Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Graves Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

  Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is a disorder with systemic manifestations that primarily affect heart, skeletal muscle, eyes, skin, bone, and liver. Failure to diagnose Graves’ disease in a timely manner can predispose thyroid storm which carries high morbidity and mortality. Clinicians ought to be aware of systemic manifestations of Graves’ disease and the different modalities available for treatment. Early diagnosis and management of Graves’ disease can also prevent severe cardiac complications such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and high output cardiac failure. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of Graves’ disease and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in reducing morbidity and improving care for affected patients.

• #1 Hyperthyroidism, TS, & GD: Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-and-graves-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOookywDxtLcIyqwWF_g-NKd5gqVsinG3yBBzahDr1RFsKPuHd9KN

  Hyperthyroidism, thyroid storm, and Graves’ disease is a trio of disorders resulting from an excess of thyroid hormone. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that is one of several forms of hyperthyroidism and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease. […] Graves disease occurs when the immune system has produced autoantibodies that work against the thyroid receptors for TSH, resulting in the thyroids being overly stimulated. […] Graves disease is characterized by a hallmark triad of symptoms including exophthalmos, goiter, and infiltrative dermopathy/pretibial myxedema. […] Specific risk factors for Graves disease include individuals less than 40 years of age, women (more likely than men), family history of Graves disease, smoking, stress (emotional and physical), excessive iodine intake, comorbidities of other autoimmune disorders, and pregnancy.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Grave’s Disease – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-graves-disease/

  The nursing care plan for Graves disease is a vital framework designed to address the complex and multisystem disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism. […] As healthcare providers, nurses play a critical role in the comprehensive management and support of individuals diagnosed with Graves disease. […] The nursing care plan for Graves disease focuses on providing patient-centered care that encompasses thorough assessments, evidence-based interventions, and patient education. […] A comprehensive nursing assessment is essential to identify the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as rapid heart rate, weight loss, anxiety, and thyroid enlargement. […] The nursing interventions for Graves disease involve managing hyperthyroid symptoms, monitoring cardiac function, and providing psychosocial support to patients coping with the challenges of their condition. […] Nurses collaborate with the healthcare team to administer medications, such as antithyroid drugs or beta-blockers, to manage hyperthyroid symptoms effectively.

• #1 Grave’s Disease Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/graves-disease-nursing-diagnosis/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. This nursing diagnosis guide provides comprehensive care planning for patients with Graves disease, focusing on the most common symptoms and complications that nurses need to address. […] Comprehensive nursing assessment is crucial for patients with Graves disease: […] Monitor vital signs regularly Track heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiratory rate to assess thyroid hormone effects on body systems. […] The following outcomes indicate successful management of Graves disease: The patient will maintain stable vital signs. The patient will report reduced symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The patient will demonstrate proper medication compliance. The patient will maintain the appropriate weight. The patient will show improved eye symptoms. The patient will exhibit reduced anxiety levels. Patient will demonstrate an understanding of disease management.

• #1 Grave’s Disease Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/graves-disease-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to the disease process and treatment regimen as evidenced by restlessness and expressed concerns. […] Nursing Interventions and Rationales: Provide emotional support and active listening Rationale: Reduces anxiety and builds trust. Teach relaxation techniques Rationale: Helps manage stress and anxiety. Explain procedures and treatments Rationale: Increases understanding and reduces fear. […] Desired Outcomes: The patient will report decreased anxiety levels. The patient will demonstrate effective coping mechanisms. The patient will verbalize understanding of the disease process.

• #1 Hyperthyroidism (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568782/

  Monitor vital signs, especially heart rate and blood pressure (both increase in hyperthyroidism) […] Ask if the patient has chest pain (Due to increased heart work) […] Listen to the heart for murmurs […] Obtain ECG (atrial arrhythmias may occur in hyperthyroidism) […] Teach the patient to relax […] Administer medications as prescribed (beta-blockers) […] Check intake and output (diarrhea is a common feature in hyperthyroidism) […] Weigh patient daily […] Administer antithyroid medications as prescribed […] Educate the patient about thyroid surgery […] Educate the patient on radioactive iodine and how it can destroy the thyroid gland […] Provide oxygen if the saturation is less than 94% […] If the patient has a fever, provide a cooling blanket […] Check thyroid function labs.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Graves disease is a lifelong (chronic) condition. However, treatments can keep your thyroid hormone levels in check. Medical care may even make the disease temporarily go away (remission). […] Treatments for Graves disease include: […] Beta-blockers, such as propranolol and metoprolol, are often the first line of treatment for Graves disease. These medications regulate your heart rate and protect your heart until other hyperthyroidism treatments take effect. These medications dont stop thyroid hormone production. […] Antithyroid medications, such as methimazole (Tapazole) and propylthiouracil, block your thyroids production of thyroid hormone. […] Radioiodine therapy: This therapy involves taking one dose of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form. Over two to three months, radiation slowly destroys thyroid gland cells.

• #1 Graves Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-treatment

  Treatment involves alleviation of symptoms and correction of the thyrotoxic state. Adrenergic hyperfunction is treated with beta-adrenergic blockade. Correcting the high thyroid hormone levels can be achieved with antithyroid medications that block the synthesis of thyroid hormones or by treatment with radioactive iodine. […] The most commonly used therapy for Graves disease is radioactive iodine. Indications for radioactive iodine over antithyroid agents include a large thyroid gland, multiple symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, high levels of thyroxine, and high titers of TSI. […] Many physicians in the United States prefer to use radioactive iodine as first-line therapy, especially in younger patients, because of the high relapse rate (50%) associated with antithyroid therapy. […] Radioiodine treatment can be performed in an outpatient setting.

• #1 Graves’ disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356245

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Graves’ disease-related health concerns […] Treatment for Graves’ disease aims to stop the thyroid from making hormones. Treatment also blocks the effect of the hormones on the body. […] With this therapy, you take radioactive iodine, called radioiodine, by mouth. The radioiodine goes into the thyroid cells. Over time, it destroys the cells that make thyroid hormone. This causes your thyroid gland to shrink. Symptoms ease little by little, most often over several weeks to several months. […] Anti-thyroid medicines block the thyroid from using iodine to make hormones. These prescription medicines include propylthiouracil and methimazole. […] Beta blockers include: Propranolol (Inderal LA, InnoPran XL, Hemangeol), Atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), Nadolol (Corgard).

• #1 Graves Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

  Treatment for Graves’ disease depends on its presentation. Treatment consists of rapid symptoms control and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion. […] A beta-adrenergic blocker should be started for symptomatic patients, specifically for patients with heart rate more than 90 beats/min, patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, and elderly patients. […] There are three options to reduce thyroid hormone synthesis. These options are: Antithyroid drugs which block thyroid hormone synthesis and release, Radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment of the thyroid gland, Total or subtotal thyroidectomy. […] All three options have pros and cons, and there is no consensus on which one is the best option. It is very important to discuss all three options in detail with the patients and make an individualized decision.

• #1 Graves’ disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356245

  Surgery to remove the thyroid, called thyroidectomy, can treat Graves’ disease. You need to take thyroid medicine for the rest of your life after this surgery. […] For thyroid eye disease, also called Graves’ ophthalmopathy, these steps may help: Put cool, damp cloths on your eyes. This can soothe your eyes. […] If Graves’ disease affects your skin, use creams or ointments that have hydrocortisone. You can buy these without a prescription. The hydrocortisone can ease swelling. Using compression wraps on your legs also may help.

• #1 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Radioactive iodine ablation of the thyroid gland is the most common treatment of Graves disease in the United States. It is contraindicated in pregnancy. Moderate to severe Graves orbitopathy is a relative contraindication, especially in patients who smoke, because radioactive iodine may exacerbate the eye disease. […] Thyroidectomy is preferred in patients with goiter-induced compressive symptoms and in patients with contraindications to radioactive iodine ablation or thionamides.

• #1 Grave’s Disease NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/graves-disease-nclex-review/

  As a student prepping for NCLEX, it is very important you know the details of Graves disease and how to care for a patient experiencing this condition. […] As the nurse taking care of the patient in Graves disease it is important you understand the signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes, nursing interventions, and medical treatments. […] Nursing Interventions for Graves Disease: Monitor HR, BP, EKG, weight (at risk for weight loss and will need a high calorie diet). Keep patient in a cool, quiet environment. […] Educate about post-opt care: coughing and deep breathing and splinting neck when coughing. […] Monitor for parathyroid destruction problems (common when a thyroid procedure is performed due to the close proximity of the parathyroid to the thyroid gland) watch calcium levels hypocalcemia parathyroid is responsible for calcium regulation. […] Watch for respiratory distress due to the nature of the surgical site keep patient in semi-fowlers to help with swelling and drainage at the site and keep at the bedside a trach kit, oxygen, and suction.

• #1 Graves Disease | SJPP

  https://www.sjpp.org/endocrinology-and-diabetes/types-of-care/thyroid-conditions/graves-disease/

  Taking radioiodine by mouth can treat Graves disease. With this therapy, the radiation destroys the overactive cells over time, causing your thyroid gland to shrink over weeks or months. This therapy is not appropriate for pregnant women or women who are breastfeeding. […] Thyroidectomy is a medical procedure to remove part or all of your thyroid. Complications are rare under the care of an experienced thyroid surgeon, and you will need to take thyroid medication for life after this surgery. […] If the disease affects your skin, using over-the-counter ointments and creams with hydrocortisone may relieve swelling and reddening. Also, using compression wraps on your legs may help. […] Graves ophthalmopathy does not always improve with the treatment of Graves disease alone. Symptoms of Graves ophthalmopathy might even get worse for three to six months. After that, symptoms of Graves ophthalmopathy usually become stable for a year or so and then begin to get better, often on their own. But there are some things you can do in the meantime to reduce the symptoms.

• #1 8 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plans

  https://nurseslabs.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care-plan-ncp/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with hyperthyroidism may include: Monitor vital signs, noting pulse rate at rest and when active. Pulse is typically elevated and, even at rest, tachycardia (up to 160 beats/min) may be noted. […] Provide a balanced diet, with six meals per day. To promote weight gain. Note: If the patient has edema, suggest a low-sodium diet. […] Patient education and health teachings for patients with hyperthyroidism include providing information about the condition, its causes, symptoms, and potential complications. Patients should be educated about the importance of medication adherence, regular follow-up appointments, and lifestyle modifications such as stress management, adequate rest, and a balanced diet to support the patients well-being and thyroid health.

• #1 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Surgery: A thyroidectomy involves surgically removing all or part of your thyroid gland. After surgery, some people produce too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). If you develop this condition, you may need to take thyroid replacement hormone medications, such as levothyroxine (Synthroid), for the rest of your life. […] Antithyroid medication, radioiodine therapy and surgery all have benefits and risks, and theres no consensus in the medical community on which treatment is the best option. Its important to discuss all three options in detail with your provider to make the best choice for you. […] Since Graves disease is a chronic condition, youll need to see your healthcare provider regularly throughout your life to make sure your thyroid levels are in check and your treatment plan is working. If you develop any new symptoms, talk to your provider.

• #1 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care/

  To continue our endocrine series, in this blog post we talk about the components of hyperthyroidism nursing care. Hyperthyroidism exists when the thyroid gland is producing too much thyroid hormone. […] Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine (T4). […] The biggest complication of Graves disease is thyrotoxicosis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life-threatening complication that can lead to renal, cardiac and liver failure. […] To assess the patient with Grave’s disease, you’ll want to monitor their weight, severity of symptoms and for the presence of a goiter. […] The mainstays of treatment for hyperthyroidism/Graves are: Antithyroid medication: these medications antagonize thyroid hormone. […] A patient having a thyrotoxic crisis will require a specialized and more intense approach. This patient will be in intensive care as the condition is very serious and can be fatal. […] Patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy should be advised to keep their eyes lubricated with eye drops or a lubricating gel.

• #1 Hyperthyroidism | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73621/all/Hyperthyroidism

  If thyroid storm is suspected, emergency treatment needs to be instituted immediately. Patients may need cardiac monitoring, intubation and mechanical ventilation with supplemental oxygen, and IV fluids. […] Nursing interventions center on ongoing monitoring, protecting the patient from injury, reducing stress, and initiating teaching. […] Encourage patients to follow the medication regimen and reassure them while waiting for it to take effect.

• #1 Graves Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448195/

  Rapid achievement of euthyroid level should be sought in patients with Graves orbitopathy. […] Treatment of moderate to severe active Graves orbitopathy requires up to 100 mg of oral prednisone daily for one to two weeks, then tapered over six to 12 weeks or intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone 500 mg/wk for six weeks followed by 250 mg/wk for six weeks. […] Graves disease is a systemic disorder that affects numerous organs; it’s presentations are diverse and hence the disorder is best managed by an interprofessional team.

• #1 8 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plans

  https://nurseslabs.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care-plan-ncp/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: The client will maintain adequate cardiac output for tissue needs as evidenced by stable vital signs, palpable peripheral pulses, good capillary refill, usual mentation, and absence of dysrhythmias. The client will verbalize an increase in the level of energy. The client will display an improved ability to participate in desired activities. The client will maintain the usual reality orientation. The client will recognize changes in thinking/behavior and causative factors. The client will demonstrate stable weight with normal laboratory values and be free of signs of malnutrition. The client will report reduced anxiety to a manageable level. The client will maintain moist eye membranes, free of ulcerations. The client will identify measures to provide protection for the eyes and prevent complications. The client will verbalize understanding of the disease process, therapeutic needs, and potential complications. The client will identify the relationship of signs/symptoms to the disease process and correlate symptoms with causative factors. The client will initiate necessary lifestyle changes and participate in the treatment regimen.

• #2 What Is Graves’ Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/graves-disease/guide/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Without treatment, Graves disease can cause serious problems with the heart, bones, muscles, menstrual cycle, and fertility, among other complications. […] Graves disease usually develops in people under the age of 40. […] Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy, affecting 0.2 percent of people who are pregnant, particularly during the first trimester; pregnancy can also worsen existing Graves disease. […] A diagnosis of Graves disease is generally made based on symptoms and a physical exam, according to the Endocrine Society. […] Graves disease frequently responds well to treatment. However, thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine often lead to hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid. If Graves disease is not treated, it can lead to complications, some of which can be serious or life-threatening.

• #2 Graves’ Disease Refresher for Primary Care

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/graves-disease-refresher-primary-care

  Graves disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is an autoimmune disorder. Excess thyroid hormone is a consequence of autoantibody activity against thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on thyroid follicular cells. The multisystem impact of TSH is responsible for the wide range of symptoms seen in Graves disease. […] Graves may be suspected based on history and physical examination, diagnosed through laboratory and imaging studies, and treated with one of three therapeutic modalities. […] Patients with Graves disease may present initially to their primary care physician. Typical complaints include: palpitations, tremulousness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. […] Initial laboratory studies may detect leukopenia, hypercalcemia, and/or elevated bone alkaline phosphatase.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism, TS, & GD: Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-and-graves-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOookywDxtLcIyqwWF_g-NKd5gqVsinG3yBBzahDr1RFsKPuHd9KN

  Hyperthyroidism, thyroid storm, and Graves’ disease is a trio of disorders resulting from an excess of thyroid hormone. […] Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that is one of several forms of hyperthyroidism and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. […] The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease. […] Graves disease occurs when the immune system has produced autoantibodies that work against the thyroid receptors for TSH, resulting in the thyroids being overly stimulated. […] Graves disease is characterized by a hallmark triad of symptoms including exophthalmos, goiter, and infiltrative dermopathy/pretibial myxedema. […] Specific risk factors for Graves disease include individuals less than 40 years of age, women (more likely than men), family history of Graves disease, smoking, stress (emotional and physical), excessive iodine intake, comorbidities of other autoimmune disorders, and pregnancy.

• #2 8 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plans

  https://nurseslabs.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care-plan-ncp/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to provide care for patients with hyperthyroidism. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals with hyperthyroidism. […] The nursing care plan and management for patients with hyperthyroidism are focused on promoting optimal thyroid hormone balance, symptom management, and patient education. These goals include ensuring adherence to medication regimen, monitoring vital signs, and assessing for signs of thyroid storm. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with hyperthyroidism: Monitor thyroid function and hormone levels regularly. Administer appropriate medications, such as antithyroid drugs or beta blockers. Monitor and manage symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism, such as rapid heart rate or weight loss.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan For Grave’s Disease – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-graves-disease/

  Additionally, the nursing care plan emphasizes the importance of patient education, empowering individuals with Graves disease to understand their condition, adhere to treatment regimens, and manage potential complications. […] By promoting collaborative care, consistent monitoring, and patient advocacy, nurses can optimize outcomes for individuals with Graves disease, improving their quality of life and fostering positive health outcomes. […] The nursing assessment for Graves disease aims to gather comprehensive information to understand the patients thyroid function, assess symptoms, and identify potential complications. […] This nursing assessment for Graves disease helps nurses understand the patients current health status, severity of hyperthyroidism, and potential complications.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan For Grave’s Disease – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-graves-disease/

  These nursing diagnosis recognize the specific healthcare needs and challenges faced by patients with Graves disease. […] By identifying and addressing these nursing diagnoses, nurses can tailor interventions and support strategies to optimize patient outcomes, promote well-being, and provide patient-centered care for individuals with Graves disease. […] Regularly monitor the patients vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, to assess for hyperthermia and potential cardiac complications. […] Provide emotional support and relaxation techniques to help the patient cope with anxiety and stress associated with the condition. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for Graves disease represents a comprehensive and patient-centered approach aimed at addressing the complex endocrine disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism. […] Through ongoing assessment, collaboration with the healthcare team, and patient education, nurses play a pivotal role in empowering individuals to manage their condition effectively and improve their overall quality of life.

• #2 8 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plans

  https://nurseslabs.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care-plan-ncp/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with hyperthyroidism may include: Monitor vital signs, noting pulse rate at rest and when active. Pulse is typically elevated and, even at rest, tachycardia (up to 160 beats/min) may be noted. […] Provide a balanced diet, with six meals per day. To promote weight gain. Note: If the patient has edema, suggest a low-sodium diet. […] Patient education and health teachings for patients with hyperthyroidism include providing information about the condition, its causes, symptoms, and potential complications. Patients should be educated about the importance of medication adherence, regular follow-up appointments, and lifestyle modifications such as stress management, adequate rest, and a balanced diet to support the patients well-being and thyroid health.

• #2 Graves’ disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/graves-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356245

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Graves’ disease-related health concerns […] Treatment for Graves’ disease aims to stop the thyroid from making hormones. Treatment also blocks the effect of the hormones on the body. […] With this therapy, you take radioactive iodine, called radioiodine, by mouth. The radioiodine goes into the thyroid cells. Over time, it destroys the cells that make thyroid hormone. This causes your thyroid gland to shrink. Symptoms ease little by little, most often over several weeks to several months. […] Anti-thyroid medicines block the thyroid from using iodine to make hormones. These prescription medicines include propylthiouracil and methimazole. […] Beta blockers include: Propranolol (Inderal LA, InnoPran XL, Hemangeol), Atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), Nadolol (Corgard).

• #2 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Graves disease requires one of the three treatment options: an antithyroid medication (methimazole [Tapazole] or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I-131) ablation of the thyroid gland, or surgical thyroidectomy. The choice of treatment depends on the benefits vs. risks in a specific clinical situation and on the patient’s preference. […] Antithyroid medications are thionamides; they inhibit thyroid peroxidase, blocking the synthesis of T3 and T4. Thionamides can serve as a long-term therapy or as a bridge to I-131 ablation or thyroidectomy, with the goal of normalizing thyroid function and preventing exacerbation of hyperthyroidism after I-131 ablation or avoiding surgical risks associated with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Because Graves disease remits in up to 30% of patients treated with thionamides, these medications can be used as the initial treatment, with ablation or thyroidectomy performed if remission does not occur.

• #2 8 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plans

  https://nurseslabs.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care-plan-ncp/

  Medications used for the management of hyperthyroidism may include antithyroid drugs such as methimazole or propylthiouracil, which work to reduce the production of thyroid hormones. Beta-blockers like propranolol may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms such as rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety. These medications help to regulate thyroid hormone levels and alleviate the associated symptoms and promote thyroid function.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Graves disease is a lifelong (chronic) condition. However, treatments can keep your thyroid hormone levels in check. Medical care may even make the disease temporarily go away (remission). […] Treatments for Graves disease include: […] Beta-blockers, such as propranolol and metoprolol, are often the first line of treatment for Graves disease. These medications regulate your heart rate and protect your heart until other hyperthyroidism treatments take effect. These medications dont stop thyroid hormone production. […] Antithyroid medications, such as methimazole (Tapazole) and propylthiouracil, block your thyroids production of thyroid hormone. […] Radioiodine therapy: This therapy involves taking one dose of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form. Over two to three months, radiation slowly destroys thyroid gland cells.

• #2 Graves Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-treatment

  Treatment involves alleviation of symptoms and correction of the thyrotoxic state. Adrenergic hyperfunction is treated with beta-adrenergic blockade. Correcting the high thyroid hormone levels can be achieved with antithyroid medications that block the synthesis of thyroid hormones or by treatment with radioactive iodine. […] The most commonly used therapy for Graves disease is radioactive iodine. Indications for radioactive iodine over antithyroid agents include a large thyroid gland, multiple symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, high levels of thyroxine, and high titers of TSI. […] Many physicians in the United States prefer to use radioactive iodine as first-line therapy, especially in younger patients, because of the high relapse rate (50%) associated with antithyroid therapy. […] Radioiodine treatment can be performed in an outpatient setting.

• #2 Graves’ Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15244-graves-disease

  Surgery: A thyroidectomy involves surgically removing all or part of your thyroid gland. After surgery, some people produce too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). If you develop this condition, you may need to take thyroid replacement hormone medications, such as levothyroxine (Synthroid), for the rest of your life. […] Antithyroid medication, radioiodine therapy and surgery all have benefits and risks, and theres no consensus in the medical community on which treatment is the best option. Its important to discuss all three options in detail with your provider to make the best choice for you. […] Since Graves disease is a chronic condition, youll need to see your healthcare provider regularly throughout your life to make sure your thyroid levels are in check and your treatment plan is working. If you develop any new symptoms, talk to your provider.

• #2

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease

  Radioactive iodine therapy is a common treatment for Graves disease. […] Thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice if you have any of the following; a very large goiter (thyroid swelling), compression of the front of your throat because of the size of your goiter, possible thyroid cancer as well as Graves disease, nodules in your thyroid, moderate to severe Graves ophthalmopathy, not responding to other treatment modalities. […] Before having surgery you need to take antithyroid drugs to get your thyroid hormone levels to within the normal range. […] Graves ophthalmopathy doesn’t usually respond to treatment for Graves disease and may require separate management. […] Raising awareness of Graves disease allows people to seek treatment earlier in the course of the disease. […] Graves disease is more than just a thyroid disorder; it involves numerous organs and systems. For this reason, it’s best managed by a multidisciplinary team.

• #2 Surgical Management of Graves’ Disease | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/surgical-management-graves-disease/

  Thyroidectomy should be considered for anyone with Graves disease (GD) and moderate-to-severe eye disease, or smokers with GD due to increased risk of exacerbation of eye disease after radioactive iodine. […] Patients who are having difficulty with hormonal control while on medications, or have experienced a severe side effect from anti-thyroid medications, may be referred for surgery. […] Thyroidectomy provides those with GD a rapid cure of hyperthyroidism and a transition from anti-thyroid medications to full thyroid hormone supplementation during the perioperative period (pre-surgery through postsurgery). […] For patients who wish to avoid radiation exposure to themselves or loved ones, thyroidectomy is a radiation-free alternative for definitive management of their disease. […] Patients will require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. […] You will be able to stop your methimazole or PTU immediately. […] You will start taking thyroid hormone replacement soon after surgery. […] You may need to stay on calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation for a short period of time (a few weeks) after surgery.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/hyperthyroidism-nursing-care/

  To continue our endocrine series, in this blog post we talk about the components of hyperthyroidism nursing care. Hyperthyroidism exists when the thyroid gland is producing too much thyroid hormone. […] Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine (T4). […] The biggest complication of Graves disease is thyrotoxicosis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life-threatening complication that can lead to renal, cardiac and liver failure. […] To assess the patient with Grave’s disease, you’ll want to monitor their weight, severity of symptoms and for the presence of a goiter. […] The mainstays of treatment for hyperthyroidism/Graves are: Antithyroid medication: these medications antagonize thyroid hormone. […] A patient having a thyrotoxic crisis will require a specialized and more intense approach. This patient will be in intensive care as the condition is very serious and can be fatal. […] Patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy should be advised to keep their eyes lubricated with eye drops or a lubricating gel.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plan and Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/hyperthyroidism/

  Administer medications as indicated: Glucose, vitamin B complex, Insulin (small doses). […] Discuss drug therapy, including need for adhering to regimen, and expected therapeutic and side effects. […] Provide information about signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism and the need for continuing follow-up care. […] Stress necessity of continued medical follow-up.

• #2 Patient needs and care: moves toward person-centered care for Graves’ disease in Sweden in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 12 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/3/ETJ-23-0010.xml

  Patients with Graves’ disease (GD) not only need appropriate medical care, but they also need to be cared for. […] Patient information, teamwork with thyroid/contact nurses, education of personnel and patients, quality of life measurements, and the formation of a rehabilitation program have enough evidence to be implemented into regular care. […] We conclude that considerable improvement in nursing can be achieved in relation to GD. […] The care of Graves’ disease (GD) is exemplified in Figure 1, showing the onset of the disease process. […] Our purpose is to overview the literature on patient care and needs in GD and illustrate how to improve the work process in patient care using the strategic tool system-based driver and association of health outcomes in relation to available Resources (SHOR) diagram that may have implications on four main outcomes: mortality, morbidity, QoL, and patient experience.

• #2 Hyperthyroidism | Diseases and Disorders

  https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Diseases-and-Disorders/73621/all/Hyperthyroidism

  Graves disease is associated with hyperthyroidism, eye disorders, and skin disorders, and when uncontrolled, vital organs are stressed to their capacity. […] The most severe form of hyperthyroidism is thyrotoxic crisis, known also as thyroid storm or thyrotoxicosis. This condition, which occurs when the body can no longer tolerate the hypermetabolic state, is a nursing and medical emergency and is fatal if not treated. […] Graves disease has an autoimmune derivation and is caused by circulating anti-TSH autoantibodies that displace TSH from the thyroid receptors and mimic TSH by activating the TSH receptor to release additional thyroid hormones. […] Most patients are diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis. Symptoms are managed with oral hydration and beta-blockers for relief of neurological and cardiovascular symptoms. The goal of treatment is to return the patient to the euthyroid (normal) state and to prevent complications.

• #2 Med-Surg: Hyperthyroidism & Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis)

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/endocrine-system-15-hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-thyrotoxicosis?srsltid=AfmBOoqc7oXDzHI-oVRXABcquJSj1zL2rGf90E1B00GCjCqLzfBSIH8j

  We’re going to want to monitor their I’s and O’s as well as their weight and their vital signs. […] And then for exophthalmos, which is the bulging eyes, we’re going to want to tape their eyelids closed for sleep and provide eye lubricant to really protect those eyes. […] And in terms of nursing care, we’re definitely going to want to maintain a patent airway, which is always your number-one priority, and then also monitor the patient for dysrhythmias.

• #2 Grave’s Disease Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/graves-disease-nursing-diagnosis/

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. This nursing diagnosis guide provides comprehensive care planning for patients with Graves disease, focusing on the most common symptoms and complications that nurses need to address. […] Comprehensive nursing assessment is crucial for patients with Graves disease: […] Monitor vital signs regularly Track heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiratory rate to assess thyroid hormone effects on body systems. […] The following outcomes indicate successful management of Graves disease: The patient will maintain stable vital signs. The patient will report reduced symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The patient will demonstrate proper medication compliance. The patient will maintain the appropriate weight. The patient will show improved eye symptoms. The patient will exhibit reduced anxiety levels. Patient will demonstrate an understanding of disease management.

• #3 Graves’ Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/thyroid-disorders/graves-disease

  Graves’ disease is when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. This can lead to a condition called hyperthyroidism, causing symptoms such as an irregular heartbeat, sweating, and more. […] Treatment with options such as medication and surgery can improve your symptoms and reduce related hyperthyroidism. […] Treating Graves’ disease typically involves managing symptoms and addressing any complications. Treatment methods can include: Medication: Medications such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and antithyroid medications may help relieve symptoms and reduce thyroid hormone levels. […] Treatment for hyperthyroidism can lead to hypothyroidism. This is when the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone. However, managing hypothyroidism with daily medication may lead to fewer complications than untreated hyperthyroidism.

• #3 Graves’ Disease Refresher for Primary Care

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/graves-disease-refresher-primary-care

  Although the symptoms above are classic manifestations of Graves-induced hyperthyroidism, elderly patients may present with only apathetic features, eg, obtundation and coma, and with arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation) and heart failure. […] History, physical examination, and basic laboratory studies should be accompanied by the important diagnostic triad for hyperthyroidism: elevated thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3), and undetectable or very low level of TSH. […] If hyperthyroidism is caused by a toxic nodule, for example, there will be no antibodies, the uptake of RAI will not be smooth and homogenous, and the thyroid imaging/Doppler will not reflect an increase in blood flow to a diffusely enlarged gland. […] Definitive treatment options for Graves are: antithyroid drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil), RAI therapy, or surgery.

• #3 Hyperthyroidism (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568782/

  Monitor vital signs, especially heart rate and blood pressure (both increase in hyperthyroidism) […] Ask if the patient has chest pain (Due to increased heart work) […] Listen to the heart for murmurs […] Obtain ECG (atrial arrhythmias may occur in hyperthyroidism) […] Teach the patient to relax […] Administer medications as prescribed (beta-blockers) […] Check intake and output (diarrhea is a common feature in hyperthyroidism) […] Weigh patient daily […] Administer antithyroid medications as prescribed […] Educate the patient about thyroid surgery […] Educate the patient on radioactive iodine and how it can destroy the thyroid gland […] Provide oxygen if the saturation is less than 94% […] If the patient has a fever, provide a cooling blanket […] Check thyroid function labs.

• #3 Nursing Care Plan For Grave’s Disease – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-graves-disease/

  These nursing diagnosis recognize the specific healthcare needs and challenges faced by patients with Graves disease. […] By identifying and addressing these nursing diagnoses, nurses can tailor interventions and support strategies to optimize patient outcomes, promote well-being, and provide patient-centered care for individuals with Graves disease. […] Regularly monitor the patients vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, to assess for hyperthermia and potential cardiac complications. […] Provide emotional support and relaxation techniques to help the patient cope with anxiety and stress associated with the condition. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for Graves disease represents a comprehensive and patient-centered approach aimed at addressing the complex endocrine disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism. […] Through ongoing assessment, collaboration with the healthcare team, and patient education, nurses play a pivotal role in empowering individuals to manage their condition effectively and improve their overall quality of life.

• #3 Hyperthyroidism Nursing Care Plan and Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/hyperthyroidism/

  The patient presents with exophthalmos (protruding eyes). […] Administer iodine preparations that inhibit the release of thyroid hormone as prescribed. […] Prepare the client for radioactive iodine therapy, as prescribed, to destroy thyroid cells. […] Surgical treatment with thyroidectomy is no longer the preferred choice of therapy for Graves disease but is an alternative therapeutic approach in some situations. […] Administer antithyroid medications (propylthiouracil [PTU]) that block thyroid synthesis, as prescribed. […] Provide adequate rest. […] Monitor vital signs, noting pulse rate at rest and when active. […] Encourage patient to restrict activity and rest in bed as much as possible. […] Monitor daily food intake. Weigh daily and report losses. […] Provide for quiet environment; cool room, decreased sensory stimuli, soothing colors, quiet music.

• #3 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Graves disease requires one of the three treatment options: an antithyroid medication (methimazole [Tapazole] or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine (I-131) ablation of the thyroid gland, or surgical thyroidectomy. The choice of treatment depends on the benefits vs. risks in a specific clinical situation and on the patient’s preference. […] Antithyroid medications are thionamides; they inhibit thyroid peroxidase, blocking the synthesis of T3 and T4. Thionamides can serve as a long-term therapy or as a bridge to I-131 ablation or thyroidectomy, with the goal of normalizing thyroid function and preventing exacerbation of hyperthyroidism after I-131 ablation or avoiding surgical risks associated with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. Because Graves disease remits in up to 30% of patients treated with thionamides, these medications can be used as the initial treatment, with ablation or thyroidectomy performed if remission does not occur.

• #3 Graves disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/graves-disease

  Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). […] Treatment is aimed at controlling your overactive thyroid. You may receive one or more types of treatment. […] Beta-blocker medicines may help treat: Rapid heart rate, Sweating, Anxiety. […] Antithyroid medicines: Block or change how the thyroid gland uses iodine, May be used to control the overactive thyroid gland before surgery or radioiodine therapy, May be used as a long-term treatment. […] Radioactive iodine is given by mouth. It then concentrates in the overactive thyroid tissue and causes damage. […] Surgery may be done to remove the thyroid. […] If you have had radioactive iodine treatment or surgery, you will need to take replacement thyroid hormones for the rest of your life.

• #3 Graves Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120619-treatment

  Patients currently taking antithyroid drugs must discontinue the medication at least 2 days prior to taking the radiopharmaceutical. […] Following up with the patient and monitoring thyroid function monthly or as the clinical condition dictates is important. […] When patients become hypothyroid, they require lifelong replacement with thyroid hormone. […] Long-term follow-up is mandatory for all patients. […] Consultation with an endocrinologist may be necessary for the management and regulation of thyroid hormone levels in atypical presentations. […] Consultation with an ophthalmologist may be needed in the following situations: Unilateral or bilateral proptosis, Workup of other etiologies for eye findings besides Graves disease, Follow-up of visual acuity, corneal disease prevention, and eye muscle function.

• #3

  https://healthmatch.io/graves-disease

  Radioactive iodine therapy is a common treatment for Graves disease. […] Thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice if you have any of the following; a very large goiter (thyroid swelling), compression of the front of your throat because of the size of your goiter, possible thyroid cancer as well as Graves disease, nodules in your thyroid, moderate to severe Graves ophthalmopathy, not responding to other treatment modalities. […] Before having surgery you need to take antithyroid drugs to get your thyroid hormone levels to within the normal range. […] Graves ophthalmopathy doesn’t usually respond to treatment for Graves disease and may require separate management. […] Raising awareness of Graves disease allows people to seek treatment earlier in the course of the disease. […] Graves disease is more than just a thyroid disorder; it involves numerous organs and systems. For this reason, it’s best managed by a multidisciplinary team.

• #3 Surgical Management of Graves’ Disease | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/surgical-management-graves-disease/

  Thyroidectomy should be considered for anyone with Graves disease (GD) and moderate-to-severe eye disease, or smokers with GD due to increased risk of exacerbation of eye disease after radioactive iodine. […] Patients who are having difficulty with hormonal control while on medications, or have experienced a severe side effect from anti-thyroid medications, may be referred for surgery. […] Thyroidectomy provides those with GD a rapid cure of hyperthyroidism and a transition from anti-thyroid medications to full thyroid hormone supplementation during the perioperative period (pre-surgery through postsurgery). […] For patients who wish to avoid radiation exposure to themselves or loved ones, thyroidectomy is a radiation-free alternative for definitive management of their disease. […] Patients will require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. […] You will be able to stop your methimazole or PTU immediately. […] You will start taking thyroid hormone replacement soon after surgery. […] You may need to stay on calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation for a short period of time (a few weeks) after surgery.

• #3 Hyperthyroidism – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373665

  If you have Graves’ disease that causes eye or skin problems, taking the following steps may help ease symptoms: […] Don’t smoke. Smoking has been linked to the development of thyroid eye disease. It also can make that condition worse. And smoking can cause symptoms to come back after treatment. […] Keep your eyes lubricated. Eye drops may help relieve dryness and scratchiness. A cool compress also can provide moisture. If your eyes don’t completely close, a lubricating gel at bedtime may help keep the cornea from drying out. Some people also tape their eyelids shut while they sleep. […] Protect your eyes. Wear sunglasses to help protect your eyes from the sun and wind. […] Keep your head up. Raising the head of your bed may lessen swelling and ease pressure on your eyes. […] Use creams for swollen skin. Creams containing hydrocortisone that you can buy without a prescription (Cortizone 10, others) may help ease swollen skin on the shins and feet. For help finding these creams, ask a pharmacist.

• #3 Taking Care of Yourself When You Have Graves’ Disease

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/self-care-graves-disease

  If you have Graves disease, your doctor may prescribe medication, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery to treat it. They can help you understand the benefits and risks of different treatment approaches and support you in making treatment decisions. […] In addition to following your treatment plan, practicing self-care including healthy lifestyle habits and stress management may help you feel better physically and mentally. Reaching out for social support may also help you manage the condition. […] One strategy is to keep doing things that give you peace or joy, because it feels like you’re only able to do the things you have to do, and you hate doing those. So make some time to do the things you like to do. […] Also, learn about the illness and get a doctor that listens, because this is your illness, and you need to become your own advocate. That’s the most important thing: Become an advocate.

• #3 Patient needs and care: moves toward person-centered care for Graves’ disease in Sweden in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 12 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/3/ETJ-23-0010.xml

  More studies are needed on how to understand patient needs, how to best support GD patients during both the short- and long-term period of the disease course, how to deliver information in the best way, why some patients do not recover as expected, how patients who do not recover fully should be cared for, and how nurses, dieticians, psychologists, occupational therapists, and physiotherapists can improve the situation to end up with a better disease experience and QoL. […] It is also important to consider the intensity of symptom perception, which is influenced by the individual’s pre-morbid function with respect to physical, psychological, and societal function. […] Healthcare personnel should acknowledge psychiatric symptoms, provide treatment and follow-up, and screen patients for the risk of suicide.

• #3 Med-Surg: Hyperthyroidism & Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis)

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/endocrine-system-15-hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-thyrotoxicosis?srsltid=AfmBOoqc7oXDzHI-oVRXABcquJSj1zL2rGf90E1B00GCjCqLzfBSIH8j

  If you have a patient with hyperthyroidism, you will want to increase their calorie and protein intake to offset the weight loss they are experiencing. The protein is important since that hypermetabolic state can reduce muscle mass. […] Make sure to monitor this patients input and output, their weight, and their vital signs. […] For a hyperthyroidism patient with exophthalmos, you will tape their eyelids closed for sleep so their eyes dont dry out. You definitely want to explain this to the patient carefully because it can be scary when you wake up and your eyes dont open! You will also provide eye lubricant to help protect the eyes. […] In terms of nursing care, we’re going to want to increase our patient’s calorie and protein intake because of that weight loss and the fact that they’re in this hypermetabolic state.

• #3 Hyperthyroidism, TS, & GD: Nursing Care Plan | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-and-graves-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOookywDxtLcIyqwWF_g-NKd5gqVsinG3yBBzahDr1RFsKPuHd9KN

  Complications of Graves disease include thyroid storm, heart damage, osteoporosis, and pregnancy-related issues. […] Management is determined by the severity and type of symptoms present. […] Interventions should ensure safety, comfort, and symptom management. […] The individual will report and laboratory tests will confirm achievement and maintenance of adequate thyroid hormone levels. […] Family and caregiver support to monitor changes in consciousness and behavior. […] How to manage symptoms and when to contact provider.

• #4 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hyperthyroidism | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hyperthyroidism

  Understand the Pathophysiology: […] Identify Etiological Factors: […] Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder, is a primary cause of hyperthyroidism. It involves the production of antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. […] Perform Comprehensive Nursing Assessment: […] Plan and Implement Individualized Care: […] Monitor thyroid function through assessments such as TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), free T3 (triiodothyronine), and free T4 (thyroxine) levels to determine the degree of hyperthyroidism. […] Conduct an eye examination, including assessment of visual acuity, eye bulging (exophthalmos), and eye discomfort. Graves disease may present with ophthalmic symptoms that require attention. […] Administer prescribed antithyroid medications, such as propylthiouracil (PTU) or methimazole, as directed by the healthcare provider.

• #4 What is Grave’s Disease? – Nursing Review (Video)

  https://www.mometrix.com/academy/graves-disease/

  Nursing Care of patient with Graves disease: Reducing metabolic demands supporting cardiovascular function. […] Monitor vital signs Administer medications as ordered […] Preventing complications […] Protect eyes during sleep Monitor nutrition weight loss […] Providing psychological support […] Reduce anxiety Maintain healthy sleep patterns […] Providing education about the disease process therapy needs.

• #4 Graves’ Disease | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/graves-disease

  Graves is treatable and can be well controlled. Some patients may go into remission, but many need long-term treatments for this condition. Several treatments are available, including: Antithyroid Medications: These medications lower the amount of hormone the thyroid makes. The preferred drug is methimazole. For pregnant or breastfeeding women, propylthiouracil (PTU) may be preferred. These medications help control hyperthyroidism while waiting to see if the disease goes into remission, and sometimes can be used for long-term management of Graves disease. […] Radioactive Iodine: This treatment is usually in amounts higher than in the radioactive iodine uptake test. Radioactive iodine cures hyperthyroidism from Graves disease in a majority of patients. Radioactive iodine works through slowly destroying the overactive thyroid gland, and therefore patients will need to be started on thyroid hormone supplementation when the treatment takes effect. This treatment is generally tolerated well but can worsen Graves eye disease if it is present.

• #4 Hyperthyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0301/p363.html

  Radioactive iodine ablation of the thyroid gland is the most common treatment of Graves disease in the United States. It is contraindicated in pregnancy. Moderate to severe Graves orbitopathy is a relative contraindication, especially in patients who smoke, because radioactive iodine may exacerbate the eye disease. […] Thyroidectomy is preferred in patients with goiter-induced compressive symptoms and in patients with contraindications to radioactive iodine ablation or thionamides.

• #4 Surgical Management of Graves’ Disease | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/surgical-management-graves-disease/

  Thyroidectomy should be considered for anyone with Graves disease (GD) and moderate-to-severe eye disease, or smokers with GD due to increased risk of exacerbation of eye disease after radioactive iodine. […] Patients who are having difficulty with hormonal control while on medications, or have experienced a severe side effect from anti-thyroid medications, may be referred for surgery. […] Thyroidectomy provides those with GD a rapid cure of hyperthyroidism and a transition from anti-thyroid medications to full thyroid hormone supplementation during the perioperative period (pre-surgery through postsurgery). […] For patients who wish to avoid radiation exposure to themselves or loved ones, thyroidectomy is a radiation-free alternative for definitive management of their disease. […] Patients will require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. […] You will be able to stop your methimazole or PTU immediately. […] You will start taking thyroid hormone replacement soon after surgery. […] You may need to stay on calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation for a short period of time (a few weeks) after surgery.

• #4 Graves Disease | SJPP

  https://www.sjpp.org/endocrinology-and-diabetes/types-of-care/thyroid-conditions/graves-disease/

  Applying cool compresses to your eyes may soothe them. Wearing sunglasses will protect them from ultraviolet rays, bright light, and wind. Over-the-counter artificial tears during the day and lubricating gels at night will help reduce scratchiness. Elevating the head of your bed will minimize fluid accumulation in your head and may help relieve the pressure on your eyes. If you smoke, now is a good time to quit because smoking worsens your symptoms. […] If your symptoms are not relieved by the above recommendations, your doctor may refer you to an Ophthalmologist for recommendations on medications or surgery.

• #4 Taking Care of Yourself When You Have Graves’ Disease

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/self-care-graves-disease

  Talking to people that know what you’re going through is good, which is why it’s good to have a support group. It’s good to have their phone numbers, so you can call them up and say, Susan, can you talk for a few minutes? […] It gave people a place to share with each other what was going on. They’d go, Wow, you have that too? It gave them a place to get what they couldn’t get anywhere else, which was support and acknowledgment.

• #4 Patient needs and care: moves toward person-centered care for Graves’ disease in Sweden in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 12 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/3/ETJ-23-0010.xml

  Patient care may benefit from counseling, support groups, a regular port of call to a nurse specialist, and even disease-specific psychiatric care when necessary. […] We suggest that GD patients with or without GO should be given a thyroid/contact nurse in the more intensive phases of the disease course. […] Rehabilitation addresses the impact of a health condition on a person’s everyday life, by optimizing their functioning and reducing their experience of disability. […] We recommend that such information materials are uniform for a country, are constructed to cover different needs, and can be given on different occasions. […] It is time to implement QoL measurements in practical, everyday healthcare to detect those patients who need extra support and rehabilitation as well as to follow recovery individually. […] The Swedish national system for knowledge-driven management in healthcare provides a different view and requires patient involvement in national and regional task forces to include all issues of importance for patients.

• #4 Patient needs and care: moves toward person-centered care for Graves’ disease in Sweden in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 12 Issue 3 (2023)

  https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/12/3/ETJ-23-0010.xml

  Patients with Graves’ disease (GD) not only need appropriate medical care, but they also need to be cared for. […] Patient information, teamwork with thyroid/contact nurses, education of personnel and patients, quality of life measurements, and the formation of a rehabilitation program have enough evidence to be implemented into regular care. […] We conclude that considerable improvement in nursing can be achieved in relation to GD. […] The care of Graves’ disease (GD) is exemplified in Figure 1, showing the onset of the disease process. […] Our purpose is to overview the literature on patient care and needs in GD and illustrate how to improve the work process in patient care using the strategic tool system-based driver and association of health outcomes in relation to available Resources (SHOR) diagram that may have implications on four main outcomes: mortality, morbidity, QoL, and patient experience.

• #5 Med-Surg: Hyperthyroidism & Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis)

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/medical-surgical-nursing/endocrine-system-15-hyperthyroidism-thyroid-storm-thyrotoxicosis?srsltid=AfmBOoqc7oXDzHI-oVRXABcquJSj1zL2rGf90E1B00GCjCqLzfBSIH8j

  If you have a patient with hyperthyroidism, you will want to increase their calorie and protein intake to offset the weight loss they are experiencing. The protein is important since that hypermetabolic state can reduce muscle mass. […] Make sure to monitor this patients input and output, their weight, and their vital signs. […] For a hyperthyroidism patient with exophthalmos, you will tape their eyelids closed for sleep so their eyes dont dry out. You definitely want to explain this to the patient carefully because it can be scary when you wake up and your eyes dont open! You will also provide eye lubricant to help protect the eyes. […] In terms of nursing care, we’re going to want to increase our patient’s calorie and protein intake because of that weight loss and the fact that they’re in this hypermetabolic state.

• #5 Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/endocrinology-diabetes-and-metabolism/hyperthyroidism-and-graves-disease

  While those patients with no Graves eye disease or only mild eye disease may be candidates for any of the three types of treatments for hyperthyroidism, those who have moderate to severe eye disease are often referred for surgical thyroidectomy as RAI has a higher chance of worsening the eye disease than surgery does.

• #5 Graves disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/graves-disease

  Some of the eye problems related to Graves disease often improve after treatment with medicines (including selenium), radiation, or surgery. […] Sometimes, prednisone is needed to reduce eye irritation and swelling. […] Sunglasses, cool compresses, and eye drops may reduce eye irritation. […] Graves disease often responds well to treatment. […] Contact your provider if you have symptoms of Graves disease or your eye problems or other symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment.

• #5 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Hyperthyroidism | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-hyperthyroidism

  Educate the patient about the condition, treatment plan, and the importance of adherence to medications. […] Monitor the patients nutritional status and assess for improvements in weight and any nutritional deficiencies. […] Evaluate the resolution or improvement of symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism, such as palpitations, tremors, anxiety, and weight loss.

• #5 Nursing Care Plan For Grave’s Disease – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-graves-disease/

  These nursing diagnosis recognize the specific healthcare needs and challenges faced by patients with Graves disease. […] By identifying and addressing these nursing diagnoses, nurses can tailor interventions and support strategies to optimize patient outcomes, promote well-being, and provide patient-centered care for individuals with Graves disease. […] Regularly monitor the patients vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, to assess for hyperthermia and potential cardiac complications. […] Provide emotional support and relaxation techniques to help the patient cope with anxiety and stress associated with the condition. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for Graves disease represents a comprehensive and patient-centered approach aimed at addressing the complex endocrine disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism. […] Through ongoing assessment, collaboration with the healthcare team, and patient education, nurses play a pivotal role in empowering individuals to manage their condition effectively and improve their overall quality of life.

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