Materiały źródłowe

• #1 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with Parkinsons disease may include: Assess for the following subjective and objective data: See nursing assessment cues under Nursing Interventions and Actions. […] Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement, but it can also have significant impacts on other bodily functions, including respiratory function. […] Sensory impairments and cognitive decline, including difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functions, are commonly observed in individuals with Parkinsons disease. […] Impaired verbal communication is common in clients with Parkinsons disease due to the effects of the disease on the muscles used for speaking and swallowing, as well as cognitive impairments that may affect language processing and expression.

• #2 Parkinson’s disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

  Parkinson’s disease care at Mayo Clinic […] Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Parkinson’s Disease support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community.

• #3 Parkinson’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Parkinson’s disease-related health concerns […] Parkinson’s disease can’t be cured, but medicines can help control the symptoms. Medicines often work very well. When medicine is no longer helping, some people may have surgery. Your healthcare team also may recommend aerobic exercise, physical therapy that focuses on balancing and stretching, and speech therapy. […] Some lifestyle changes may help ease your Parkinson’s disease symptoms. But certain medicines can make your symptoms worse. Ask your healthcare team which remedies provide the greatest symptom relief with the fewest side effects. […] These healthcare professionals can help with daily tasks: Occupational therapist. An occupational therapist can show you ways to help with activities such as dressing, bathing and cooking. Speech therapist. A speech therapist may be able to help with swallowing and speech problems.

• #4 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with Parkinsons disease. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for Parkinsons disease in this guide. […] The nursing goals for clients with Parkinsons disease include improving functional mobility, maintaining independence in performing ADLs, promoting safety and preventing falls, achieving optimal bowel elimination, attaining and maintaining acceptable nutritional status, achieving effective communication, developing positive coping mechanisms, and educating the client and their family on the disease process and self-care strategies to manage symptoms and improve the overall quality of life. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with Parkinsons disease: Recognize and assess signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Monitor disease progression and assess motor and non-motor symptoms. Administer prescribed medications to manage symptoms, such as dopaminergic medications or anticholinergics. Provide support and education to patients and families about Parkinsons disease, treatment options, and lifestyle modifications. Facilitate physical therapy and occupational therapy to optimize mobility, balance, and functional abilities. Monitor for and manage potential complications, such as falls, dysphagia, or cognitive changes. Offer emotional support and counseling to patients and families to cope with the impact of Parkinsons disease. Coordinate care and referrals to specialists, such as neurologists or speech therapists. Schedule regular follow-up appointments to monitor disease progression, adjust treatment plans, and address any concerns or changes in symptoms.

• #5

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  This scoping review demonstrates nursing care to people with PD in the PHC environment as complex and multidimensional, emphasizing actions that include individual-centered and group-centered care, covering clinical assessment, patient education, involvement of people with PD in the social context of care and development of positive relationships with family members and caregivers.

• #6 Parkinson Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html

  Deep brain stimulation surgery is performed for patients who do not achieve adequate control with levodopa therapy. Deep brain stimulation is most effective for significant motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and tremors. Nonmotor symptom therapies target patient-specific conditions during the disease course. Interdisciplinary team care can alleviate multiple symptoms of Parkinson disease. […] Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease should be reviewed and addressed at each visit. Physicians should consider referring patients with Parkinson disease to an interprofessional team to improve motor symptoms, mood, and quality of life. […] Patients with Parkinson disease often require an interprofessional care team to provide comprehensive care throughout the various stages of disease. Care from a multidisciplinary team improves motor scores and quality of life, and lowers depression scores.

• #7

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  The interventions most described in the literature by PD nursing specialists in the context of PHC involve self-management skills that focus mainly on education, emotional support and palliative care. […] The results indicated that nurses focus on improving people with PDs well-being, and their care partners through health assessment, functional disability management and health education. […] The nursing care and description of nursing activities performed to people with PD in primary care can be found in Figure 2. […] Studies on assessment of motor and non-motor functions revealed that assessment skills of clinical condition, tracking of motor and non-motor symptoms in the various stages of the disease, and global assessment, through specific scales, such as the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale, Part III Motor Examination (MDS-UPDRS-III), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire8 (PDQ-8), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire39 (PDQ-39), as well as the use of physical and cognitive domain assessment tests, such as Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and depression scales are required.

• #8 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Parkinson’s Disease | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-parkinsons-disease

  Ongoing Evaluation and Adaptation: Objective: Continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the care plan and make necessary adaptations to address evolving needs and optimize the individuals quality of life. […] Nursing Assessment for Parkinsons Disease: Motor Function: Observation of Tremors: Assess the presence, severity, and characteristics of tremors in various parts of the body. […] Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): Functional Independence: Assess the patients ability to perform ADLs independently, including dressing, grooming, and eating. […] Medication Management: Review of Medication Regimen: Assess the patients understanding and adherence to the prescribed medication regimen. […] Cognitive Function: Memory and Cognitive Assessment: Evaluate memory, attention, and other cognitive functions to identify any signs of cognitive decline.

• #9

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  The interventions most described in the literature by PD nursing specialists in the context of PHC involve self-management skills that focus mainly on education, emotional support and palliative care. […] The results indicated that nurses focus on improving people with PDs well-being, and their care partners through health assessment, functional disability management and health education. […] The nursing care and description of nursing activities performed to people with PD in primary care can be found in Figure 2. […] Studies on assessment of motor and non-motor functions revealed that assessment skills of clinical condition, tracking of motor and non-motor symptoms in the various stages of the disease, and global assessment, through specific scales, such as the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale, Part III Motor Examination (MDS-UPDRS-III), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire8 (PDQ-8), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire39 (PDQ-39), as well as the use of physical and cognitive domain assessment tests, such as Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and depression scales are required.

• #10 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Parkinson’s Disease | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-parkinsons-disease

  Ongoing Evaluation and Adaptation: Objective: Continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the care plan and make necessary adaptations to address evolving needs and optimize the individuals quality of life. […] Nursing Assessment for Parkinsons Disease: Motor Function: Observation of Tremors: Assess the presence, severity, and characteristics of tremors in various parts of the body. […] Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): Functional Independence: Assess the patients ability to perform ADLs independently, including dressing, grooming, and eating. […] Medication Management: Review of Medication Regimen: Assess the patients understanding and adherence to the prescribed medication regimen. […] Cognitive Function: Memory and Cognitive Assessment: Evaluate memory, attention, and other cognitive functions to identify any signs of cognitive decline.

• #11 The role of nurses for patients with Parkinson’s disease at home: a scoping review | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-01931-y

  Nurses check orthostatic vital signs given the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. […] Mental health support and counseling are provided by nurses and PD nurses, and were among the most frequently performed nursing activities for patients with PD in a study of nurse care managers in the United States. […] Palliative care is designed to provide specialized disease management and physical, psychological, spiritual, and social support, to reduce suffering and improve quality of life for patients and their caregivers. […] Counseling and education about PD are provided to both patients and caregivers by PD nurses and other nurses, both in the home and over the phone, when patients are living at home. […] Staff providing care to patients with PD find hallucinations, falls, and physical difficulties difficult to manage.

• #12

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  The interventions most described in the literature by PD nursing specialists in the context of PHC involve self-management skills that focus mainly on education, emotional support and palliative care. […] The results indicated that nurses focus on improving people with PDs well-being, and their care partners through health assessment, functional disability management and health education. […] The nursing care and description of nursing activities performed to people with PD in primary care can be found in Figure 2. […] Studies on assessment of motor and non-motor functions revealed that assessment skills of clinical condition, tracking of motor and non-motor symptoms in the various stages of the disease, and global assessment, through specific scales, such as the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale, Part III Motor Examination (MDS-UPDRS-III), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire8 (PDQ-8), Parkinsons Disease Questionnaire39 (PDQ-39), as well as the use of physical and cognitive domain assessment tests, such as Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and depression scales are required.

• #13 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease (PD) is a degenerative condition caused by the loss of dopamine, which disrupts the suppression of excitatory impulses and causes the extrapyramidal system to malfunction. It is a chronic, disabling condition that worsens over time. Falls, poor self-care, dysfunctional body systems, and depression can result from debilitation. […] Since there is no cure for PD, the current treatment goal is to reduce the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Nurses offer patients and families emotional support from diagnosis through the palliative treatment stages to end-of-life care. Nurses educate on what to expect with disease progression, managing symptoms, medication side effects, and lifestyle modifications. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for Parkinsons disease, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #14 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Impaired verbal communication associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by the inability to control the muscles on the face, throat, mouth, and vocal cords resulting in difficulty to speak and communicate. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Verbal Communication […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate an improvement in dysarthria resulting in improved enunciation and slurred speech. Patient will be able to establish different methods of communication. Patient will be able to use verbal and nonverbal communication congruently. […] Impaired walking/risk for falls associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by impaired neuromuscular (muscle weakness, tremors, bradykinesia) and musculoskeletal (joint rigidity) changes. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Walking/Risk for Falls

• #15 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Impaired verbal communication associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by the inability to control the muscles on the face, throat, mouth, and vocal cords resulting in difficulty to speak and communicate. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Verbal Communication […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate an improvement in dysarthria resulting in improved enunciation and slurred speech. Patient will be able to establish different methods of communication. Patient will be able to use verbal and nonverbal communication congruently. […] Impaired walking/risk for falls associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by impaired neuromuscular (muscle weakness, tremors, bradykinesia) and musculoskeletal (joint rigidity) changes. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Walking/Risk for Falls

• #16 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with Parkinsons disease based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will achieve the normalization and ability to maintain patent airways and respiratory status. The client will achieve and maintain a patent airway. The client will have clear breath sounds to auscultation and will have respiratory status parameters with optimal air exchange. The client will be able to cough up secretions and perform coughing and deep breathing exercises. The client will identify factors that elicit depressive reactions and use techniques that will effectively reduce the amount and frequency of these episodes. The client will be compliant with the therapeutic regimen. The client will be able to have effective speech and understanding of communication or will be able to use another method of communication and make needs known. The client will be able to use assistive devices and techniques to improve their ability to communicate. The client will be able to speak in an understandable way possible when necessary. The client will be able to understand communication. The client will be able to exhibit minimal frustration and anxiety with speech attempts. The client will be able to make needs known utilizing nonverbal methods if required. The clients family will be compliant and supportive of the patients attempt at communication. The client will maintain functional mobility as long as possible within the limitations of the disease process. The client will have few if any, complications related to immobility. The client will have an adequate nutritional intake with no weight or muscle mass loss. The client will maintain adequate nutritional status with the use of nutritional support and will experience no complications from support. The client will show no signs of malnutrition status. The client will be able to swallow effectively with no incidence of aspiration. The client will be able to eat and swallow normally. The client will be able to ingest an adequate amount of nutrients without the dangers of aspiration. The client will be able to follow instructions and strengthen the muscles used for eating and swallowing. The client will remain safe from environmental hazards resulting from cognitive impairment. The clients family will ensure safety precautions are instituted and followed. The client will remain in a safe environment with no complications or injuries obtained. The clients family will be able to identify and eliminate hazards in the clients environment. The client will exhibit improvement in emotional well-being. The client will use acceptable strategies to cope with problems and will have an improved sense of self-worth. The client will be able to access support systems, community resources, or counselors to assist in achieving adequate coping skills. The client and/or family will be able to exhibit an understanding of the disease process, medication regimen, and treatment plan of care. The client will be able to accurately verbalize an understanding of Parkinsonism and its treatment regimen. The client will be able to comply with the medication regimen and notify the healthcare provider if the client experiences untoward side effects. The client and/or family will be able to identify and demonstrate safety precautions to prevent injury. The client and/or family will be able to identify the need for long-term goals and the potential for end-of-life decisions to be made.

• #17 Nursing Care Plan for Parkinson’s Disease: A Complete Guide

  https://tap.health/nursing-care-plan-for-parkinsons-disease/

  As Parkinsons progresses, patients may experience difficulty speaking clearly or swallowing. Encourage speech therapy to strengthen vocal muscles and improve clarity. Provide communication aids like writing boards or speech-to-text devices. Train caregivers to use short, clear instructions to minimize frustration. […] Parkinsons increases the risk of falls, choking, and other hazards. Safety precautions are a critical part of any care plan. Modify the home environment by removing loose rugs, installing grab bars, and ensuring adequate lighting. Monitor for swallowing difficulties to prevent choking during meals. Create a schedule for medications to ensure they are taken on time and as prescribed. […] Parkinsons can take an emotional toll, leading to depression or anxiety. Nurses play a crucial role in addressing these feelings. Encourage participation in support groups to connect with others who share similar challenges. Practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques like deep breathing or yoga. Listen empathetically to the patients concerns and validate their feelings.

• #18 Nursing care of patients with Parkinson’s disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3226657/

  Nursing interventions for each of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors at rest and postural reflex abnormalities, are designed to increase the patient’s quality of life by minimizing symptoms. Nurses are responsible for planning patient medication schedules to maximize drug effectiveness. Dietary implications include a low-protein regimen for the patient during the day, eliminating foods high in Vitamin B6, high caloric foods, and soft-solid foods offered at frequent feedings. Constipation is addressed by increasing the patient’s fiber and fluid intake and by increasing the patient’s mobility. Patient mobility is increased when the patient is taught purposeful activities and to concentrate on the way he walks. Communication is facilitated if the patient takes deep breaths before speaking and uses diaphragmatic speech. A telephone receiver which amplifies the patient’s voice is also available. Interventions are good only if the patient chooses to implement them; he is the head of the health team planning his care.

• #19 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Impaired verbal communication associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by the inability to control the muscles on the face, throat, mouth, and vocal cords resulting in difficulty to speak and communicate. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Verbal Communication […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate an improvement in dysarthria resulting in improved enunciation and slurred speech. Patient will be able to establish different methods of communication. Patient will be able to use verbal and nonverbal communication congruently. […] Impaired walking/risk for falls associated with Parkinsons disease can be caused by impaired neuromuscular (muscle weakness, tremors, bradykinesia) and musculoskeletal (joint rigidity) changes. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Walking/Risk for Falls

• #20 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Expected outcomes: Patient will be able to walk around the facility independently with minimum assistance. Patient will be able to use an assistive device while walking. Patient will be able to participate actively in physical therapy and rehabilitation. Patient will not experience falls. […] Impaired swallowing associated with Parkinsons disease is caused by the inability to control throat and mouth muscles resulting in difficulty chewing and swallowing food. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death in PD. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Swallowing […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate appropriate swallowing without coughing/gagging, drooling, or pocketing food. Patient will be able to maintain an acceptable weight for their height and gender. Patient will not develop aspiration pneumonia.

• #21 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis/

  Parkinsons disease (PD) presents unique challenges for nursing care, requiring a comprehensive understanding of both motor and non-motor symptoms. […] As a nurse, your role in managing PD patients is crucial for maintaining quality of life and preventing complications. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Falls related to impaired balance, postural instability, and altered gait pattern. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Conduct fall risk assessment using standardized tools. […] Implement environmental safety measures. […] Establish an exercise program focusing on balance. […] Monitor medication timing and effects. […] Educate about the proper use of assistive devices. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Physical Mobility related to neuromuscular impairment and tremors. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess mobility status regularly.

• #22 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine. […] Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting. […] Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate proper posture. […] Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation. […] Assess ability to swallow and chew. […] Provide high-calorie, high-protein, high-fiber soft diet with small, frequent feedings. […] Monitor for constipation. […] Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement. […] Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. […] Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

• #23 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Expected outcomes: Patient will be able to walk around the facility independently with minimum assistance. Patient will be able to use an assistive device while walking. Patient will be able to participate actively in physical therapy and rehabilitation. Patient will not experience falls. […] Impaired swallowing associated with Parkinsons disease is caused by the inability to control throat and mouth muscles resulting in difficulty chewing and swallowing food. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death in PD. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Swallowing […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate appropriate swallowing without coughing/gagging, drooling, or pocketing food. Patient will be able to maintain an acceptable weight for their height and gender. Patient will not develop aspiration pneumonia.

• #24 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Expected outcomes: Patient will be able to walk around the facility independently with minimum assistance. Patient will be able to use an assistive device while walking. Patient will be able to participate actively in physical therapy and rehabilitation. Patient will not experience falls. […] Impaired swallowing associated with Parkinsons disease is caused by the inability to control throat and mouth muscles resulting in difficulty chewing and swallowing food. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death in PD. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Swallowing […] Expected outcomes: Patient will demonstrate appropriate swallowing without coughing/gagging, drooling, or pocketing food. Patient will be able to maintain an acceptable weight for their height and gender. Patient will not develop aspiration pneumonia.

• #25 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with Parkinsons disease based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will achieve the normalization and ability to maintain patent airways and respiratory status. The client will achieve and maintain a patent airway. The client will have clear breath sounds to auscultation and will have respiratory status parameters with optimal air exchange. The client will be able to cough up secretions and perform coughing and deep breathing exercises. The client will identify factors that elicit depressive reactions and use techniques that will effectively reduce the amount and frequency of these episodes. The client will be compliant with the therapeutic regimen. The client will be able to have effective speech and understanding of communication or will be able to use another method of communication and make needs known. The client will be able to use assistive devices and techniques to improve their ability to communicate. The client will be able to speak in an understandable way possible when necessary. The client will be able to understand communication. The client will be able to exhibit minimal frustration and anxiety with speech attempts. The client will be able to make needs known utilizing nonverbal methods if required. The clients family will be compliant and supportive of the patients attempt at communication. The client will maintain functional mobility as long as possible within the limitations of the disease process. The client will have few if any, complications related to immobility. The client will have an adequate nutritional intake with no weight or muscle mass loss. The client will maintain adequate nutritional status with the use of nutritional support and will experience no complications from support. The client will show no signs of malnutrition status. The client will be able to swallow effectively with no incidence of aspiration. The client will be able to eat and swallow normally. The client will be able to ingest an adequate amount of nutrients without the dangers of aspiration. The client will be able to follow instructions and strengthen the muscles used for eating and swallowing. The client will remain safe from environmental hazards resulting from cognitive impairment. The clients family will ensure safety precautions are instituted and followed. The client will remain in a safe environment with no complications or injuries obtained. The clients family will be able to identify and eliminate hazards in the clients environment. The client will exhibit improvement in emotional well-being. The client will use acceptable strategies to cope with problems and will have an improved sense of self-worth. The client will be able to access support systems, community resources, or counselors to assist in achieving adequate coping skills. The client and/or family will be able to exhibit an understanding of the disease process, medication regimen, and treatment plan of care. The client will be able to accurately verbalize an understanding of Parkinsonism and its treatment regimen. The client will be able to comply with the medication regimen and notify the healthcare provider if the client experiences untoward side effects. The client and/or family will be able to identify and demonstrate safety precautions to prevent injury. The client and/or family will be able to identify the need for long-term goals and the potential for end-of-life decisions to be made.

• #26 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis/

  Implement a progressive mobility program. […] Coordinate physical therapy sessions. […] Teach energy conservation techniques. […] Monitor for signs of skin breakdown. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Self-Care Deficit related to neuromuscular impairment and decreased motor function. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Assess self-care abilities using standardized tools. […] Provide adaptive equipment. […] Establish a consistent daily routine. […] Teach compensatory techniques. […] Involve occupational therapy. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Swallowing related to neuromuscular impairment and decreased coordination. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Perform swallowing assessment. […] Implement dysphagia precautions. […] Position patient upright during meals. […] Modify food/fluid consistency.

• #27 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine. […] Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting. […] Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate proper posture. […] Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation. […] Assess ability to swallow and chew. […] Provide high-calorie, high-protein, high-fiber soft diet with small, frequent feedings. […] Monitor for constipation. […] Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement. […] Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. […] Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

• #28 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease causes degeneration of the nerves and muscles involved in the swallowing process, which may cause cough dysfunction (dystussia) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), increasing the patients risk for aspiration. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Aspiration […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain a patent airway and clear lung sounds. Patient will be able to eat and swallow without coughing or gagging. […] Muscle rigidity or stiffness, changes in posture, and bradykinesia are motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease that can increase the patients risk for injuries and falls. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Injury […] Expected outcomes: Patient will remain free from any injuries. Patient and/or caregiver will demonstrate interventions that can help reduce the risk of injuries.

• #29 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease causes degeneration of the nerves and muscles involved in the swallowing process, which may cause cough dysfunction (dystussia) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), increasing the patients risk for aspiration. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Aspiration […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain a patent airway and clear lung sounds. Patient will be able to eat and swallow without coughing or gagging. […] Muscle rigidity or stiffness, changes in posture, and bradykinesia are motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease that can increase the patients risk for injuries and falls. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Injury […] Expected outcomes: Patient will remain free from any injuries. Patient and/or caregiver will demonstrate interventions that can help reduce the risk of injuries.

• #30 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease causes degeneration of the nerves and muscles involved in the swallowing process, which may cause cough dysfunction (dystussia) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), increasing the patients risk for aspiration. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Aspiration […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain a patent airway and clear lung sounds. Patient will be able to eat and swallow without coughing or gagging. […] Muscle rigidity or stiffness, changes in posture, and bradykinesia are motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease that can increase the patients risk for injuries and falls. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Injury […] Expected outcomes: Patient will remain free from any injuries. Patient and/or caregiver will demonstrate interventions that can help reduce the risk of injuries.

• #31 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with Parkinsons disease based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will achieve the normalization and ability to maintain patent airways and respiratory status. The client will achieve and maintain a patent airway. The client will have clear breath sounds to auscultation and will have respiratory status parameters with optimal air exchange. The client will be able to cough up secretions and perform coughing and deep breathing exercises. The client will identify factors that elicit depressive reactions and use techniques that will effectively reduce the amount and frequency of these episodes. The client will be compliant with the therapeutic regimen. The client will be able to have effective speech and understanding of communication or will be able to use another method of communication and make needs known. The client will be able to use assistive devices and techniques to improve their ability to communicate. The client will be able to speak in an understandable way possible when necessary. The client will be able to understand communication. The client will be able to exhibit minimal frustration and anxiety with speech attempts. The client will be able to make needs known utilizing nonverbal methods if required. The clients family will be compliant and supportive of the patients attempt at communication. The client will maintain functional mobility as long as possible within the limitations of the disease process. The client will have few if any, complications related to immobility. The client will have an adequate nutritional intake with no weight or muscle mass loss. The client will maintain adequate nutritional status with the use of nutritional support and will experience no complications from support. The client will show no signs of malnutrition status. The client will be able to swallow effectively with no incidence of aspiration. The client will be able to eat and swallow normally. The client will be able to ingest an adequate amount of nutrients without the dangers of aspiration. The client will be able to follow instructions and strengthen the muscles used for eating and swallowing. The client will remain safe from environmental hazards resulting from cognitive impairment. The clients family will ensure safety precautions are instituted and followed. The client will remain in a safe environment with no complications or injuries obtained. The clients family will be able to identify and eliminate hazards in the clients environment. The client will exhibit improvement in emotional well-being. The client will use acceptable strategies to cope with problems and will have an improved sense of self-worth. The client will be able to access support systems, community resources, or counselors to assist in achieving adequate coping skills. The client and/or family will be able to exhibit an understanding of the disease process, medication regimen, and treatment plan of care. The client will be able to accurately verbalize an understanding of Parkinsonism and its treatment regimen. The client will be able to comply with the medication regimen and notify the healthcare provider if the client experiences untoward side effects. The client and/or family will be able to identify and demonstrate safety precautions to prevent injury. The client and/or family will be able to identify the need for long-term goals and the potential for end-of-life decisions to be made.

• #32 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease causes degeneration of the nerves and muscles involved in the swallowing process, which may cause cough dysfunction (dystussia) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), increasing the patients risk for aspiration. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Aspiration […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain a patent airway and clear lung sounds. Patient will be able to eat and swallow without coughing or gagging. […] Muscle rigidity or stiffness, changes in posture, and bradykinesia are motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease that can increase the patients risk for injuries and falls. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Injury […] Expected outcomes: Patient will remain free from any injuries. Patient and/or caregiver will demonstrate interventions that can help reduce the risk of injuries.

• #33 Parkinson’s Disease: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Parkinsons disease causes degeneration of the nerves and muscles involved in the swallowing process, which may cause cough dysfunction (dystussia) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), increasing the patients risk for aspiration. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Aspiration […] Expected outcomes: Patient will maintain a patent airway and clear lung sounds. Patient will be able to eat and swallow without coughing or gagging. […] Muscle rigidity or stiffness, changes in posture, and bradykinesia are motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease that can increase the patients risk for injuries and falls. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Injury […] Expected outcomes: Patient will remain free from any injuries. Patient and/or caregiver will demonstrate interventions that can help reduce the risk of injuries.

• #34 How to Care for Patients with Parkinson’s Disease? – ConsidraCare

  https://www.considracare.com/how-to-care-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Physical therapy and regular exercise can improve muscle strength, flexibility, and balance. A tailored exercise routine can help manage symptoms and maintain mobility. Caregivers should work with healthcare professionals to design an appropriate exercise and care plan for patients with Parkinsons. […] Speech therapy can help patients communicate more effectively, while occupational therapy can assist in performing daily tasks independently. […] Assisting with daily activities such as dressing, grooming, and bathing may become necessary as the disease progresses. Respect the patients independence while offering support when needed. […] Patients with Parkinsons are at a higher risk of falls. Caregivers should remove tripping hazards, encourage the use of assistive devices, and consider exercises that improve balance.

• #35 Caring for a Patient With Parkinson’s Disease: Tips and More

  https://www.verywellmind.com/caring-for-a-patient-with-parkinson-s-disease-tips-and-more-5215797

  A trusted family member or caregiver may have to take over and make decisions about their medical care. […] People with Parkinson’s disease can have trouble walking and maintaining their balance, which can make them more prone to falling. […] If you live with someone who has Parkinson’s disease, these are some steps you can take to prevent them from falling and injuring themselves: […] Your loved one will need a lot of emotional support to come to terms with their diagnosis and cope with the changes the condition brings. […] These are some strategies that can help you be a source of emotional support for your loved one: […] Encourage the person to seek therapy or join a support group to help them process their emotions and develop coping skills. […] It can be helpful to plan activities where the person can spend time with close friends and family to have their company and support.

• #36 Parkinson’s Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8525-parkinsons-disease-an-overview

  Parkinsons disease is an age-related degenerative brain condition, meaning it causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. Its best known for causing slowed movements, tremors, balance problems and more. The condition isnt curable, but there are many different treatment options. […] For now, Parkinsons disease isnt curable, but there are multiple ways to manage its symptoms. The treatments can also vary from person to person, depending on their specific symptoms and how well certain treatments work. Medications are the primary way to treat this condition. […] Medication treatments for Parkinsons disease fall into two categories: Direct treatments and symptom treatments. Direct treatments target Parkinsons itself. Symptom treatments only treat certain effects of the disease. […] Taking your medications can make a huge difference in the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. You should take your medications as prescribed and talk to your provider if you notice side effects or start to feel like your medications aren’t as effective.

• #37 Caring for patients with Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/caring-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Caring for patients with Parkinsons disease […] Nursing responsibilities for patients with PD include drug administration and patient and family education. Make sure youre familiar with the mechanisms of action of PD drugs, importance of taking drugs exactly as scheduled, and drug contraindications and adverse effects. For patients on L-dopa, explain that they shouldnt take this drug with high-protein meals as this can reduce its absorption and availability. Caution them to avoid foods and supplements high in pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which can inhibit the drugs action. Although L-dopa can be taken with food to relieve GI adverse effects, it may compete for absorption with amino acids in foods. Advise the patient to gradually move back the dosing time to 30 minutes before meals to decrease GI problems and reduce competition with amino acids. Tell patients and family that taking L-dopa on an empty stomach increases its absorption.

• #38 Parkinson Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html

  Parkinson disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Most patients consult with their primary care physician about Parkinson disease symptoms before seeking care from a specialist. The diagnosis of Parkinson disease is clinical, and key disease features are bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The main diagnostic signs of Parkinson disease are motor symptoms; however, Parkinson disease is also associated with nonmotor symptoms, including autonomic dysfunction, depression, and hallucinations, which can make the initial diagnosis of Parkinson disease difficult. […] Therapies, including levodopa, have not demonstrated the ability to slow disease progression. Motor symptoms are managed with carbidopa/levodopa, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors, and nonergot dopamine agonists.

• #39 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine. […] Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting. […] Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate proper posture. […] Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation. […] Assess ability to swallow and chew. […] Provide high-calorie, high-protein, high-fiber soft diet with small, frequent feedings. […] Monitor for constipation. […] Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement. […] Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. […] Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

• #40 Caring for patients with Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/caring-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Caring for patients with Parkinsons disease […] Nursing responsibilities for patients with PD include drug administration and patient and family education. Make sure youre familiar with the mechanisms of action of PD drugs, importance of taking drugs exactly as scheduled, and drug contraindications and adverse effects. For patients on L-dopa, explain that they shouldnt take this drug with high-protein meals as this can reduce its absorption and availability. Caution them to avoid foods and supplements high in pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which can inhibit the drugs action. Although L-dopa can be taken with food to relieve GI adverse effects, it may compete for absorption with amino acids in foods. Advise the patient to gradually move back the dosing time to 30 minutes before meals to decrease GI problems and reduce competition with amino acids. Tell patients and family that taking L-dopa on an empty stomach increases its absorption.

• #41 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Instruct the client to avoid monoamine oxidase inhibitors because they will precipitate hypertensive crisis. […] Encourage independence along with safety measures. […] Avoid rushing the client with activities. […] Assist with ambulation and provide assistive devices. […] Instruct in proper posture by teaching the client to hold the hands behind the back to keep the spine and neck erect. […] Provide education and support to help patients cope with the emotional and psychological impact of MS. […] Administer disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to slow disease progression and reduce relapse frequency. […] Monitor for potential complications such as infections or pressure ulcers due to immobility.

• #42 Caring for patients with Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/caring-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Teach patients and caregivers about other adverse drug effects and how to deal with them. Stress the importance of taking drugs on time, and review possible consequences of taking them late or missing a dose. Also provide education on PD progression and explain that as the disease progresses, changes in medication dosing and frequency may be required. […] Discuss the importance of exercise. For instance, many patients enjoy dancing, which provides both a psychological lift and a physiologic benefit. Exercise has been found to: […] – improve neuromuscular interaction and neurogenesis […] – help initiate functional and morphologic changes in the brain […] – help slow PD progression […] – increase serum calcium levels, thus raising dopamine concentration (higher calcium levels help mediate stress resistance)

• #43 Parkinson’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Parkinson’s disease-related health concerns […] Parkinson’s disease can’t be cured, but medicines can help control the symptoms. Medicines often work very well. When medicine is no longer helping, some people may have surgery. Your healthcare team also may recommend aerobic exercise, physical therapy that focuses on balancing and stretching, and speech therapy. […] Some lifestyle changes may help ease your Parkinson’s disease symptoms. But certain medicines can make your symptoms worse. Ask your healthcare team which remedies provide the greatest symptom relief with the fewest side effects. […] These healthcare professionals can help with daily tasks: Occupational therapist. An occupational therapist can show you ways to help with activities such as dressing, bathing and cooking. Speech therapist. A speech therapist may be able to help with swallowing and speech problems.

• #44 Caring for patients with Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/caring-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Teach patients and caregivers about other adverse drug effects and how to deal with them. Stress the importance of taking drugs on time, and review possible consequences of taking them late or missing a dose. Also provide education on PD progression and explain that as the disease progresses, changes in medication dosing and frequency may be required. […] Discuss the importance of exercise. For instance, many patients enjoy dancing, which provides both a psychological lift and a physiologic benefit. Exercise has been found to: […] – improve neuromuscular interaction and neurogenesis […] – help initiate functional and morphologic changes in the brain […] – help slow PD progression […] – increase serum calcium levels, thus raising dopamine concentration (higher calcium levels help mediate stress resistance)

• #45 Parkinson Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html

  Deep brain stimulation surgery is performed for patients who do not achieve adequate control with levodopa therapy. Deep brain stimulation is most effective for significant motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and tremors. Nonmotor symptom therapies target patient-specific conditions during the disease course. Interdisciplinary team care can alleviate multiple symptoms of Parkinson disease. […] Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease should be reviewed and addressed at each visit. Physicians should consider referring patients with Parkinson disease to an interprofessional team to improve motor symptoms, mood, and quality of life. […] Patients with Parkinson disease often require an interprofessional care team to provide comprehensive care throughout the various stages of disease. Care from a multidisciplinary team improves motor scores and quality of life, and lowers depression scores.

• #46 Parkinson disease – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000394.htm

  Your health care provider has told you that you have Parkinson disease. This disease affects your brain and leads to tremors, problems with walking, movement, and coordination. Other symptoms or problems that may appear later on include difficulty swallowing, constipation, and drooling. […] Over time, symptoms get worse and it becomes more difficult to take care of yourself. […] Your provider may suggest you take different medicines to treat your Parkinson disease and many of the problems that may come with the disease. […] Exercise can help your muscles stay strong and help you keep your balance. It is good for your heart. Exercise may also help you sleep better and have regular bowel movements. […] To stay safe in your home, have someone help you: Remove things that can cause you to trip.

• #47 Parkinson’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Parkinson’s disease-related health concerns […] Parkinson’s disease can’t be cured, but medicines can help control the symptoms. Medicines often work very well. When medicine is no longer helping, some people may have surgery. Your healthcare team also may recommend aerobic exercise, physical therapy that focuses on balancing and stretching, and speech therapy. […] Some lifestyle changes may help ease your Parkinson’s disease symptoms. But certain medicines can make your symptoms worse. Ask your healthcare team which remedies provide the greatest symptom relief with the fewest side effects. […] These healthcare professionals can help with daily tasks: Occupational therapist. An occupational therapist can show you ways to help with activities such as dressing, bathing and cooking. Speech therapist. A speech therapist may be able to help with swallowing and speech problems.

• #48

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2019/11000/parkinson_disease__enhance_nursing_knowledge.7.aspx

  Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, incurable disease caused by dopamine deficiency. This article provides an overview of this neurodegenerative disorder and offers information for optimal outcomes. […] At present, Parkinson disease cannot be cured, but a correct diagnosis is important for determining treatment strategies and nursing interventions. This article provides an overview of this neurodegenerative disorder and offers up-to-date information for optimal nursing care and patient teaching. […] Nursing care must be holistic and comprehensive. Patients with PD experience motor and nonmotor dysfunction and deficits that worsen with time, putting them at risk for physical impairments and loss of mobility, falls, urinary retention, and constipation related to decreased peristalsis, and malnutrition from a combination of the disease process and adverse reactions from prescribed medications. Additionally, they may experience disturbances in body image related to changes in their appearance due to the disease process or a knowledge deficit due to complex and evolving lifelong treatments.

• #49 Parkinson’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376062

  Supportive therapies may help ease some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as pain, fatigue and depression. When combined with your medical treatments, they may improve your quality of life. […] Living with any chronic illness can be hard, and it’s common to feel angry, depressed or discouraged at times. Parkinson’s disease can be profoundly frustrating as walking, talking and even eating become more difficult and time-consuming. […] Depression is common in people with Parkinson’s disease. But antidepressant medicines can help ease the symptoms of depression. Talk with your healthcare team if you have feelings of sadness or hopelessness that don’t go away. […] You and your family also may benefit from talking with a mental health professional, such as a psychologist or social worker trained in working with people who have chronic conditions.

• #50 Nursing Care Plan for Parkinson’s Disease: A Complete Guide

  https://tap.health/nursing-care-plan-for-parkinsons-disease/

  As Parkinsons progresses, patients may experience difficulty speaking clearly or swallowing. Encourage speech therapy to strengthen vocal muscles and improve clarity. Provide communication aids like writing boards or speech-to-text devices. Train caregivers to use short, clear instructions to minimize frustration. […] Parkinsons increases the risk of falls, choking, and other hazards. Safety precautions are a critical part of any care plan. Modify the home environment by removing loose rugs, installing grab bars, and ensuring adequate lighting. Monitor for swallowing difficulties to prevent choking during meals. Create a schedule for medications to ensure they are taken on time and as prescribed. […] Parkinsons can take an emotional toll, leading to depression or anxiety. Nurses play a crucial role in addressing these feelings. Encourage participation in support groups to connect with others who share similar challenges. Practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques like deep breathing or yoga. Listen empathetically to the patients concerns and validate their feelings.

• #51 Caring for a Patient With Parkinson’s Disease: Tips and More

  https://www.verywellmind.com/caring-for-a-patient-with-parkinson-s-disease-tips-and-more-5215797

  Make sure that you’re also taking care of yourself, including leaning on support groups and giving yourself time to process your emotions. […] After your loved one has been diagnosed, you might wonder what you can do to help and support them. Learning how to be a caretaker can be a big transition, but there are things you can do to ensure that you are offering the right kind of help. These are some ways you can assist someone with Parkinson’s disease. […] Parkinson’s disease can be treated with medication and surgery. It can be helpful for a loved one to accompany the person to doctors visits. […] Make sure the person is taking their medication regularly. […] Report any worsening symptoms or changes in behavior to the person’s healthcare provider so they can adjust their medication and treatment plan accordingly.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2019/11000/parkinson_disease__enhance_nursing_knowledge.7.aspx

  Nutrition recommendations include adequate dietary fiber and fluids to prevent or reduce constipation associated with the disease process and drug therapies. A Mediterranean diet, characterized by high intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, and cereals, may help prevent weight loss. This diet includes a high intake of unsaturated fats and a low intake of saturated fats. Increased caloric intake is also recommended for PD patients, as well as adequate calcium and vitamin D to prevent osteoporosis. […] Recent PD research has shown the benefits of exercise in improving motor performance and potentially slowing motor and neural degeneration. For some patients, exercise and physical therapy are options for maintaining and possibly improving motor strength, flexibility, and function. Evidence suggests that physiotherapy may be beneficial in addressing specific motor features, including falls, freezing of gait, and overall physical deconditioning.

• #53 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine. […] Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting. […] Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate proper posture. […] Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation. […] Assess ability to swallow and chew. […] Provide high-calorie, high-protein, high-fiber soft diet with small, frequent feedings. […] Monitor for constipation. […] Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement. […] Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. […] Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

• #54 Caring for patients with Parkinson’s disease

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/caring-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Caring for patients with Parkinsons disease […] Nursing responsibilities for patients with PD include drug administration and patient and family education. Make sure youre familiar with the mechanisms of action of PD drugs, importance of taking drugs exactly as scheduled, and drug contraindications and adverse effects. For patients on L-dopa, explain that they shouldnt take this drug with high-protein meals as this can reduce its absorption and availability. Caution them to avoid foods and supplements high in pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which can inhibit the drugs action. Although L-dopa can be taken with food to relieve GI adverse effects, it may compete for absorption with amino acids in foods. Advise the patient to gradually move back the dosing time to 30 minutes before meals to decrease GI problems and reduce competition with amino acids. Tell patients and family that taking L-dopa on an empty stomach increases its absorption.

• #55 How to care for people with Parkinson’s disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/neurology/how-to-care-for-people-with-parkinsons-disease-13-04-2012/

  It is important that all health professionals caring for people with the condition understand this if optimum symptom control is to be achieved and maintained. […] Parkinsons nurses help patients to manage medications, offer advice and information and provide emotional support. […] The way in which the condition affects patients can vary from hour to hour and day to day. […] Nurses should therefore listen to patients and their families about how the condition affects them. […] It is important to ensure that patients have access to a varied and balanced diet; nurses should take account of any swallowing or movement problems that could lead to malnutrition. […] The quality of the role of Parkinsons nurses needs to be monitored and maintained. […] This specialist role, which requires a high level of autonomy, clinical judgement, discretion and decision-making, should not be diluted because the condition requires highly specialist nurse intervention. […] Community pharmacist and specialist nurses working together in partnership can enhance the care delivered to patients with Parkinsons, with medicines usage reviews forming an important part of this.

• #56 UAMS Parkinson’s Symposium Focuses on Patients and Caregivers | UAMS News

  https://news.uams.edu/2025/04/30/uams-parkinsons-symposium-focuses-on-patients-and-caregivers/

  Jessica Holton, occupational therapist, leads two Parkinson’s patients in a chair yoga demonstration on the stage as the audience participates from their seats. […] The audience for the April 13 symposium included patients, family members, caregivers and health care professionals. Over an hour and a half, they learned how physical exercise helps patients improve motivation and fatigue; how to help patients avoid falls; the gastrointestinal aspects of the disease; and the importance of support for caregivers. […] Lee Isaac, Psy.D., a neuropsychologist at UAMS, discussed caregiver burden, which encompasses the physical, emotional and financial toll experienced by those who perform daily tasks for Parkinsons patients. These tasks can include managing medication, bathing them or simply providing emotional support.

• #57 UAMS Parkinson’s Symposium Focuses on Patients and Caregivers | UAMS News

  https://news.uams.edu/2025/04/30/uams-parkinsons-symposium-focuses-on-patients-and-caregivers/

  As caregivers, you are the backbone of caring for the Parkinsons patient, Isaac said. Youre the boots on the ground, and with that comes additional burdens and stress. It affects your physical, emotional, financial, relational and social self. […] Isaac said resources are available to help caregivers lighten the tolls that their duties impose, and he encouraged them to take advantage of them. He urged them to join support groups, noting that other caregivers can provide relatable, real-life advice. […] Caregivers need to take time away from their caregiving duties to do something for themselves, he said, whether it be going on a trip or just spending time alone. […] Rohit Dhall, M.D., the chair of the Department of Neurology, echoed Isaacs remarks, adding that its important for caregivers to always have a safe space to exchange information, such as in support groups. He said there are UAMS support groups specifically for caregivers of Parkinsons and Atypical Parkinsonism patients.

• #58 Parkinson’s Disease and Caregiving: Tips and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parkinsons/caregiving

  When a loved one is diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, treatment for the disease should begin almost immediately. This is a time of major change not only for the person with Parkinsons but also for you, the caregiver. […] Doctors strongly encourage caregivers to attend doctors appointments. Your input may help your doctor understand: how the disease is progressing, how the treatments are working, what side effects are occurring. […] Caring for a loved one can be deeply satisfying. Its a chance for your family to draw together as you face the challenges of Parkinsons disease head-on. […] However, providing emotional and physical care for someone with an illness can become stressful and, at times, overwhelming. Balancing your personal life with caregiving can be difficult. […] Especially in the latter stages of Parkinsons disease, caring for your loved one may become more difficult. When this happens, you may need to seek professional care from a care facility or organization.

• #59 Parkinson’s Disease and Caregiving: Tips and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parkinsons/caregiving

  Research shows that caregiver burden is high among Parkinsons caregivers, who likely face emotional, social, physical, and financial challenges as a result. […] As the demands of caring for a loved one increase, many caregivers neglect their own health. Its important to be proactive and take care of yourself. Keep current with your own medical appointments and healthcare needs. […] Caregiving for someone you love who has Parkinsons is a major undertaking that can bring changes and challenges to every aspect of your life. […] You will likely face emotional and physical hurdles, but also joy and the pleasure of helping someone you love.

• #60

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  The results showed self-care support as an important strategy to improve the autonomy and well-being of people with PD, and the most explored themes focused on improving health education to self-care for food, bathing, intimate hygiene and dress. […] Clinical evidence available on self-management education of the disease for people with PD and their care partners involves promoting health for family members and caregivers, providing family education and safe sharing space for conversations on sensitive issues ranging from sexual issues of the couple after diagnosis to issues related to palliative care for patients at the end of life. […] Findings indicate that, for promoting education for self-management of the disease, it is necessary to know family functionality, access to community resources, social support network and tracking the participation of each individual involved, being part of nursing care and directly related to people with PDs quality of life.

• #61 Parkinson’s disease, caregiver checklist, daily care

  https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons

  When you’re a caregiver for someone with Parkinson’s disease, some days you’ll need to help them with daily tasks. Other days you just need to give them enough time to do them on their own. This checklist can make life easier for both of you. […] For safety and comfort, use the shower, if possible. Tub baths can be a falling hazard. […] Make sure clothes are easy to put on, such as pants with elastic waistbands, bras that hook in front, and tube socks instead of dress socks. […] Serve fiber — like whole grains, bran cereals, fruits, and vegetables — to prevent constipation, a common Parkinson’s issue. […] Don’t let their symptoms discourage participating in activities. Specially adapted tools are available to help with things like holding a paintbrush. […] The hands-on daily tasks of caregiving can be hard for both of you. But they also bring you together. As much as possible, focus on what your loved one can do. Taking part in their own care and enjoying hobbies will help them enjoy life more.

• #62 Caring for a Patient With Parkinson’s Disease: Tips and More

  https://www.verywellmind.com/caring-for-a-patient-with-parkinson-s-disease-tips-and-more-5215797

  While caring for a terminally ill person can be a lot of work, make it a point to still be affectionate and maintain a bond with them. […] These are some things to avoid while caring for someone with Parkinson’s disease: […] Stick to a daily routine as far as possible, so the person knows what to expect at each time of day. […] Try to keep the person’s environment free of distractions, such as loud noises or brightly-patterned decor, as it can be confusing and disorienting. […] When you communicate with the person, use simple sentences and ask only yes or no questions. […] Be patient with them and try to match their pace to make them more comfortable. […] It can be helpful to set realistic goals for yourself and determine your limits. […] It can be helpful to locate medical services, support groups, and other community services for your loved one as well as yourself in advance before you need them. […] Learning about the condition can help you understand it and prepare yourself for the road ahead.

• #63

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12314

  When you have Parkinson’s disease, part of your brain cannot make enough dopamine, a chemical that helps control movement. It gets worse over time. But usually this happens slowly, over years. The disease can cause tremors, stiffness, and other problems with movement. It can also cause problems with thinking. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Use a cane, walker, or scooter if your doctor suggests it.

• #64 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/parkinsons-disease/

  Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine. […] Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting. […] Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate proper posture. […] Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation. […] Assess ability to swallow and chew. […] Provide high-calorie, high-protein, high-fiber soft diet with small, frequent feedings. […] Monitor for constipation. […] Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement. […] Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. […] Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

• #65 Nursing care of patients with Parkinson’s disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3226657/

  Nursing interventions for each of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors at rest and postural reflex abnormalities, are designed to increase the patient’s quality of life by minimizing symptoms. Nurses are responsible for planning patient medication schedules to maximize drug effectiveness. Dietary implications include a low-protein regimen for the patient during the day, eliminating foods high in Vitamin B6, high caloric foods, and soft-solid foods offered at frequent feedings. Constipation is addressed by increasing the patient’s fiber and fluid intake and by increasing the patient’s mobility. Patient mobility is increased when the patient is taught purposeful activities and to concentrate on the way he walks. Communication is facilitated if the patient takes deep breaths before speaking and uses diaphragmatic speech. A telephone receiver which amplifies the patient’s voice is also available. Interventions are good only if the patient chooses to implement them; he is the head of the health team planning his care.

• #66 How to Care for Patients with Parkinson’s Disease? – ConsidraCare

  https://www.considracare.com/how-to-care-for-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/

  Parkinsons disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects a person’s movement and can significantly impact their quality of life. Providing care for patients with Parkinson’s requires a comprehensive and compassionate approach. […] Care for patients with Parkinsons requires special attention to detail. Creating an environment that is safe and accessible is crucial for patients with Parkinsons. Removing clutter, installing handrails, and ensuring proper lighting can prevent falls and accidents. Additionally, arranging furniture to accommodate mobility aids is essential. […] Medications can help manage the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Caregivers need to ensure that the patient takes the prescribed medications on time. Its essential to be aware of potential side effects and communicate any concerns to the medical team.

• #67 Parkinson disease – discharge: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000394.htm

  Your health care provider has told you that you have Parkinson disease. This disease affects your brain and leads to tremors, problems with walking, movement, and coordination. Other symptoms or problems that may appear later on include difficulty swallowing, constipation, and drooling. […] Over time, symptoms get worse and it becomes more difficult to take care of yourself. […] Your provider may suggest you take different medicines to treat your Parkinson disease and many of the problems that may come with the disease. […] Exercise can help your muscles stay strong and help you keep your balance. It is good for your heart. Exercise may also help you sleep better and have regular bowel movements. […] To stay safe in your home, have someone help you: Remove things that can cause you to trip.

• #68 Parkinson Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html

  Deep brain stimulation surgery is performed for patients who do not achieve adequate control with levodopa therapy. Deep brain stimulation is most effective for significant motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and tremors. Nonmotor symptom therapies target patient-specific conditions during the disease course. Interdisciplinary team care can alleviate multiple symptoms of Parkinson disease. […] Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease should be reviewed and addressed at each visit. Physicians should consider referring patients with Parkinson disease to an interprofessional team to improve motor symptoms, mood, and quality of life. […] Patients with Parkinson disease often require an interprofessional care team to provide comprehensive care throughout the various stages of disease. Care from a multidisciplinary team improves motor scores and quality of life, and lowers depression scores.

• #69 The role of nurses for patients with Parkinson’s disease at home: a scoping review | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-01931-y

  According to the included studies, PD nurses and nurses collaborated with neurologists, pharmacists, movement disorder specialists, social workers, psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and other therapists specializing in neurology. […] Nurses need to work as a care team to address both aspects of the clinical environment and the care provided in the home for patients with PD. […] This study clarified the nine main roles of nurses caring for patients with PD at home, including overall assessment and support, treatment management, safety assessment regarding falls, care for non-motor symptoms, palliative care, support for caregivers, education for care home staff, multidisciplinary collaboration, and provision of information on social resources.

• #70 12 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with Parkinsons disease. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for Parkinsons disease in this guide. […] The nursing goals for clients with Parkinsons disease include improving functional mobility, maintaining independence in performing ADLs, promoting safety and preventing falls, achieving optimal bowel elimination, attaining and maintaining acceptable nutritional status, achieving effective communication, developing positive coping mechanisms, and educating the client and their family on the disease process and self-care strategies to manage symptoms and improve the overall quality of life. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with Parkinsons disease: Recognize and assess signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Monitor disease progression and assess motor and non-motor symptoms. Administer prescribed medications to manage symptoms, such as dopaminergic medications or anticholinergics. Provide support and education to patients and families about Parkinsons disease, treatment options, and lifestyle modifications. Facilitate physical therapy and occupational therapy to optimize mobility, balance, and functional abilities. Monitor for and manage potential complications, such as falls, dysphagia, or cognitive changes. Offer emotional support and counseling to patients and families to cope with the impact of Parkinsons disease. Coordinate care and referrals to specialists, such as neurologists or speech therapists. Schedule regular follow-up appointments to monitor disease progression, adjust treatment plans, and address any concerns or changes in symptoms.

• #71 Parkinson Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html

  Deep brain stimulation surgery is performed for patients who do not achieve adequate control with levodopa therapy. Deep brain stimulation is most effective for significant motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and tremors. Nonmotor symptom therapies target patient-specific conditions during the disease course. Interdisciplinary team care can alleviate multiple symptoms of Parkinson disease. […] Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease should be reviewed and addressed at each visit. Physicians should consider referring patients with Parkinson disease to an interprofessional team to improve motor symptoms, mood, and quality of life. […] Patients with Parkinson disease often require an interprofessional care team to provide comprehensive care throughout the various stages of disease. Care from a multidisciplinary team improves motor scores and quality of life, and lowers depression scores.

• #72 Palliative Care and Parkinson’s Disease | Get Palliative Care

  https://getpalliativecare.org/whatis/disease-types/parkinsons-disease-palliative-care/

  Parkinsons disease is a progressive illness of the central nervous system that affects muscles and movement. […] While hand tremors are the best-known sign of Parkinsons disease, the disorder also causes muscle stiffness, slowing and jerking. […] Although the disease cannot be cured, medications can improve the symptoms. So can palliative care. […] Palliative care is specialized medical care for people with serious illness. It focuses on providing you with relief from the symptoms, pain and stress of a serious illness like Parkinsons disease. […] The goal is to improve quality of life for both you and your family. […] In all ways, the palliative care team helps you to better cope with the challenges of living with Parkinsons disease. […] Decisions about nutrition and feeding tubes eventually may become an issue, but the palliative care team will be able to provide guidance on this difficult subject.

• #73 The role of nurses for patients with Parkinson’s disease at home: a scoping review | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-01931-y

  Nurses check orthostatic vital signs given the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. […] Mental health support and counseling are provided by nurses and PD nurses, and were among the most frequently performed nursing activities for patients with PD in a study of nurse care managers in the United States. […] Palliative care is designed to provide specialized disease management and physical, psychological, spiritual, and social support, to reduce suffering and improve quality of life for patients and their caregivers. […] Counseling and education about PD are provided to both patients and caregivers by PD nurses and other nurses, both in the home and over the phone, when patients are living at home. […] Staff providing care to patients with PD find hallucinations, falls, and physical difficulties difficult to manage.

• #74 Palliative Care and Parkinson’s Disease | Get Palliative Care

  https://getpalliativecare.org/whatis/disease-types/parkinsons-disease-palliative-care/

  Your palliative care team will talk with you about your hopes and preferences, and what may be possible for you to get the support you need to continue living life to the fullest. […] Because of the long course of Parkinsons disease, the palliative care team can help you to clarify your goals and set up treatment plans far in advance. […] Your palliative care team can help you with all this and more. […] If you or a loved one is facing Parkinsons disease, ask your doctor for a referral to palliative carethe earlier the better. […] Although living with Parkinsons disease is difficult, your burden may be easier when palliative care is involved. […] With the support of palliative care, you can help ensure that you achieve and sustain the highest quality of life possible.

• #75 End-Stage Parkinson’s Disease & Death | APDA

  https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/death-parkinsons-disease-3/

  Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive condition, which means that it gets worse with time. […] Over time, for some people with PD, symptoms can become advanced and much more difficult to navigate. […] A question we often get asked is can advanced Parkinsons disease lead to death and if so, how? […] However, even studies that conclude that PD overall does not confer an increase in mortality over the general population, find that people with PD who have certain characteristics are at an increased risk of dying. […] Advanced PD symptoms can contribute to an increased risk of dying in several ways. […] Falls are one of the major causes of emergency room visits and hospitalizations for people with PD. […] Due to increased immobility, people with advanced PD are at more of a risk of developing pressure ulcers, a breakdown of skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on a particular part of the body.

• #76 End-Stage Parkinson’s Disease & Death | APDA

  https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/death-parkinsons-disease-3/

  Pneumonia has been found to be a more common cause of death among people with PD than the general population, highlighting the contribution of swallowing difficulties in mortality in PD. […] Increased frailty is linked to advanced PD. […] The journey for every person with PD will be different. […] Regardless of the cause, when a neurologist assesses that the possibility of death within a particular time frame is likely, hospice care can be initiated. […] In summary, while it is true that PD in and of itself is not fatal in the same way that a rupture of a brain aneurysm or a massive heart attack may be, the disability caused by PD can contribute to death in a variety of ways as outlined above. […] Some studies show that the rate of deaths among all people with PD is about 1.5 times higher than would be expected in the general population.

• #77 End-Stage Parkinson’s Disease & Death | APDA

  https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/death-parkinsons-disease-3/

  Pneumonia has been found to be a more common cause of death among people with PD than the general population, highlighting the contribution of swallowing difficulties in mortality in PD. […] Increased frailty is linked to advanced PD. […] The journey for every person with PD will be different. […] Regardless of the cause, when a neurologist assesses that the possibility of death within a particular time frame is likely, hospice care can be initiated. […] In summary, while it is true that PD in and of itself is not fatal in the same way that a rupture of a brain aneurysm or a massive heart attack may be, the disability caused by PD can contribute to death in a variety of ways as outlined above. […] Some studies show that the rate of deaths among all people with PD is about 1.5 times higher than would be expected in the general population.

• #78 End-Stage Parkinson’s Disease & Death | APDA

  https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/death-parkinsons-disease-3/

  Although PD is not fatal in and of itself, certain characteristics of advanced PD are associated with an increased risk of death including cognitive decline, hallucinations, and an increased level of motor disability. […] Advanced PD can cause falls, pressure ulcers, swallowing difficulties and general frailty, which are all linked to death. […] Proactive steps can help minimize certain risks, and possibly prolong quality of life.

• #79 Retinal Response Testing May Help Early Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/retinal-response-testing-may-help-early-diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease

  Parkinson’s disease retinas show distinct light response, indicating potential early biomarkers for diagnosis. […] ERG anomalies in Parkinson’s patients suggest impaired retinal function, with reduced waveform amplitudes. […] Results highlight ERG’s potential in early Parkinson’s diagnosis, especially in female patients with attenuated amacrine cell output. […] By then, the disease has been present for several years and the affected neurons are already engaged in an irreversible degenerative process, said Martin Lvesque, professor at Universit Lavals Faculty of Medicine and researcher at CERVO Brain Research Center. Thats why its important to find biomarkers that detect Parkinsons at an early stage of the disease. […] To our knowledge, this is the earliest recorded instance of ERG anomalies in diagnosed Parkinson’s disease patients, supporting the development of a diagnostic tool for early detection and monitoring, with the potential to improve interventions and patient management, wrote Victoria Soto Linan, a doctoral student at Universit Laval, and colleagues.

• #80 Retinal Response Testing May Help Early Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/retinal-response-testing-may-help-early-diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease

  Parkinson’s disease retinas show distinct light response, indicating potential early biomarkers for diagnosis. […] ERG anomalies in Parkinson’s patients suggest impaired retinal function, with reduced waveform amplitudes. […] Results highlight ERG’s potential in early Parkinson’s diagnosis, especially in female patients with attenuated amacrine cell output. […] By then, the disease has been present for several years and the affected neurons are already engaged in an irreversible degenerative process, said Martin Lvesque, professor at Universit Lavals Faculty of Medicine and researcher at CERVO Brain Research Center. Thats why its important to find biomarkers that detect Parkinsons at an early stage of the disease. […] To our knowledge, this is the earliest recorded instance of ERG anomalies in diagnosed Parkinson’s disease patients, supporting the development of a diagnostic tool for early detection and monitoring, with the potential to improve interventions and patient management, wrote Victoria Soto Linan, a doctoral student at Universit Laval, and colleagues.

• #81 Retinal Response Testing May Help Early Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/retinal-response-testing-may-help-early-diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease

  Overall results suggested reductions in the rod b-wave, scotopic OPs, PhNR b-wave, and PhNR-wave amplitudes in individuals with Parkinson’s disease, which supports their potential as disease indicators. […] Additionally, scotopic oscillatory potentials isolated further identified an attenuated amacrine cell output in females. Linan and colleagues believe that these results indicate promise in the effectiveness of ERG in early diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson’s disease. […] In conclusion, our findings suggest that bipolar cell output is diminished in the rod and cone systems during early and advanced Parkinson’s disease, respectively, with RGCs ultimately transmitting attenuated signals through the optic nerve, Linan and colleagues wrote.

• #82 Will adaptive deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease become a real option soon? A Delphi consensus study | npj Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-025-00974-5

  While conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS) treatment delivers continuous electrical stimuli, new adaptive DBS (aDBS) technology provides dynamic symptom-related stimulation. […] In the next 10 years, aDBS will be clinical routine, but research is needed to define which patients would benefit more from the treatment; second, implantation and programming procedures should be simplified to allow actual generalized adoption; third, new adaptive algorithms, and the integration of aDBS paradigm with new technologies, will improve control of more complex symptoms. […] Among the clinical challenges, aDBS needs to further prove its safety and tolerability for the patients. […] First, it is likely that, apart from PD, also ET and epilepsy patients, likewise psychiatric patients, could benefit from an adaptive approach.

• #83 How ‘Magic Mushrooms’ Could Help Parkinson’s Disease Patients | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2025/04/429906/how-magic-mushrooms-could-help-parkinsons-disease-patients

  Psilocybin, a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, has shown promise in treating depression and anxiety. […] UC San Francisco researchers wanted to know if it could be used to help Parkinsons patients who often experience debilitating mood dysfunction in addition to their motor symptoms and dont respond well to antidepressants or other medications. […] Not only did participants tolerate the drug without serious side effects or worsening symptoms, which is what the pilot study was designed to test, they also experienced clinically significant improvements in mood, cognition, and motor function that lasted for weeks after the drug was out of their systems. […] Many people dont realize this, but mood symptoms in Parkinsons are linked to a faster physical decline, she said. And they are actually a stronger predictor of patients quality of life with Parkinsons than their motor symptoms.

• #84 Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America Announces Presentations at the 30th World Congress on Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (IAPRD)

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mitsubishi-tanabe-pharma-america-announces-presentations-at-the-30th-world-congress-on-parkinsons-disease-and-related-disorders-iaprd-302447655.html

  Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Inc. (MTPA) today announced that two poster presentations on investigational ND0612 in Parkinson’s disease (PD) will be shared at the 30th World Congress on Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders (IAPRD) to be held May 7-10 in New York City. ND0612 is being evaluated as a 24-hour, continuous, subcutaneous (SC) infusion of liquid levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD). […] „We are pleased to present our ongoing research evaluating ND0612 in Parkinson’s disease at IAPRD,” said Gustavo A. Suarez Zambrano, M.D., Vice President of Medical Affairs, MTPA. „This continued work reflects our dedication to expanding our knowledge of PD and sharing key study insights with the broader patient and scientific communities.” […] Presentations will highlight findings from the pivotal Phase 3 BouNDless trial (NCT04006210), evaluating ND0612 in individuals with PD experiencing motor fluctuations. The data presented will include patient-reported outcomes assessing motor experiences of daily living, as well as the impact of 24-hour treatment with ND0612 on motor state transitions, based on patient home diaries. […] ND0612 is an investigational drug-device combination therapy a 24-hours/day, continuous subcutaneous (SC) infusion of liquid levodopa/carbidopa (LD/CD) for the treatment of motor fluctuations in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

• #85 The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research | Parkinson’s Disease

  https://www.michaeljfox.org/

  The Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) is recruiting more volunteers to explore the link between sense of smell and brain disease. Now, PPMI scientists are calling on people with and without Parkinson’s disease to take a free scratch-and-sniff test. You can help move research forward. […] „Parkinson’s patients are the experts on what we have. We have a responsibility as patients to share our experience — what works for us, what we respond to, what we can contribute to research.” […] „Participating in research changes how you view your diagnosis… and the world around you. It makes you feel like you are playing an important role in solving a problem that affects millions of people.”

• #86

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10081600/

  This scoping review demonstrates nursing care to people with PD in the PHC environment as complex and multidimensional, emphasizing actions that include individual-centered and group-centered care, covering clinical assessment, patient education, involvement of people with PD in the social context of care and development of positive relationships with family members and caregivers.

• #87 Parkinson’s Disease Nursing Care Plan Template & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/parkinsons-disease-nursing-care-plan

  From this assessment, specific nursing diagnoses are identified, pinpointing areas such as impaired mobility, risk of falls, or potential for depression. These diagnoses form the basis of a personalized care plan, outlining goals and strategies tailored to the individual’s needs. […] An effective nursing care plan for Parkinson’s should include medication management to control symptoms, speech therapy, physical therapy to enhance mobility, strategies for fall prevention, and emotional support for mental health issues. Nutritional guidance, patient and family education, and coping strategies are also integral to the plan. […] Ongoing evaluation is also critical to the plan, ensuring the care plan remains responsive to the patient’s changing needs. Adjustments should also be made based on the patient’s response to treatment, progression of the disease, and evolving care requirements, ensuring a dynamic and effective approach to managing Parkinson’s disease.

• #88 Nursing Care for Parkinson’s Disease Explained | Nurse Next Door

  https://www.nursenextdoor.com/blog/nursing-care-parkinsons-disease/

  Nursing care for Parkinson’s disease can include a variety of services. […] Throughout the day, the nurse remains attentive to the client’s needs and provides compassionate, high-quality care to ensure their comfort and well-being. […] The standard of nursing care for Parkinson’s disease is based on each person’s individual needs. […] Nursing care for Parkinson’s disease should be compassionate and person-centered and encourage independence and quality of life.

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