Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Behcet disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/behcets-disease

  No tests can show that you have Behcet disease. So your healthcare professional mainly makes the diagnosis based on your symptoms. Nearly everyone with the condition gets mouth sores. So mouth sores that come back at least three times in 12 months often are needed for a diagnosis of Behcet disease. […] Also, a diagnosis of Behcet disease needs at least two other symptoms, such as: […] Tests to help diagnose Behcet disease include: […] Blood tests or other lab tests might rule out other conditions. […] Your healthcare professional puts a sterile needle into your skin and looks at the area 1 to 2 days later. If the test is positive, a small bump forms under your skin where the needle was put in. This shows that your immune system reacts too much to a minor injury.

• #2 Update on the Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9818538/

  Behets disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. The diagnosis of BD is mainly based on clinical manifestations after ruling out other potential causes. There are no specific laboratory, histopathologic, or genetic findings for the diagnosis of BD. The International Study Group (ISG) criteria set is still the most widely used set for the diagnosis. […] Diagnosing BD can be a big challenge in daily practice, especially in patients presenting with only major organ involvement such as posterior uveitis, neurologic, vascular, and gastrointestinal findings with or without oral ulcers. […] The pathergy test is the only diagnostic test used as diagnostic or classification criteria for BD. […] Our recent studies showed that common femoral vein (CFV) thickness measurement can be a valuable, practical, and cheap diagnostic tool for BD with sensitivity and specificities higher than 80% for the cut-off value of 0.5 mm.

• #3 Update on the Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9818538/

  The diagnosis of BD is mainly based on clinical manifestations after excluding other potential mimickers. There is no specific laboratory or genetic test. […] Until recently, the pathergy test was the only diagnostic test that was used as diagnostic or classification criteria for BD. Our recent studies showed that CFV thickness measurement can be a valuable, practical, and cheap diagnostic tool for BD with the sensitivity and the specificities higher than 80% for the cut-off value of 0.5 mm. However, the diagnostic accuracy of CFV measurement should be investigated in other disease groups in the differential diagnosis of BD and in different ethnic populations.

• #4 Behcet Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470257/

  Behcet disease is an auto-inflammatory systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. […] This activity describes the pathophysiology, etiology, presentation, and diagnosis of Behcet disease and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management. […] Diagnosis of Behcet is clinical and can be difficult due to the lack of any pathognomic laboratory findings. […] A careful ophthalmologic examination to evaluate ocular involvement shall be pursued at the initial presentation, and cutaneous lesions shall be biopsied to confirm the cutaneous diagnosis. […] Although several classification criteria have been published, they shall be used cautiously in the clinical setting to make a diagnosis. […] The International Team for the Revision of International Criteria for Behet Disease (ITR-ICBD) revised the established criteria in 2008. […] Three or more points are needed for the diagnosis of Behcet disease. […] Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, reactive arthritis, and herpetic infections can mimic Behcet disease and shall be ruled out first.

• #5 Update on the Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/1/41

  Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. The diagnosis of BD is mainly based on clinical manifestations after ruling out other potential causes. There are no specific laboratory, histopathologic, or genetic findings for the diagnosis of BD. The International Study Group (ISG) criteria set is still the most widely used set for the diagnosis. […] Diagnosing BD can be a big challenge in daily practice, especially in patients presenting with only major organ involvement such as posterior uveitis, neurologic, vascular, and gastrointestinal findings with or without oral ulcers. These patients do not meet ISG criteria and can be diagnosed with “expert opinion” in countries with high BD prevalence. The pathergy test is the only diagnostic test used as diagnostic or classification criteria for BD. Our recent studies showed that common femoral vein (CFV) thickness measurement can be a valuable, practical, and cheap diagnostic tool for BD with sensitivity and specificities higher than 80% for the cut-off value of 0.5 mm. However, the diagnostic accuracy of CFV measurement should be investigated in other disease groups in the differential diagnosis of BD and in also different ethnic populations.

• #6 Update on the Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/1/41

  The ISG criteria, which are the most widely used for diagnosis, were published in 1990. The presence of oral ulcers is accepted as sine qua non. Additionally, two of the following—genital ulceration, eye lesions, skin lesions, and positive pathergy test—are needed for diagnosis of BD. […] In 2014, international criteria for BD (ICBD) were published and included vascular and neurological involvement. The ICBD criteria set is based on a scoring system attributing 2 points for oral ulcer, genital ulcer, and ocular lesions; 1 point for positive pathergy test, neurologic, and vascular involvement. Patients having ≥4 points are classified as BD. […] The skin pathergy reaction (SPR) is the only diagnostic test currently existing for BD. […] Our findings indicated an increased VWT, a distinctive feature of BD, rarely present in other inflammatory or vascular diseases. The cut-off value of ≥0.5 mm, determined in our first study, performed quite well against all control groups with sensitivity and specificity higher than >80%.

• #7 Behçet disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/behcet-disease-2?lang=us

  The diagnosis of Behet disease relies on fulfilling several criteria, as no single diagnostic test is available. […] The International Criteria for Behcets Disease assigns one or more points to several criteria, and the likelihood of a diagnosis of Behet disease increases as the score increases. […] A simple cut off score of 4 points is sufficient for the diagnosis in the correct clinical setting, however, a more probablistic interpretation of the score is also available. […] 0 or 1 point: almost certainly not Behet disease. […] 2 points: very unlikely. […] 3 points: possible but unlikely. […] 4 points: probable. […] 5 points: highly likely. […] 6 points: almost certainly Behet disease.

• #8 Challenges in the Timely Diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/5/1157

  Although the ICBD improved the sensitivity compared to the ISG (94.8% vs. 81.2%, respectively) with relatively similar specificity (90.5% vs. 95.5%, respectively), some concerns were raised. […] Both sets of criteria, the ISG and ICBD, have improved sensitivity, specificity, and standardization when diagnosing patients with BD. However, it is imperative to remember that both criteria are truly and genuinely representative of the source populations and dataset on which they were built. Thus, despite the significant improvement presented by the two sets of criteria, based on our own experience and especially with a population such as the highly homogenous Druze population in our region, it is still very important to consider the genetic component and family history as part of the considerations for a BD diagnosis, and especially in patients presenting with an uncommon feature of BD. These factors further increase the complexity of making one set of truly universal criteria suitable to diagnose all BD patients in all ethnic backgrounds with adequate sensitivity and specificity. In the current era of personalized medicine, efforts should be made to determine whether one true set of criteria can actually diagnose all cases of BD with adequate sensitivity and specificity. Perhaps family history, HLA typing, or ethnic group-specific features should be incorporated into the current list of criteria. Further research is needed in this area.

• #9 Diagnosing Behcet’s Disease | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/behcets-disease/diagnosis

  Behets disease can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms often dont appear all at once and can be similar to those of other illnesses. […] Rheumatologistsdoctors who treat arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles, and bonesdiagnose this condition and developing treatment plans. […] NYU Langone doctors perform a physical exam to look for signs of Behets disease, such as mouth ulcers, skin lesions, eye inflammation, or genital sores. […] A person may be diagnosed with Behets disease when he or she has mouth sores at least 3 times in 12 months and any 2 of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, certain skin lesions, or a positive pathergy or skin prick test, in which a doctor sticks the forearm with a tiny needle and looks for a small red bump to form within a day or two. […] Before making a definite diagnosis of Behets disease, a doctor rules out other diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, that can show similar or identical signs and symptoms.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/behcets-disease/

  Confirming a diagnosis of Behet’s disease can be difficult because the symptoms are so wide-ranging and general (they can be shared with a number of other conditions). […] There’s no definitive test that can be used to diagnose Behet’s disease. […] Several tests may be necessary to check for signs of the condition, or to help rule out other causes, including: blood tests, urine tests, scans, such as X-rays, a CT scan or an MRI scan, a skin biopsy, a pathergy test which involves pricking your skin with a needle to see if a particular red spot appears within the next day or two; people with Behet’s disease often have particularly sensitive skin. […] Current guidelines state a diagnosis of Behet’s disease can usually be confidently made if you’ve experienced at least 3 episodes of mouth ulcers over the past 12 months and you have at least 2 of the following symptoms: genital ulcers, eye inflammation, skin lesions (any unusual growths or abnormalities that develop on the skin), pathergy (hypersensitive skin). […] Other potential causes also need to be ruled out before the diagnosis is made.

• #11 Behcet’s Disease – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/behcets-disease/

  There is no single laboratory test used to diagnose Behets disease. The diagnostic workup typically begins by taking a detailed history, completing a systematic examination and workup including serology and laboratory tests (blood and urine tests, skin biopsies) and referring to the ISG diagnostic criteria specified above (i.e., recurrent genital ulcers, eye/skin lesions, and a positive pathergy test. Almost all patients with Behets disease (97% to 99%) present with multiple, painful, and recurrent oral ulcers affecting the soft palate, hard palate, tongue, lips, tonsils, buccal mucosa, and gingiva. Genital lesions are slightly less common (seen in more than 80% of patients), occurring on the scrotum in males and on the vulva or vagina in females. […] The diagnosis of Behets disease can be challenging due to the lack of specific or characteristic laboratory findings. Consequently, laboratory tests and investigations are undertaken to rule out other conditions. The symptoms of Behets disease can appear similar other conditions, including: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Seronegative arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Herpetic infections.

• #12 Behçet’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease

  Diagnosis is based on at least three episodes of mouth sores in a year, together with at least two of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, skin sores, a positive skin prick test. […] Diagnosis of Behet’s disease is based on clinical findings including oral and genital ulcers, skin lesions such as erythema nodosum, acne, or folliculitis, ocular inflammatory findings and a pathergy reaction. Inflammatory markers such ESR, and CRP may be elevated. A complete ophthalmic examination may include a slit lamp examination, optical coherence tomography to detect nerve loss, visual field examinations, fundoscopic examination to assess optic disc atrophy and retinal disease, fundoscopic angiography, and visual evoked potentials, which may demonstrate increased latency. […] According to the International Study Group guidelines, for a patient to be diagnosed with Behet’s disease, the patient must have oral (aphthous) ulcers (any shape, size, or number at least three times in any twelve-month period) along with two of the following four hallmark symptoms: eye inflammation (iritis, uveitis, retinal vasculitis, cells in the vitreous), genital ulcers (including anal ulcers and spots in the genital region and swollen testicles or epididymitis in men), pathergy reaction (papule 2 mm dia. 2448 hrs or more after needle-prick), skin lesions (papulo-pustules, folliculitis, erythema nodosum, acne in post-adolescents not on corticosteroids).

• #13 Medical Summary of Behcet’s Disease

  https://www.behcets.com/medical-summary

  The International Study Group (ISG) criteria for the diagnosis of Behcets Disease are weighted heavily in favor of mucocutaneous manifestations. […] The ISG criteria for the diagnosis of Behcet’s disease have been proposed and validated, but these criteria were not meant to replace clinical judgement regarding the diagnosis in individual cases. […] The multiple manifestations of Behcet’s disease may not occur simultaneously but may be separated in time, occasionally by several years. […] For a definitive diagnosis, manifestations must be documented or witnessed by a physician. […] The differential diagnosis of Behcet’s disease includes those conditions which result in complex aphthosis.

• #14 Behcet’s Disease: Symptoms, Photos, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/behcets-disease

  One of the challenges in diagnosing Behcets disease is that the symptoms seldom appear at the same time. Mouth sores, skin rashes, and eye inflammation can also be symptoms of several other health problems. […] Doctors also have no single test for diagnosing Behcets disease. Your doctor may diagnose you with Behcets disease if mouth sores appear three times within a year, and any two of the following symptoms develop: genital sores that appear and then disappear, skin sores, positive skin prick, in which red bumps appear on the skin when its pricked with a needle; this means your immune system is overreacting to a stimulus, eye inflammation that affects vision.

• #15 Diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease

  https://www.behcets.com/diagnosis

  There are no specific tests to confirm a diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease. The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. […] The diagnosis is based on the occurrence of signs and symptoms of the disease and on positive clinical criteria referred to as the International Clinical Criteria for Behcet’s Disease. […] Doctors attempting to make a diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease may order a pathergy test in an attempt to produce a pathergy reaction. The pathergy test is a simple procedure in which a small, sterile needle, is inserted into the skin of the forearm. Occurrence of a small red bump or pustule at the site of needle insertion one to two days following the pathergy test constitutes a positive result. A positive result indicates the immune system is overreacting to a minor injury. Although a positive pathergy test is helpful in the diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease, only a minority of Behcet’s patients demonstrate the pathergy phenomenon by having a positive test. […] However, only 50% of patients in Middle Eastern countries and Japan have a positive reaction. This reaction is far less common in the United States. Additionally, other conditions can occasionally result in positive pathergy tests, therefore, the test is NOT 100% specific.

• #16 Behcet Disease – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Behcet_Disease

  Behets disease has no pathognomonic laboratory tests for its diagnosis; therefore, a diagnosis is made based on clinical findings. ESR, CRP, circulating serum immune complexes, and other markers of inflammation may be elevated during active disease. However, they are nonspecific findings and not diagnostic. […] One helpful diagnostic aid is the pathergy test, which is specifically defined as a papule equal or greater than 2 mm in size that develops 24-48 hours after a needle insertion 5mm deep into the skin. This test is usually performed on the forearm. […] The International Study Group (ISG) published the preferred criteria for BD in 1990, which today still are the most widely used and accepted criteria among experts in Behets disease. The criteria specifies a requirement for the presence of recurrent oral aphthae (at least three times in one year) plus two of the following in the absence of other systemic diseases: Recurrent genital ulcers, Ocular lesions, which include anterior or posterior uveitis, retinal vasculitis, or cells in vitreous, Cutaneous lesions, which include erythema nodosum, pseudo-vasculitis, papulopustular lesions, or acneiform lesions consistent with Behets, Positive pathergy test. These criteria appear to be relatively sensitive and specific.

• #17 Behçet’s Disease: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12980-behcets-disease

  There is no single laboratory test that can diagnose Behets disease. The diagnosis is usually made based on your symptoms, including how often (typically at least three times a year) oral ulcers come back. Plus, at least two more of the following: […] To make the correct diagnosis, other illnesses that produce mouth sores and closely resemble Behet’s disease need to be ruled out. Your doctor may order a blood test, which can help rule out some of these other conditions, including systemic lupus, Crohn’s disease (an intestinal inflammatory condition) and other forms of vasculitis.

• #18 How is Behçet’s diagnosed?

  https://behcetsuk.org/how-is-behcets-diagnosed/

  How is Behçet’s diagnosed? There is no test for Behçet’s at the moment. It is diagnosed by specific patterns of symptoms and repeated outbreaks of them. Any other causes for these symptoms have to be ruled out first. The symptoms do not have to occur together but can have happened at any time. […] There’s no definitive test that can be used to diagnose Behçet’s disease. Several tests may be necessary to check for signs of the condition, or to help rule out other causes, including: blood tests, urine tests, scans, such as X-rays, a computerised tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, a skin biopsy, a pathergy test – which involves pricking your skin with a needle to see if a particular red spot appears within the next day or two; people with Behçet’s disease often have particularly sensitive skin.

• #19 Behcets Disease Diagnosis

  https://behcets.info/Diagnosis_page.htm

  Laboratory findings are non-specific in Behet’s disease. Moderate anaemia of chronic disease is common, and a neutrophil leukocytosis is seen in 15% of patients. Serum immunoglobulins may be non-specifically elevated. Autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear antibody and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody are usually negative. Importantly, non-specific markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be normal despite active orogenital, ocular or CNS disease. HLA typing is generally not useful in a diagnostic context because of the lack of sensitivity of the association with HLA-B*51.

• #20 Behçet’s Syndrome – Vasculitis Foundation

  https://vasculitisfoundation.org/education/vasculitis-types/behcets-syndrome/

  There is no single test for diagnosing Behets syndrome. Your doctor will consider a number of factors including a detailed medical history, a physical exam, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and possibly a skin biopsy. The presence of classic Behets symptoms, including recurrent mouth and genital sores, eye inflammation, and skin lesions, help confirm the diagnosis. The genetic marker HLA-B51 is more common among people with Behets, but the presence of the gene alone is not diagnostic. […] Laboratory or imaging tests may be ordered to rule out diseases with similar symptoms such as other forms of vasculitis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis and polyarteritis nodosa), inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Lyme disease and others. […] Your doctor may also order a pathergy test, a procedure in which a small, sterile needle is inserted into the skin of the forearm. After 24 to 48 hours, people with Behets can develop a lump or nodule at the needle insertion point, which indicates the immune system is overreacting to a minor injury. However, even a positive pathergy test is not conclusive.

• #21 Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Behçet’s Syndrome – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/rheumatology/article/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-behcets-syndrome-j170121/

  Although HLA-B51 allele is the most established risk factor for BS, it is neither necessary nor sufficient for its development. […] For these reasons, the diagnostic value of HLA-B51 positivity is limited and it may be used as a supportive finding only in the presence of appropriate clinical findings.

• #22 Behcet disease – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/behcet-disease/

  Behcet disease is a type of variable vessel vasculitis that most commonly affects young adults (2040 years of age) from the Mediterranean region to eastern Asia. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical features, but diagnostic studies (e.g., Doppler ultrasound, MRA head) are required to assess for end-organ damage and exclude differential diagnoses (e.g., aphthous stomatitis, reactive arthritis). […] Diagnosis is primarily clinical. […] Diagnostic criteria may be used to establish a diagnosis. […] Diagnostic studies may be required to assess for end-organ damage and to exclude differential diagnoses. […] Neuro-Behcet syndrome, vascular disease (e.g., pulmonary artery aneurysms), and GI disease are the main causes of mortality in Behcet disease and should be promptly identified and treated. […] A diagnosis may be established in patients who fulfill the mandatory criterion PLUS 2 of the additional criteria. […] Rule out other conditions before starting potentially unnecessary and harmful immunosuppressive therapy.

• #23 Living with a Behcet’s disease diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tme-invisible-living-with-behcets-disease

  I first showed symptoms that I couldnt discount at 17, when I developed my first genital ulcers. […] This doctor took a gentler approach, asking instead about other symptoms did I often get mouth ulcers? Yes, endlessly. Headaches? Fatigue? Joint pain? Then he gave his suspected diagnosis: Behcets disease. It was the first time Id ever heard the words. […] Enter the rheumatologist whose care I first landed in. Despite the cyclical nature of many autoimmune diseases, he ignored my reported symptoms, even though I had documented them in detailed diaries. […] Id wish for the visible signs of Behcets before a visit bad mouth ulcers, external genital ulcers, or the large, painful welts that would pop up sporadically under my skin because I hoped they would validate the hidden symptoms I reported: joint pain, allodynia (the skin on my upper body was painful under the slightest touch), fevers, and fatigue.

• #24 What Is Behcet’s Disease: Learn Its Symptoms, Causes, Prevalence and Management | Behcet’s Connection – Celgene Corporation

  https://www.behcetsconnection.com/

  Suspect Behets disease? Refer to a rheumatologist to confirm a diagnosis. […] Behets Disease is often arrived at through a differential diagnosis that rules out other possibilities. Because of this, its frequently misdiagnosed and can take ~5 years from the onset of symptoms before a patient receives a correct diagnosis.

• #25 Recognize Behcet’s Disease and Challenges of Diagnosis | ISG Criteria| Behcet’s Connection – Celgene Corporation

  https://www.behcetsconnection.com/recognize-behcets

  According to a study, the average time to a Behets Disease diagnosis is 5.3 years from the onset of symptoms. […] Diagnosis is complicated by the many differential diagnoses for symptoms of Behets Disease. […] THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY GROUP (ISG) CRITERIA CAN AID IN DIAGNOSING BEHETS DISEASE. […] NOTE: A DIAGNOSIS CAN ONLY BE MADE BY A PHYSICIAN. […] Suspect Behets Disease? Refer to a rheumatologist to confirm a diagnosis.

• #26 Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease: Comparison of Two Sets of Classification Criteria. Application in 111 Patients of a Well-defined Population – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/diagnosis-of-behcets-disease-comparison-of-two-sets-of-classification-criteria-application-in-111-patients-of-a-well-defined-population/

  BD was diagnosed in 65 (58.5%) by ISGBD criteria and in 86 (77.5%) by ICBD criteria. No significant differences were observed between both criteria (p […] ICBD criteria exhibit higher sensitivity than ISG criteria. Thus, the application of these new criteria can achieve a more correct and earlier diagnosis of BD.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/behcets-disease/treatment/

  Once a diagnosis of Behet’s disease has been confirmed, you’ll usually be referred to several different specialists who have experience of treating the condition. […] You may see more than 1 specialist during the same visit to hospital, to help with diagnosis and creating a treatment plan. […] Because of the potential risk of vision loss in serious cases, any eye inflammation caused by Behet’s disease should be carefully monitored by an ophthalmologist. […] In severe cases where these treatments have not helped, immunosuppressant medicines, such as azathioprine or ciclosporin, may be recommended. […] Relatively minor symptoms of central nervous system inflammation, such as double vision, may get better on their own without the need for treatment. […] However, more serious symptoms, such as paralysis and behavioural changes, usually require treatment with medicine.

• #28 Behcet’s Disease

  https://www.printo.it/pediatric-rheumatology/IE/info/12/Behcets-Disease

  Approximately half of children with BD carry the genetic marker HLA-B5 and this is linked to the more severe forms of the disease. […] To diagnose vascular and nervous system involvement, specific imaging of the vessels and the brain may be needed. […] The treatment and follow-up of BD patients requires a team approach. In addition to a paediatric rheumatologist, an ophthalmologist and a haematologist should be included in the team. The family and the patient should always be in touch with the physician or the centre responsible for treatment.

• #29 Behcet’s Syndrome: How It Can Affect Your Body

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/behcet-syndrome

  Because there are so many different symptoms, Behcets syndrome can be hard to diagnose. It has symptoms similar to many other conditions, including Crohns disease, lupus, and arthritis. Your doctor may want to give you a blood test to rule out other conditions. It can take months to find out for sure that you have Behcets. […] You may be diagnosed with Behcets if you have mouth sores at least three times in a year, and you have at least two of these symptoms: […] Positive pathergy test: Your doctor will prick your arm with a small needle. If a bump forms in that spot 1 or 2 days later, its a good clue that you may have the condition. It indicates an overreaction by your immune system to a small injury. […] Which doctors you see will depend on your symptoms: […] Because you may have many symptoms, you may need to visit several of these doctors.

• #30 How is Behçet’s diagnosed?

  https://behcetsuk.org/how-is-behcets-diagnosed/

  Current guidelines state a diagnosis of Behçet’s disease can usually be confidently made if you’ve experienced at least three episodes of mouth ulcers over the past 12 months and you have at least two of the following symptoms: genital ulcers, eye inflammation, skin lesions (any unusual growths or abnormalities that develop on the skin), pathergy (hypersensitive skin). Other potential causes also need to be ruled out before the diagnosis is made. […] This is usually given when someone does not have mouth ulcers or has mouth ulcers but does not have 1 of the 4 ‘hallmark’ symptoms but has other symptoms and signs of inflammation and other causes for these have been ruled out. […] Must have: mouth ulcers. Along with 1 out of the 4 ‘hallmark’ symptoms above. Along with 2 of the following symptoms: arthritis/arthralgia, nervous system symptoms, stomach and/or bowel inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, superficial thrombophlebitis, cardiovascular problems, inflammatory problems in chest and lungs, problems with hearing and/or balance, extreme exhaustion, changes of personality, psychoses, any other member of the family with a diagnosis of Behçet’s.

• #31 Update on the Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/1/41

  The diagnosis of BD is mainly based on clinical manifestations after excluding other potential mimickers. There is no specific laboratory or genetic test. Diagnosing BD can be a big challenge in daily practice, especially in patients presenting with only major organ involvement with or without oral ulcers. The early diagnosis of BD has a critical value, especially in patients presenting with only vascular thrombosis to prevent the delay in the treatment.

• #32 The History and Diagnosis of Behçet’s Disease | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69944

  Behets disease (BD) is a multisystemic vasculitis of unknown aetiology, initially reported by Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behet in 1937. […] It is challenging to make a definite diagnosis because there is no pathognomic laboratory test to diagnose Behets disease. The diagnosis is based on variable group of clinical manifestations. […] International Study Group (ISG) Criteria and the International Criteria for Behets Disease (ICBD) are the most commonly acceptable criteria for the diagnosis of BD. […] Therefore, the experience of the physician and evaluation of the findings with a good clinical anamnesis is of great importance in the diagnosis. […] There is no pathognomic laboratory test to diagnose Behets disease. The diseases wide clinical spectrum, its showing ethnical and geographical differences, and the differences that it shows in the time of onset of symptoms and its courses with different findings in each patient are the factors that make it difficult to diagnose.

• #33 Challenges in the Timely Diagnosis of Behcet’s Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/5/1157

  In conclusion, the introduction of ISG and ICBD criteria improved the ability to diagnose BD at an early stage, but both criteria still have their own limitations. As our understanding of this disease and its pathogenesis continues to evolve, efforts should be made to further enhance the currently-accepted international classification criteria, perhaps by incorporating genetic testing (e.g., HLA typing) as well as ethnic group-specific features.

• #34 Behçet’s Disease: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment | Frontiers Research Topic

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13770/behcets-disease-epidemiology-etiopathogenesis-diagnosis-and-treatment/magazine

  Behet’s disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory, multisystem disease of unknown etiology with the clinical features of mucocutaneous lesions and ocular, vascular, articular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, urogenital, pulmonary, and cardiac involvement. […] In this collection, we aim to bring the most recent developments in BD to a close. We will review the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of BD. Diagnosis in most patients can be made clinically only on the basis of mucocutaneous symptoms which figure prominently in the presentation and diagnosis and are considered the hallmarks of BD. […] Skin pathergy test (SPT), a non-specific tissue hyperreactivity reaction due to trauma, is one of the diagnostic criteria for BD. Controversy exists as to the sensitivity of this phenomenon which varies between geographic areas. […] There are some controversial topics in BD, such as „Disease assessment” which is a critical title in terms of correct evaluation of the disease and planning of treatment.

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