej raportowany wzrost częstości występowania choroby Parkinsona nie może być wyjaśniony jedynie globalnym starzeniem się populacji, ponieważ wzrost ten występuje we wszystkich grupach wiekowych.34

Czynniki ryzyka i ochronne w chorobie Parkinsona

Przyczyna choroby Parkinsona jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje zarówno czynniki genetyczne, jak i środowiskowe.35 Chociaż genetyka jest jedynym czynnikiem w mniejszości przypadków, większość przypadków choroby Parkinsona jest prawdopodobnie wynikiem interakcji genów i środowiska.36 Badania bliźniąt wykazały, że dziedziczność choroby Parkinsona wynosi zaledwie 30%.37

Zidentyfikowano szereg czynników ryzyka środowiskowego, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju choroby Parkinsona, w tym:

W szczególności paraquat, heptachlor i rotenon są związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem choroby Parkinsona.44 Paraquat może zwiększać to ryzyko nawet o 200-600% w zależności od poziomu i czasu trwania ekspozycji.45

Zidentyfikowano również czynniki ochronne, które mogą zmniejszać ryzyko rozwoju choroby Parkinsona, w tym:

  • Aktywność fizyczna46
  • Skłonność do palenia tytoniu47

Jednak określenie związków przyczynowych jest skomplikowane przez długi okres prodromalny choroby Parkinsona.48

Wczesne objawy i biomarkery w nadzorze epidemiologicznym choroby Parkinsona

Rozpoznanie wczesnych objawów choroby Parkinsona ma kluczowe znaczenie dla skutecznego nadzoru epidemiologicznego. Niespecyficzne objawy pozaruchowe mogą poprzedzać klasyczne objawy ruchowe o 10-20 lat.4950 Te wczesne objawy mogą sygnalizować zmiany w mózgu, które mogą prowadzić do późniejszej diagnozy.51

Ostatnie badania wskazują na związek między spożyciem wysoko przetworzonych pokarmów a wczesnymi objawami choroby Parkinsona. Badanie opublikowane w czasopiśmie Neurology wykazało, że osoby, które spożywały najwięcej wysoko przetworzonych pokarmów, miały około 2,5 raza większe prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia co najmniej trzech wczesnych objawów choroby Parkinsona w porównaniu z osobami, które spożywały ich najmniej.5253

Opracowywane są również innowacyjne metody diagnostyczne do wykrywania wczesnych objawów choroby Parkinsona. Przykładowo, „inteligentne” wkładki do butów monitorujące sposób chodzenia, biegania i stania mogą wykrywać wczesne nieprawidłowości związane z chorobami neurologicznymi, w tym chorobą Parkinsona.54

Systemy nadzoru w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona

W celu lepszego zrozumienia epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona i poprawy planowania opieki zdrowotnej wiele krajów wprowadziło specjalne systemy nadzoru:

Wyzwania w diagnostyce i dostępie do opieki w chorobie Parkinsona

Pomimo postępów w zrozumieniu epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona, nadal istnieją znaczące wyzwania w zakresie diagnostyki i dostępu do opieki, szczególnie w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie:

  • Badania populacyjne wykazały, że około 20% pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona już leczonych nie zostało jeszcze zdiagnozowanych, podczas gdy około 15% pacjentów zdiagnozowanych w społeczności nie zna kryteriów, które są mocne dla diagnozy tej choroby.59
  • W regionie Afryki Subsaharyjskiej brak neurologów i specjalistów od zaburzeń ruchu utrudnia właściwą diagnozę i leczenie pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona.60 Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia w Afryce jest 0,03 neurologa na 100 000 mieszkańców w porównaniu do 0,07 w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej i 4,84 na 100 000 mieszkańców w Europie.61
  • Leki na chorobę Parkinsona są dostępne tylko w 12,5% Afryki, głównie w Afryce Północnej i Południowej, w porównaniu do 79,1% w Europie.62

Literatura sugeruje, że nawet gdy pacjenci mogą być zdiagnozowani z chorobą Parkinsona, leczenie jest nieregularne lub nie istnieje, monitorowanie jest ograniczone, ludzie uciekają się do lokalnych tradycyjnych uzdrowicieli w celu leczenia, a multidyscyplinarny personel jest rzadko dostępny.63

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego i przyszłych badań

Wzrost liczby osób zdiagnozowanych i żyjących z chorobą Parkinsona podkreśla potrzebę, aby decydenci stanęli w obliczu rosnącego obciążenia usług klinicznych, a także potrzebę zapewnienia dodatkowego finansowania badań, które mogą prowadzić do ulepszonych terapii, jeśli nie całkowitego wyleczenia.64

Po ustanowieniu strategii zdrowia publicznego zapobiegających chorobom układu krążenia i niektórym nowotworom, przewlekłe choroby neurodegeneracyjne, takie jak choroba Parkinsona i demencja, zyskują zasłużenie wyższy priorytet.65 Przyszłe współprace międzynarodowe będą wymagane do triangulacji dowodów z badań podstawowych, stosowanych i epidemiologicznych, zwiększając w ten sposób zrozumienie i zapobieganie chorobie Parkinsona na poziomie globalnym.66

Konieczne są wysiłki mające na celu zwiększenie liczby programów szkoleniowych dla edukacji opiekunów, pacjentów i specjalistów zajmujących się chorobą Parkinsona w celu podniesienia świadomości i zapewnienia lepszej opieki zdrowotnej oraz dostępu do leków i możliwości leczenia.67

Region Częstość występowania Zapadalność (rocznie) Uwagi
Stany Zjednoczone 1,1 miliona osób (2023)
1,2 miliona do 2030 r.		 90 000 nowych przypadków Wyższa częstość występowania w regionach Midwest, Południe i obszarach rolniczych
Europa i Wielka Brytania 1,185,570 zdiagnozowanych przypadków (2022) w EU4 i UK Różni się w zależności od kraju Niemcy mają najwyższą liczbę przypadków wśród EU4 i Wielkiej Brytanii
Japonia 8% zdiagnozowanych przypadków w 7MM (2022) Dane niedostępne Wyższa liczba przypadków u mężczyzn niż u kobiet
Afryka Subsaharyjska Od 7/100 000 w Etiopii do 67/100 000 w Nigerii Dane niedostępne Niska częstość występowania może wynikać z ograniczonego dostępu do opieki zdrowotnej
Nowa Zelandia 11 000 w 2018 r., 13 000 w 2023 r., 14 000 do 2025 r. 31 nowych przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie (2013) Przewiduje się wzrost do 20 000 do 2040 r.
Kanada 84 000 osób w wieku 40+ (2013-2014) 10 000 nowych diagnoz rocznie (55,1 na 100 000) Przewiduje się podwojenie liczby przypadków między 2011 a 2031 r.
Australia Ponad 150 000 osób 50 Australijczyków diagnozowanych dziennie Ponad 1 100 Australijczyków poniżej 65 roku życia rozwija wczesny początek rocznie
Wielka Brytania Około 153 000 osób 18 000 nowych diagnoz rocznie (2 na godzinę) Przewiduje się wzrost do około 172 000 osób do 2030 r.

Wpływ demografii na wzorce epidemiologiczne choroby Parkinsona

Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują, że choroba Parkinsona dotyka różne grupy demograficzne w różny sposób:

Wpływ wieku na chorobę Parkinsona

Wiek pozostaje najsilniejszym czynnikiem predykcyjnym rozwoju choroby Parkinsona. Zarówno zapadalność, jak i częstość występowania choroby Parkinsona znacznie różnią się w różnych grupach wiekowych:

  • Choroba Parkinsona jest mniej powszechna przed 50 rokiem życia i wzrasta stopniowo wraz z wiekiem, osiągając szczyt w dziewiątej dekadzie życia.68
  • Szacuje się, że 4% osób z chorobą Parkinsona jest diagnozowanych przed 50 rokiem życia.69
  • W Kanadzie, porównując szacunki wśród Kanadyjczyków w wieku 85 lat i starszych z tymi w wieku 40-44 lata, częstość występowania choroby była 169 razy wyższa w starszej grupie wiekowej (2,0% vs. 0,01%), podczas gdy zapadalność była 48 razy wyższa w starszej grupie wiekowej (171,5 na 100 000 populacji vs. 3,6 na 100 000 populacji).70

Różnice związane z płcią w chorobie Parkinsona

Choroba Parkinsona występuje częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet:

  • Mężczyźni są 1,5 raza bardziej narażeni na rozwój choroby Parkinsona niż kobiety.71
  • W Wielkiej Brytanii mężczyźni w wieku 50-89 lat mają 1,4 raza większe prawdopodobieństwo zdiagnozowania choroby Parkinsona niż kobiety. Około 83 100 mężczyzn i 60 200 kobiet w Wielkiej Brytanii w wieku 50-89 lat ma chorobę Parkinsona.72
  • W modelu epidemiologicznym dla choroby Parkinsona szacuje się, że w USA w 2022 roku było około 660 458 przypadków u mężczyzn i 491 736 przypadków u kobiet.73

Zróżnicowanie etniczne w epidemiologii choroby Parkinsona

W obrębie krajów wydają się istnieć różnice etniczne w ryzyku choroby Parkinsona, chociaż różnice te mogą odzwierciedlać zróżnicowany dostęp do opieki zdrowotnej:74

  • Największe badanie epidemiologiczne choroby Parkinsona w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazało, że choroba ta dwa razy częściej dotyka białych i Latynosów niż czarnoskórych i Azjatów.75
  • Częstość występowania i zapadalność na chorobę Parkinsona różni się w głównych grupach etnicznych reprezentowanych w populacji Nowej Zelandii.76

Zrozumienie pochodzenia tych różnic demograficznych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla poprawy diagnostyki, leczenia i ostatecznie znalezienia skutecznych strategii zapobiegania chorobie Parkinsona.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease
    Globally, disability and death due to PD are rapidly increasing. […] The prevalence of PD has doubled in the past 25 years. Global estimates in 2019 showed over 8.5 million individuals with PD. Current estimates suggest that, in 2019, PD resulted in 5.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs), an increase of 81% since 2000, and caused 329 000 deaths, an increase of over 100% since 2000.
  • #3
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease
    Globally, disability and death due to PD are rapidly increasing. […] The prevalence of PD has doubled in the past 25 years. Global estimates in 2019 showed over 8.5 million individuals with PD. Current estimates suggest that, in 2019, PD resulted in 5.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs), an increase of 81% since 2000, and caused 329 000 deaths, an increase of over 100% since 2000.
  • #4 Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150045/
    Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects 1-2 per 1000 of the population at any time. PD prevalence is increasing with age and PD affects 1% of the population above 60 years. […] Several environmental factors are associated with increased risk of PD. […] Revised diagnostic criteria are expected to improve the clinicians accuracy in diagnosing PD. Increasing knowledge on genetic and environmental risk factors of PD will probably elucidate the cause of this disease within the near future.
  • #5 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #6 Projections for prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj-2024-080952
    Globally, we estimated that the number of people living with Parkinson’s disease in 2050 would be 25.2 (95% uncertainty interval 21.7 to 30.1) million for all ages and both sexes combined, indicating an increase of 112% (95% uncertainty interval 71% to 152%) from 2021, with the number of cases estimated at 15.6 (13.3 to 18.6) million in 2030 and 20.4 (17.5 to 24.3) million in 2040. […] The age standardised prevalence of Parkinson’s disease was projected to be 216 (168 to 281), representing a rise of 55% (50% to 60%) from 2021. […] By 2050, the prevalence and prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease were projected to increase in all 21 Global Burden of Disease regions, with significant variations among them. […] The largest increases in number of Parkinson’s disease cases were estimated to occur in western Sub-Saharan Africa (292%, 95% uncertainty interval 266% to 362%) and eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (246%, 186% to 409%) from 2021 to 2050.
  • #7 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This number is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. […] Nearly an estimated 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with PD each year. […] More than 10 million people worldwide are estimated to be living with PD. […] The incidence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age, but an estimated 4% of people with PD are diagnosed before age 50. […] Men are 1.5 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease than women. […] A 2022 Parkinson’s Foundation-backed study revealed that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. each year. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually.
  • #8 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    Relative to Europe and North America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson’s population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia vary. Potential explanations for these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors, health care access, and life expectancy. […] Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the Midwest, the South, and agricultural regions of other states: collectively termed the „PD belt”. The association between rural residence and Parkinson’s has been hypothesized to be caused by environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
  • #9 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    Relative to Europe and North America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson’s population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia vary. Potential explanations for these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors, health care access, and life expectancy. […] Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the Midwest, the South, and agricultural regions of other states: collectively termed the „PD belt”. The association between rural residence and Parkinson’s has been hypothesized to be caused by environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
  • #10 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    Relative to Europe and North America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson’s population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia vary. Potential explanations for these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors, health care access, and life expectancy. […] Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the Midwest, the South, and agricultural regions of other states: collectively termed the „PD belt”. The association between rural residence and Parkinson’s has been hypothesized to be caused by environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
  • #11 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    Relative to Europe and North America, disease prevalence is lower in Africa but similar in Latin America. Although China is predicted to have nearly half of the global Parkinson’s population by 2030, estimates of prevalence in Asia vary. Potential explanations for these geographic differences include genetic variation, environmental factors, health care access, and life expectancy. […] Within the United States, high rates of PD have been identified in the Midwest, the South, and agricultural regions of other states: collectively termed the „PD belt”. The association between rural residence and Parkinson’s has been hypothesized to be caused by environmental factors like herbicides, pesticides, and industrial waste.
  • #12 Parkinson’s U.S. rates highest in whites, Hispanics, and Midwest, Northeast – The Source – WashU
    https://source.washu.edu/2010/01/parkinson-us-rates-highest-in-whites-hispanics-and-midwest-northeast/
    According to Willis, genetic factors explain only a small percent of cases. Environmental factors are likely more common contributors and may include prolonged exposures to herbicides and insecticides used in farming or to metals such as copper, manganese and lead. […] Willis found Asians and blacks developed Parkinson’s disease at half the rate of whites and Hispanics. […] Epidemiologists have long debated whether Parkinson’s disease is more prevalent in rural or urban areas, with some studies showing higher rates in cities and some in the countryside. Willis found the condition is more common in urban areas but concluded the comparison between the two rates offered little potential for insight into the disease. […] This was the largest descriptive epidemiological study yet to be conducted of Parkinson’s disease in the United States, and it has both given us some interesting new leads for the future research and reinforced some ideas we already had, Willis says.
  • #13 Parkinson’s U.S. rates highest in whites, Hispanics, and Midwest, Northeast – The Source – WashU
    https://source.washu.edu/2010/01/parkinson-us-rates-highest-in-whites-hispanics-and-midwest-northeast/
    According to Willis, genetic factors explain only a small percent of cases. Environmental factors are likely more common contributors and may include prolonged exposures to herbicides and insecticides used in farming or to metals such as copper, manganese and lead. […] Willis found Asians and blacks developed Parkinson’s disease at half the rate of whites and Hispanics. […] Epidemiologists have long debated whether Parkinson’s disease is more prevalent in rural or urban areas, with some studies showing higher rates in cities and some in the countryside. Willis found the condition is more common in urban areas but concluded the comparison between the two rates offered little potential for insight into the disease. […] This was the largest descriptive epidemiological study yet to be conducted of Parkinson’s disease in the United States, and it has both given us some interesting new leads for the future research and reinforced some ideas we already had, Willis says.
  • #14 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    The primary risk factor for PD is age. […] PD incidence estimates are higher in men compared to women at all ages. […] The increase in the incidence of PD aligns with the growth of an aging population. […] According to the Parkinson’s Foundation Parkinson’s Prevalence Project study published in 2018, 1.2 million people in the U.S. will be living with Parkinson’s by 2030. […] The study confirms that men are more likely to have PD than women and that the number of those diagnosed with PD increases with age, regardless of sex.
  • #15 Prevalence & Incidence | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics/prevalence-incidence
    90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with Parkinson’s every year. […] 1.2 million people with PD in the U.S. by 2030. […] A 2022 Parkinsons Foundation-led study reveals that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease every year in the U.S. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually. […] PD incidence estimates increase with age in the 65+ range. […] The primary risk factor for PD is age. […] PD incidence estimates are higher in males as compared to females at all ages. […] The increase in the incidence of PD aligns with the growth of an aging population. […] PD incidence rates are higher in certain geographic regions: the Rust Belt (parts of the northeastern and midwestern U.S. previously regulated by industrial manufacturing), Southern California, Southeastern Texas, Central Pennsylvania and Florida.
  • #16 Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150045/
    Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects 1-2 per 1000 of the population at any time. PD prevalence is increasing with age and PD affects 1% of the population above 60 years. […] Several environmental factors are associated with increased risk of PD. […] Revised diagnostic criteria are expected to improve the clinicians accuracy in diagnosing PD. Increasing knowledge on genetic and environmental risk factors of PD will probably elucidate the cause of this disease within the near future.
  • #17
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-017-1686-y
    Parkinsons disease (PD) affects 12 per 1000 of the population at any time. PD prevalence is increasing with age and PD affects 1% of the population above 60 years. […] Several environmental factors are associated with increased risk of PD. […] Revised diagnostic criteria are expected to improve the clinicians accuracy in diagnosing PD. Increasing knowledge on genetic and environmental risk factors of PD will probably elucidate the cause of this disease within the near future.
  • #18 Parkinson’s Disease – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium
    https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/parkinsons-disease-epidemiology-burden/
    The prevalence of PD increases with advancing age. In a meta-analysis of worldwide prevalence data, PD was found to be 40 times more prevalent in populations aged 80 years than in those aged 40-49 years. […] Although there is strong evidence to indicate that a person is more likely to develop PD as they become older, the effect of sex is less clear-cut. […] Life expectancy continues to grow in the worlds rapidly developing low- and middle-income (LMIC) countries. As survival rates improve, due to better economic conditions and healthcare, the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases (including PD) is expected to rise. […] Approximately 85-95% of PD cases are sporadic or idiopathic, meaning that the cause is unknown. However, the disease is known to cluster in families, with approximately 5-15% of patients reporting a family history of PD.
  • #19 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This number is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. […] Nearly an estimated 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with PD each year. […] More than 10 million people worldwide are estimated to be living with PD. […] The incidence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age, but an estimated 4% of people with PD are diagnosed before age 50. […] Men are 1.5 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease than women. […] A 2022 Parkinson’s Foundation-backed study revealed that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. each year. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually.
  • #20 Reporting on Parkinson’s: information for journalists | Parkinson’s UK
    https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/about-us/reporting-parkinsons-information-journalists
    Parkinson’s is the fastest growing neurological condition in the world, and currently there is no cure. […] In the UK, around 153,000 people are already living with Parkinsons. […] With population growth and ageing, this is likely to increase to around 172,000 people in the UK by 2030. […] Every hour, 2 more people are diagnosed. That’s the same as 18,000 people every year. […] More men than women get Parkinson’s. […] Men aged 50 to 89 are 1.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with Parkinsons than women. […] Around 83,100 men in the UK, aged 50 to 89, have Parkinsons. […] Around 60,200 women in the UK, aged 50 to 89, have Parkinsons.
  • #21 Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00410-y
    By aggregation of the available data, age and sex-stratified PD incidence estimates were derived. […] We found that Parkinson disease incidence in persons ages 65 and older ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 persons. Among persons aged 45 and older, PD incidence ranged from 47 to 77 per 100,000 persons. […] The male: female ratio for incident PD increased with age in all epidemiological cohorts in our study, consistent with the previous data that supports the hypothesis that biological sex is an intrinsic risk factor for PD. […] In this study, we estimated the incidence of Parkinson disease simultaneously across five epidemiological datasets using commonly applied diagnosis and case ascertainment methods applied to 2012 data. […] We established a range of total incident PD diagnoses in North America of approximately 60,000 to 95,000 among adults ages 45 and older. […] The growth in those diagnosed and living with PD underscores the need for policy makers to confront an increasing strain on clinical services as well as the need to provide additional funding for research that can lead to improved therapies if not an outright cure.
  • #22 A nationwide study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of Parkinson’s disease in the Norwegian population | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00280-4
    Epidemiological studies of Parkinsons disease (PD) show variable and partially conflicting findings with regard to incidence, prevalence, and mortality. […] We leveraged the Norwegian Prescription Database, a population-based registry of drug prescriptions dispensed from Norwegian pharmacies to assess the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of PD in Norway. […] PD prevalence increased over the observation period, with larger changes observed in the older age groups. Incidence and prevalence of PD increased with age, peaking at 85 years. […] The male/female prevalence ratio was 1.5 across all ages, whereas the incidence ratio increased with age, from 1.4 in those 60 years, to 2.03 among those 90 years. […] While PD mortality was generally higher than that of the general population, mortality odds ratios decreased with age, approaching 1.0 among individuals 90 years old.
  • #23 Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00410-y
    Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative condition diagnosed in North America. […] The objective of this study was thus to investigate the incidence of Parkinson disease across five epidemiological cohorts in North America in a common year, 2012. […] Our estimates of age-sex-adjusted incidence of PD ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 among persons ages 65 and older, and from 47 to 77 per 100,000 among persons ages 45 and older. […] PD incidence increased with age and was higher among males. […] Understanding the source of these variations will be important for health care policy, research, and care planning. […] Prior work has described the incidence of PD in limited populations such as isolated groups, cities, or lower population countries. […] However, PD incidence data that are multinational or derived from multiple sources are not well documented.
  • #24 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This number is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. […] Nearly an estimated 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with PD each year. […] More than 10 million people worldwide are estimated to be living with PD. […] The incidence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age, but an estimated 4% of people with PD are diagnosed before age 50. […] Men are 1.5 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease than women. […] A 2022 Parkinson’s Foundation-backed study revealed that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. each year. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually.
  • #25 Prevalence & Incidence | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics/prevalence-incidence
    90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with Parkinson’s every year. […] 1.2 million people with PD in the U.S. by 2030. […] A 2022 Parkinsons Foundation-led study reveals that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease every year in the U.S. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually. […] PD incidence estimates increase with age in the 65+ range. […] The primary risk factor for PD is age. […] PD incidence estimates are higher in males as compared to females at all ages. […] The increase in the incidence of PD aligns with the growth of an aging population. […] PD incidence rates are higher in certain geographic regions: the Rust Belt (parts of the northeastern and midwestern U.S. previously regulated by industrial manufacturing), Southern California, Southeastern Texas, Central Pennsylvania and Florida.
  • #26 Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00410-y
    Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative condition diagnosed in North America. […] The objective of this study was thus to investigate the incidence of Parkinson disease across five epidemiological cohorts in North America in a common year, 2012. […] Our estimates of age-sex-adjusted incidence of PD ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 among persons ages 65 and older, and from 47 to 77 per 100,000 among persons ages 45 and older. […] PD incidence increased with age and was higher among males. […] Understanding the source of these variations will be important for health care policy, research, and care planning. […] Prior work has described the incidence of PD in limited populations such as isolated groups, cities, or lower population countries. […] However, PD incidence data that are multinational or derived from multiple sources are not well documented.
  • #27 Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00410-y
    By aggregation of the available data, age and sex-stratified PD incidence estimates were derived. […] We found that Parkinson disease incidence in persons ages 65 and older ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 persons. Among persons aged 45 and older, PD incidence ranged from 47 to 77 per 100,000 persons. […] The male: female ratio for incident PD increased with age in all epidemiological cohorts in our study, consistent with the previous data that supports the hypothesis that biological sex is an intrinsic risk factor for PD. […] In this study, we estimated the incidence of Parkinson disease simultaneously across five epidemiological datasets using commonly applied diagnosis and case ascertainment methods applied to 2012 data. […] We established a range of total incident PD diagnoses in North America of approximately 60,000 to 95,000 among adults ages 45 and older. […] The growth in those diagnosed and living with PD underscores the need for policy makers to confront an increasing strain on clinical services as well as the need to provide additional funding for research that can lead to improved therapies if not an outright cure.
  • #28 Parkinson’s Disease Market Research Reports, Industry Insights – GlobalData
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/industry/parkinsons-disease-market/
    Discover unique market-leading data and insights into the Parkinson’s Disease market. From the latest Parkinson’s Disease industry reports and analysis to comprehensive market growth forecasts, trends and research. Browse our full list of Parkinson’s Disease market reports here. […] This report covers the 7 major markets and provides an Excel-based forecast model for the Parkinson’s Disease market through 2033. […] This report covers the 68 geographical markets and provides an Excel-based forecast model for the Parkinson’s Disease market through 2033. GlobalData estimates that drug sales for PD in 2023 were approximately $3.4 billion across the 7MM. […] In the 7MM, there were 2,636,930 diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinsons Disease in 2023. The market will register an AGR of more than 1% during 2023-2033. This increase in the cases of PD across the 7MM is primarily attributed to changes in the underlying population demographics.
  • #29 Parkinson’s Disease Epidemiology Analysis & Forecast to 2033
    https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/parkinsons-disease-epidemiology-analysis/
    In the 7MM, there were 2,636,930 diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinsons Disease in 2023. […] The Parkinsons Disease market research report provides an overview of the risk factors, comorbidities, and global and historical trends for PD in the seven major markets (7MM: the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, and Japan). […] The report features a 10-year epidemiological forecast for the diagnosed prevalent cases of PD segmented by sex and age (beginning at age 18 years and ending at ages 85 years and older). […] In 2023, the US accounted for the highest percentage of diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinsons Disease in the 7MM. […] In 2023, the diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinsons Disease in the 7MM were higher in men than women. […] To forecast the diagnosed prevalent cases of PD in the 7MM, GlobalData epidemiologists selected nationally representative, population-based studies that provided these epidemiological data.
  • #30
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease
    Globally, disability and death due to PD are rapidly increasing. […] The prevalence of PD has doubled in the past 25 years. Global estimates in 2019 showed over 8.5 million individuals with PD. Current estimates suggest that, in 2019, PD resulted in 5.8 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs), an increase of 81% since 2000, and caused 329 000 deaths, an increase of over 100% since 2000.
  • #31 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #32 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #33 Projections for prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj-2024-080952
    Population ageing was projected to be the predominant driver behind the increase in Parkinson’s disease cases in all Socio-demographic Index regions after 2021. […] The decomposition analysis suggests that population ageing will be the leading contributor to the increasing number of Parkinson’s disease cases from 2021 to 2050 globally and in all Socio-demographic Index regions.
  • #34 A nationwide study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of Parkinson’s disease in the Norwegian population | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00280-4
    In both sexes and across all age groups, the prevalence of PD increased during the observation years, without concomitant changes in either incidence or mortality. […] Our study indicates that the previously reported increase in prevalence of PD cannot be explained merely by the global aging of the population, since the increase takes place among all age groups. […] Our study has several limitations. Misclassification of PD in our data is possible, as the classification was done retrospectively. […] To summarize, we report that sex, age, and the time period have a major impact on the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of PD in the Norwegian population.
  • #35 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. […] Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. […] Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson’s disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period.
  • #36 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #37 Parkinson’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease
    As of 2024, Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and the fastest-growing in total cases. As of 2023, global prevalence was estimated to be 1.51 per 1000. Although it is around 40% more common in men, age is the dominant predeterminant of Parkinson’s. Consequently, as global life expectancy has increased, Parkinson’s disease prevalence has also risen, with an estimated increase in cases by 74% from 1990 to 2016. The number is predicted to rise to over 12 million by 2040. […] This increase may be due to a number of global factors, including prolonged life expectancy, increased industrialisation, and decreased smoking. Although genetics is the sole factor in a minority of cases, most cases of Parkinson’s are likely a result of gene-environment interactions: concordance studies with twins have found Parkinson’s heritability to be just 30%.
  • #38 Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28150045/
    Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects 1-2 per 1000 of the population at any time. PD prevalence is increasing with age and PD affects 1% of the population above 60 years. […] Several environmental factors are associated with increased risk of PD. […] Revised diagnostic criteria are expected to improve the clinicians accuracy in diagnosing PD. Increasing knowledge on genetic and environmental risk factors of PD will probably elucidate the cause of this disease within the near future.
  • #39 Hidden Danger in Farming: How pesticide and herbicide exposure may increase Parkinson’s Disease risk
    https://www.ruralnewsgroup.co.nz/dairy-news/dairy-management/pesticides-herbicides-parkinsons-disease-risk-farming
    Studies from all around the world have shown that certain pesticides and herbicides—specifically paraquat, heptachlor, and rotenone—are associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s. […] Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that, over time, robs sufferers of many of their faculties and quality of life. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s, but it is the world’s fastest growing. Disturbingly, rates of Parkinson’s are rising particularly quickly in rural farming communities. […] Indeed, a growing body of scientific evidence points to a strong connection between exposure to certain agricultural chemicals and the onset of Parkinson’s. This is supported by population-level studies (called ‘epidemiology’) showing a clear geographical relationship between the use of these chemicals and Parkinson’s incidence, as well as animal studies showing that exposure to these chemicals induces Parkinson’s like symptoms. […] Paraquat, for instance, has been found to increase the risk by as much as 200–600% depending on the level and duration of exposure, and it is now banned in many countries (it is restricted in NZ, and many paraquat-containing products have been banned, but not all).
  • #40
    https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732
    Parkinsons disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing sufferers from all races worldwide. […] We reviewed how demographic transition trends are affecting worldwide Parkinsons disease incidence and prevalence, evaluated the effects of poverty on Parkinsons disease management, reviewed current global initiatives to support Parkinsons disease patients, and proposed factors for the prevention of Parkinsons disease crises in the near future. […] Parkinsons disease prevalence is increasing due to old age and higher life expectancy. […] North Americans have higher Parkinsons disease prevalence than Asian and African populations. […] Important Parkinsons disease risk factors include insecticide and heavy metal exposure, welding, antipsychotic medications, and LRRK2 gene mutations.
  • #41
    https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732
    Parkinsons disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing sufferers from all races worldwide. […] We reviewed how demographic transition trends are affecting worldwide Parkinsons disease incidence and prevalence, evaluated the effects of poverty on Parkinsons disease management, reviewed current global initiatives to support Parkinsons disease patients, and proposed factors for the prevention of Parkinsons disease crises in the near future. […] Parkinsons disease prevalence is increasing due to old age and higher life expectancy. […] North Americans have higher Parkinsons disease prevalence than Asian and African populations. […] Important Parkinsons disease risk factors include insecticide and heavy metal exposure, welding, antipsychotic medications, and LRRK2 gene mutations.
  • #42
    https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732
    Parkinsons disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing sufferers from all races worldwide. […] We reviewed how demographic transition trends are affecting worldwide Parkinsons disease incidence and prevalence, evaluated the effects of poverty on Parkinsons disease management, reviewed current global initiatives to support Parkinsons disease patients, and proposed factors for the prevention of Parkinsons disease crises in the near future. […] Parkinsons disease prevalence is increasing due to old age and higher life expectancy. […] North Americans have higher Parkinsons disease prevalence than Asian and African populations. […] Important Parkinsons disease risk factors include insecticide and heavy metal exposure, welding, antipsychotic medications, and LRRK2 gene mutations.
  • #43
    https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732
    Parkinsons disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing sufferers from all races worldwide. […] We reviewed how demographic transition trends are affecting worldwide Parkinsons disease incidence and prevalence, evaluated the effects of poverty on Parkinsons disease management, reviewed current global initiatives to support Parkinsons disease patients, and proposed factors for the prevention of Parkinsons disease crises in the near future. […] Parkinsons disease prevalence is increasing due to old age and higher life expectancy. […] North Americans have higher Parkinsons disease prevalence than Asian and African populations. […] Important Parkinsons disease risk factors include insecticide and heavy metal exposure, welding, antipsychotic medications, and LRRK2 gene mutations.
  • #44 Hidden Danger in Farming: How pesticide and herbicide exposure may increase Parkinson’s Disease risk
    https://www.ruralnewsgroup.co.nz/dairy-news/dairy-management/pesticides-herbicides-parkinsons-disease-risk-farming
    Studies from all around the world have shown that certain pesticides and herbicides—specifically paraquat, heptachlor, and rotenone—are associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s. […] Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that, over time, robs sufferers of many of their faculties and quality of life. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s, but it is the world’s fastest growing. Disturbingly, rates of Parkinson’s are rising particularly quickly in rural farming communities. […] Indeed, a growing body of scientific evidence points to a strong connection between exposure to certain agricultural chemicals and the onset of Parkinson’s. This is supported by population-level studies (called ‘epidemiology’) showing a clear geographical relationship between the use of these chemicals and Parkinson’s incidence, as well as animal studies showing that exposure to these chemicals induces Parkinson’s like symptoms. […] Paraquat, for instance, has been found to increase the risk by as much as 200–600% depending on the level and duration of exposure, and it is now banned in many countries (it is restricted in NZ, and many paraquat-containing products have been banned, but not all).
  • #45 Hidden Danger in Farming: How pesticide and herbicide exposure may increase Parkinson’s Disease risk
    https://www.ruralnewsgroup.co.nz/dairy-news/dairy-management/pesticides-herbicides-parkinsons-disease-risk-farming
    Studies from all around the world have shown that certain pesticides and herbicides—specifically paraquat, heptachlor, and rotenone—are associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s. […] Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that, over time, robs sufferers of many of their faculties and quality of life. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s, but it is the world’s fastest growing. Disturbingly, rates of Parkinson’s are rising particularly quickly in rural farming communities. […] Indeed, a growing body of scientific evidence points to a strong connection between exposure to certain agricultural chemicals and the onset of Parkinson’s. This is supported by population-level studies (called ‘epidemiology’) showing a clear geographical relationship between the use of these chemicals and Parkinson’s incidence, as well as animal studies showing that exposure to these chemicals induces Parkinson’s like symptoms. […] Paraquat, for instance, has been found to increase the risk by as much as 200–600% depending on the level and duration of exposure, and it is now banned in many countries (it is restricted in NZ, and many paraquat-containing products have been banned, but not all).
  • #46 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. […] Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. […] Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson’s disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period.
  • #47 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. […] Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. […] Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson’s disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period.
  • #48 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. […] Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. […] Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson’s disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period.
  • #49 Call The Doctor | Parkinson’s Disease | Season 35 | Episode 10 | PBS
    https://www.pbs.org/video/parkinsons-disease-7ftgak/
    The best thing to do is to deal with the symptoms that you have and get help. […] Up to 20% of people don’t have a tremor. […] Those non-motor symptoms, the ones that I just mentioned, they can be present up to 20 years before people present with the motor symptoms like the tremor and the smallness and slowness of movement. […] So when they have physical therapy early on, it’s best for them. […] So if we’re missing the diagnosis because they’re not coming to the doctors or they’re thinking like you said, that it’s just a little getting older, then they’re not doing themselves any good and they really need to get to the doctor for that diagnosis. […] So TRAP stands for tremor, rigidity, akinesia, which is a lack of movement. […] So traditionally there were five stages of Parkinson’s.
  • #50
    https://www.mundoamerica.com/news/2025/05/08/681c710321efa0b1778b456c.html
    Analyzing the non-motor prodromal signs of Parkinson’s disease is an advantage, as these appear ten or twenty years before the clinical diagnosis, providing an opportunity for early interventions to prevent the development of Parkinson’s disease. However, it would be desirable to have other studies that also observe a relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the incidence of a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis, not only with the early non-motor signs of the disease.
  • #51
    https://www.straitstimes.com/world/ultraprocessed-foods-linked-to-early-symptoms-of-parkinsons
    Researchers have found that people who eat a lot of ultraprocessed foods were more likely to develop early signs of Parkinsons disease than people who consumed less of them. […] In a study published on May 7 in the journal Neurology, researchers from the US and China reported that people who consumed a lot of ultra-processed foods were more likely to develop early signs of the disease than people who consumed less of them. […] The researchers found that participants who ate the most ultra-processed foods were about 2.5 times as likely to have at least three early symptoms of Parkinsons disease compared with those who consumed the least. […] If a person has these symptoms, it does not mean he or she will develop the disease, but it can signal brain changes that may lead to a diagnosis years later, said Dr Alberto Ascherio, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and an author of the study.
  • #52 Ultraprocessed Foods Linked to Early Symptoms of Parkinson’s – The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/07/well/eat/ultraprocessed-foods-linked-to-early-symptoms-of-parkinsons.html
    Over the last decade, researchers have found associations between ultraprocessed foods and health conditions like heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, dementia and some types of cancer. […] Now, they are adding Parkinson’s disease to that list. In a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology, researchers from the United States and China reported that people who consumed a lot of ultraprocessed foods were more likely to develop early signs of the disease than people who consumed less of them. […] The researchers found that participants who ate the most ultraprocessed foods were about 2.5 times as likely to have at least three early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease compared with those who consumed the least. […] If a person has these symptoms, it does not mean he or she will develop the disease, but it can signal brain changes that may lead to a diagnosis years later, said Dr. Alberto Ascherio, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and an author of the study.
  • #53 Ultraprocessed foods linked to early symptoms of Parkinson’s | The Seattle Times
    https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/ultraprocessed-foods-linked-to-early-symptoms-of-parkinsons/
    Now they are adding Parkinsons disease to that list. In a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology, researchers from the United States and China reported that people who consumed a lot of ultraprocessed foods were more likely to develop early signs of the disease than people who consumed less of them. […] The researchers found that participants who ate the most ultraprocessed foods were about 2.5 times as likely to have at least three early symptoms of Parkinsons disease compared with those who consumed the least. […] If a person has these symptoms, it does not mean he or she will develop the disease, but it can signal brain changes that may lead to a diagnosis years later, said Dr. Alberto Ascherio, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and an author of the study.
  • #54 AI-powered insoles could spot early Parkinson’s symptoms | Health | homenewshere.com
    https://homenewshere.com/national/health/article_4d693400-6227-5efe-8755-59e273cb4e3a.html
    A new „smart” insole that monitors how people walk, run and stand can improve posture and even provide early health warnings. […] The wearable device can detect early signs of conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, say American scientists. […] She said, in health care, the smart insoles could support gait analysis to detect early abnormalities associated with foot pressure-related conditions – such as diabetic foot ulcers, musculoskeletal disorders – such as plantar fasciitis, and neurological conditions, including Parkinson’s disease.
  • #55 About NNCSS | NNCSS | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/nncss/php/about/index.html
    NNCSS uses state-of-the-art data sources, tools, and methods to track the epidemiology of neurological conditions. […] Focused surveillance enables CDC to estimate and track: […] Prevalence (number of people with various neurological conditions). […] Mortality (number of deaths) from neurological conditions. […] Continue to track MS and PD prevalence. […] Add mortality and other priority surveillance estimates. […] Continue surveillance of MS and PD.
  • #56 Progress | NNCSS | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/nncss/php/about/progress.html
    CDC assessed all relevant evidence to select the best definitions for identifying people with MS and PD in existing data sources. CDC then used these definitions in the best existing data sources to produce prevalence estimates for MS and PD. […] In 2023, CDC completed all quality control and finalized NNCSS’s first set of national MS and PD prevalence estimates. The estimates are for 2019, the most recent year for which complete data were available. […] Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease: Methods and Prevalence Estimates by Age, Sex, and other Demographic and Geographic Characteristics among Adults Aged 35 and Older, United States, 2019. […] NNCSS is an integrated system that uses state-of-the-art data sources, tools, and analytic methods to track the epidemiology of neurological conditions.
  • #57 What’s New
    https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DCDIC/CDSRB/Pages/California-Parkinson’s-Disease-Registry.aspx
    California Health and Safety Code (HSC) 103870-103870.2 requires healthcare providers diagnosing or providing treatment to Parkinsons disease patients to report each case of Parkinsons disease to the California Department of Public Health beginning July 1, 2018. The Richard Paul Hemann California Parkinsons Disease Registry (CPDR) is a statewide population-based registry that will be used to measure the incidence and prevalence of Parkinsons disease. […] Surprisingly, little is known about how Parkinsons disease is distributed among different population groups and whether the patterns of disease are changing over time. Californias large and diverse population makes it ideal for providing important information about this disease. CPDR will expand our understanding of Parkinsons disease to ultimately improve the lives of those affected.
  • #58 Parkinsonism in Canada – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/parkinsonism.html
    Parkinsonism, including Parkinsons disease, can have significant impacts for those affected, their caregivers, and society. With a growing and aging population, it is estimated that the number of Canadians living with parkinsonism will double between 2011 and 2031 and that the incidence will increase by 50%. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), in collaboration with all Canadian provinces and territories, conducts national surveillance of parkinsonism to support the planning and evaluation of related policies, programs, and services. This fact sheet presents an overview of the data on diagnosed parkinsonism, including Parkinsons disease, from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS). […] Based on the latest estimates available, in 2013-2014, approximately 84,000 Canadians aged 40 years and older were living with diagnosed parkinsonism (prevalence: 0.4%) and 10,000 Canadians were newly diagnosed with this condition (incidence: 55.1 per 100,000 population).
  • #59 A detailed review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, cellular and molecular pathways involved in the development and prognosis of Parkinson’s disease with insights into screening models | Bulletin of the National Research Centre | Full Text
    https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01047-4
    Parkinson’s disease majorly affects elderly persons and frequency of affecting men is more as compared to women where the worldwide burden of Parkinson’s disease (PD) increased more than twice in the past 20 years. […] Around 60,000 new instances of PD are reported each year, with an estimated one million Americans suffering from the condition. According to estimates, 710 million people worldwide have PD, which affects men 1.5 times more frequently than women. […] Population-dependent research has found that about 20% of PD patients who have already received treatment have not yet been diagnosed with the condition, while about 15% of patients diagnosed with PD within a community don’t know the criteria which will be strong for a diagnosis for the disease. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that using pesticides increases the symptoms of PD, but since only 95 cases of PD have been associated with paraquat poisoning, this association may be very hypothetical in the case of paraquat.
  • #60 Parkinson’s Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics and Access to Care
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.17028
    The lack of neurologists and movement disorder specialists has made it difficult to diagnose and treat PD patients properly in SSA. […] Documented estimates of country medical and neurological resources reported in the WHO atlas of country resources for neurological disorders indicate that there are 0.03 neurologists per 100,000 population compared to 0.07 in South East Asia and 4.84 per 100,000 population in Europe. […] Most patients in SSA with PD do not have access to PD medication due to unavailability or, where available, financial constraints. […] PD drugs are available in only 12.5% of Africa, mostly in North Africa and South Africa, compared to 79.1% in Europe. […] Overall, the literature suggests that even when patients are able to be diagnosed with PD, treatment is irregular or non-existent, monitoring is limited, people resort to local traditional healers for treatment, and multidisciplinary staff are rarely available. […] This review has highlighted the challenges involved in conducting genetic and epidemiologic studies in SSA.
  • #61 Parkinson’s Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics and Access to Care
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.17028
    The lack of neurologists and movement disorder specialists has made it difficult to diagnose and treat PD patients properly in SSA. […] Documented estimates of country medical and neurological resources reported in the WHO atlas of country resources for neurological disorders indicate that there are 0.03 neurologists per 100,000 population compared to 0.07 in South East Asia and 4.84 per 100,000 population in Europe. […] Most patients in SSA with PD do not have access to PD medication due to unavailability or, where available, financial constraints. […] PD drugs are available in only 12.5% of Africa, mostly in North Africa and South Africa, compared to 79.1% in Europe. […] Overall, the literature suggests that even when patients are able to be diagnosed with PD, treatment is irregular or non-existent, monitoring is limited, people resort to local traditional healers for treatment, and multidisciplinary staff are rarely available. […] This review has highlighted the challenges involved in conducting genetic and epidemiologic studies in SSA.
  • #62 Parkinson’s Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics and Access to Care
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.17028
    The lack of neurologists and movement disorder specialists has made it difficult to diagnose and treat PD patients properly in SSA. […] Documented estimates of country medical and neurological resources reported in the WHO atlas of country resources for neurological disorders indicate that there are 0.03 neurologists per 100,000 population compared to 0.07 in South East Asia and 4.84 per 100,000 population in Europe. […] Most patients in SSA with PD do not have access to PD medication due to unavailability or, where available, financial constraints. […] PD drugs are available in only 12.5% of Africa, mostly in North Africa and South Africa, compared to 79.1% in Europe. […] Overall, the literature suggests that even when patients are able to be diagnosed with PD, treatment is irregular or non-existent, monitoring is limited, people resort to local traditional healers for treatment, and multidisciplinary staff are rarely available. […] This review has highlighted the challenges involved in conducting genetic and epidemiologic studies in SSA.
  • #63 Parkinson’s Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics and Access to Care
    https://www.e-jmd.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.14802/jmd.17028
    The lack of neurologists and movement disorder specialists has made it difficult to diagnose and treat PD patients properly in SSA. […] Documented estimates of country medical and neurological resources reported in the WHO atlas of country resources for neurological disorders indicate that there are 0.03 neurologists per 100,000 population compared to 0.07 in South East Asia and 4.84 per 100,000 population in Europe. […] Most patients in SSA with PD do not have access to PD medication due to unavailability or, where available, financial constraints. […] PD drugs are available in only 12.5% of Africa, mostly in North Africa and South Africa, compared to 79.1% in Europe. […] Overall, the literature suggests that even when patients are able to be diagnosed with PD, treatment is irregular or non-existent, monitoring is limited, people resort to local traditional healers for treatment, and multidisciplinary staff are rarely available. […] This review has highlighted the challenges involved in conducting genetic and epidemiologic studies in SSA.
  • #64 Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America | npj Parkinson’s Disease
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-022-00410-y
    By aggregation of the available data, age and sex-stratified PD incidence estimates were derived. […] We found that Parkinson disease incidence in persons ages 65 and older ranged from 108 to 212 per 100,000 persons. Among persons aged 45 and older, PD incidence ranged from 47 to 77 per 100,000 persons. […] The male: female ratio for incident PD increased with age in all epidemiological cohorts in our study, consistent with the previous data that supports the hypothesis that biological sex is an intrinsic risk factor for PD. […] In this study, we estimated the incidence of Parkinson disease simultaneously across five epidemiological datasets using commonly applied diagnosis and case ascertainment methods applied to 2012 data. […] We established a range of total incident PD diagnoses in North America of approximately 60,000 to 95,000 among adults ages 45 and older. […] The growth in those diagnosed and living with PD underscores the need for policy makers to confront an increasing strain on clinical services as well as the need to provide additional funding for research that can lead to improved therapies if not an outright cure.
  • #65 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    Following the establishment of public health strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia are gaining a deserved higher priority. […] Future international collaborations will be required to triangulate evidence from basic, applied, and epidemiological research, thereby enhancing the understanding and prevention of Parkinson’s disease at a global level.
  • #66 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    Following the establishment of public health strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia are gaining a deserved higher priority. […] Future international collaborations will be required to triangulate evidence from basic, applied, and epidemiological research, thereby enhancing the understanding and prevention of Parkinson’s disease at a global level.
  • #67
    https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732
    The association of Parkinsons disease and poverty showcases lack of knowledge of Parkinsons disease diagnosis, predominance of care for more pervasive illnesses, limited healthcare facilities, inadequate or no access to care from specialists, and increases in Parkinsons disease-related illnesses. […] These alarming situations may lead to a global Parkinsons crisis. Thus, efforts need to be made to increase the number of training programs for educating caregivers, patients and Parkinsons disease professionals to raise awareness and provide better healthcare and drug and treatment facilities.
  • #68 Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease | British Columbia Medical Journal
    https://bcmj.org/articles/epidemiology-parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease
    Incidence is a better estimate frequency, and it quantifies the number of new subjects with PD occurring in a given time period for a population of individuals at risk. […] Both prevalence and incidence of PD vary greatly across age groups. PD is less common before 50 years of age and increases steadily with age thereafter up to the ninth decade. […] PD appears to be slightly more common in men than in women in most studies, usually ranging from a 1.2:1 ratio up to a 1.5:1 ratio. […] The prevalence and incidence of PD vary in different countries, partly reflecting variations in racial composition of the population surveyed. […] With regard to time trends for the incidence of PD, a population-based study evaluating the incidence of PD in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1935 through 1988 showed that the annual incidence of PD increased from 9.2 per 100,000 for the interval from 1935 to 1944 to 16.3 per 100,000 for the interval from 1975 to 1984.
  • #69 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This number is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. […] Nearly an estimated 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with PD each year. […] More than 10 million people worldwide are estimated to be living with PD. […] The incidence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age, but an estimated 4% of people with PD are diagnosed before age 50. […] Men are 1.5 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease than women. […] A 2022 Parkinson’s Foundation-backed study revealed that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. each year. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually.
  • #70 Parkinsonism in Canada – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/parkinsonism.html
    The epidemiological burden of parkinsonism increases with age. In 2013-2014, when comparing estimates among Canadians aged 85 years and older vs. those aged 40-44 years, the prevalence of the condition was 169 times higher in the older age group (2.0% vs. 0.01%, respectively), while the incidence was 48 times higher in the older age group (171.5 per 100,000 population vs. 3.6 per 100,000 population, respectively). […] Between 2004-2005 and 2013-2014, the number of Canadians living with diagnosed parkinsonism increased from approximately 61,000 to 84,000, while the number of Canadians newly diagnosed increased from approximately 8,000 to 10,000. However, during the same period, there was no significant change in the age-standardized prevalence proportion, which remained at 0.4%, or the incidence rate, which went from 51.6 per 100,000 to 52.6 per 100,000.
  • #71 Statistics | Parkinson’s Foundation
    https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics
    An estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This number is expected to rise to 1.2 million by 2030. Parkinson’s is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. […] Nearly an estimated 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with PD each year. […] More than 10 million people worldwide are estimated to be living with PD. […] The incidence of Parkinson’s disease increases with age, but an estimated 4% of people with PD are diagnosed before age 50. […] Men are 1.5 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease than women. […] A 2022 Parkinson’s Foundation-backed study revealed that nearly 90,000 people are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. each year. This represents a steep 50% increase from the previously estimated rate of 60,000 diagnoses annually.
  • #72 Reporting on Parkinson’s: information for journalists | Parkinson’s UK
    https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/about-us/reporting-parkinsons-information-journalists
    Parkinson’s is the fastest growing neurological condition in the world, and currently there is no cure. […] In the UK, around 153,000 people are already living with Parkinsons. […] With population growth and ageing, this is likely to increase to around 172,000 people in the UK by 2030. […] Every hour, 2 more people are diagnosed. That’s the same as 18,000 people every year. […] More men than women get Parkinson’s. […] Men aged 50 to 89 are 1.4 times more likely to be diagnosed with Parkinsons than women. […] Around 83,100 men in the UK, aged 50 to 89, have Parkinsons. […] Around 60,200 women in the UK, aged 50 to 89, have Parkinsons.
  • #73 Parkinson’s Disease Epidemiology Forecast to 2032
    https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/01/25/2816548/28124/en/Parkinson-s-Disease-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2032.html
    The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted epidemiology segmented by total diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease, gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease, age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease, and stage-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease in the 7MM covering the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) and the United Kingdom, and Japan from 2019 to 2032. […] In 2022, there were approximately 2,539,400 diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease in the 7MM. The US accounted for nearly 45% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of Parkinson’s disease in the 7MM. […] The publisher’s epidemiology model for Parkinson’s disease estimates that in the US, nearly 660,458 cases and 491,736 cases were contributed by males and females, respectively, in 2022. These cases are expected to increase by 2032, with the disease being more prevalent in males than females.
  • #74 The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245248/
    The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. […] Whether incidence is increasing, especially in women or in many low-income and middle-income countries where there is a shortage of high-quality data, is less certain. Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people and men, and a variety of environmental factors have been suggested to explain why, including exposure to neurotoxic agents. […] Within countries, there appear to be ethnic differences in disease risk, although these differences might reflect differential access to health care. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is multifactorial, and involves genetic and environmental factors. […] Both risk factors (eg, pesticides) and protective factors (eg, physical activity and tendency to smoke) have been postulated to have a role in Parkinson’s disease, although elucidating causality is complicated by the long prodromal period.
  • #75 Parkinson’s U.S. rates highest in whites, Hispanics, and Midwest, Northeast – The Source – WashU
    https://source.washu.edu/2010/01/parkinson-us-rates-highest-in-whites-hispanics-and-midwest-northeast/
    The largest U.S. study of the epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease shows the highest prevalence (13,800 cases or more per 100,000 residents ages 65 and older) in red. […] The largest epidemiological study of Parkinson’s disease in the United States has found that the disease is more common in the Midwest and the Northeast and is twice as likely to strike whites and Hispanics as blacks and Asians. […] The study, based on data from 36 million Medicare recipients, is both the first to produce any significant information on patterns of Parkinson’s disease in minorities and to show geographic clusters for the condition. […] Finding clusters in the Midwest and the Northeast is particularly exciting, says lead author Allison Wright Willis, M.D., assistant professor of neurology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
  • #76 Epidemiology
    https://www.nzbri.org/Labs/parkinsons/Epidemiology/
    The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s varies across the major ethnic groups represented in the New Zealand population. […] We are currently integrating new data sources into our analysis, to better understand risk factors and the geographical and ethnic variation in the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s in New Zealand. […] We are looking at the number of people that have Parkinson’s with dementia in New Zealand, and the lifetime risk of dementia in Parkinson’s. […] We are part of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Epidemiology Study Group.

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