Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hyperthyroidism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659

  Hyperthyroidism can be caused by several medical conditions that affect the thyroid gland. […] Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. That prompts the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Conditions that can lead to hyperthyroidism include: […] Hyperthyroidism happens when the thyroid gland puts too much of those thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.

• #1 Graves’ disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356240

  Graves’ disease is caused by the body’s disease-fighting immune system not working correctly. Experts don’t know why this happens. […] The immune system makes antibodies that target viruses, bacteria or other foreign substances. In Graves’ disease, the immune system makes an antibody to one part of the cells in the hormone-making gland in the neck, called the thyroid gland. […] A tiny gland at the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, makes a hormone that controls the thyroid gland. The antibody linked with Graves’ disease is called thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb). TRAb takes over the work of the pituitary hormone. That leads to more thyroid hormone in the body than the body needs. That condition is called hyperthyroidism. […] Thyroid eye disease, also called Graves’ ophthalmopathy, comes from a buildup of certain carbohydrates in the muscles and tissues behind the eyes. The cause isn’t known. It may involve the same antibody that can cause the thyroid gland to not work correctly.

• #1 Graves’ Disease

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system, for some reason, turns against a part or parts of the body. […] Although we know little about why this occurs, we do know that some patient’s families clearly can have apparent predispositions to Graves’ disease. […] As a result of this autoimmune event, patients with Graves’ disease produce proteins called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. […] These immunoglobulins have the ability to link to a type of keyhole on the thyroid cells thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor just as TSH will do. […] In this way, the thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins push the thyroid cells to produce hormone in a continuous and unregulated fashion. […] In fact, there is no way to turn it off since the thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin production is not controlled in any way. […] The thyroid cells basically get tricked into producing more and more thyroid hormone thus producing hyperthyroidism.

• #1

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/what-causes-graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder where your body produces antibodies to attack itself. This can lead to hyperthyroidism, which is an overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] This is the most direct cause of Graves disease autoimmunity. Although the exact trigger is unknown, several environmental and biological factors can activate certain genes related to autoimmunity. Medical experts believe the activation of these genes increases the risk of developing Graves disease. […] As outlined above, Graves disease is caused by autoimmunity. […] The autoimmune process leading to the development of Graves disease occurs as follows: […] For some reason (likely genetic), there is a problem with the normal process the body uses to prevent autoimmune reactions. […] The T cells have an over-sensitive response to an antigen (a substance not recognized by the immune system) in the thyroid gland, allowing them to multiply.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/graves-disease-hereditary-6499993

  Graves disease is the most common cause of an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). The condition is thought to be caused by genetic, environmental, and other factors. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. […] A combination of genetic and environmental risk factors is believed to cause Graves disease. Certain lifestyle habits also contribute to the development of the disease. […] Research shows that hereditary factors account for 75% to 80% of a persons risk of developing Graves disease. […] Not everyone genetically predisposed to Graves disease will be affected by the condition. Research suggests that certain environmental factorssuch as infection, stress, or pregnancyactivate these genes and contribute to the development of Graves disease.

• #1 Graves’ Disease – What is Graves’ Disease and What Causes It?

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-graves-disease-basics

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition that causes your thyroid to become hyperactive, making it work harder than it needs to. […] But in Graves’ disease, a malfunction in the body’s immune system releases abnormal antibodies that act like TSH. Spurred by these false signals, the thyroid’s hormone factories work overtime and overproduce. […] Heredity, environment, and other characteristics seem to play a role in the likelihood that you’ll have Graves disease. But no single gene has been found to cause Graves’ disease. […] You’re more likely to have the condition if someone in your family has had Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s disease, or other autoimmune disorders. […] Older studies show, for example, that if one identical twin contracts Graves’ disease, there is a 30%-35% likelihood that the other twin will get it, too.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Pathophysiology, Genetics and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76867

  Graves disease is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors while genetics being the main cause. […] Today it is clear that genetic predisposition to Graves disease is caused by multiple genes. […] HLA gene is one the most studied gene predisposing to Graves disease. […] Lot of polymorphisms in this gene has been to be associated with the disease. […] Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the gene PTPN22 has been found to increase the risk of many autoimmune diseases including Graves disease. […] Other genes associated with the risk of GD are thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin gene, FCRL3, SCGB3A2, and CTLA4. […] The autoimmune basis of the GD results from complex interactions between different factors which include genetic, endogenous and environmental factors, and this is compulsory for current understanding of this disease.

• #1 Graves Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-clinical

  Graves disease is autoimmune in etiology, and the immune mechanisms involved may be one of the following: […] The autoimmune process in Graves disease is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. […] Several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes have been identified: CD40, CTLA-4, TG, TSHR, and PTPN22. […] Environmental factors associated with susceptibility are largely unproven. Other factors include infection, iodide intake, stress, female sex, steroids, and toxins. […] Trauma to the thyroid has also been reported to be associated with Graves disease. This may include surgery of the thyroid gland, percutaneous injection of ethanol, and infarction of a thyroid adenoma.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/graves-disease-hereditary-6499993

  Certain environmental factors trigger the bodys autoimmune response and subsequent attack on the thyroid gland, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Environmental factors associated with the onset of Graves disease include viral infections, exposure to radiation, and exposure to harmful toxins (e.g., the herbicide Agent Orange, heavy metals). […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of Graves disease. Research suggests that a family history of Graves disease accounts for 79% of the risk. […] Environmental factors account for 21% of the risk. Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, increased iodine intake, exposure to radiation, and viral infections are known to increase a persons risk of developing Graves disease, particularly if they have a genetic predisposition to the disorder.

• #1 Graves Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease which primarily affects the thyroid gland. It may also affect multiple other organs including eyes and skin. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Like all autoimmune diseases, it occurs more commonly in patients with a positive family history. It is more common in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins. It is precipitated by environmental factors like stress, smoking, infection, iodine exposure, and postpartum, as well as after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) due to immune reconstitution. […] Several environmental factors including pregnancy (mainly postpartum), iodine excess, infections, emotional stress, smoking, and interferon alfa trigger immune responses on susceptible genes to eventually cause Graves disease.

• #1 Graves’ disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease

  The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. […] A genetic predisposition for Graves’ disease is seen, with some people more prone to develop TSH receptor-activating antibodies due to a genetic cause. […] Since Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that appears suddenly, often later in life, a viral or bacterial infection may trigger antibodies, which cross-react with the human TSH receptor, a phenomenon known as antigenic mimicry. […] The bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica bears structural similarity with the human thyrotropin receptor and was hypothesized to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity arising for other reasons in genetically susceptible individuals. […] The exact cause is unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

• #1 What Causes Graves’ Disease? | Graves’ Disease FAQ

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/thyroid-disorders/frequently-asked-questions-about-graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder, which means that it’s caused by a misdirected attack of the immune system. Normally, the immune system produces antibodies that attack invading germs. In people with Graves’ disease, the immune system makes antibodies that attach to thyroid cells and cause them to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. […] No one knows exactly what causes the immune system to go after the thyroid. Because Graves’ disease can run in families, researchers suspect that inherited genetic changes may be related to the development of Graves’ disease. Infections may also trigger autoimmune diseases, and researchers have found a link between Graves’ disease and infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #1

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/what-causes-graves-disease

  The T cells stimulate B cells into producing antibodies (TRAb) against antigens in the thyroid gland cells, which they wrongly see as foreign invaders. […] These antibodies bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor on the surface of cells in the thyroid. […] Environmental factors increase the likelihood of developing Graves disease, and experts believe they are responsible for about 20% of cases. […] Environmental factors likely trigger immune responses in the genes related to Graves disease (listed above). […] Smoking doubles the risk of developing Graves disease, and it is linked to more severe symptoms. […] This relationship is stronger in people who are genetically predisposed to Graves disease. […] Infections such as H. pylori (a bacterial infection of the mucus membrane lining the stomach) can contribute to Graves disease.

• #1

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/graves-disease-causes-solutions

  Graves disease accounts for roughly 60-80% of all hyperthyroid cases. […] The thyroid can become overactive for many reasons, yet it is commonly a result of the autoimmune condition. […] Infections such as the herpes family of viruses (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been implicated as a potential cause of autoimmune thyroid disease through inflammation and molecular mimicry. […] Studies show that individuals with higher mercury exposure have an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Iodine status is a bit controversial. It seems that too little iodine can cause goiter and hypothyroidism and too much can cause hyperthyroidism.

• #1 Causes of Graves’ Disease | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/graves-disease/causes

  The main causes of Graves’ disease are determined by genetic and environmental factors, including: […] Intense psychological stress […] Infection. […] Recent pregnancy. […] History of thyroid disease, especially maternal thyroid disease. […] Sudden increase in iodine intake. […] Smoking is considered a minor risk factor for GBD. However, it is considered an important factor in the development of ophthalmopathy.

• #1 Thyroid – hyperthyroidism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hyperthyroidism

  An immune system abnormality called Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. An abnormality of the immune system is the cause. […] No one really knows what causes Graves’ disease because the causes of autoimmunity are not fully understood. […] Stress, both physical and emotional, is known to affect the responsiveness of the immune system and there appears to be some association between stress and the onset of autoimmune conditions – including Graves’ disease. […] Autoimmune conditions have a distinct genetic element, with some family lines having multiple cases of Graves’ disease and other autoimmune conditions. It is likely that some people’s genetic inheritance could predispose them to Graves’ disease. […] Another cause is excessive iodine intake. X-ray contrast mediums and a number of disinfectants contain a lot of iodine and can trigger Graves’ disease in susceptible people.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism/causes/

  About 4 in every 5 people with an overactive thyroid gland have a condition called Graves’ disease. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition where your immune system produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to produce too much thyroid hormone. The cause of Graves’ disease is unknown, but it mostly affects young or middle-aged women and often runs in families. Smoking can also increase your risk of getting it.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34730-graves-disease-overactive-thyroid.html

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder where misplaced attacks from the immune system cause the thyroid gland to become overactive. […] The reasons behind the autoimmune attacks are still unclear. Various family and twin studies, including a 2010 epidemiological study of patients with Graves’ disease, have suggested that the disease has a hereditary component. […] Despite that, the same study also found a higher incidence of the disease occurring in both spouses, which suggests that there’s a small likelihood that the disease is somewhat influenced by environmental conditions. […] Pregnancy could also trigger Graves’ disease. According to the National Women’s Health Information Center, as many as 30 percent of young women who get Graves’ disease have been pregnant in the 12 months prior to the onset of symptoms.

• #1 Graves’ disease

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/graves-disease

  Without treatment, Graves’ disease can lead to other health problems, including: Thyroid storm, a very rare, life-threatening condition caused by too much thyroid hormone that suddenly increases your heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature to dangerously high levels. […] Graves’ disease often gets better during the last three months of pregnancy, but it may get worse after delivery.

• #1 Graves’ Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that impacts the production of hormones by the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, which is the overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] The cause of Graves disease is not yet known, but researchers believe some people have a genetic predisposition to the condition, and may develop this autoimmune disease after being exposed to one or more of the following external triggers: Viral infections, Bacterial infections, Changes in hormone levels (in women), Having iodine levels that are higher than normal.

• #1 What Causes Graves’ Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-graves-disease/

  Research suggests that certain environmental triggers can play a role in causing the onset of Graves’ disease. These include stressful life events such as death or divorce, exposure to radiation and other toxins, a poor diet and obesity, a lack of activity or exercise, and exposure to certain medications such as interferon. […] High iodine intake is a known cause of Graves’ disease. Iodine plays an important role in the production of thyroid hormones, however, too much iodine can contribute to Graves’ disease. […] Low selenium intake has been linked to Graves’ disease, as this mineral plays a vital role in controlling inflammation. Studies have shown that people with Graves’ disease tend to have lower levels of selenium than those without the condition. Additionally, low selenium intake has been linked to an increased risk of developing Graves’ disease and other autoimmune thyroid disorders.

• #1 What Causes Graves’ Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-graves-disease/

  Low zinc intake can be a contributing factor to Graves’ Disease. Zinc is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, and when levels in the body are low, it can lead to an overactive immune response that causes Graves’ Disease. […] Iron deficiency, also called anemia, is a common cause of Graves’ disease. When the body lacks iron, it cannot produce enough thyroxine, which results in an overproduction of hormones from the thyroid gland. […] Smoking has long been identified as a risk factor for Graves’ Disease, and it is one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Studies have consistently shown that smokers are at higher risk of developing Graves’ Disease than non-smokers. […] Recent research suggests that the gut microbiome, or the trillions of bacteria living inside our digestive tract, may play a role in Graves’ disease. The microbiota helps with digestion and absorption of nutrients, produces vitamins and other molecules necessary for health, and protects us from pathogens. An imbalance in the composition of this complex microbial ecosystem can lead to inflammation and an overactive immune system, which contribute to the development of Graves’ disease.

• #1 Graves Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies. […] In some patients, Graves disease represents a part of more extensive autoimmune processes leading to dysfunction of multiple organs (eg, polyglandular autoimmune syndromes). […] Graves disease is associated with pernicious anemia, vitiligo, diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, systemic sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Viral infection is an environmental factor linked to Graves disease. […] Several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes are considered to be linked to Graves disease, including CD40, CTLA-4, the thyroglobulin gene (TG), the TSH-receptor gene (TSHR), PTPN22, FOXP3, CD25, and VDR.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/graves-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOoqM8P_YOIY9MHvYP3vaD-kGqGEqG1VL26hlLs2b970lpxotNY-H

  However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. […] Although several animal models are known to develop autoimmunity against the thyroid gland, they differ from Graves disease in that these models are associated with different antibodies and do not develop hyperthyroidism. […] Loss of self-tolerance may also occur via common mechanisms across different autoimmune diseases because up to 25% of people with one autoimmune disorder tend to develop additional ones. […] This phenomenon has also been observed for Graves disease, in which 20% of patients also have at least one additional autoimmune disorder.

• #1 Graves’ Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder. While we do not know why patients develop autoimmune thyroid disorders, it is common for other family members to have been diagnosed with the same or a different autoimmune disorder. […] In Graves’ disease, the immune system develops an antibody — TSI — that attaches to the thyroid cells, leading to an unregulated, increased production of thyroid hormone, both T3 and T4. This over-stimulation and inflammation causes the thyroid to enlarge and to have increased blood flow that is detectable on an ultrasound exam. The TSI antibody can also attach to cells behind the eye, causing these tissues to enlarge and push the eye forward. […] In the majority of patients with Graves’ disease, the autoimmune disease is limited to the thyroid. However, once a patient has one autoimmune disease, it is possible to develop a second. In pediatrics, the most common second autoimmune disease is celiac disease, an intolerance to gluten.

• #1 Graves disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is due to an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Graves disease is most common in women over age 20. But the disorder can occur at any age and can affect men as well.

• #1 Grave’s Disease Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/center-thyroid-parathyroid-diseases/conditions/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the body’s immune system acts its own healthy cells and tissues. In this case, your immune system attacks your hormone-producing capabilities. […] Scientists don’t know exactly what causes Graves’ disease, but they believe factors such as age, sex, heredity, and emotional and environmental stress are involved. Graves’ disease usually occurs in people younger than age 40 and is 5-10 times more common in women than men. An individual’s chance of developing Graves’ disease increases if other family members have it. People with other autoimmune diseases have an increased chance of developing Graves’ disease. Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and vitiligo (a disorder in which some parts of the skin lack pigment) are among conditions associated with Graves’ disease.

• #1

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/graves-disease-risk-factors

  While you may be more likely to develop GD when passed down from your parents, researchers believe environmental factors trigger the condition. […] Several studies give strong evidence to suggest Graves disease often develops due to environmental triggers. […] A study published in 2010 looked at partners and the prevalence of Graves disease. It found a high correlation, indicating environmental factors are a significant cause. […] Stress itself is generally not thought to trigger Graves disease, but researchers believe it contributes to the conditions progression. […] Women have a higher lifetime risk of developing Graves disease than men. […] The lifetime risk for women is 3%. For men, it is 0.5%. […] Iodine exposure is thought to be a risk factor for developing Graves disease, while latent Graves disease may be a risk factor for triggering iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.

• #1 What Is Graves’ Disease? | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/disease-and-conditions/thyroid/what-graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder which causes the immune system to overstimulate the thyroid gland and produce too much thyroid hormone. This can eventually cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). […] Graves disease is caused by the immune system mistakenly stimulating the thyroid which causes it to become overactive. It is unknown why this happens, and there are many factors that can contribute to its development including genetics and family history, environmental exposures, already having an autoimmune disorder, pregnancy, smoking, and possibly even stress. […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States and is 7 times more likely to affect women.

• #1 Graves’ Disease | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland overproduces thyroid hormones, causing a condition called hyperthyroidism. […] We dont yet know for certain the precise cause of Graves disease. As with any autoimmune disorder, it occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks your body instead of an outside invader such as infection. […] When you have Graves disease, your immune system creates antibodies that trick your thyroid gland into producing more thyroid hormone than your body needs, causing hyperthyroidism. […] Risk factors for Graves disease include: Family history: If you have a family member with Graves disease, you are more likely to develop it. Scientists are working to identify the specific gene(s) that trigger(s) this disorder. […] Gender: As with many other autoimmune conditions, women are much more likely than men to develop Graves disease.

• #1 Diagnosing Graves’ Disease in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/graves-disease-in-children/diagnosis

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism, also known as an overactive thyroid, in children. […] For unknown reasons, children with Graves’ disease develop antibodies that mimic the activity of TSH. […] Many children with Graves’ disease have a family history of the condition. […] The disease is more common in girls and in children with other autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, type 1 diabetes, and celiac disease. […] The condition can arise at any point during childhood but is most likely to begin in adolescence.

• #1 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism-leaflet

  Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK and is much more common in women than in men. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune condition. The bodys immune system turns against the thyroid gland, which in response becomes over-active. The disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. Stress also seems to play a role and sometimes people with Graves disease may have experienced major stresses in their lives a year or so before Graves disease is diagnosed. […] Graves disease is more common in people who smoke cigarettes. Smokers are also up to eight times more likely to develop thyroid eye disease than non-smokers.

• #1 Graves’ Disease – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. […] Researchers aren’t sure why some people develop autoimmune disorders such as Graves disease. These disorders probably develop from a combination of genes and an outside trigger, such as a virus. […] With Graves disease, your immune system makes an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) that attaches to your thyroid cells. TSI acts like thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone made in your pituitary gland that tells your thyroid how much thyroid hormone to make. TSI causes your thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone.

• #1 Pathogenesis of Graves’ disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathogenesis-of-graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is a syndrome that may consist of hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroid eye disease (TED; Graves’ orbitopathy), and occasionally a dermopathy referred to as pretibial or localized myxedema (PTM). […] Nevertheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common feature of Graves’ disease, affecting nearly all patients, and is caused by autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) that activate the receptor, thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion as well as thyroid growth (causing a diffuse goiter). […] Factors that contribute to TSHR presentation as a target for the immune system in humans are not well understood but are considered to be primarily factors that build on a state of enhanced genetic susceptibility combined with a failure of immune tolerance.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: Pathophysiology, Genetics and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76867

  GD is thought to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors most of which are unknown. […] A number of genes predispose to the GD which include HLA region, protein tyrosine phosphatase-22 (PTPN22), cluster of differentiation 40(CD40), the cytotoxic T lymphocyte- Associated factor4 (CTLA4 or CD152), thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin (Tg), FCRL3 (FC receptor-like-3), Secretoglobulin 3A2 (SCGB3A2) gene encoding secretory uteroglobin- related protein 1 (UGRP) and many others.

• #2 Graves Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease which primarily affects the thyroid gland. It may also affect multiple other organs including eyes and skin. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Like all autoimmune diseases, it occurs more commonly in patients with a positive family history. It is more common in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins. It is precipitated by environmental factors like stress, smoking, infection, iodine exposure, and postpartum, as well as after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) due to immune reconstitution. […] Several environmental factors including pregnancy (mainly postpartum), iodine excess, infections, emotional stress, smoking, and interferon alfa trigger immune responses on susceptible genes to eventually cause Graves disease.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks healthy tissue in your thyroid gland for unknown reasons. […] Researchers dont know what causes autoimmune diseases like Graves disease. Something triggers your immune system to overproduce an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). TSI attaches to healthy thyroid cells, causing your thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones. […] The trigger of the attack may be a combination of having a genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as: Stress, Virus/infection, Pregnancy.

• #2 Graves Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview

  A genetic predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity may interact with environmental factors or events to precipitate the onset of Graves disease. […] The anti-sodium-iodide symporter, antithyroglobulin, and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies appear to have little role in the etiology of hyperthyroidism in Graves disease. […] The thyroid gland is under continuous stimulation by circulating autoantibodies against the TSH receptor, and pituitary TSH secretion is suppressed because of the increased production of thyroid hormones.

• #2

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/what-causes-graves-disease

  The T cells stimulate B cells into producing antibodies (TRAb) against antigens in the thyroid gland cells, which they wrongly see as foreign invaders. […] These antibodies bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor on the surface of cells in the thyroid. […] Environmental factors increase the likelihood of developing Graves disease, and experts believe they are responsible for about 20% of cases. […] Environmental factors likely trigger immune responses in the genes related to Graves disease (listed above). […] Smoking doubles the risk of developing Graves disease, and it is linked to more severe symptoms. […] This relationship is stronger in people who are genetically predisposed to Graves disease. […] Infections such as H. pylori (a bacterial infection of the mucus membrane lining the stomach) can contribute to Graves disease.

• #2

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/graves-disease-risk-factors

  Graves disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition characterized by an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Hyperthyroidism is usually followed by an accelerated heart rate. Some people also develop vision problems. […] Graves disease affects 1% of Americans and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] Some people are more likely to develop Graves disease than others, including women and people with a family history of the condition. […] When looking at what causes Graves disease, 79% are caused by genetic factors, and 21% are thought to be caused by environmental factors. […] Genetic causes of Graves disease have been studied in siblings and identical and non-identical twins. In these studies, researchers found that 35% of cases ran in families. This indicates there is a genetic link.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: Pathophysiology, Genetics and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76867

  In GD, four standard thyroid antigens: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, sodium-iodide symporter and the thyrotropin receptor are recognized to direct B and T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmunity. […] However, the primary auto antigen of GD is the thyrotropin receptor itself and is responsible for the manifestation of hyperthyroidism. […] CD40, CTLA-4, thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and PTPN22 are several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes that have been identified. […] The RNASET2-FGFR1OP-CCR6 region at 6q27 and an intergenic region at 4p14 are two new susceptibility loci that had been found. […] Moreover, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and major histocompatibility complex class II versions have strong associations with thyroid stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies (TRAb)-positive GD.

• #2 Graves Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-overview

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism due to circulating autoantibodies. […] In some patients, Graves disease represents a part of more extensive autoimmune processes leading to dysfunction of multiple organs (eg, polyglandular autoimmune syndromes). […] Graves disease is associated with pernicious anemia, vitiligo, diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, systemic sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Viral infection is an environmental factor linked to Graves disease. […] Several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes are considered to be linked to Graves disease, including CD40, CTLA-4, the thyroglobulin gene (TG), the TSH-receptor gene (TSHR), PTPN22, FOXP3, CD25, and VDR.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-and-metabolism/hyperthyroidism-and-graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid. Patients with Graves disease often have enlargement of the thyroid gland and become hyperthyroid. […] Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) can be identified in the blood when Graves’ disease is the cause of hyperthyroidism. […] The ophthalmologists in our group specialize in the treatment of Graves eye disease which can require complex management.

• #2 Graves’ disease

  https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is triggered by some process in the body’s immune system, which normally protects the body from infection. In Graves’ disease, the body makes an antibody that attacks the cells of the thyroid gland. […] Some women are more likely to develop Graves’ disease than other women. Your risk is higher if you: Have a family history. Graves’ disease may run in families. Researchers are working to find the gene or genes involved. […] Infection may play a role in the development of Graves’ disease. Researchers have found a link between Graves’ disease and infection with the virus that causes mononucleosis („mono”; Epstein-Barr virus). […] Smoking raises your risk for Graves’ disease. […] Graves’ disease can cause problems for you during pregnancy and for your unborn baby’s development.

• #2 What Is Graves’ Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/graves-disease/guide/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] As with most autoimmune diseases (in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells), researchers aren’t sure exactly what causes Graves disease. They suspect it is a combination of genes and some other trigger, such as a virus. […] The following factors can increase your risk of developing Graves disease: Family History Graves disease is more common when other family members have the condition. […] Women are far more likely to develop Graves disease. […] Graves disease usually develops in people under the age of 40. […] People with other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, have a greater risk of developing Graves disease. […] If you are genetically more susceptible to developing Graves disease, stressful life events or illnesses may trigger the condition. […] Cigarette smoking can affect the immune system, and it increases the risk of Graves disease.

• #2 Thyroid Eye Disease (TED or Graves Eye Disease) | Kellogg Eye Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umkelloggeye.org/conditions-treatments/thyroid-eye-disease

  Graves’ disease, also known as thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition in which immune cells attack the thyroid gland which responds by secreting an excess amount of thyroid hormone. […] Although Graves’ disease and Graves’ eye disease both stem from the immune systems attack on healthy tissue, one disease does not directly cause the other. […] When the immune system attacks the muscles and other ocular tissues in the eye socket, the swelling and scarring resulting from the inflammation causes symptoms and signs noted above. […] Severe ophthalmopathy will affect 10% of patients. It is caused by inflammation of the muscles, which causes them to swell. […] Approximately one million Americans are diagnosed with Graves’ eye disease each year. Women are five to six times more likely than men to get the disease. […] It is important to stop smoking in order to reduce the severity, duration of activity, degree of scarring, and risk of optic nerve involvement, greatly improving the success of treating Graves’ eye disease.

• #2 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/hyperthyroidism-leaflet

  Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK and is much more common in women than in men. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune condition. The bodys immune system turns against the thyroid gland, which in response becomes over-active. The disease has a strong genetic component and tends to run in families. Stress also seems to play a role and sometimes people with Graves disease may have experienced major stresses in their lives a year or so before Graves disease is diagnosed. […] Graves disease is more common in people who smoke cigarettes. Smokers are also up to eight times more likely to develop thyroid eye disease than non-smokers.

• #2 Graves’ Disease | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/graves-disease

  Age: Graves disease most often develops in people under age 40. […] Having other autoimmune disorders: People with other immune system diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus have an increased risk of developing Graves disease. […] Pregnancy: Being pregnant or recently giving birth may increase the risk of Graves disease, especially in women with a family history of this disorder. […] Stress: Emotional or physical stress may trigger the onset of Graves disease in people who are genetically susceptible. […] Smoking: Because smoking affects the immune system, it increases the risk of Graves disease as well as Graves ophthalmopathy.

• #2

  https://www.amymyersmd.com/blogs/articles/graves-disease-causes-solutions

  Graves disease accounts for roughly 60-80% of all hyperthyroid cases. […] The thyroid can become overactive for many reasons, yet it is commonly a result of the autoimmune condition. […] Infections such as the herpes family of viruses (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been implicated as a potential cause of autoimmune thyroid disease through inflammation and molecular mimicry. […] Studies show that individuals with higher mercury exposure have an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Iodine status is a bit controversial. It seems that too little iodine can cause goiter and hypothyroidism and too much can cause hyperthyroidism.

• #2 What Causes Graves’ Disease | Pompa Program

  https://pompaprogram.com/what-causes-graves-disease/

  Low zinc intake can be a contributing factor to Graves’ Disease. Zinc is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, and when levels in the body are low, it can lead to an overactive immune response that causes Graves’ Disease. […] Iron deficiency, also called anemia, is a common cause of Graves’ disease. When the body lacks iron, it cannot produce enough thyroxine, which results in an overproduction of hormones from the thyroid gland. […] Smoking has long been identified as a risk factor for Graves’ Disease, and it is one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Studies have consistently shown that smokers are at higher risk of developing Graves’ Disease than non-smokers. […] Recent research suggests that the gut microbiome, or the trillions of bacteria living inside our digestive tract, may play a role in Graves’ disease. The microbiota helps with digestion and absorption of nutrients, produces vitamins and other molecules necessary for health, and protects us from pathogens. An imbalance in the composition of this complex microbial ecosystem can lead to inflammation and an overactive immune system, which contribute to the development of Graves’ disease.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/graves-disease-hereditary-6499993

  Certain environmental factors trigger the bodys autoimmune response and subsequent attack on the thyroid gland, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Environmental factors associated with the onset of Graves disease include viral infections, exposure to radiation, and exposure to harmful toxins (e.g., the herbicide Agent Orange, heavy metals). […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of Graves disease. Research suggests that a family history of Graves disease accounts for 79% of the risk. […] Environmental factors account for 21% of the risk. Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, increased iodine intake, exposure to radiation, and viral infections are known to increase a persons risk of developing Graves disease, particularly if they have a genetic predisposition to the disorder.

• #2 Graves Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-clinical

  Graves disease is autoimmune in etiology, and the immune mechanisms involved may be one of the following: […] The autoimmune process in Graves disease is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. […] Several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes have been identified: CD40, CTLA-4, TG, TSHR, and PTPN22. […] Environmental factors associated with susceptibility are largely unproven. Other factors include infection, iodide intake, stress, female sex, steroids, and toxins. […] Trauma to the thyroid has also been reported to be associated with Graves disease. This may include surgery of the thyroid gland, percutaneous injection of ethanol, and infarction of a thyroid adenoma.

• #2

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease/graves-disease-risk-factors

  Pregnancy may increase your chance of developing Graves disease. The Office on Womens Health suggests women who have recently had a baby are seven times more likely to develop the condition. […] Around 17% of people with Graves disease have other autoimmune conditions. It is thought that having another autoimmune condition may increase your risk of developing Graves disease.

• #2 Grave’s Disease Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/center-thyroid-parathyroid-diseases/conditions/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the body’s immune system acts its own healthy cells and tissues. In this case, your immune system attacks your hormone-producing capabilities. […] Scientists don’t know exactly what causes Graves’ disease, but they believe factors such as age, sex, heredity, and emotional and environmental stress are involved. Graves’ disease usually occurs in people younger than age 40 and is 5-10 times more common in women than men. An individual’s chance of developing Graves’ disease increases if other family members have it. People with other autoimmune diseases have an increased chance of developing Graves’ disease. Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and vitiligo (a disorder in which some parts of the skin lack pigment) are among conditions associated with Graves’ disease.

• #2 What Is Graves’ Disease? | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/disease-and-conditions/thyroid/what-graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder which causes the immune system to overstimulate the thyroid gland and produce too much thyroid hormone. This can eventually cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). […] Graves disease is caused by the immune system mistakenly stimulating the thyroid which causes it to become overactive. It is unknown why this happens, and there are many factors that can contribute to its development including genetics and family history, environmental exposures, already having an autoimmune disorder, pregnancy, smoking, and possibly even stress. […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States and is 7 times more likely to affect women.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/graves-disease/

  Graves ophthalmology is not the result of excess thyroid hormone in the body, but rather inflammation and swelling in the tissues behind the eyes. This swelling pushes the eyeballs forward, causing bulging and other symptoms. The same antibodies that mistakenly stimulate the thyroid gland to produce high levels of thyroid hormone mistakenly target these tissues in some people, though the exact reason for this is not clearly understood.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments – SelfDecode Health

  https://health.selfdecode.com/blog/graves-disease/

  A study suggests that Th17 and Th22 cells may play a role in Graves disease development by increasing the autoimmune response. […] A combination of environmental and genetic factors affect a person’s risk for Graves disease. We know that because people who have a close relative with Graves have a higher chance of getting the disease. […] Research suggests that the HLA genes may play an especially important role in Graves. Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, there are some variants that have been associated with a higher risk of getting Graves, such as DRB1*03 (in Whites and Blacks) and DPB1 (in Asians).

• #3 What Is Graves’ Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/graves-disease/guide/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction of thyroid hormones. […] As with most autoimmune diseases (in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells), researchers aren’t sure exactly what causes Graves disease. They suspect it is a combination of genes and some other trigger, such as a virus. […] The following factors can increase your risk of developing Graves disease: Family History Graves disease is more common when other family members have the condition. […] Women are far more likely to develop Graves disease. […] Graves disease usually develops in people under the age of 40. […] People with other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, have a greater risk of developing Graves disease. […] If you are genetically more susceptible to developing Graves disease, stressful life events or illnesses may trigger the condition. […] Cigarette smoking can affect the immune system, and it increases the risk of Graves disease.

• #3 Graves’ Disease: Pathophysiology, Genetics and Management | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76867

  GD is thought to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors most of which are unknown. […] A number of genes predispose to the GD which include HLA region, protein tyrosine phosphatase-22 (PTPN22), cluster of differentiation 40(CD40), the cytotoxic T lymphocyte- Associated factor4 (CTLA4 or CD152), thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin (Tg), FCRL3 (FC receptor-like-3), Secretoglobulin 3A2 (SCGB3A2) gene encoding secretory uteroglobin- related protein 1 (UGRP) and many others.

• #3 Graves’ Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/graves-disease-hereditary-6499993

  Certain environmental factors trigger the bodys autoimmune response and subsequent attack on the thyroid gland, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Environmental factors associated with the onset of Graves disease include viral infections, exposure to radiation, and exposure to harmful toxins (e.g., the herbicide Agent Orange, heavy metals). […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of Graves disease. Research suggests that a family history of Graves disease accounts for 79% of the risk. […] Environmental factors account for 21% of the risk. Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, increased iodine intake, exposure to radiation, and viral infections are known to increase a persons risk of developing Graves disease, particularly if they have a genetic predisposition to the disorder.

• #3 Graves Disease Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-clinical

  Graves disease is autoimmune in etiology, and the immune mechanisms involved may be one of the following: […] The autoimmune process in Graves disease is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. […] Several autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes have been identified: CD40, CTLA-4, TG, TSHR, and PTPN22. […] Environmental factors associated with susceptibility are largely unproven. Other factors include infection, iodide intake, stress, female sex, steroids, and toxins. […] Trauma to the thyroid has also been reported to be associated with Graves disease. This may include surgery of the thyroid gland, percutaneous injection of ethanol, and infarction of a thyroid adenoma.

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