Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  Prevention of brucellosis is based on surveillance and the prevention of risk factors. The most effective prevention strategy is the elimination of infection in animals. Vaccination of cattle, goats and sheep is recommended in enzootic areas with high prevalence rates. […] In countries where eradication in animals through vaccination or elimination of infected animals is not feasible, prevention of human infection is primarily based on raising awareness, food-safety measures, occupational hygiene and laboratory safety. […] Pasteurization of milk for direct consumption and for creating derivatives such as cheese is an important step to preventing transmission from animals to humans. Education campaigns about avoiding unpasteurized milk products can be effective, as well as policies on its sale. […] In agricultural work and meat-processing, protective barriers and correct handling and disposal of afterbirths, animal carcasses and internal organs is an important prevention strategy.

• #2 Control of Animal Brucellosis — The Most Effective Tool to Prevent Human Brucellosis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/49083

  The prevention of human brucellosis cannot be achieved without the control of the disease in the animals, as exemplified by the impact that the early measures adopted in the beginning of the 20th century forbidding the consumption of goat milk had on the prevalence of the disease in the British soldiers in Malta. […] Strict biosafety and management measures, vaccination, and test-and-slaughter strategy are recognized as the most effective strategies to control this pathology in livestock. […] The adequate combination of these measures depends on several factors that will determine the success of the eradication efforts. […] The control of the disease in humans is impaired by the lack of available vaccines, thus leaving the control of animal brucellosis as the most effective strategy to prevent human infection.

• #3 Brucellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Supportive Care, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-treatment

  Prevention of brucellosis in humans depends on eradication or control of the disease in animals and on avoiding potential sources of infection. […] Better handling of infected animals or animal products is paramount. Public awareness and education play major roles in prevention. […] Consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products, as well as of raw or undercooked meats, should be avoided. Education may be provided to the patient and family concerning risks and should emphasize avoiding anything identified as a specific cause in the case at hand. Should the identified source be a live animal, the herd or flock from which it came should be investigated. In endemic areas, investigation is warranted for all animals. […] Scrupulous hygiene may prevent infection, especially when practiced by individuals likely to have close contact with goats, sheep, cows, camels, pigs, reindeer, rabbits, or hares. Obviously, this contact is of greatest importance in areas of endemic disease.

• #4 NVAP Reference Guide: Brucellosis (Control and Eradication) | Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/nvap/reference-guide/control-eradication/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a contagious, infectious, and communicable disease, primarily affecting cattle, bison, and swine, and is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Brucellosis is transmitted from animals by direct contact with infected blood, placentas, fetuses, or uterine secretions, or through the consumption of infected and raw animal products (especially milk and milk products). There is no economically feasible treatment for brucellosis in livestock. […] The regulations of the APHIS Brucellosis Eradication Program vary based on the brucellosis status of each State. […] Before vaccinating any animals for brucellosis, be certain that you understand and follow the applicable State’s requirements. Adult vaccination for brucellosis may only be conducted by State and/or Federal officials.

• #5 Disease Alert: Bovine BrucellosisLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bovine-brucellosis

  Brucellosis is highly contagious. In most cases, it spreads via direct contact with an infected or exposed animal. It can also spread through an infected animal’s milk, aborted fetuses, placental membranes or fluids, and other vaginal discharges. […] Here’s what you can do to help protect your herd from infection: […] There’s a vaccine for brucellosis called RB51. Licensed for use in nonpregnant female cattle 4 to 12 months of age, the vaccine provides a significant level of protection (about 70- to 80-percent effective). It’s also very effective at preventing abortions, which prevents further disease transmission. […] Proper sanitation and herd management can help keep brucellosis from spreading. Recommended practices include: […] Clean and disinfect calving areas and other places likely to become contaminated with infective material.

• #6 Brucellosis in Cattle – Reproductive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/brucellosis-in-large-animals/brucellosis-in-cattle

  No practical treatment is available. Control programs must rely on detection of infected herds and preventing infection infiltrating „clean” herds. […] Eventual eradication depends on repeated testing and culling of all positive animals. […] The greatest danger for the introduction of infection into noninfected („clean”) herds is via replacement animals. Additions (replacements) should be vaccinated calves or nonpregnant heifers. […] Vaccination of calves with B abortus Strain 19 or RB51 increases resistance to infection. […] Whole-herd adult cattle vaccination using Strain 19 or RB51 has been practiced in certain high-incidence areas and selected herds in the US with much success. […] Vaccination as the sole means of disease control has been effective. Reduction in the number of reactors in a herd is directly related to the percentage of vaccinated animals. […] Eradication from herds and areas requires regular serologic testing and elimination of reactors („test and slaughter” programs).

• #7 Brucellosis in Pigs – Reproductive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/brucellosis-in-large-animals/brucellosis-in-pigs

  Brucellosis remains a problem in feral swine and is a potential source of infection for domesticated herds and for humans. […] Replacement swine should be purchased from herds known to be free of brucellosis, or they should be tested, isolated for 3 months, and retested before being added to the herd. Pigs should be isolated on return from fairs or shows before reentering the herd. Domestic pigs should be kept in a manner to prevent interactions with feral swine. […] There is no vaccine for brucellosis in swine, and no practical recommendations can be made for treatment. Control is based on test and removal of infected breeding animals. […] Those working with feral swine and in abattoirs should take necessary precautions to prevent exposure. […] Testing and removal of seropositive swine is the foundation of the control program.

• #8 About Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html

  The best way to prevent brucellosis infection is to be sure you don’t eat or drink: […] People who work with animal tissues and body fluids, including animal caretakers (veterinarians, vet techs, shelter staff, etc.), hunters, butchers, and animal herdsman, are at higher risk of brucellosis infection. If you work with animal tissues, protect yourself by wearing: […] If the animal is infected, this protective clothing will help keep the bacteria that causes brucellosis from getting into your eyes or inside a cut or wound on your skin. […] If you work in a lab, take precautions when handling samples to prevent infection. If you are exposed, determine your risk and follow recommendations for symptom monitoring and possible post-exposure prophylaxis or treatment.

• #9 Brucellosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17886-brucellosis

  You can reduce your risk of brucellosis by practicing safe food handling and wearing protective clothing while working with animals, for instance: […] Don’t drink unpasteurized milk or eat foods made with unpasteurized milk. […] Wear appropriate safety gear when working with animals and animal tissues. This might include gloves, an apron or goggles. Butchers, veterinarians, hunters, farmers and people who work in slaughterhouses or medical labs need to be especially careful. […] Cook meat to safe temperatures and always wash your hands and the surfaces and utensils you used to prepare your food. Game meat can be infected with Brucella.

• #10 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Not eating or drinking raw dairy products helps prevent brucellosis. Being careful when working with animals, animal processing or in a laboratory can help prevent brucellosis. […] To reduce the risk of getting brucellosis, take these precautions: […] Don’t eat dairy foods that haven’t been treated, called pasteurized. […] Cook meat all the way. […] Wear gloves. […] Take care in high-risk workplaces. […] Vaccinate farm animals.

• #11 Brucellosis | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/brucellosis

  How can brucellosis be prevented? […] People should avoid drinking unpasteurized milk or eating unpasteurized cheese or ice cream, particularly if it was made in a country where brucellosis is still common. If you are not sure whether the dairy product is pasteurized, do not eat it. […] […] Veterinarians and farmers should wear gloves when handling sick or dead animals or when assisting an animal giving birth. […] Hunters should wear gloves when skinning and dressing wild animals. […] Laboratory workers should handle all specimens using appropriate safety procedures.

• #12

• #13 Brucellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Supportive Care, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-treatment

  Immunization is not an option for patients; the vaccine is attenuated for animals but not for humans and may cause disease in humans. […] However, immunization of at-risk animals reduces the number of infected animals and therefore the reservoir of infection. Results from a study of the planned brucellosis control program in Egypt showed that removal of infected animals under the actual implementation of the program would likely permit brucellosis to remain endemic in the goat and sheep population. […] All persons with an occupational risk for brucellosis should be informed about the use of protective devices (eg, goggles, masks, and gloves) to avoid exposure to aerosols, body fluids, or the brucellosis vaccine. In particular, laboratory personnel should be advised of the potential diagnosis so they will use biosafety level-3 precautions when in contact with suspicious specimens.

• #14 BRUCELLOSIS – Preventing with Experts

  https://preventingwithexperts.com/en/disease/brucellosis/

  Brucellosis vaccination is the most effective way to prevent brucellosis in animals and, as a result, limit associated financial losses and healthcare issues. […] Individual control measures A series of hygiene, safety and handling measures are recommended in order to reduce the spread of brucellosis to healthy animals and prevent human infections. […] Hygiene and disinfection: Strict sanitary control measures at all farms, regardless of their size. […] Quarantining new animals: When bringing a new animal into a farm without health tracing, it must be kept in quarantine. […] Correct handling and disposal of abortion waste: Strict biosafety measures when collecting samples are crucial for preventing infection. Plus, all abortion materials must be disposed correctly. […] Correct use of equipment by professionals: Farmers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse staff must wear suitable protective gear, such as gloves that cover the forearm, tall rubber boots, coveralls, aprons and masks. These items should be disposable or easy to clean and disinfect. Plus, all these professionals must adhere to rigorous personal hygiene and cleanliness rules. […] Pasteurizing milk: Both for direct consumption and for production of dairy products for human consumption.

• #15 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is preventable. To lower your chances of getting it, you’re encouraged to do the following: […] Avoid consuming raw meat or unpasteurized milk, cheese, and ice cream. […] Wear gloves and protective glasses when handling animals or animal tissues. […] Cover any open wounds on your skin when coming in contact with animal blood. […] Wear protective clothing and gloves when helping animals give birth. […] There’s a brucellosis vaccine for animals. If you work with domestic animals, you should consider vaccinating them for brucellosis. […] However, there’s no vaccine for brucellosis in humans. That’s why it’s important to take other steps to protect yourself from the bacteria.

• #16 Controlling Spread of Brucellosis | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/brucellosis-0

  Licensed Brucella vaccines are currently available only for livestock. […] To prevent future exposures, advise the following: […] Do not consume raw (unpasteurized) milk or milk products (including imported cheeses, etc.). […] Workers at occupational risk (farmers, slaughterhouse workers, meat processors or butchers) should know symptoms of the disease, how it is spread, and the risks of handling infected animal carcasses and products. […] Hunters should use barrier protection (gloves or clothing) when dressing wild pigs and burying the remains. […] Wear gloves and protect skin from secretions or excretions when handling and disposing of placenta, discharges, and fetus from an aborted animal. Disinfect contaminated areas. […] Local officials and farmers should search for infection among livestock and eliminate infected animals. In areas of high prevalence, immunization of livestock may be appropriate. Ultimate control of human brucellosis relies on eliminating the disease in domestic animal populations.

• #17 Brucellosis: Definition, transmission, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease that causes flu-like symptoms, and it can spread from animals to humans. […] This article describes in more detail the causes, symptoms, and treatments of brucellosis and provides some tips on prevention. […] When visiting these places, avoid consuming raw milk and unpasteurized dairy. Also, wash the hands regularly with soap and clean water. […] Workplaces should have clear guidelines on reducing the risk of infection. In general, wear protective clothing, including a plastic gown, rubber gloves, and a facial covering. […] People who hunt can reduce their risk of brucellosis by: avoiding contact with dead or ill wild animals, wearing eye protection and latex gloves when handling a carcass, not feeding dogs raw meat from a carcass, washing their hands thoroughly after hunting, cleaning hunting and butchering tools with a disinfectant.

• #18 Laboratory Risks for Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/laboratory-risks/index.html

  Brucellosis is the most commonly reported laboratory-associated bacterial infection. If you work in a lab, take precautions when handling samples to prevent infection. If you are exposed, determine your risk and follow recommendations for symptom monitoring and possible post-exposure prophylaxis. […] If you don’t know if the sample you’re testing contains Brucella, work in a certified biosafety cabinet (BSC) and wear appropriate PPE to minimize exposure risks. If Brucella infection is suspected, BSL-3 practices are recommended when handling products of conception or clinical specimens. […] Workers with high-risk exposures should begin antimicrobial post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) as soon as possible to prevent Brucella infection. Prophylaxis can begin up to 24 weeks after exposure. PEP is generally not recommended for low-risk exposures, though it may be considered on a case-by-case basis. PEP courses should include a minimum of 21 days of: Doxycycline (100 mg) orally twice daily and Rifampin (600 mg) once daily.

• #19 Laboratory Exposure to Brucella – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/laboratory-exposure-to-brucella/

  […] […] How can brucellosis infection be prevented? […] Review and comply with the recommended laboratory containment methods and microbiological procedures found in the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) Sixth Edition. Find the procedures at cdc.gov/labs/bmbl/index.html. […] Use primary barriers: use safety centrifuge cups, personal protective equipment, and class II or higher BSC for procedures with a high likelihood of producing droplet splashes or aerosols. […] Use secondary barriers: restrict access to the laboratory when work is being performed and maintain the integrity of the laboratorys air handling system by keeping external doors and windows closed. […] Perform all procedures on unidentified isolates carefully to minimize splashes and aerosols.

• #20 Brucellosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Initial Supportive Care, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-treatment

  Serious concerns have been expressed concerning the utilization of Brucella species in biologic weapons. Airborne transmission of these bacteria is readily achieved via the mucous membranes of the conjunctivae, nasal passages, oropharynx, and respiratory tract. Infection may occur as the result of lodging of organisms in cuts or abrasions. As few as 10-100 organisms may produce infection via aerosol exposure. The resulting disease may exhibit any of the various manifestations of which Brucella species are capable. […] Bichat guidelines have been established for the management of individuals at risk for or manifesting evidence of brucellosis after bioterroristic exposure. Treatment regimens combining doxycycline with either streptomycin or rifampin are thought adequate in such situations; the combination of ofloxacin with rifampin is also cited. To date, however, no studies have conclusively established the efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis as a method of preventing brucellosis.

• #21 Brucellosis | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cdcg/index/brucell

  ProphylaxisNo controlled studies have been performed to assess the value of administering post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to persons at risk. Anecdotal evidence suggests that PEP may reduce the risk of developing clinical disease. PEP should be considered for all persons after an obvious exposure to living brucellae (e.g. following laboratory exposure). Regimens reported in the literature are: […] Consultation with an infectious diseases physician is recommended to provide additional risk assessment and, if PEP is indicated, selection of agents most suited to the individual. […] In addition, increased surveillance for clinical signs of disease is recommended for at least 6 months, and serological testing for subclinical disease is suggested every 12 weeks for the first 3 months and then monthly for the next 39 months.

• #22 Laboratory Risks for Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/hcp/laboratory-risks/index.html

  An occupational health provider should arrange for regular (at least weekly) monitoring for fever or symptoms consistent with brucellosis for all exposed workers. In addition, plan to take your temperature daily for 24 weeks from the last known date of exposure. Be aware of brucellosis symptoms and call your healthcare provider if you develop these symptoms within 6 months of the exposure, even if you’ve already undergone PEP. […] If you had a low-risk or high-risk exposure, you should be tested using quantitative serological testing to detect infection early. Your blood should be drawn and submitted to the same laboratory at 0 (baseline), 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks after exposure.

• #23 A health promotion perspective for the control and prevention of Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis); Israel as a case study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9536624/

  Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) is endemic in many countries around the world, therefore, identifying what is required to control and prevent the disease is essential. […] To prevent infection, humans need to avoid contact with infected animals or their products, by adopting occupational and personal hygiene when coming in contact with animals including pasteurization of dairy products. […] Prevention and control of brucellosis can be divided into two distinct areas of intervention: the prevention and control of the disease in animals; and the prevention and control of the transfer of the disease to humans. […] Building healthy public policy includes policies such as compulsory registration of all herds, national monitoring of disease prevalence, cooperation between involved ministries, implementation of testing and culling regulations and of immunization of animals at the most effective age, fair and fast compensation of farmers for animals lost to culling, and regulation of dairy production.

• #24 A health promotion perspective for the control and prevention of Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis); Israel as a case study | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010816

  Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) is endemic in many countries around the world, therefore, identifying what is required to control and prevent the disease is essential. […] To prevent infection, humans need to avoid contact with infected animals or their products, by adopting occupational and personal hygiene when coming in contact with animals including pasteurization of dairy products. […] Prevention and control of brucellosis can be divided into two distinct areas of intervention: the prevention and control of the disease in animals; and the prevention and control of the transfer of the disease to humans. […] All these interventions demand full cooperation between the healthcare service, the veterinary services, governmental organizations, community organizations and the media. […] Areas of action that could be improved include enforcement of regulations, strengthening community action and improving personal skills.

• #25 A health promotion perspective for the control and prevention of Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis); Israel as a case study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9536624/

  Creating supportive environments includes developing a strong local and national professional veterinary service, safe disposal of carcasses, use of disease-free animal feed and creating social norms that deter people from consuming non-pasteurized dairy products. […] Strengthening community action includes collaboration between government and farmers and developing grass-roots organizations to advocate for prevention of the production, sale and consumption of non-pasteurized dairy products. […] Developing personal skills includes education of farmers, dairy product manufacturers and the public regarding prevention and control of the disease. […] Reorienting health services includes training of physicians and healthcare workers on how to identify, diagnose and treat at-risk patients.

• #26 Brucellosis (Animal) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0072

  The WHO works to support the coordination and sharing of information between the public health and animal health sectors. In collaboration with the FAO, the OIE and the Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Programme (MZCP), the WHO supports countries in the prevention and management of the disease through the Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases (GLEWS) (WHO, 2020). […] The CDC Brucellosis Reference Guide: Exposures, Testing, and Prevention is an example of a country approach. This guide includes the Brucella species as one of the biological agents and toxins that may pose a severe threat to public health, stating that the Brucella species are easily aerosolised and have a low infectious dose, cited at levels of between 10 and 100 microorganisms (CDC, 2017).

• #27 Human Brucellosis: An Ongoing Global Health Challenge

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2021.031

  Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases, caused by species of the genus Brucella, that affects domestic and farm livestock and a wide range of wild mammals. […] The infection in humans is primarily caused by direct contact with infected cattle (Brucella abortus), sheep and goats (B. melitensis), pigs (B. suis), dogs (B. canis), or by ingesting unpasteurized and contaminated animal products. […] In addition, because brucellosis is one of the most common laboratory-acquired infections, strict safety precautions should be followed when handling cultures and infected samples. […] The National Brucellosis Prevention and Control Plan (NBPCP) was implemented in 2016-2020, aiming to contain this disease in animals and humans across China. […] Most importantly, the One Health approach, involving collaborative efforts for health in humans, animals, and the environment as well as multiple other sectors, is vital to monitor disease transmission and to mitigate health and socioeconomic impacts of brucellosis, eventually eliminating the disease in human and animal populations across the world.

• #28

  https://www.fao.org/europe/news/detail/central-asia-and-the-caucasus-strengthen-brucellosis-prevention-and-control/en

  Brucellosis is a disease that primarily affects ruminants in many countries around the world. […] Given brucellosis prevalence across the region and its transboundary nature, for its effective control, it is critical to use a regional approach, said Daniel Beltran-Alcrudo, an FAO technical adviser for animal health. […] The workshop utilizes the Stepwise Approach for the Progressive Control of Brucellosis (SAPCB) and the Staged Tool for the Elimination of Brucellosis (STEB) a pair of complementary resources that use a multisectoral, One Health approach to assist countries in preventing, controlling and eliminating brucellosis in animals and people. […] Presenting these tools and conducting an initial country assessment will allow countries to identify gaps and define the next tailored steps in brucellosis prevention and control for each of the participating countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Beltran-Alcrudo added. […] Infection in livestock animals can be prevented through vaccination, removal of infected animals from the herd and proper biosecurity, while pasteurization is key to protecting humans.

• #29 Brucellosis (Animal) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0072

  Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses transmitted by animals and in endemic areas human brucellosis has serious public health consequences. […] Therefore, public health education should be included among the essential activities to be performed within the framework of brucellosis control programmes or even as an independent activity (FAO, OIE and WHO, 2006). […] Risk management includes movement control; treatment with antimicrobials (in humans); tracing back/forward of infected animals, depopulation of infected herds (in cattle); vaccination of animals (prevention). […] Control programmes must be promoted in goat-raising areas (FAO, OiE and WHO, 2006). […] Equally important, complementary control of animal and human brucellosis activities on the ground at the community level, where local veterinary and public health services interact and collaborate, are key to ensuring the application of adapted approaches for improving surveillance, enhancing community awareness, promoting milk pasteurisation and hygiene practices and delivering effective vaccination campaigns (FAO, 2014).

• #30 Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis to preventing brucellosis in accidental exposure: A systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38648858/

  Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent brucellosis after accidental exposure to Brucella is an important topic in public health. […] The currently available evidence of the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis is insufficient to support a recommendation for or against the widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis, so caution is needed in interpreting results due to the very low certainty of evidence, primarily stemming from case series and lack of comparative groups.

• #31 A health promotion perspective for the control and prevention of Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis); Israel as a case study | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010816

  The main reason that emerged from analysing the reports and publications, is the fact that the interventions were not implemented in a consistent, continuous, long-term manner by the two ministries in charge of the control and prevention of brucellosis (Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture). […] Human behaviour is an important player in the control and prevention of brucellosis. […] Discontinuation of the funding of the health education and communication interventions may have had an impact on the awareness of the disease and resulted in a reduction of positive health behaviours, resulting in an increase in consumption of non-pasteurized dairy products. […] Analysis of the interventions via the health promotion approach suggest the existence of interventions in all health promotion areas of action in Israel. However, control and prevention of the disease is partial at best.

• #32 Impacts of brucellosis, prevention, control measures and treatmen

  https://www.internationalscholarsjournals.com/articles/impacts-of-brucellosis-prevention-control-measures-and-treatment-99884.html

  Prevention and control of brucellosis require a comprehensive approach that combines measures targeting both animals and humans. […] In humans, preventive measures focus on raising awareness about the disease and promoting safe practices. This includes pasteurization of milk and dairy products, consumption of meat from reliable sources, and adherence to personal protective measures when handling animals or animal products. […] Developing an effective human vaccine is a priority in the fight against brucellosis, as it can provide long-lasting protection and reduce the diseases burden in endemic regions.

• #33 Design and validation of brucellosis prevention questionnaire focused on animal vaccination | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-10014-x

  Planning a theory-based and vaccination-focused training program for livestock breeders can be helpful due to the remarkable role of theories and models in designing, implementing, and evaluating the programs. […] The designed BPQ is considered as a valid and reliable questionnaire, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of training interventions. In general, other health educationists and researchers can identify the effective factors on the preventive behavior of livestock breeders by employing the BPQ. […] However, training interventions are considered as effective and necessary to prevent and eradicate the disease.

• #34 Prediction analysis of human brucellosis cases in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Xinjiang China based on time series | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-80513-z

  Enhancing public awareness of brucellosis and standardized management in the livestock industry can effectively suppress the occurrence of brucellosis. […] To effectively prevent, control, and eliminate brucellosis, it is also necessary to further enhance early warning technologies. […] The aim of this study was to provide a useful reference for the prevention and control of human brucellosis in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang. […] The purpose of this study is to provide support to healthcare workers in the Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang for their efforts in brucellosis prevention and control, as well as to assist in disease control in similar regions.

• #35

• #36 Brucella infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/brucella+infection/brucella+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Brucella infection is a notifiable condition. […] Prevention of Brucella infection: Exclusion from work is not necessary. A vaccine is not available for use in humans. Control is best achieved by eliminating the disease in animals. Avoid drinking raw or unpasteurised milk and products made from raw or unpasteurised milk. Educate farmers, abattoir workers and other occupational at risk groups on how to prevent infection when handling potentially infected animal products: cover open cuts and sores with dressings, wear gloves, overalls and face masks when slaughtering animals or handling animal products, thoroughly wash hands and arms after handling animals or their products, take special care when handling animal birth products, thoroughly clean all working areas.

• #37 How can we help you?

  https://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/202/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a notifiable disease. […] Because of this most countries have strict regulations in place to control brucellosis, however it is still a threat. […] Testing herds regularly and culling has been an effective way of eradicating the disease in individual herds before. […] Quarantines are placed on infected herds and good sanitation and biosecurity will protect uninfected herds. […] In endemic areas vaccination is available. […] Vaccination is not a guarantee but can increase resistance to infection.

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