Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by four different Brucella species in humans: B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. canis. […] As few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause the disease in humans. […] All Brucella species are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. […] Brucella species do not form spores or toxins. […] The animal host of B. suis is swine; the hosts of B. melitensis are sheep and goats; the host of B. abortus is cattle, and the hosts of B. canis are dogs. […] Among these, B. melitensis is the most virulent, followed by B. suis. […] B. melitensis causes the most severe cases of brucellosis and is the most prevalent worldwide. […] B. melitensis is acquired by exposure to animals or animal products.

• #2 Brucellosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a zoonosis spread primarily via ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected animals. […] The bacteria causing this disease, Brucella, are small, Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped (coccobacilli) bacteria. […] Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis. […] Brucellosis in humans is usually associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses made from the milk of infected animals often goats infected with B. melitensis, and with occupational exposure of laboratory workers, veterinarians, and slaughterhouse workers. […] Some vaccines used in livestock, most notably B. abortus strain 19, also cause disease in humans if accidentally injected. […] Overall findings support that brucellosis poses an occupational risk to goat farmers with specific areas of concern including weak awareness of disease transmission to humans and lack of knowledge on specific safe farm practices such as quarantine practices.

• #3 About Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria. […] Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a family of bacteria called Brucella. […] You can get the disease when you come in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria. […] People can get brucellosis by: […] Brucellosis is the most commonly reported laboratory-associated bacterial infection. […] If you have with an infection from a strain of Brucella called RB51 from consuming infected animal products, you’ll need antibiotics other than rifampin. […] This particular strain of Brucella is resistant to it, meaning rifampin will not treat the infection.

• #4 Brucellosis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/brucellosis-symptoms-treatment

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can spread from animals to humans. […] Brucellosis in humans occurs when a person comes into contact with an animal or animal product infected with the Brucella bacteria. […] Four types of Brucella bacteria cause the majority of brucellosis infections in humans: B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and B. abortus. […] B. melitensis causes most cases of human brucellosis and is mainly found in sheep and goats. […] B. suis is the most common type of Brucella seen in the U.S. […] B. canis spreads from dogs. […] B. abortus comes from cattle and occurs worldwide.

• #5 Brucellosis in humans–etiology, diagnostics, clinical forms – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772567/

  Brucellosis in humans is a zoonosis of greatly varied clinical image. […] The etiologic factors of brucellosis are small, aerobic Gram-negative rods of the genus Brucella, which currently contains ten species: B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. melitensis, B. canis, B. neotomae, B. pinnipedialis, B. ceti, B. microti and B. inopinata. […] In humans, the disease is caused mainly by: B. melitensis as the most pathogenic species, followed by B. suis, whereas B. abortus is considered as the mildest type of brucellosis. […] The natural reservoir of the germ and the source of infection in humans are infected domestic animals, primarily cattle, sheep, goats, as well as wild animals. […] Infection in humans occurs by penetration through damaged skin, conjunctiva, and more rarely via the alimentary route by the consumption of infected products.

• #6 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by four different Brucella species in humans: B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. canis. […] As few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause the disease in humans. […] All Brucella species are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. […] Brucella species do not form spores or toxins. […] The animal host of B. suis is swine; the hosts of B. melitensis are sheep and goats; the host of B. abortus is cattle, and the hosts of B. canis are dogs. […] Among these, B. melitensis is the most virulent, followed by B. suis. […] B. melitensis causes the most severe cases of brucellosis and is the most prevalent worldwide. […] B. melitensis is acquired by exposure to animals or animal products.

• #7 Brucellosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

  Brucellosis is caused by infection with Brucella species. […] Of the 4 Brucella species known to cause disease in humans (B abortus, B melitensis, B canis, B suis), B melitensis is thought to be the most virulent and causes the most severe and acute cases of brucellosis; it is also the most prevalent worldwide. […] B abortus is more widely distributed throughout the world than B melitensis is, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans. […] B suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B canis infection has a disease course that is indistinguishable from that of B abortus infection. […] Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers, primarily those in the kill areas, become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, contamination of skin abrasions, and splashing of mucous membranes. […] Occupational exposures tend to be isolated. A large-scale outbreak of the infection should raise suspicion that a biologic weapon has been released, most likely via an infectious aerosol.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species, which mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. […] Most cases are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep. […] Worldwide, Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent species causing human brucellosis, owing in part to difficulties in immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep.

• #9 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #10 Brucellosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

  Brucellosis is caused by infection with Brucella species. […] Of the 4 Brucella species known to cause disease in humans (B abortus, B melitensis, B canis, B suis), B melitensis is thought to be the most virulent and causes the most severe and acute cases of brucellosis; it is also the most prevalent worldwide. […] B abortus is more widely distributed throughout the world than B melitensis is, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans. […] B suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B canis infection has a disease course that is indistinguishable from that of B abortus infection. […] Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers, primarily those in the kill areas, become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, contamination of skin abrasions, and splashing of mucous membranes. […] Occupational exposures tend to be isolated. A large-scale outbreak of the infection should raise suspicion that a biologic weapon has been released, most likely via an infectious aerosol.

• #11 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #12 Brucellosis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/brucellosis-symptoms-treatment

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can spread from animals to humans. […] Brucellosis in humans occurs when a person comes into contact with an animal or animal product infected with the Brucella bacteria. […] Four types of Brucella bacteria cause the majority of brucellosis infections in humans: B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and B. abortus. […] B. melitensis causes most cases of human brucellosis and is mainly found in sheep and goats. […] B. suis is the most common type of Brucella seen in the U.S. […] B. canis spreads from dogs. […] B. abortus comes from cattle and occurs worldwide.

• #13 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #14 Brucellosis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/brucellosis-symptoms-treatment

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can spread from animals to humans. […] Brucellosis in humans occurs when a person comes into contact with an animal or animal product infected with the Brucella bacteria. […] Four types of Brucella bacteria cause the majority of brucellosis infections in humans: B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and B. abortus. […] B. melitensis causes most cases of human brucellosis and is mainly found in sheep and goats. […] B. suis is the most common type of Brucella seen in the U.S. […] B. canis spreads from dogs. […] B. abortus comes from cattle and occurs worldwide.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species, which mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. […] Most cases are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep. […] Worldwide, Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent species causing human brucellosis, owing in part to difficulties in immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep.

• #16 BRUCELLOSIS: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION

  https://erofwatauga.com/blog/brucellosis-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/

  Brucellosis is a viral infection caused by the Brucella bacteria. Bacteria can pass from animals to humans. Brucella is carried by various animals, including cattle, goats, pigs, deer, moose, elk, sheep, dogs, and camels. […] Brucellosis is caused by several species of Brucella bacteria, including B. abortus, B. canis, B. meliensis, and B. suis. […] The majority of instances in the general population are caused by consuming raw milk or its derivatives, such as fresh cheese. […] Brucella melitensis is the most common species responsible for human Brucellosis worldwide, thanks in part to the difficulty of immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep.

• #17 Brucellosis | Cornell Wildlife Health Lab

  https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/disease/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease of mammals caused by Gram-negative, intracellular bacteria in the Brucella genus. […] Brucella species are generally associated with specific animal hosts, although they can also infect other species. […] B. melitensis is the most common cause of brucellosis in humans, although other species, including B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis, and B. pinnipedialis, have infected humans.

• #18 Brucellosis – Bacterial Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.96.2.

  The animal reservoir for B melitensis is sheep, goats, and rarely camels or cattle. The main animal reservoir for B abortus is cattle, but the pathogen has also been found in camels, bison, and yaks. B suis is found in domestic pigs and wild boars (biovariants 1-3), but it has also been reported in cattle (biovariant 1), reindeer (biovariant 4), and sporadically in hares and rodents. B canis occurs in dogs, especially ones bred in kennels. […] Transmission occurs through direct contact (injured skin, conjunctiva), respiratory system (inhalation), or oral route (consumption of contaminated products, eg, unpasteurized milk, cheese).

• #19 Brucellosis – Bacterial Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.96.2.

  The animal reservoir for B melitensis is sheep, goats, and rarely camels or cattle. The main animal reservoir for B abortus is cattle, but the pathogen has also been found in camels, bison, and yaks. B suis is found in domestic pigs and wild boars (biovariants 1-3), but it has also been reported in cattle (biovariant 1), reindeer (biovariant 4), and sporadically in hares and rodents. B canis occurs in dogs, especially ones bred in kennels. […] Transmission occurs through direct contact (injured skin, conjunctiva), respiratory system (inhalation), or oral route (consumption of contaminated products, eg, unpasteurized milk, cheese).

• #20 Brucellosis – Bacterial Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.96.2.

  The animal reservoir for B melitensis is sheep, goats, and rarely camels or cattle. The main animal reservoir for B abortus is cattle, but the pathogen has also been found in camels, bison, and yaks. B suis is found in domestic pigs and wild boars (biovariants 1-3), but it has also been reported in cattle (biovariant 1), reindeer (biovariant 4), and sporadically in hares and rodents. B canis occurs in dogs, especially ones bred in kennels. […] Transmission occurs through direct contact (injured skin, conjunctiva), respiratory system (inhalation), or oral route (consumption of contaminated products, eg, unpasteurized milk, cheese).

• #21 Brucellosis – Bacterial Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.96.2.

  The animal reservoir for B melitensis is sheep, goats, and rarely camels or cattle. The main animal reservoir for B abortus is cattle, but the pathogen has also been found in camels, bison, and yaks. B suis is found in domestic pigs and wild boars (biovariants 1-3), but it has also been reported in cattle (biovariant 1), reindeer (biovariant 4), and sporadically in hares and rodents. B canis occurs in dogs, especially ones bred in kennels. […] Transmission occurs through direct contact (injured skin, conjunctiva), respiratory system (inhalation), or oral route (consumption of contaminated products, eg, unpasteurized milk, cheese).

• #22 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #23 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #24 Brucellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/brucellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. Brucella usually infects animals but can spread to humans. […] People become infected by coming into contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. […] The most common way of getting brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized (raw) dairy products (milk and cheese) since animals pass the bacteria in their milk. […] Discharges (blood, fluid, other excretions) from cattle, goats, swine, and dogs that abort their fetus when they have infection can spread brucellosis to handlers. […] Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory using tests on blood or other body tissue that indicate infection with the bacteria. […] Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics. Generally, rifampin and doxycycline are recommended in combination for treatment. […] The use of pasteurized milk and cheeses and prevention of contact with infected cattle, sheep, goats, and swine will reduce the risk of infection.

• #25 About Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria. […] Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a family of bacteria called Brucella. […] You can get the disease when you come in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria. […] People can get brucellosis by: […] Brucellosis is the most commonly reported laboratory-associated bacterial infection. […] If you have with an infection from a strain of Brucella called RB51 from consuming infected animal products, you’ll need antibiotics other than rifampin. […] This particular strain of Brucella is resistant to it, meaning rifampin will not treat the infection.

• #26 Brucellosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatments | ER of Mesquite

  https://erofmesquite.com/blog/brucellosis-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  A bacterial infection called brucellosis can transfer from animals to humans. […] The illness known as Brucellosis, or bru-cell-OH-sis, is caused by the bacteria Brucella. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterial genus Brucella. The bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans by ingestion through infected food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols. […] Brucella bacteria, namely B. abortus, B. canis, B. meliensis, and B. suis, are the causative agents of brucellosis. […] The following are the main ways that germs enter humans from animals: Contacting the bodily fluids and blood of affected animals. […] Consuming dairy products in their unprocessed state. […] Breathing in tainted air.

• #27 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #28 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #29 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #30 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by a group of bacteria from the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect both humans and animals. […] Brucellosis is often spread when people eat contaminated food, which may include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. The bacteria can also be spread through the air or contact with an open wound. […] A variety of animals can contract brucellosis, including: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and dogs. Humans can then contract the disease from infected animals. […] The bacteria can be transmitted via: ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), and contact with an open wound. […] People who eat or drink raw animal products are also at higher risk for contracting brucellosis. Unpasteurized milk and cheese, as well as raw meat, can carry Brucella bacteria. […] Your chances of getting brucellosis are higher if you eat raw dairy or meat products from areas of the world where the disease is more common, such as Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. […] Brucellosis is rarely spread from one human to another. However, it can be spread through breastfeeding or sexual contact. Infection is rare without contact with blood or tissue.

• #31 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #32 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #33 Brucellosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] Humans can become infected by: Eating or drinking contaminated food, particularly unpasteurised milk and cheese. […] Direct contact with an infected animal. The organisms can enter humans through an open skin wound, mucous membrane, or conjunctiva. […] Inhaling the organism; this route is a particular problem for laboratory workers or those who work with animals or animal carcasses. […] Brucellosis is now rare in developed countries due to pasteurisation of milk and milk products, and disease control amongst animals. […] Worldwide areas listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

• #34 About Brucellosis | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria. […] Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a family of bacteria called Brucella. […] You can get the disease when you come in contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria. […] People can get brucellosis by: […] Brucellosis is the most commonly reported laboratory-associated bacterial infection. […] If you have with an infection from a strain of Brucella called RB51 from consuming infected animal products, you’ll need antibiotics other than rifampin. […] This particular strain of Brucella is resistant to it, meaning rifampin will not treat the infection.

• #35 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #36 Brucellosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] Humans can become infected by: Eating or drinking contaminated food, particularly unpasteurised milk and cheese. […] Direct contact with an infected animal. The organisms can enter humans through an open skin wound, mucous membrane, or conjunctiva. […] Inhaling the organism; this route is a particular problem for laboratory workers or those who work with animals or animal carcasses. […] Brucellosis is now rare in developed countries due to pasteurisation of milk and milk products, and disease control amongst animals. […] Worldwide areas listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

• #37 Brucellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/brucellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. Brucella usually infects animals but can spread to humans. […] People become infected by coming into contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. […] The most common way of getting brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized (raw) dairy products (milk and cheese) since animals pass the bacteria in their milk. […] Discharges (blood, fluid, other excretions) from cattle, goats, swine, and dogs that abort their fetus when they have infection can spread brucellosis to handlers. […] Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory using tests on blood or other body tissue that indicate infection with the bacteria. […] Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics. Generally, rifampin and doxycycline are recommended in combination for treatment. […] The use of pasteurized milk and cheeses and prevention of contact with infected cattle, sheep, goats, and swine will reduce the risk of infection.

• #38 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by four different Brucella species in humans: B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. canis. […] As few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause the disease in humans. […] All Brucella species are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. […] Brucella species do not form spores or toxins. […] The animal host of B. suis is swine; the hosts of B. melitensis are sheep and goats; the host of B. abortus is cattle, and the hosts of B. canis are dogs. […] Among these, B. melitensis is the most virulent, followed by B. suis. […] B. melitensis causes the most severe cases of brucellosis and is the most prevalent worldwide. […] B. melitensis is acquired by exposure to animals or animal products.

• #39 Brucellosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is caused by Brucella species, which are gram-negative bacteria. […] The causative organisms of human brucellosis are Brucella abortus (from cattle), B. melitensis (from sheep and goats), and B. suis (from hogs). […] Generally, B. melitensis and B. suis are more pathogenic than other Brucella species. […] The most common sources of infection are farm animals and raw dairy products. […] Brucellosis is acquired by direct contact with secretions and excretions of infected animals, ingesting undercooked meat, raw milk, or milk products containing viable organisms, inhaling aerosolized infectious material, and rarely, person-to-person transmission. […] Because very few organisms (perhaps as few as 10 to 100) may cause infection via aerosol exposure, Brucella species are potential agents of biological terrorism. […] Brucellosis is rarely fatal; death is usually a result of endocarditis or severe central nervous system complications.

• #40 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #41 Brucellosis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/brucellosis_facts/article.htm

  Brucellosis is in infectious disease caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella. […] The cause of brucellosis is bacterial. Brucella bacteria can enter the human body through mucous membranes, breaks in the skin, the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and even the conjunctiva. […] According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), brucellosis is only weakly contagious because person-to-person spread of brucellosis is rare. […] Brucellosis is contagious as long as living bacteria are present in domestic and wild animals and/or their secretions, including milk products. […] The most common way individuals become infected with brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized or raw dairy products.

• #42 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #43 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #44 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by a group of bacteria from the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect both humans and animals. […] Brucellosis is often spread when people eat contaminated food, which may include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. The bacteria can also be spread through the air or contact with an open wound. […] A variety of animals can contract brucellosis, including: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and dogs. Humans can then contract the disease from infected animals. […] The bacteria can be transmitted via: ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), and contact with an open wound. […] People who eat or drink raw animal products are also at higher risk for contracting brucellosis. Unpasteurized milk and cheese, as well as raw meat, can carry Brucella bacteria. […] Your chances of getting brucellosis are higher if you eat raw dairy or meat products from areas of the world where the disease is more common, such as Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. […] Brucellosis is rarely spread from one human to another. However, it can be spread through breastfeeding or sexual contact. Infection is rare without contact with blood or tissue.

• #45 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #46 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by a group of bacteria from the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect both humans and animals. […] Brucellosis is often spread when people eat contaminated food, which may include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. The bacteria can also be spread through the air or contact with an open wound. […] A variety of animals can contract brucellosis, including: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and dogs. Humans can then contract the disease from infected animals. […] The bacteria can be transmitted via: ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), and contact with an open wound. […] People who eat or drink raw animal products are also at higher risk for contracting brucellosis. Unpasteurized milk and cheese, as well as raw meat, can carry Brucella bacteria. […] Your chances of getting brucellosis are higher if you eat raw dairy or meat products from areas of the world where the disease is more common, such as Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. […] Brucellosis is rarely spread from one human to another. However, it can be spread through breastfeeding or sexual contact. Infection is rare without contact with blood or tissue.

• #47 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #48 Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/brucellosis-etiology-pathogenesis-laboratory-diagnosis/

  Pathogenesis mechanism of Brucella is not well defined, though it has been found that endotoxin is a major virulence factor. […] Brucella organisms survive the intracellular killing by phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and localize in the reticuloendothelial system. […] Blood cultures are positive in 53.4 to 90% of patients with brucellosis. […] In Brucellosis, both IgM and IgG antibodies appear in 7-10 days after the onset of clinical infections.

• #49 Brucellosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/health-topics/focused-health-topics/brucellosis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which are typically found in animals such as cattle, goats, and pigs. […] Humans can become infected with Brucella bacteria through contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. […] The bacteria can enter the body through cuts or breaks in the skin, inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols, or consumption of contaminated food or drink.

• #50 Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/brucellosis-etiology-pathogenesis-laboratory-diagnosis/

  Brucellosis is one of the worlds most widespread zoonoses which is highly infective for humans. […] Brucellosis, also known as Undulant fever, Mediterranean fever, or Malta fever or Bangs disease is a zoonosis (a disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals) and the infection is almost invariably transmitted to people by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their products. […] According to WHO, Brucellosis is an important human disease in many parts of the world, especially in the Mediterranean countries of Europe, north and east Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and America. […] Out of six major species of Brucella, only 4 are major pathogenic species. […] Brucellas multiply and move through the lymphatic system into the blood and results in acute bacteremia within 1 to 6 weeks.

• #51 Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/brucellosis-etiology-pathogenesis-laboratory-diagnosis/

  Pathogenesis mechanism of Brucella is not well defined, though it has been found that endotoxin is a major virulence factor. […] Brucella organisms survive the intracellular killing by phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and localize in the reticuloendothelial system. […] Blood cultures are positive in 53.4 to 90% of patients with brucellosis. […] In Brucellosis, both IgM and IgG antibodies appear in 7-10 days after the onset of clinical infections.

• #52 Brucellosis (Brucella): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Methods | DocHospitals

  https://dochospitals.com/en/brucellosis-brucella-atc2590/

  Brucella bacteria enter the body through the mouth, nose, eyes, or cuts on the skin and then slowly multiply. Preferred sites for multiplication include lymph nodes, and the infection can spread to nearly all parts of the body including the heart, liver, brain, and bones, causing swelling and damage.

• #53 Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/brucellosis-etiology-pathogenesis-laboratory-diagnosis/

  Pathogenesis mechanism of Brucella is not well defined, though it has been found that endotoxin is a major virulence factor. […] Brucella organisms survive the intracellular killing by phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and localize in the reticuloendothelial system. […] Blood cultures are positive in 53.4 to 90% of patients with brucellosis. […] In Brucellosis, both IgM and IgG antibodies appear in 7-10 days after the onset of clinical infections.

• #54 Brucellosis | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-99-9885-2_42

  Brucellosis is a direct occupational anthropozoonosis characterized by insidious onset of bouts of irregular fever over a period of weeks and months which are not pathognomonic. […] It is a chronic disease, considered as pyrexia of unknown aetiology. […] Brucella abortus uses a stealthy strategy to avoid activation of the innate immune system during the onset of infection. […] From the discovery of the Malta fevers agent to the discovery of a marine mammal reservoir, brucellosis has continuously been a re-emerging zoonosis. […] The changing Brucella ecology: novel reservoirs, new threats.

• #55 Mystery of Immune Response in Relapsed Brucellosis: Immunophenotyping and Multiple Cytokine Analysis – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://mjima.org/articles/mystery-of-immune-response-in-relapsed-brucellosis-immunophenotyping-and-multiple-cytokine-analysis/doi/mjima.2016.2

  Brucella spp. are intracellular bacteria that may cause acute, subacute and chronic infections. […] There is less amount of knowledge about immune response in relapse of brucellosis. […] The cause of relapse in brucellosis can be either a lack of an immunological response or a genetic deficiency. […] Elevation of regulatory cytokines in systemic immune system and reduction of activated T cell frequency occur during the relapse of brucellosis. […] In case of relapse, there is a decrease in the frequency of both CD4+ T cells and activated T cells (CD3+HLA-DR+) in the peripheral blood. […] Chronic brucellosis patients display a defective Th1 response and a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25. […] According to our data, a reduction of inflammatory cytokines in relapsed patients is related to increases in immune suppressor cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-4, which down-regulate the inflammatory immune response and the number of activated T cells.

• #56 Mystery of Immune Response in Relapsed Brucellosis: Immunophenotyping and Multiple Cytokine Analysis – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://mjima.org/articles/mystery-of-immune-response-in-relapsed-brucellosis-immunophenotyping-and-multiple-cytokine-analysis/doi/mjima.2016.2

  Brucella spp. are intracellular bacteria that may cause acute, subacute and chronic infections. […] There is less amount of knowledge about immune response in relapse of brucellosis. […] The cause of relapse in brucellosis can be either a lack of an immunological response or a genetic deficiency. […] Elevation of regulatory cytokines in systemic immune system and reduction of activated T cell frequency occur during the relapse of brucellosis. […] In case of relapse, there is a decrease in the frequency of both CD4+ T cells and activated T cells (CD3+HLA-DR+) in the peripheral blood. […] Chronic brucellosis patients display a defective Th1 response and a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25. […] According to our data, a reduction of inflammatory cytokines in relapsed patients is related to increases in immune suppressor cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-4, which down-regulate the inflammatory immune response and the number of activated T cells.

• #57 Mystery of Immune Response in Relapsed Brucellosis: Immunophenotyping and Multiple Cytokine Analysis – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://mjima.org/articles/mystery-of-immune-response-in-relapsed-brucellosis-immunophenotyping-and-multiple-cytokine-analysis/doi/mjima.2016.2

  Brucella spp. are intracellular bacteria that may cause acute, subacute and chronic infections. […] There is less amount of knowledge about immune response in relapse of brucellosis. […] The cause of relapse in brucellosis can be either a lack of an immunological response or a genetic deficiency. […] Elevation of regulatory cytokines in systemic immune system and reduction of activated T cell frequency occur during the relapse of brucellosis. […] In case of relapse, there is a decrease in the frequency of both CD4+ T cells and activated T cells (CD3+HLA-DR+) in the peripheral blood. […] Chronic brucellosis patients display a defective Th1 response and a decreased percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD25. […] According to our data, a reduction of inflammatory cytokines in relapsed patients is related to increases in immune suppressor cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-4, which down-regulate the inflammatory immune response and the number of activated T cells.

• #58 What Is Brucellosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/brucellosis/guide/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis is caused by the bacteria Brucella, which humans may contract from infected animals or contaminated animal products. […] The most common ways humans contract the disease is by: Eating raw dairy products contaminated by Brucella, Inhaling air contaminated by Brucella, Having an open wound and touching blood or body fluid of infected animals. […] The majority of brucellosis cases are caused by eating contaminated food products, such as: Improperly pasteurized milk, Improperly pasteurized cheese, Raw meat. […] Brucellosis is rare in the United States, with less than 100 cases each year. This is because milk is routinely pasteurized and cattle are vaccinated. […] Brucellosis is more common in other parts of the world, including Russia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East. These are places where livestock are not routinely vaccinated.

• #59 Pigs, pooches and pasteurisation: The changing face of brucellosis in Australia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/march/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by the intracellular, Gram-negative bacteria, Brucella species. […] Brucellosis should be suspected in all patients with non-specific, flu-like illness who fall into one of the major risk groups (feral pig hunters, overseas travellers and migrants). […] Brucellosis is acquired through direct contact with tissues and fluids from infected animals. Overseas, brucellosis is also acquired through consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. […] The main risk factors for brucellosis in patients presenting to clinicians in this country are feral pig hunting (B. suis) particularly when carcasses are dressed in the field and travel to, and/or consumption of unpasteurised dairy products manufactured in, countries where B. melitensis and/or B. abortus are present in animals.

• #60 Brucellosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000597.htm

  Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that occurs from contact with animals carrying brucella bacteria. […] Brucella can infect cattle, goats, camels, dogs, and pigs. The bacteria can spread to humans by: […] Most cases are caused by the Brucella melitensis bacteria. […] People working in jobs where they often come in contact with animals or meat are at higher risk.

• #61 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #62 Brucellosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

  Brucellosis is caused by infection with Brucella species. […] Of the 4 Brucella species known to cause disease in humans (B abortus, B melitensis, B canis, B suis), B melitensis is thought to be the most virulent and causes the most severe and acute cases of brucellosis; it is also the most prevalent worldwide. […] B abortus is more widely distributed throughout the world than B melitensis is, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans. […] B suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B canis infection has a disease course that is indistinguishable from that of B abortus infection. […] Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers, primarily those in the kill areas, become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, contamination of skin abrasions, and splashing of mucous membranes. […] Occupational exposures tend to be isolated. A large-scale outbreak of the infection should raise suspicion that a biologic weapon has been released, most likely via an infectious aerosol.

• #63 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Ingestion of unpasteurized goat milk and related dairy products is the main route by which B. melitensis is transmitted to humans. […] Slaughterhouse workers become inoculated with brucellae through aerosolization of fluids, splashing of mucous membranes, and contamination of skin abrasions. […] Veterinarians are usually infected by inadvertent inoculation of animal vaccines against B. abortus and B. melitensis. […] In laboratories, it can infect technicians from specimens of animals (including humans) whose tissues are operated upon or submitted for culture or pathologic analysis. […] B. abortus is more widely distributed, but it is less pathogenic for both animals and humans and rarely causes complications. […] It has been the most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] B. suis has been the second most common cause of brucellosis in North America. […] It causes a prolonged course of illness associated with suppurative destructive lesions. […] B. canis infection causes a disease similar to that of B. abortus.

• #64 Pigs, pooches and pasteurisation: The changing face of brucellosis in Australia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/march/brucellosis

  Brucellosis has a worldwide distribution. […] In Australia, hunters and dogs become infected with B. suis following direct contact with feral pig tissues and blood via skin abrasions and mucous membranes during the hunting and slaughter process. […] In countries where B. melitensis and/or B. abortus are present in animals (ie not in Australia), transmission occurs principally through ingestion of unpasteurised dairy products (especially cheese), or through direct contact with animal tissues (especially aborted fetuses), blood and urine via skin abrasions and mucous membranes. […] Brucellosis is a notifiable condition in humans in all states and territories of Australia.

• #65 What Is Brucellosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/brucellosis/guide/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis is caused by the bacteria Brucella, which humans may contract from infected animals or contaminated animal products. […] The most common ways humans contract the disease is by: Eating raw dairy products contaminated by Brucella, Inhaling air contaminated by Brucella, Having an open wound and touching blood or body fluid of infected animals. […] The majority of brucellosis cases are caused by eating contaminated food products, such as: Improperly pasteurized milk, Improperly pasteurized cheese, Raw meat. […] Brucellosis is rare in the United States, with less than 100 cases each year. This is because milk is routinely pasteurized and cattle are vaccinated. […] Brucellosis is more common in other parts of the world, including Russia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East. These are places where livestock are not routinely vaccinated.

• #66 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by a group of bacteria from the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect both humans and animals. […] Brucellosis is often spread when people eat contaminated food, which may include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. The bacteria can also be spread through the air or contact with an open wound. […] A variety of animals can contract brucellosis, including: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and dogs. Humans can then contract the disease from infected animals. […] The bacteria can be transmitted via: ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), and contact with an open wound. […] People who eat or drink raw animal products are also at higher risk for contracting brucellosis. Unpasteurized milk and cheese, as well as raw meat, can carry Brucella bacteria. […] Your chances of getting brucellosis are higher if you eat raw dairy or meat products from areas of the world where the disease is more common, such as Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. […] Brucellosis is rarely spread from one human to another. However, it can be spread through breastfeeding or sexual contact. Infection is rare without contact with blood or tissue.

• #67 Brucellosis: Overview, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by a group of bacteria from the genus Brucella. These bacteria can infect both humans and animals. […] Brucellosis is often spread when people eat contaminated food, which may include raw meat and unpasteurized milk. The bacteria can also be spread through the air or contact with an open wound. […] A variety of animals can contract brucellosis, including: goats, sheep, pigs, cattle, and dogs. Humans can then contract the disease from infected animals. […] The bacteria can be transmitted via: ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), and contact with an open wound. […] People who eat or drink raw animal products are also at higher risk for contracting brucellosis. Unpasteurized milk and cheese, as well as raw meat, can carry Brucella bacteria. […] Your chances of getting brucellosis are higher if you eat raw dairy or meat products from areas of the world where the disease is more common, such as Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. […] Brucellosis is rarely spread from one human to another. However, it can be spread through breastfeeding or sexual contact. Infection is rare without contact with blood or tissue.

• #68 Brucellosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] Humans can become infected by: Eating or drinking contaminated food, particularly unpasteurised milk and cheese. […] Direct contact with an infected animal. The organisms can enter humans through an open skin wound, mucous membrane, or conjunctiva. […] Inhaling the organism; this route is a particular problem for laboratory workers or those who work with animals or animal carcasses. […] Brucellosis is now rare in developed countries due to pasteurisation of milk and milk products, and disease control amongst animals. […] Worldwide areas listed as high risk are the Mediterranean Basin, South and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East.

• #69 Pigs, pooches and pasteurisation: The changing face of brucellosis in Australia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/march/brucellosis

  Brucellosis has a worldwide distribution. […] In Australia, hunters and dogs become infected with B. suis following direct contact with feral pig tissues and blood via skin abrasions and mucous membranes during the hunting and slaughter process. […] In countries where B. melitensis and/or B. abortus are present in animals (ie not in Australia), transmission occurs principally through ingestion of unpasteurised dairy products (especially cheese), or through direct contact with animal tissues (especially aborted fetuses), blood and urine via skin abrasions and mucous membranes. […] Brucellosis is a notifiable condition in humans in all states and territories of Australia.

• #70 Brucellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/brucellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. Brucella usually infects animals but can spread to humans. […] People become infected by coming into contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. […] The most common way of getting brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized (raw) dairy products (milk and cheese) since animals pass the bacteria in their milk. […] Discharges (blood, fluid, other excretions) from cattle, goats, swine, and dogs that abort their fetus when they have infection can spread brucellosis to handlers. […] Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory using tests on blood or other body tissue that indicate infection with the bacteria. […] Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics. Generally, rifampin and doxycycline are recommended in combination for treatment. […] The use of pasteurized milk and cheeses and prevention of contact with infected cattle, sheep, goats, and swine will reduce the risk of infection.

• #71 Brucellosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/brucellosis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOopZrZM87bpBkfssQBqKlXqKlzSwsMjxEeDr592eBMg1Q4AYw6Jm

  Furthermore, in rare situations, Brucella bacteria can infect the heart and brain, leading to dangerous conditions of endocarditis, meningitis. […] Avoiding eating any unpasteurized dairy products including milk, butter, cheese, as well as cooking all meat, poultry foods thoroughly to destroy all residing bacteria, assists in averting brucellosis to a great extent, in most people.

• #72 Brucellosis – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/diseases-from-animals-insects/brucellosis/

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that may affect various organs of the body. The bacteria that causes this disease is primarily passed among animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, deer, pigs, dogs, and several other animals. Humans become infected after having contact with animals that are infected with Brucellosis. […] Brucellosis is spread to humans in one of three ways: by eating or drinking something that is contaminated with the germ that causes Brucellosis, by breathing the organism in, or by having the germ enter the body through an open wound. […] Generally, the most common way to become infected is by eating or drinking contaminated milk products. […] Brucellosis infection is rare in Arkansas, with only one or two cases per year. […] Drinking and eating pasteurized products only can prevent Brucellosis.

• #73 Brucellosis in Alaska’s Species, Alaska Department of Fish and Game

  https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.general3

  Brucellosis is a highly contagious disease caused by bacteria called Brucella suis biovar 4 in caribou and reindeer. It is spread in the afterbirth and fluids during calving and breeding. […] Humans can be infected by Brucella suis biovar 4 through contact with infected fluids or consuming under cooked meat or bone marrow. […] Brucellosis usually affects the reproductive organs and leg joints. […] You can get brucellosis through exposure to contaminated parts. The bacteria can enter through cuts or scratches in your skin or through your eyes, nose or mouth. You can also get brucellosis by eating infected meat that has not been fully cooked. […] Meat from animals with brucellosis should be thoroughly cooked to 160 degrees. […] Freezing, smoking, drying and pickling do not kill Brucella.

• #74 Department of Agriculture | Brucellosis

  https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/brucellosis.html

  What disease agents cause brucellosis? The disease is caused by a group of bacteria known scientifically as the genus Brucella. Three species of Brucella cause the most concern: B. abortus, principally affecting cattle and bison; B. suis, principally affecting swine and reindeer but also cattle and bison; and B. melitensis, principally affecting goats but not present in the United States. In cattle and bison, the disease currently localizes in the reproductive organs and/or the udder. Bacteria are shed in milk or via the aborted fetus, afterbirth, or other reproductive tract discharges. […] How is brucellosis spread? Brucellosis is commonly transmitted to susceptible animals by direct contact with infected animals or with an environment that has been contaminated with discharges from infected animals. Aborted fetuses, placental membranes or fluids, and other vaginal discharges present after an infected animal has aborted or calved are all highly contaminated with infectious Brucella organisms.

• #75 Department of Agriculture | Brucellosis

  https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/brucellosis.html

  Can brucellosis be prevented? The disease may be avoided by employing good sanitation and management practices. Replacement animals should be tested when purchased and retested after a 30- to 60-day isolation period during which they are kept separate from the remainder of the herd. These practices will allow detection of animals that were in the incubation period of the disease when acquired. […] What about vaccination? For cattle and bison in heavily infected areas or replacement animals added to such herds, officials recommend vaccinating heifers with an approved Brucella vaccine. The vaccine is a live product and must be administered only by an accredited veterinarian or State or Federal animal health official. […] How does the vaccine work? Brucella abortus vaccine produces a bodily response that increases the animal’s resistance to the disease. However, vaccination is not 100-percent effective in preventing brucellosis; it typically protects about 65 percent of the vaccinated cattle from becoming infected by an average exposure to Brucella.

• #76 Pigs, pooches and pasteurisation: The changing face of brucellosis in Australia

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/march/brucellosis

  Brucellosis has a worldwide distribution. […] In Australia, hunters and dogs become infected with B. suis following direct contact with feral pig tissues and blood via skin abrasions and mucous membranes during the hunting and slaughter process. […] In countries where B. melitensis and/or B. abortus are present in animals (ie not in Australia), transmission occurs principally through ingestion of unpasteurised dairy products (especially cheese), or through direct contact with animal tissues (especially aborted fetuses), blood and urine via skin abrasions and mucous membranes. […] Brucellosis is a notifiable condition in humans in all states and territories of Australia.

• #77 Brucellosis – Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/brucellosis.htm

  Brucellosis is a nonnative, bacterial disease that induces abortions in pregnant cattle, elk, and bison. […] The bacteria that causes the disease, Brucella abortus, can be transmitted between animals if they come into contact with infected birth tissues. […] In the United States, Brucella abortus only persists in the bison and elk populations of the Greater Yellowstone Area. […] The number of infectious female bison that could transmit live bacteria varies from 10% to 15% of the population. […] There have been no documented cases of bison transmitting brucellosis directly to cattle, in part due to efforts by federal and state agencies to maintain separation between these animals. […] There have been many occasions where elk transmitted brucellosis to cattle. […] Currently, there is no vaccine thats 100% effective against brucellosis.

• #78 Brucellosis – Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/brucellosis.htm

  The lack of an effective vaccine also makes it even more difficult to eliminate or suppress the disease in wild bison. […] Testing for brucellosis also lacks certainty. […] People can get brucellosis if they come into contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria.

• #79 Disease Alert: Bovine BrucellosisLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bovine-brucellosis

  Brucellosis (also known as contagious abortion or Bang’s disease) is a costly disease of livestock and wildlife. It is caused by a group of bacteria in the genus Brucella. […] In cattle and bison, the bacteria of concern is Brucella abortus. It has been present in the United States since the 1930s. […] Brucellosis is highly contagious. In most cases, it spreads via direct contact with an infected or exposed animal. It can also spread through an infected animal’s milk, aborted fetuses, placental membranes or fluids, and other vaginal discharges. […] There’s no treatment for brucellosis in livestock. […] Brucellosis can affect many other domestic and wild animal species, as well as humans.

• #80 A one-health review on brucellosis in the United States in: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Volume 261 Issue 4 (2023)

  https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/261/4/javma.23.01.0033.xml

  Diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis is challenging due to the limitations of diagnostic assays and the tendency of Brucella spp to produce nonspecific, insidious clinical signs and evade antimicrobial therapy, making prevention essential. […] The persistence of Brucella spp in US wildlife reservoirs requires ongoing collaborative management by state and federal agencies to prevent exposure and resurgence in livestock.

• #81 Brucellosis | Anses – Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail

  https://www.anses.fr/en/content/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] It is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] In animals, brucellosis can cause abortion, reduced fertility and reduced milk production. […] The disease can therefore induce major economic losses. […] In humans, who can be contaminated through contact with infected animals or by consuming raw dairy products, the disease causes intermittent bouts of fever (severe night sweats in particular), pain, headaches and/or weakness. […] Brucellosis is a disease with worldwide distribution and significance. […] The incidence of human brucellosis is estimated by WHO at 500 000 new cases per year worldwide. […] France has been officially declared bovine brucellosis-free since 2005, as defined by the European regulation.

• #82 Brucellosis | Anses – Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail

  https://www.anses.fr/en/content/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] It is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] In animals, brucellosis can cause abortion, reduced fertility and reduced milk production. […] The disease can therefore induce major economic losses. […] In humans, who can be contaminated through contact with infected animals or by consuming raw dairy products, the disease causes intermittent bouts of fever (severe night sweats in particular), pain, headaches and/or weakness. […] Brucellosis is a disease with worldwide distribution and significance. […] The incidence of human brucellosis is estimated by WHO at 500 000 new cases per year worldwide. […] France has been officially declared bovine brucellosis-free since 2005, as defined by the European regulation.

• #83 Brucellosis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/brucellosis/

  The disease causes over 500,000 infections globally each year, although the numbers have decreased significantly in the United States as a result of animal vaccination programs and pasteurization of milk. […] Brucellosis can be contracted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk, dairy products, undercooked meat, or through direct contact with livestock. […] It can also be transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols, blood transfusions, and from mother to fetus. […] In rare cases, it can be transmitted from person to person.

• #84 Brucellosis | Anses – Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail

  https://www.anses.fr/en/content/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] It is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. […] In animals, brucellosis can cause abortion, reduced fertility and reduced milk production. […] The disease can therefore induce major economic losses. […] In humans, who can be contaminated through contact with infected animals or by consuming raw dairy products, the disease causes intermittent bouts of fever (severe night sweats in particular), pain, headaches and/or weakness. […] Brucellosis is a disease with worldwide distribution and significance. […] The incidence of human brucellosis is estimated by WHO at 500 000 new cases per year worldwide. […] France has been officially declared bovine brucellosis-free since 2005, as defined by the European regulation.

• #85 Socio-economic impacts of brucellosis on livestock production and reproduction performance in Koibatek and Marigat regions, Baringo County, Kenya | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02283-w

  Brucellosis in Africa is caused by Brucella species transmitted through contaminated or contacts with infected animals or their carcasses. […] The disease caused by Brucella species (B. abortus, B. mellitensis, and B. suis) is transmitted through contaminated and unpasteurized milk, milk products or by direct contact with infected animals or animal carcasses. […] Losses in animals are attributed to direct effects on their offspring due to abortion, stillbirth and infertility whereas indirect losses are due to reduction in milk yields and humans suffering resulting from the disease. […] The impacts of brucellosis in livestock include abortion and death as well as decreased milk and meat production and reduced reproductive efficiency. […] Brucellosis illness to the herds reduces livestock production and reproduction performance evident by frequent episodes of abortion especially during the last trimester, retention of placenta, metritis, birth of weak calves, infertility in bulls and cows and 20% reduction in milk production from infected cows.

• #86 Socio-economic impacts of brucellosis on livestock production and reproduction performance in Koibatek and Marigat regions, Baringo County, Kenya | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02283-w

  In terms of infertility, our study demonstrated that abortion as a symptom of brucellosis had a 56% impact on infertility, there was a 38% impact on infertility resulting from still birth, and 48% increased chances of infertility due to weak calf or lamb. […] In terms of sale value, there was 62% reduction on sale value resulting from abortion, and 3 times reduction in sale value resulting from weak calf/lamb. […] Finally, in terms of cost of treatment, there was 56% increment on cost of treatment resulting from abortion, 80% increment on cost of treatment in suspected brucellosis cases resulting from still births, 22% increment on cost of treatment resulting from swollen testes, 83% increment in cost of treatment resulting from weak calf or lamb and a 79% likely increase in cost of treatment resulting from swollen joints.

• #87 Brucellosis Fact Sheet | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/notifiable-conditions/zoonosis-control/zoonosis-control-diseases-and-conditions/brucellosis-brucella/brucellosis-fact-sheet

  Brucellosis (Brucella) […] Brucella species are gram-negative cocco-bacillary organisms. Four of the species are pathogenic in humans (Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. canis and B. suis). […] Food may serve as a vehicle for transmission. […] Most infections result from low-dose exposure and are asymptomatic under natural conditions. […] A large aerosol dose may increase the clinical attack rate. […] Attack with these organisms would probably have low mortality and be used as incapacitating agents.

• #88 Brucellosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis & Risks

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/microbiology/brucellosis-causes-symptoms-types-transmission-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications

  Brucellosis can be caused by: […] Consuming unpasteurized milk, raw meat, or milk products that contain live organisms. […] The inhalation of infectious aerosol. […] Brucellosis affects people working as meatpackers, veterinarians, hunters, farmers, livestock producers, and microbiology lab technicians most frequently in rural settings. […] Brucella species are potential biological terrorism agents because relatively few organisms possibly just 10 to 100 can infect people by aerosol exposure.

• #89 Brucellosis (Undulant Fever) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/brucellosis/

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by Brucella bacteria, which are mainly spread among animals. […] Brucella is categorized as a possible bioterrorist weapon. […] Brucella can cause long lasting (chronic) symptoms that include repeated fevers, joint pains, and fatigue.

• #90 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by four different Brucella species in humans: B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. canis. […] As few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause the disease in humans. […] All Brucella species are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. […] Brucella species do not form spores or toxins. […] The animal host of B. suis is swine; the hosts of B. melitensis are sheep and goats; the host of B. abortus is cattle, and the hosts of B. canis are dogs. […] Among these, B. melitensis is the most virulent, followed by B. suis. […] B. melitensis causes the most severe cases of brucellosis and is the most prevalent worldwide. […] B. melitensis is acquired by exposure to animals or animal products.

• #91 Brucellosis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/brucellosis-symptoms-treatment

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Brucella. The bacteria can spread from animals to humans. […] Brucellosis in humans occurs when a person comes into contact with an animal or animal product infected with the Brucella bacteria. […] Four types of Brucella bacteria cause the majority of brucellosis infections in humans: B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, and B. abortus. […] B. melitensis causes most cases of human brucellosis and is mainly found in sheep and goats. […] B. suis is the most common type of Brucella seen in the U.S. […] B. canis spreads from dogs. […] B. abortus comes from cattle and occurs worldwide.

• #92

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species, which mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. […] Most cases are caused by ingesting unpasteurized milk or cheese from infected goats or sheep. […] Worldwide, Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent species causing human brucellosis, owing in part to difficulties in immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep.

• #93 Brucellosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brucellosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351738

  Brucellosis is an infection caused by bacteria. It spreads from animals to people. […] Brucellosis bacteria are carried by many animals. The bacteria may or may not cause animals to be sick. Some that carry bacteria that can infect humans, include: Cattle, goats and sheep. Pigs and wild hogs. Dogs, especially those used in hunting. Deer, elk, caribou and moose. Bison. Camels. […] The most common ways that bacteria spread from animals to people are by: Eating raw animal products. Brucella bacteria in the milk of infected animals can spread to humans unpasteurized, milk, ice cream, butter and cheeses. The bacteria can also come from raw or undercooked meat of infected animals. Breathing in bacteria. Brucella bacteria spread easily in the air. Farmers, hunters, laboratory workers and slaughterhouse workers can breathe in the bacteria. Touching blood and body fluids of infected animals. Bacteria in the blood, semen or placenta of an infected animal can enter a person’s blood through a cut or other wound. […] Brucellosis isn’t likely to spread from person to person. But rarely, the disease can be passed during birth or through breast milk. Rarely, brucellosis may spread through sexual activity or through infected blood or bone marrow transfusions.

• #94 Brucellosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441831/

  Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by four different Brucella species in humans: B. suis, B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. canis. […] As few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause the disease in humans. […] All Brucella species are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative intracellular coccobacilli. […] Brucella species do not form spores or toxins. […] The animal host of B. suis is swine; the hosts of B. melitensis are sheep and goats; the host of B. abortus is cattle, and the hosts of B. canis are dogs. […] Among these, B. melitensis is the most virulent, followed by B. suis. […] B. melitensis causes the most severe cases of brucellosis and is the most prevalent worldwide. […] B. melitensis is acquired by exposure to animals or animal products.

• #95 Brucella: Properties, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis • Microbe Online

  https://microbeonline.com/brucellosis-etiology-pathogenesis-laboratory-diagnosis/

  Pathogenesis mechanism of Brucella is not well defined, though it has been found that endotoxin is a major virulence factor. […] Brucella organisms survive the intracellular killing by phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and localize in the reticuloendothelial system. […] Blood cultures are positive in 53.4 to 90% of patients with brucellosis. […] In Brucellosis, both IgM and IgG antibodies appear in 7-10 days after the onset of clinical infections.

• #96 Brucellosis

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/brucellosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. Brucella usually infects animals but can spread to humans. […] People become infected by coming into contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. […] The most common way of getting brucellosis is by eating or drinking unpasteurized (raw) dairy products (milk and cheese) since animals pass the bacteria in their milk. […] Discharges (blood, fluid, other excretions) from cattle, goats, swine, and dogs that abort their fetus when they have infection can spread brucellosis to handlers. […] Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory using tests on blood or other body tissue that indicate infection with the bacteria. […] Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics. Generally, rifampin and doxycycline are recommended in combination for treatment. […] The use of pasteurized milk and cheeses and prevention of contact with infected cattle, sheep, goats, and swine will reduce the risk of infection.

• #97 Socio-economic impacts of brucellosis on livestock production and reproduction performance in Koibatek and Marigat regions, Baringo County, Kenya | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02283-w

  Even though some of the symptoms of suspected brucellosis were not associated with any of the production (e.g. fat, meat and blood production) and reproduction performance, we fully agree with the previous study that highlights a One Health approach to tackling the menace of brucellosis by having a holistic approach into the prevalence of brucellosis in both humans and their livestock in the same household.

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