Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment–a comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10769134/

  Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. […] This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by various Brucella species, affecting both humans and animals, including cattle, dogs, sheep and goats. Recent studies reveal a higher global incidence than previously estimated, with 1.62.1 million new human cases annually. Resource-limited regions, such as the Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Asia and certain parts of Africa, report elevated incidence rates.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is found globally and is a reportable disease in most countries. […] Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses transmitted by animals and in endemic areas, human brucellosis has serious public health consequences. […] Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by various Brucella species, which mainly infect cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs. […] The disease is also considered an occupational hazard for people who work in the livestock sector. […] Worldwide, Brucella melitensis is the most prevalent species causing human brucellosis, owing in part to difficulties in immunizing free-ranging goats and sheep. […] Prevention of brucellosis is based on surveillance and the prevention of risk factors. […] The most effective prevention strategy is the elimination of infection in animals.

• #1 Brucellosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/brucellosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Brucellosis (also known as 'undulant fever,’ 'Mediterranean fever,’ or 'Malta fever’) is a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans from infected animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, pigs, or other animals) by ingestion of food products (such as unpasteurized dairy products) or by contact with tissue or fluids. It is the most common zoonosis worldwide and is an important public health problem in many resource-limited settings. […] Endemic areas for brucellosis include countries of the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, Central Asia, China, the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. The reported incidence of human brucellosis in endemic areas varies widely, from <0.1 to >200 per 100,000 population. […] Worldwide, at least 1.6 to 2.1 million new cases are reported annually, and there are an estimated 3.5 billion people at risk. All age groups are affected. The prevalence of brucellosis has been increasing due to growing international tourism, trade, and migration.

• #1 Brucellosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

  Brucellosis, while still a reportable disease, has become rare in the United States due to effective veterinary control measures, including routine screening of domestic livestock and vaccination programs. Approximately 100 cases are reported annually to the CDC, with the majority occurring in California, Florida, Texas, Arizona, and Virginia. Incidental cases can arise from relaxed surveillance standards or the increasing international exchange of food products and animals that may carry Brucella organisms. […] Most human cases of brucellosis in the United States are attributed to B melitensis, which is more likely to cause clinical disease than the B abortus and B suis species that account for the remaining cases. When brucellosis does develop in North Americans, it often presents with a longer latency period and milder symptoms.

• #1 Brucellosis – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/brucellosis-annual-epidemiological-report-2021

  In 2021, 165 confirmed brucellosis cases were reported in the EU/EEA. The notification rate in the EU/EEA was 0.04 cases per 100 000 population. The highest number of cases were reported in Italy, Spain, Greece and France. […] After a significant decline in notification rates in 2020, primarily because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU/EEA notification rate increased slightly in 2021. The highest rates were detected in age-group 4564-year-old in both genders (0.06 an 0.03 per 100 000 population in males and in females, respectively)

• #1 Brucellosis – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/brucellosis/

  Brucellosis is found worldwide, but is more common in certain countries in Africa, Asia and Central America. In the United States, there are 100200 cases reported each year. Virginia reports fewer than 5 cases each year and they are usually associated with eating imported, unpasteurized dairy products (such as raw cheese). Certain groups of people are at higher risk of getting brucellosis, including people who work in slaughterhouses or the meat-packing industry, veterinarians, laboratory workers, and hunters. […] In certain occupational settings, contacts of individuals with brucellosis may be recommended for testing and treatment.

• #1 Zoonotic – Brucellosis – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/zoonotic/brucellosis.shtml

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by Brucella bacteria. People can get brucellosis from infected animals or contaminated animal products. Both domestic animals (dogs, cats, livestock, etc.) and wild animals can have brucellosis. […] Brucellosis spreads from animals to humans in several ways. These include: […] Person-to-person spread of brucellosis is rare, but can occur. This includes: […] Some people are at increased risk because they work with animals. This includes hunters, animal herdsmen, and people who work in meat processing.

• #1 Prediction and control for the transmission of brucellosis in inner Mongolia, China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-87959-9

  Brucellosis, a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Brucella genus, remains a significant global public health concern, with Inner Mongolia, China, being a notable hotspot affecting both human health and livestock. […] We calculated the basic reproduction number (R0=2.86), indicating a severe epidemic trend with cases expected to increase over the coming decades. […] Our findings indicate that a comprehensive strategy integrating vaccination, culling, disinfection, and health education is essential for effectively curbing brucellosis in Inner Mongolia, providing a strong foundation for optimizing future prevention and control strategies. […] More than 170 countries have reported cases of brucellosis, with over 500,000 new cases annually worldwide. […] In China, the incidence has been rising steadily, increasing nearly tenfold from 0.24 per 100,000 people in 1978 to 2.73 per 100,000 in 2018.

• #1 The impact of expanded brucellosis surveillance in beef cattle on human brucellosis in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3825-6

  Korean surveillance program for bovine brucellosis was improved by extending it to beef slaughterhouses and by pre-movement testing of bulls on May 2005 (Intervention 1). The bovine brucellosis surveillance program was further extended to beef cattle farms with more than 10 heads of cattle on June 2006 (Intervention 2). […] Our findings indicate that while during the pre-intervention phase (January 2004 to March 2005) there was no significant temporal relationship between the incidences of bovine and human brucellosis, significant temporal relationships were observed after Intervention 1 (June 2005 to June 2006, no lag, =0.57, p=0.04), and Intervention 2 (July 2006 to June 2007, 1-month lag, =0.65, p=0.03). […] These findings indicated the changes of a nationwide comprehensive surveillance programme targeting all cattle is required for effective reduction in the human population.

• #1 Epidemiology of Brucellosis | EURL

  https://sitesv2.anses.fr/en/minisite/lrue-brucellose/epidemiology-brucellosis

  Epidemiological surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data. Guidelines have been proposed by FAO (2003). The process involves describing and monitoring health events in populations of humans or animals, or, in the case of a zoonosis such as brucellosis, both. For example, typical questions to which a surveillance system might be asked to provide answers include: […] More recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and FAO have been collaborating to develop the Brucellosis One Health Guidance and Tools (BOHGAT), a set of complementary resources that use a multisectoral, One Health approach to assist counties in preventing, controlling and eliminating brucellosis in animals and people. Resources within the BOHGAT that are nearing finalization include the Stepwise Approach for the Progressive Control of Brucellosis (SAPCB) and the Staged Tool for the Elimination of Brucellosis (STEB).

• #1 Brucellosis Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/php/surveillance/index.html

  Brucellosis in people is a nationally notifiable condition. CDC and health departments use a standardized case definition to track brucellosis in the United States. CDC publishes weekly and annual surveillance data in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Data Tables […] The brucellosis surveillance case definition provides a set of consistent criteria used to define the disease for public health surveillance and reporting. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases based on the same criteria across reporting jurisdictions. Surveillance case definitions are not intended for healthcare providers when making a clinical diagnosis or determining how to meet an individual patient’s health needs. […] National-level monitoring of notifiable conditions helps protect the health of the nation. Information from surveillance notifications shared by health departments can be used to better understand where and how much disease is occurring and what groups it’s affecting as well as determine the best strategies to prevent and respond to the illness.

• #1 CDFA – AHFSS – AHB – Brucellosis

  https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_Health/brucellosis_info.html

  Three surveillance procedures are used to detect infection in cattle: Market Cattle Identification (MCI) program blood samples at slaughter, Brucellosis Ring Test (BRT) performed on milk samples, and brucellosis blood testing done on animals for movement or change of ownership by private practitioners. […] The primary surveillance method is a blood test from a sample of cattle more than two-years-old at slaughter (MCI program). […] A second surveillance method is a screening milk test called the BRT. […] The final surveillance method is a blood sample taken from a live animal by an accredited veterinarian for the purpose of private sales, change of ownership, interstate movement, herd certification or show, at the expense of the owner.

• #1 Designated Surveillance Area | Idaho State Department of AgricultureDesignated Surveillance Area – Idaho State Department of Agriculture

  https://agri.idaho.gov/animals/animal-disease/brucellosis/designated-surveillance-area/

  The Designated Surveillance Area (DSA) was established under IDAPA 02.04.20 “Rules Governing Brucellosis.” The DSA is an area of Idaho where brucellosis seropositive wildlife is known to exist and where comingling of wildlife and livestock may lead to transmission of brucellosis. […] Any cattle and domestic bison leaving the DSA must meet the following requirements: […] Negative brucellosis test for test eligible animals within 30 days before leaving the DSA if the cattle have been in the DSA any time between January 1 and June 15 of any calendar year. […] Cattle leaving the DSA are required to obtain a movement permit no less than 24 hours prior to movement. […] Information on brucellosis control and eradication from USDA.

• #1 Unveiling the epidemiology and community perspectives on bovine brucellosis in North Shewa, Central Highlands of Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83866-7

  Brucellosis is a bacterial disease of many domestic and wild animals with great economic and public health importance. […] Comprehensive information regarding the epidemiology of brucellosis in dairy herds is limited. […] The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 0.98% (95% CI: 0.412.34%) at the animal level and 3.52% (95%CI: 1.468.26%) at the herd level. […] Cows older than 6 years were four times more likely to be seropositive (OR=3.82; 95% CI: 1.717.97; P=0.004), while local breeds had a six-fold higher risk (OR=6.2; 95% CI: 2.088.21; P=0.016). […] A survey of 120 respondents found that 86% were unaware of zoonotic brucellosis, 74.63% assisted cows during the parturition without protective equipment, and 64% consumed raw meat. […] This study revealed evidence of brucellosis in 4% of dairy herds, poor understanding of the disease, various risky practices, and poor biosafety measures.

• #1 Brucellosis Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Control and Molecular Targets to Prevent Bacterial Infectious Diseases

  https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/items/5ceec879-86eb-4e1f-9dc0-3c6028516ade

  Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis that infects both professional phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in the hosts. […] In a study to establish the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in livestock in Kazo and Buremba sub-counties of Kiruhura district, Uganda, fifty goat and 112 bovine serum samples were tested for Brucella antibodies. The prevalence of Brucella antibodies in goats and cattle was 26.0% and 38.4% respectively, while individual seroprevalence rates by livestock breeds were 10.7% (cross-breed goats), 45.5% (local goat breeds), 49.1% (cross-breed cattle), 31.0% (local cattle breeds), and 17.4% (exotic cattle breeds) (p = 0.001). Sharing of watering points, using surface water for livestock, presence of wildlife on pasture, lack of vaccination was significantly correlated with Brucella seropositivity in livestock.

• #1 Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Yaks in the Tibet autonomous region of China – Murdoch University

  https://researchportal.murdoch.edu.au/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Epidemiology-of-Brucellosis-in-Yaks-in/991005543345407891

  Brucellosis, caused by members of the genus Brucella, is a highly contagious production-limiting disease and one of the most important zoonosis in many countries of the world, including China. Prior to the study outlined in this thesis, few studies on the epidemiology of brucellosis in Tibet had been undertaken. Consequently, the aims of this study were to determine the epidemiological characteristics and economic impact of brucellosis in yaks in Tibet. […] In a study examining historical data, significant differences were found in the spatial and temporal distribution of brucellosis in both livestock and humans (p<0.05). In the period from 2011 to 2013 there was a positive correlation between the seroprevalence in livestock and humans (r=0.93). Brucellosis was shown to be more common in the spring/summer seasons when parturition occurred.

• #1 Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological Evolution of Brucellosis in Animals — China, 1951–1989 and 1996–2021

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.235

  Brucellosis poses a significant threat to public health in China. This study utilized a range of epidemiological indices, including seroprevalence and the number of reported cases, to illustrate the epidemic profile of the disease. Although the seroprevalence of brucellosis in animals (including sheep, goats, cattle, and swine) steadily decreased from a severe epidemic level in the 1950s to a low endemic level by 1989, the disease reemerged in 2000. Subsequently, there has been a persistent increase in the frequency of outbreaks and the number of reported cases from 2006 to 2021, with over 98% of reported cases occurring in sheep and cattle. […] The decrease in the culling rate of positive animals coincided with an increase in infection rates, indicating that infection among these animals was persistent and circulating. In the southern regions of China, 6.34% (34,070 of 537,797) of cases were reported between 2006 and 2021, whereas in the northern regions, 93.67% (503,727 of 537,797) of cases occurred during the same timeframe. Each time cases increased in the south, they lagged 2 to 5 years behind those in the north, suggesting that stringent control measures for sheep and cattle in the north should be prioritized. These findings provide critical insights into developing control strategies to mitigate the spread of the disease.

• #1 Brucellosis | Queensland Health

  https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cdcg/index/brucell

  Brucellosis is notifiable in Queensland on pathological diagnosis. […] 1. To monitor the epidemiology of brucellosis in Queensland. […] Brucellosis occurs worldwide and remains one of the world’s major zoonotic pathogens. […] Notification rates for brucellosis in Queensland have decreased over the past two and a half decades, from an average rate of 0.8 per 100,000 during 1995-2012 to 0.2 per 100,000 population in 2013-2021 (75% decrease). […] New, non-imported, human cases of brucellosis with no history of exposure to feral pigs should be reported to Biosecurity Queensland so that appropriate investigation and control measures can occur if required. […] Ultimate control of human brucellosis depends on the elimination of the disease in animals; therefore, reservoir animals need to be identified and contained.

• #1 Brucellosis surveillance, 1986-93 | Field Epidemiology Training Program

  https://www.saudifetp.org/seb/brucellosis-surveillance-1986-93

  Brucellosis is the most important zoonotic disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Human brucellosis has been part of the communicable disease surveillance system since 1986 and should be reported weekly from health centers to regional health authorities. […] Since surveillance began in 1986, Saudi Arabia observed an increase in the notified cases of human brucellosis, which reached a peak in 1990. Thereafter, reported cases have gradually declined to 6,985 in 1993. Brucellosis patients are found throughout Saudi Arabia, with incidence rates above 100 per 100,000 per year in Bisha, Al-Jouf, Hafr al-Batin, Al-Baha and Qassim regions and lowest in the regions along the Red Sea and the Gulf. […] National authorities are well aware of the seriousness of brucellosis and have published specific preventive measures, which received royal approval in 1989.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007455923547

  Long term active surveillance of brucellosis was implemented in a rural area (Fokida) of Greece from 1989 to 1993 while the rural area of Grevena was selected as a control area. […] The incidence for the 10 year period (19791988) was estimated at 1.4/1000/year for the study area and 1.6/1000/year for the control area. […] During the surveillance period the incidence in the study area dropped to 0.2/1000/year while in the control area it decreased to 1.0/1000/year. […] The methodology of identification and protection of suspected brucellosis free zones combined with health education proved to be efficient in reducing the incidence of the disease. […] The same methodology could be used in the country level, in countries where it is difficult to implement and maintain an animal control programme in the whole country.

• #1 Disease Alert: Bovine BrucellosisLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bovine-brucellosis

  Brucellosis (also known as contagious abortion or Bang’s disease) is a costly disease of livestock and wildlife. It is caused by a group of bacteria in the genus Brucella. The disease has significant consequences for animal health, public health, and international trade. […] Brucellosis occurs mainly in cattle, bison, and swine, but can affect other animals (cervids, goats, sheep, and horses) and people. […] A longstanding national eradication program mostly eliminated the disease in U.S. cattle. Today, only occasional spillover cases occur in cattle and other livestock near the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). Wild bison and elk in the GYA are the last remaining reservoir of this disease in the United States. […] All 50 States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are brucellosis-free, except for the occasional spillover of cases occurring in livestock near the Greater Yellowstone Area due to bison and elk having the disease.

• #1 Brucellosis: Epidemiology and Prevalence Worldwide | 5 | Brucellosis |

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003068518-5/brucellosis-epidemiology-prevalence-worldwide-michael-corbel

  Brucellosis in man is caused by infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, or B. canis. […] In terms of the number of reported cases and also in relation to the severity of the disease, B. melitensis is the most important cause of human brucellosis although it has a more limited geographic distribution than B. abortus. […] Brucellosis is a zoonosis and virtually all infections derive directly or indirectly from animal sources. […] Identification of Brucella isolates of human origin at the species level often indicates the likely source of infection. […] Bovine brucellosis has been eradicated from Canada although B. abortus still persists in wild bison herds in some areas.

• #1 Fact Sheet – Brucellosis – inspection.canada.ca

  https://inspection.canada.ca/en/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/brucellosis/fact-sheet

  Brucellosis is a disease caused by several species of the Brucella bacterium. It is chronic and contagious. […] Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. […] The disease is present to varying degrees in most countries of the world. […] Management plans are in place to prevent the spread of brucellosis from these wildlife populations to domestic livestock. […] While brucellosis can cause a disease in humans called „undulant fever,” human cases are rare in Canada. […] Human infection can be prevented by avoiding unpasteurized dairy products (e.g. milk, cheese) and by careful handling of infected animals and their tissues. […] The brucellosis-free status of Canadian livestock is maintained by a series of programs designed to detect any infected animals in the population as early as possible through surveillance.

• #1 Brucellosis Control Surveillance (NI) 2024 | Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

  https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/brucellosis-control-surveillance-ni-2024

  Brucellosis is an animal disease included in the list of animal diseases established by the World Organisation for Animal Health and in Annex III to Regulation (EU) No 2021/690. […] Following the last confirmed case of brucellosis here on 28 February 2012, Northern Ireland was formally recognised on 6 October 2015 as an Officially Brucellosis Free (OBF) region of the EU under former Council Directive 64/432/EEC, since replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/429 (the Animal Health Law). […] DAERA continues to test bovine animals for brucellosis as necessary in accordance with this compulsory public prevention and disease surveillance scheme (the Scheme). […] The Scheme provides for a surveillance protocol which comprises the following measures: Follow-up of all reported abortions, Monthly bulk milk sample examination for all dairy herds, Abattoir sampling of cull cows, Post-import sampling of eligible animals.

• #1 Brucellosis: how to spot and report the disease – gov.scot

  https://www.gov.scot/publications/brucellosis/

  Brucellosis is a contagious disease of livestock. […] Scotland is officially brucellosis free and an outbreak of the disease could have significant impacts to animal and public health, and trade restrictions. […] Brucellosis is still present in several European Union areas and it is important therefore to maintain an effective level of surveillance. […] Any person who offers the sale of milk or milk products, or who buys milk from the keeper of a herd of dairy cows in Scotland for resale as milk or a milk product, must submit a sample of the milk at three monthly intervals for testing for evidence of the existence of brucellosis. This is a statutory obligation under the Brucellosis (Scotland) Order 2009, as amended. […] Although Brucellosis has been eradicated from the indigenous national herd, there remains an ongoing threat of the disease re-entering through imported stock, and our surveillance programme means that we can catch disease early before it has an opportunity to spread. […] The Brucellosis (Scotland) Order 2009 (as amended) is currently in place to carry out surveillance for brucella abortus in cattle to align with the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2016/429, referred to as the Animal Health Regulation.

• #1 Brucellosis – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=PQcp0YKvmzKFBGCoMDZO7w

  Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis mainly transmitted from cattle, sheep, goats and camels through direct contact with blood, placenta, fetuses or uterine secretions, or through consumption of contaminated raw animal products (especially unpasteurized milk and soft cheese). […] Bovine brucellosis has been eradicated in Taiwan since 1989. […] And it has been surveillance on brucellosis in goats from 1986 and there are no positive cases until now. […] Brucellosis was belong to the fourth category of national infectious disease in Taiwan in 2012. […] Epidemiology Bovine brucellosis has been eradicated in Taiwan since 1989. […] Right now surveillance, monitoring, warning and research technology of imported Bovine brucellosis is important. […] During 2011 – 2016, there are two imported case in Taiwan. […] There were no confirmed cases in 2017-2018. […] Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System-Brucellosis […] Taiwan CDC implements awareness campaigns, brucellosis epidemic.

• #1 Brucellosis | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/brucellosis

  Brucellosis is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. […] For more on brucellosis in Australia, you can search Communicable Diseases Intelligence.

• #1 Integrated human-animal sero-surveillance of Brucellosis in the pastoral Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009593

  Brucellosis is widespread in Ethiopia with variable reported prevalence depending on the geographical area, husbandry practices and animal species. […] We conducted an integrated human-animal brucellosis sero-surveillance study in two adjacent pastoral regions, Afar and Somali region (SRS). […] A total of 5469 sera were tested by ELISA. Prevalence of livestock was 9.0% in Afar and 8.6% in SRS (ranging from 0.6 to 20.2% at woreda level). In humans, prevalence was 48.3% in Afar and 34.9% in SRS (ranging from 0.0 to 74.5% at woreda level). […] Brucellosis is widespread in humans and animals in pastoral communities of Afar and SRS with the existence of geographical hotspots. […] Limited data is available on brucellosis prevalence at the livestock-human interface in pastoral areas. […] This is the first large scale integrated animal-human serological surveillance of brucellosis in pastoral communities.

• #1 How to improve the human brucellosis surveillance system in Kurdistan Province, Iran: reduce the delay in the diagnosis time

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1125

  OBJECTIVES Spatial information makes a crucial contribution to enhancing and monitoring the brucellosis surveillance system by facilitating the timely diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis. […] The cluster pattern of brucellosis cases with delayed diagnoses indicated poor performance of the surveillance system in Kurdistan Province. Accordingly, targeted and multi-faceted approaches should be implemented to improve the brucellosis surveillance system and to reduce the number of lost days caused by delays in the diagnosis of brucellosis, which can lead to long-term and serious complications in patients. […] In Kurdistan Province, most brucellosis patients have a history of contact with livestock. […] The results reveal that the distribution of brucellosis cases with delayed diagnoses was not random in Kurdistan Province, suggesting the need to periodically assess and enhance the surveillance system.

• #1 Utilization Factors Associated with Brucellosis Surveillance Data Management among Animal Health Workers in Nairobi County, Kenya

  https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/epidemiology-public-health/JEPHR221.php

  Brucellosis is a re-emerging neglected zoonotic infection but data on prevalence is scanty and surveillance system underdeveloped in Nairobi. […] This study objective was to determine the level of Brucellosis Surveillance data management. […] Data utilization was very low. Only a fifth of the study population (24%) used the data they collected in their daily work. […] Data Management knowledge competencies were found to be low especially for data analysis and data interpretation: Training on data management was not extremely low. […] The government of Kenya gazetted Brucellosis as a notifiable since 2011 and lives others developing countries have been strengthening surveillance system for zoonosis. […] The lack of reliable and appropriate quality data has led to neglect and low disease prioritization among developing countries including Kenya.

• #1 iProceedings – Evaluation of Automated Online Quality Checker Implementation for the Brucellosis Surveillance system, Egypt 2016

  https://www.iproc.org/2018/1/e10550/

  Background: National Egyptian Disease Surveillance System collects data on 40 diseases and conditions from 584 nominated reporting sites out of 27 governorates. Brucellosis is a weekly notifiable disease. Reporting levels of completeness and timeliness may differ that may influence data quality; these attributes needed to be assessed prior further manipulation of data. […] Objective: We aimed to measure the effect of Surveillance Online Checker on brucellosis surveillance data completeness and timeliness after one year of implementation. […] Results: It is found that completeness of optional variables were increased from 67.3 % to 78.4% as follows; Detailed Address (67.3% to 78.9%, P0.0001), Patient Telephone (22.1% to 59.9%, P0.0001), National ID (2.8% to 23.8%, P0.0001), Lab Test (81.3% to 86.2%, P=0.043) Final Diagnosis (68.3 to 91.8, P0.0001) and Investigation Forms (52.3% to 75.2%, P0.0001).

• #1 Brucellosis | Game Commission | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/pgc/wildlife/wildlife-health/wildlife-diseases/brucellosis.html

  Brucellosis is found worldwide and was probably introduced to North American wildlife when European cattle were brought to the continent. […] The nation-wide eradication program has been successful in nearly eliminating the disease from domestic cattle, but complete eradication will be challenging because the disease now persists in wildlife populations. […] Elk and bison in Yellowstone National Park and its surrounding areas are known wildlife reservoirs of Brucella. […] Brucellosis control efforts are focused on prevention. […] The United States began a nation-wide bovine brucellosis eradication program in 1934. […] As a result of these efforts, the majority of cattle herds in the US are free of the disease. […] Pennsylvania has been classified as brucellosis free since April 1, 1983. […] Other parts of the country, particularly Yellowstone National Park, are focusing management efforts on controlling brucellosis in wild bison and elk because the disease passes between these wild populations and domestic cattle.

• #1 Guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance

  https://www.fao.org/4/y4723e/y4723e00.htm

  INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BRUCELLOSIS CRITICAL ISSUES IN DESIGNING A BRUCELLOSIS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM […] SURVEILLANCE OF HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS […] Surveillance indicators […] SURVEILLANCE OF ANIMAL BRUCELLOSIS […] The major species of Brucella infecting animals and humans in the country […] Estimates of current or baseline levels of infection in the primary animal reservoirs […] Brucellosis surveillance indicators […] Epidemiological analyses of surveillance data […] SURVEILLANCE OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS […] High or unknown prevalence phase with no control programmes […] Mass vaccination phase […] Test and removal, segregation or slaughter phase […] Freedom phase: herds, regions and countries […] SURVEILLANCE OF PORCINE BRUCELLOSIS […] High or unknown prevalence phase with no control programmes

• #1 Brucellosis (Animal) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0072

  Brucellosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses transmitted by animals and in endemic areas human brucellosis has serious public health consequences. […] Brucellosis is found globally and is a reportable disease in most countries. […] The disease is also considered an occupational hazard for people who work in the livestock sector. […] Human-to-human transmission is very rare. […] Risk management includes movement control; treatment with antimicrobials (in humans); tracing back/forward of infected animals, depopulation of infected herds (in cattle); vaccination of animals (prevention). […] Control activities must be coordinated and shared between both public health and animal health sectors. […] Guidance on brucellosis surveillance and standards is available from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and the United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• #1 Epidemiology: Open Access – Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implication and Status of the Brucella

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/bovine-brucellosis-epidemiology-public-health-implication-and-status-of-the-brucella-118010.html

  Brucellosis is a serious economic and public well-being concern throughout the world. It is a global spreading and causes a serious problem to developing country similarly as Ethiopia. […] In Ethiopia, brucellosis is high in pastoral and mixed cattle production system where human live closely with cattle and so, are at higher probability of getting the Brucella organism. […] Brucellosis is causes huge financial losses and public wellbeing concern in the world including Ethiopia. […] In Ethiopia, several studies show that brucellosis is common disease in cattle. […] Recent reports from different areas of the country also indicated that brucellosis still widespread disease in the country, resulting in huge economic losses in cattle production. […] Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the epidemiology and public health implication of brucellosis in cattle.

• #1 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Brucellosis

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/brucellosis.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. […] People become infected by coming in contact with animals or animal products that are contaminated with these bacteria. […] Brucellosis can cause long-lasting or chronic symptoms that include fever that comes and goes, joint pain and tiredness. […] These symptoms usually begin one to two months after exposure to the bacteria.

• #1 OSF | Epidemiology of livestock brucellosis in Indonesia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://osf.io/ksxcv/

  Epidemiology of livestock brucellosis in Indonesia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis […] Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the genus Brucella. […] In endemic areas, brucellosis poses a significant public health concern. […] Therefore, it is essential to comprehend the epidemiology of brucellosis in Indonesia to provide information for controlling and eradicating the disease in livestock. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to understand the epidemiology of brucellosis in Indonesia and analyze trends in this disease over time.

• #1 Brucellosis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/brucellosis/brucellosis.html

  Human cases of brucellosis are uncommon, with only 100 to 200 cases a year reported in the U.S. […] Brucellosis can make people sick and keep them from normal activity for a long time. It is easy to release the bacteria in ways that will expose people to the illness. Though rarely fatal, it can make a lot of people sick. Identifying and tracking a brucellosis outbreak would be difficult for public health.

• #1

  https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAAPHIS/bulletins/337453d

  USDA is updating the National Bovine Brucellosis Surveillance Plan to better meet current program needs while still maintaining disease-free status with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). […] Bovine brucellosis is a contagious disease of domesticated cattle primarily caused by the bacteria B. abortus. […] While brucellosis has been eradicated from domesticated herds, B. abortus is still present in wild bison and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), which has led to occasional spillover to livestock. […] APHIS is now updating the surveillance plan to further refine this risk-based system. […] The updated surveillance plan will maximize the efficiency of Agency resources while maintaining our ability to detect brucellosis with a high degree of confidence. […] The plan will ensure that we continue to produce data we can share with WOAH and our international trading partners to show our continued status as free from brucellosis.

• #2 Brucellosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/brucellosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Worldwide, at least 1.6 to 2.1 million new cases are reported annually, and there are an estimated 3.5 billion people at risk. All age groups are affected. The prevalence of brucellosis has been increasing due to growing international tourism, trade, and migration. […] In the United States, 100 to 200 cases of human brucellosis are reported annually; most of them are due to Brucella melitensis. However, true incidence has been estimated at 5 to 12 times greater, mainly attributable to foodborne illness. Imported unpasteurized dairy products, such as fresh goat or sheep cheese from neighboring countries (particularly Mexico), are an important source of infection. In addition, transmission of brucellosis in association with consumption of unpasteurized milk from domestic sources has been described.

• #2 Brucellosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/brucellosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis/print

  Brucellosis (also known as 'undulant fever,’ 'Mediterranean fever,’ or 'Malta fever’) is a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans from infected animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, pigs, or other animals) by ingestion of food products (such as unpasteurized dairy products) or by contact with tissue or fluids. It is the most common zoonosis worldwide and is an important public health problem in many resource-limited settings. […] The epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of brucellosis will be reviewed here. […] Geographic distribution — Endemic areas for brucellosis include countries of the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, Central Asia, China, the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. The reported incidence of human brucellosis in endemic areas varies widely, from <0.1 to >200 per 100,000 population.

• #2 Brucellosis: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/brucellosis-epidemiology-microbiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  In the United States, 100 to 200 cases of human brucellosis are reported annually; most of them are due to Brucella melitensis. However, true incidence has been estimated at 5 to 12 times greater, mainly attributable to foodborne illness. Imported unpasteurized dairy products, such as fresh goat or sheep cheese from neighboring countries (particularly Mexico), are an important source of infection. In addition, transmission of brucellosis in association with consumption of unpasteurized milk from domestic sources has been described.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/brucellosis

  In countries where eradication in animals through vaccination or elimination of infected animals is not feasible, prevention of human infection is primarily based on raising awareness, food-safety measures, occupational hygiene and laboratory safety. […] Education campaigns about avoiding unpasteurized milk products can be effective, as well as policies on its sale. […] WHO provides technical advice to member states through provision of standards, information and guidance for the management of brucellosis in humans and animals.

• #2 Brucellosis surveillance, 1986-93 | Field Epidemiology Training Program

  https://www.saudifetp.org/seb/brucellosis-surveillance-1986-93

  Two controlled studies have been published on risk factors for human brucellosis. Both show an increased risk of brucellosis associated with animal contact including milking livestock, contact with placental membranes and cutting raw meat. The risk of brucellosis to people who drank raw milk or ingested dairy products made from raw milk was lower than for animal contact. Other studies from Saudi Arabia have shown that brucellosis is a significant risk to medical laboratory workers and to slaughterhouse workers.

• #2 Prediction and control for the transmission of brucellosis in inner Mongolia, China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-87959-9

  Inner Mongolia accounts for 40-50% of newly confirmed cases of human brucellosis annually, ranking among the highest in China. […] The rapid expansion of livestock farming, increased transportation, and tourism have facilitated the spread of the disease, compounded by weak supervision and low public awareness. […] In epidemiology, mathematical models play a crucial role in predicting the spread and providing control measures for infectious diseases. […] Dynamic models have been widely used worldwide, and many studies have employed them to study the transmission of brucellosis. […] Our primary objective is to simulate the real situation, forecast the epidemic trend, and investigate effective control and prevention measures for the transmission of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia. […] The basic reproduction number R0 is crucial for determining transmissibility.

• #2 Integrated human-animal sero-surveillance of Brucellosis in the pastoral Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009593

  The burden of human brucellosis is likely to be higher in these pastoral communities who have a cultural habit of consuming raw animal products, have daily physical contact with their livestock and often have poor access to health services. […] This study showed that the disease is widespread in human and their livestock in pastoral communities of Afar and SRS with the existence of geographical hotspots. Results will advise on tailored surveillance programs in pastoral communities. […] This large-scale study integrated animal and human surveillance of brucellosis within the same households in two pastoral regions of Ethiopia. […] Brucellosis was found to be widespread in the study areas, with over half of the households/herds having at least one positive case (68.4% in Afar and 57.5% in SRS).

• #2 Brucellosis Case Definition, Reporting, and Surveillance | Brucellosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/php/surveillance/index.html

  Brucellosis in people is a reportable condition in all states and territories. Healthcare providers, hospitals, or laboratories must report brucellosis cases to their local health departments. Specific requirements for who must report cases and when to report vary by jurisdiction. […] The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) designates brucellosis in people as a nationally notifiable condition. If a patient meets probable or confirmed case criteria for brucellosis, CSTE requests that information about the patient and disease be submitted to CDC. […] Weekly and annual surveillance data for brucellosis cases in people are published in the NNDSS notifiable infectious disease data tables.

• #2 Disease Alert: Bovine BrucellosisLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bovine-brucellosis

  It is important to note brucellosis is present in free-ranging bison and elk in Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, and the area around those parks. This threatens the brucellosis status of the surrounding States and the health of their cattle and domestic bison herds, which are free of the disease. […] Federal and State animal health officials jointly conduct surveillance for bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis (TB). When infected animals are identified, officials investigate these cases to determine if additional animals or herds of animals are infected. […] APHIS conducts surveillance on animals at slaughter by testing their blood for Brucella antibodies. We test around half a million animals each year. This level of surveillance is more than sufficient to detect 1 affected herd out of 100,000 herds at a confidence level of 95 percent.

• #2 Brucellosis (Animal) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0072

  The FAO has produced guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance. […] The WHO provides technical advice to member states through the provision of standards, information and guidance for the management of brucellosis in humans and animals. […] The OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code provides guidance on infection with Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis, specifically Article 8.4 on the mitigation of the risk of spread of, and the risk to human health from, Brucella abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis in animals. […] The CDC Brucellosis Reference Guide: Exposures, Testing, and Prevention is an example of a country approach.

• #2 Epidemiology: Open Access – Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implication and Status of the Brucella

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/bovine-brucellosis-epidemiology-public-health-implication-and-status-of-the-brucella-118010.html

  The occurrence of Brucella infection is influenced by variety of risk factors related to production systems, host and environmental factors. […] The influence of gender on the prevalence of Brucella infection has been stated in cattle. […] Herd size is one of the major risk factor for Brucella infection, being higher in large herd size. […] The effect of the agro-ecology has been additionally noted as Brucella infection risk issue, having prevalence in dry areas. […] Brucellosis has a worldwide distribution and foremost problem to developing country similar as Ethiopia. […] Brucellosis is higher in pastoral and mixed cattle rearing systems wherever human closely live with animals and so, are at higher probability to have brucellosis. […] Various investigations have indicated that cattle brucellosis is common disease in Ethiopia. […] The highest Brucella seroprevalence (50%) was recorded in Borena zone. […] Brucellosis is the major dairy improvement problem, public health problem and economically important disease in Ethiopia.

• #2 A study on the epidemiology of brucellosis in bovine population of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, southern Punjab, Pakistan | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-024-03880-9

  The statistical analysis showed a significant association of bovine brucellosis with herd size, breed, reproductive disorders, mode of insemination, educational status and farmers awareness about brucellosis (P<0.05). Conversely, locality, age, weight, gender, pregnancy status, parity and puberty status had no associations with brucellosis (P>0.05). […] In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in large ruminants of district Multan, Pakistan. It is suggested to devise and implement stringent policies for the effective control and prevention of brucellosis in the region. […] The low- and middle-income countries of Asia (including Pakistan), the Middle East, the Mediterranean rim (Spain, Greece, and Portugal), Central and South America and Africa are reportedly endemic for brucellosis, but some developed countries of the world have also been succeeded in preventing or eradication of this zoonotic disease by taking strict control measures.

• #2 Surveillance and analysis of the epidemic trend of brucellosis in population with occupational exposure in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 1987−2023

  http://www.jbjc.org/en/article/doi/10.3784/jbjc.202401250098

  Winter and spring were the peak periods of the incidence of brucellosis (69.01%, 98/142). […] The positive rate of Brucella in serological surveillance in population with occupational exposures showed a slowly decreasing trend in Hangzhou in recent years, indicating the achievement in the prevention and control of human brucellosis. […] Therefore, it is necessary to expand the surveillance in population with occupational exposure according to the characteristics of local brucellosis situation in key areas, and strengthen the active surveillance in the season with high incidence of brucellosis.

• #2 Origin, evolution and paleoepidemiology of brucellosis | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/origin-evolution-and-paleoepidemiology-of-brucellosis/9F0C4977F7154BBD0F516A3AE439BDB6

  The most ancient cases of brucellosis in modern humans date back to the Early Bronze Age, in skeletal remains from archaeological sites of Jordan, Bahrain and the Palestinian Territories. However, it is important to note a much earlier case of possible brucellosis in a fossil skeleton of the Pliocene hominin Australopithecus africanus, ancestor of modern humans. […] According to the paleopathological data, the frequency of brucellosis seems to increase during the Roman period and the Middle Ages, although its distribution seems limited to the European continent. […] The ancient geographic distribution of brucellosis follows the same pattern observed today. The great majority of paleopathological cases involve adult skeletal individuals, with males more frequently affected than females.

• #2 Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological Evolution of Brucellosis in Animals — China, 1951–1989 and 1996–2021

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.235

  This study aims to investigate these epidemic trends in China and define the regional distribution of circulating Brucella strains across different periods, providing insights for targeted brucellosis control measures. […] From 2006 to 2021, a total of 38,248 outbreak events were recorded. The number of outbreaks increased from 90 in 2006 to a maximum of 6,126 in 2011 and then declined to 3,133 in 2021. […] Between 2006 and 2021, a total of 537,797 cases were reported. […] Animal brucellosis outbreaks were reported in 28 PLADs from 2006 to 2021, excluding Tianjin, Hainan, and Xizang PLADs. […] The total culling rate of positive animals was 70.14% (377,230/537,797). […] This study provides an updated epidemiological overview of animal brucellosis nationwide, which will aid government sectors in strengthening routine surveillance and vaccination to reduce disease occurrence and public health risks in China. Additionally, a vast discrepancy was observed in the incidences of animal and human brucellosis after the 2000s. Therefore, strengthening the surveillance and control of diseased in animals is the most effective strategy.

• #2 Epidemiology of Brucellosis | EURL

  https://sitesv2.anses.fr/en/minisite/lrue-brucellose/epidemiology-brucellosis

  Surveillance on animal populations is lacking in many developed and developing countries. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, Mexico had the largest number of reported outbreaks, 5,514 in 2014. Mexico is followed by China (2,138), Greece (1,268), and Brazil (1,142; Hull Schumaker, 2018).

• #2 How to improve the human brucellosis surveillance system in Kurdistan Province, Iran: reduce the delay in the diagnosis time

  https://www.e-epih.org/journal/view.php?number=1125

  Overall, our results underscore the need to improve the brucellosis surveillance system in Kurdistan Province through better monitoring and timely diagnosis of brucellosis, as the spatial distribution of the cases with delayed diagnoses was not random. […] It can be concluded that there is an urgent need to improve the surveillance system for zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis, at least in some provinces, to reduce the incidence of long-term complications. […] Hence, further and more detailed studies are required to evaluate the performance of the surveillance system.

• #2 Utilization Factors Associated with Brucellosis Surveillance Data Management among Animal Health Workers in Nairobi County, Kenya

  https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/epidemiology-public-health/JEPHR221.php

  The unavailability of sound quality data in Nairobi County, Kenya and developing world is associated with poor performance of surveillance systems, underreporting of cases and poor data management by field health workers. […] Despite its high burden in low-income countries, brucellosis is classified as a neglected zoonosis and does not attract attention of health systems. […] A country Surveillance system for the disease exist since 2011 when it was gazette among notifiable diseases and field staff trained on data management and reporting. […] Effective prevention and control strategies require understanding the epidemiology of the disease including its prevalence, incidence and other relevant data. […] However, this information is missing since field health personnel lack data management knowledge and the capacity to use surveillance data.

• #2 iProceedings – Evaluation of Automated Online Quality Checker Implementation for the Brucellosis Surveillance system, Egypt 2016

  https://www.iproc.org/2018/1/e10550/

  The reporting during predefined Timeliness increased from 69.1% to 89.8%, P0.0001, with Average Data Entry Time per Case since its classification improved to be 3.8 days instead of 8.8 days. […] Conclusions: Completeness and timeliness of brucellosis surveillance improved after SOC. It is recommended to utilize SOC results by intermediate and peripheral levels after adapting SOC for these levels and adding additional surveillance attributes to SOC.

• #2 A one-health review on brucellosis in the United States in: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Volume 261 Issue 4 (2023)

  https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/261/4/javma.23.01.0033.xml

  From 2000 to 2019, the number of brucellosis cases reported annually in the US ranged from 79 to 165 annually, down from its peak of 6,000 annual cases prior to federal eradication efforts. […] Human cases of B suis infection in the US have been linked to feral swine hunting and field dressing of feral swine without proper PPE or exposure to infected transitional swine not under USDA surveillance. […] The persistence of B abortus in US wildlife reservoirs requires ongoing collaborative management by state and federal agencies to prevent exposure and resurgence in livestock.

• #2 Guidelines for coordinated human and animal brucellosis surveillance

  https://www.fao.org/4/y4723e/y4723e00.htm

  Mass vaccination phase […] Test and removal, segregation or slaughter phase […] Freedom phase […] SURVEILLANCE OF OVINE AND CAPRINE BRUCELLOSIS […] High or unknown prevalence phase with no control programmes […] Mass vaccination phase […] Test and removal, segregation or slaughter phase […] Freedom phase […] Maintenance of officially free status […] Suspension and recovery of officially free status […] INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION AND COOPERATION IN BRUCELLOSIS SURVEILLANCE.

• #2 Scoping review of brucellosis in Cameroon: Where do we stand, and where are we going? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239854

  A combination of serological and molecular based diagnostics for surveillance is necessary to identify, quantify, and direct the appropriate public health interventions. […] It is clear that there is a disease burden, but a continuous surveillance system utilizing standard diagnostic techniques is necessary to adequately define the current status of disease in both animals and humans. […] The proper management of brucellosis in livestock represents the most efficient approach to decrease the disease burden in humans. […] To this end, Cameroon has an opportunity to build public and animal health infrastructure by building veterinary services capacity, instituting an effective surveillance program, educating stakeholders, and establishing efficient preventive measures, leading the way for central Africa in the management and future eradication of brucellosis.

• #2 Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38165919/

  In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.

• #2 Brucellosis: Insights into Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Public Health Implications

  https://www.sciqst.com/Brucellosis:%20Insights%20into%20Epidemiology,%20Pathogenesis,%20and%20Public%20Health%20Implications

  Effective brucellosis control hinges on public awareness and strategic interventions. […] Studies highlight a lack of awareness among small-scale farmers and veterinary officials about the disease and its prevention. […] A comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, molecular biology, and risk factors is essential to inform effective control and prevention strategies. […] Addressing the gaps in awareness and implementing robust control measures will be critical in combating brucellosis.

• #3 Brucellosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213430-overview

  Because of variable reporting, true estimates in endemic areas are unknown. Incidence rates of 1.2-70 cases per 100,000 people are reported. In very resource-poor countries (such as some African countries) in which brucellosis is endemic, control through animal slaughter is a poor option because of the fragile nature of the food supply. […] Brucellosis in the Mediterranean, chiefly due to B melitensis, has the highest age/sex-related incidence in males in their mid-20s. A report from northern Saudi Arabia found that 60% of cases of brucellosis occurred in individuals aged 13-40 years, whereas 21% occurred in those younger than 13 years, 16% in those aged 40-60 years, and 2.5% in those older than 60 years. […] For unknown reasons, men aged 13-40 years are particularly vulnerable to the manifestation of illness due to B melitensis.

• #3 The impact of expanded brucellosis surveillance in beef cattle on human brucellosis in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-3825-6

  Overall our study demonstrates that as the surveillance programme for Brucellosis in Korea expanded this was associated with a concomitant decrease in the incidence trend and level of reported human brucellosis infections. […] This indicates that surveillance of bovine brucellosis that focused on dairy cattle and partial surveillance of beef cattle for Phase 1 had limited impact on the reduction of human brucellosis incidence. […] This finding is consistent with that from a previous Korean study, which found that workers at slaughterhouses and markets of beef by-products were at risk for human brucellosis infection. […] This study demonstrates that the incidence of human Brucellosis in Korea decreased as the surveillance programme of bovine brucellosis expanded. This finding indicates that a comprehensive surveillance programme targeting all cattle is required for effective brucellosis morbidity reduction in the human population.

• #3 Integrated human-animal sero-surveillance of Brucellosis in the pastoral Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009593

  Livestock prevalence was 9% in Afar and 8.6% in SRS. […] The results are a bit higher than previously reported from these regions. […] In comparison, antibody detection in humans was significantly higher in Afar (48.3%; p = 0.002) than in SRS (34.9%). […] Overall, high exposure levels (up to 74.5%) were seen in pastoralists. […] In conclusion, this wide scale integrated surveillance showed that brucellosis is endemic in pastoral communities in East Ethiopia with hot-spot areas that would need attention from the public and animal health authorities, particularly in light of the high sero-prevalence found in people.

• #3 Unveiling the epidemiology and community perspectives on bovine brucellosis in North Shewa, Central Highlands of Ethiopia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83866-7

  The present study revealed the extent of disease distribution and significant risk factors and predictors of bovine brucellosis in commercial and smallholder dairy farms in North Shewa, the central highlands of Ethiopia. […] The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was below 1% in the current study areas. […] The significant association between the seropositivity for bovine brucellosis and cattle breeds observed in this study aligns with previous findings. […] The current study revealed a strong association between the seropositivity of bovine brucellosis and a history of abortion in dairy cows. […] The results of this study indicate a significant association between brucellosis and reproductive health in dairy cows. […] The current findings revealed that the majority of the respondents (86%) were unaware of zoonotic brucellosis.

• #3 A study on the epidemiology of brucellosis in bovine population of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, southern Punjab, Pakistan | BMC Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-024-03880-9

  The appropriate treatment and prevention of this disease are indispensable to avoid economic losses in the livestock sector. […] The developing countries are lacking behind in implementing the eradication strategies against brucellosis. […] Although the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) have devised recommendations for the eradication of brucellosis, but it is still considered a serious health threat in developing/underdeveloped countries because control measures for the eradication of brucellosis are expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. […] The current situation also warrants the need to strengthen interdisciplinary coordination among veterinarians and physicians in one health perspective to ensure and strengthen the human and animal health care systems in the region.

• #4 Disease Alert: Bovine BrucellosisLockBack to top

  https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bovine-brucellosis

  The livestock and dairy industries and the American consumer have realized great financial savings from the success of the Cooperative State-Federal Brucellosis Eradication Program. Annual losses from lowered milk production, aborted calves and pigs, and reduced breeding efficiency have decreased from more than $400 million in 1952 to less than $1 million today.

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