Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  Skin tags are benign, non-cancerous tumors of the skin. They consist of a core of fibers and ducts, nerve cells, fat cells, and a covering or epidermis. […] It is not clear exactly what causes skin tags, but it may happen when clusters of collagen and blood vessels become trapped inside thicker pieces of skin. […] As they are more common in skin creases or folds, they may be mainly caused by skin rubbing against skin. […] Skin tags have been associated with hyperinsulinemia, when there is too much insulin circulating in the blood. […] Studies have found that skin tags are more likely to occur with obesity, dyslipidemia, for example, high cholesterol levels, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] They have also been linked to insulin resistance and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

• #2 Skin tag removal: Optional but effective – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/skin-tag-removal-optional-but-effective-2020032319079

  Skin tags are common, benign skin growths that hang from the surface of the skin on a thin piece of tissue called a stalk. They are made up of many components, including fat, collagen fibers, and sometimes nerve cells and small blood vessels. Its possible that these collagen fibers and blood vessels become wrapped up inside a layer of skin, leading to the formation of a skin tag. […] Its not entirely clear what causes skin tags, and there are no proven ways to prevent them. Some studies have shown that skin tags are more common in people who have diabetes or are overweight. Pregnancy may also lead to increased numbers of skin tags, most likely due to hormonal changes in the body.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Skin-Tags.aspx

  Skin tags are practically harmless cutaneous growths on the skin that are predominantly composed of loose collagen fibers and blood vessels in the epidermis. […] It has been discovered that skin tags, through an unknown mechanism of action, tend to have an increased incidence whenever there is an elevation of blood glucose and insulin. […] In addition to the aforementioned finding, some studies have found low-risk Human Papilloma Viruses 6 and 11 inside skin tags, thereby suggesting an etiological correlation. […] Other studies have suggested a possible link to the genetic susceptibility of developing skin tags.

• #4 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #5 Skin tag removal: Optional but effective – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/skin-tag-removal-optional-but-effective-2020032319079

  Skin tags are common, benign skin growths that hang from the surface of the skin on a thin piece of tissue called a stalk. They are made up of many components, including fat, collagen fibers, and sometimes nerve cells and small blood vessels. Its possible that these collagen fibers and blood vessels become wrapped up inside a layer of skin, leading to the formation of a skin tag. […] Its not entirely clear what causes skin tags, and there are no proven ways to prevent them. Some studies have shown that skin tags are more common in people who have diabetes or are overweight. Pregnancy may also lead to increased numbers of skin tags, most likely due to hormonal changes in the body.

• #6 Skin tag – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_tag

  Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing against skin, since they are often found in skin creases and folds. […] Studies have shown existence of low-risk human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 in skin tags, hinting at a possible role in their pathogenesis, although a 2012 study found no association between skin tags and either low- or high-risk HPV. […] Elevated blood sugar and insulin is linked to an increased incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism.

• #7 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  Skin tags are benign, non-cancerous tumors of the skin. They consist of a core of fibers and ducts, nerve cells, fat cells, and a covering or epidermis. […] It is not clear exactly what causes skin tags, but it may happen when clusters of collagen and blood vessels become trapped inside thicker pieces of skin. […] As they are more common in skin creases or folds, they may be mainly caused by skin rubbing against skin. […] Skin tags have been associated with hyperinsulinemia, when there is too much insulin circulating in the blood. […] Studies have found that skin tags are more likely to occur with obesity, dyslipidemia, for example, high cholesterol levels, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] They have also been linked to insulin resistance and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

• #8 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Skin tags are extremely common benign soft tissue tumours estimated to occur in 4660% of the population over the age of 50 years. […] While reviews of skin tags very commonly mention their association with obesity, hyperinsulinemia and diabetes, the role of friction in the pathogenesis of skin tags has received scant attention in dermatologic literature even though flexures where skin tags are most found are subjected to constant friction. […] In addition to the proliferative effect of hyperinsulinemia on Insulin Growth Factor 1 receptors in dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, we highlight certain relevant observations regarding frictional trauma and their possible impact on mast cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, leading to development of skin tags. […] The linear arrangement of skin tags corresponds to the sites subjected to maximum frictional trauma, which may be aggravated by perspiration reducing the threshold to injury following trauma.

• #9 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Mast cells get accumulated at the site of skin tags and release pro-fibrotic cytokines, resulting in fibrosis. […] Linear distribution of skin tags prompts us to propose a role of epidermal alarmins in the genesis of skin tags by activating mast cells to release cytokines that induce fibrosis. […] Physical trauma also directly activates mast cells that undergo transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 dependent degranulation. […] Frictional trauma to keratinocytes results in cellular proliferation and epidermal- mesenchymal transition. […] In light of these considerations, we propose that linearly oriented frictional trauma would induce skin tags by releasing epidermal alarmins, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal mesenchymal transition. […] The cellular and molecular intricacies involved in repeated low-grade frictional trauma leading to skin tags need to be further investigated.

• #10 Friction Induced Skin Tags

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6h02d

  Frictional injury to the skin causes inter- and intra-cellular edema of the epidermis, and if severe, produces membranous rupture and formation of an intra-epidermal blister. […] However exposure of the skin to repeated low intensity frictional forces results in a number of changes including cellular proliferation and epidermal thickening, which may both reduce the likelihood of blisters and promote ST.

• #11

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00128-1

  This study investigated whether excessive sweating or hyperhidrosis contributes to the formation of skin tags (acrochordons). […] A review was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus to identify studies evaluating the association between hyperhidrosis and skin tags, with data extraction and statistical analysis performed according to standardized protocols. […] The prevalence of skin tags was significantly higher in individuals with hyperhidrosis (64%) (p0.001). […] Logistic regression analysis revealed that hyperhidrosis was independently associated with an increased risk of skin tag development (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.8, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.55.2, p=0.002) after adjusting for body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profiles. […] These findings suggest that hyperhidrosis is significantly associated with the occurrence of skin tags, potentially owing to prolonged skin moisture and friction in areas prone to hyperhidrosis.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00128-1

  Studies have implied that hyperhidrosis-related moisture and friction in particular regions may contribute to the emergence of skin tags. […] The association between skin tags and hyperhidrosis, several studies indicate that skin tags have a prevalence of approximately 60%, with a significant correlation to hyperhidrosis (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.55.2; p=0.002). […] Furthermore, higher HbA1c levels in individuals with skin tags suggested an increased risk of diabetes. […] The evidence linking skin tags with systemic metabolic disturbances aligns with previous findings indicating an increased prevalence of skin tags among individuals with obesity. […] Hyperinsulinemia and increased levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the skin promote the growth of skin tags. […] Hyperhidrosis may alter skin capillary function and increase vasoconstriction, contributing to skin tag formation.

• #13 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Mast cells get accumulated at the site of skin tags and release pro-fibrotic cytokines, resulting in fibrosis. […] Linear distribution of skin tags prompts us to propose a role of epidermal alarmins in the genesis of skin tags by activating mast cells to release cytokines that induce fibrosis. […] Physical trauma also directly activates mast cells that undergo transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 dependent degranulation. […] Frictional trauma to keratinocytes results in cellular proliferation and epidermal- mesenchymal transition. […] In light of these considerations, we propose that linearly oriented frictional trauma would induce skin tags by releasing epidermal alarmins, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal mesenchymal transition. […] The cellular and molecular intricacies involved in repeated low-grade frictional trauma leading to skin tags need to be further investigated.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0019-5154.37722

  Regardless of hyperinsulinemia (which is a common association with obesity and diabetes), mast cell mediators are capable of inducing epidermal hyperplasia and fibroblast proliferation, which are the main pathologic abnormalities observed in all types of skin tags or acrochordons. […] Mast cells not only potently stimulate fibroblast growth and activation but also stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal acanthosis, although to a lesser extent. […] However, our results showed that mast cells are increased in number in all examined skin tags regardless of the presence of diabetes or obesity. Mast cells can probably induce skin tags through interaction with fibroblast and keratinocytes. […] From this study, it is suggested that areas with high count of mast cells can only initiate skin tag formation. Mast cell stimulated by friction or viral infections as HPV in presence or absence of hyperinsulinemia can localize and start skin tag formation through its interaction with fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/ijd/fulltext/2009/54040/quantitation_of_mast_cells_and_collagen_fibers_in.4.aspx

  Skin tags are common benign skin tumors usually occurring on the neck and major flexors of elder people. […] The aim of this study is to perform quantitation of mast cells and collagen fibers in skin tags and normal skin in diabetics and nondiabetics, to find a possible correlation between mast cells and collagen fibers in the pathogenesis of skin tags. […] The positive correlation between mast cell count and percentage of collagen mean area suggests the critical role of mast cells in the etiogenesis of skin tags through its interaction with fibroblasts. […] Generally, mast cells participate in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases, they are found to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis through some fibrotic mediators such as histamine and tryptase. […] Finally, we conclude that mast cells may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of skin tags through interaction with fibroblasts by increasing the collagen area.

• #16 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Mast cells get accumulated at the site of skin tags and release pro-fibrotic cytokines, resulting in fibrosis. […] Linear distribution of skin tags prompts us to propose a role of epidermal alarmins in the genesis of skin tags by activating mast cells to release cytokines that induce fibrosis. […] Physical trauma also directly activates mast cells that undergo transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 dependent degranulation. […] Frictional trauma to keratinocytes results in cellular proliferation and epidermal- mesenchymal transition. […] In light of these considerations, we propose that linearly oriented frictional trauma would induce skin tags by releasing epidermal alarmins, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal mesenchymal transition. […] The cellular and molecular intricacies involved in repeated low-grade frictional trauma leading to skin tags need to be further investigated.

• #17 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Mast cells get accumulated at the site of skin tags and release pro-fibrotic cytokines, resulting in fibrosis. […] Linear distribution of skin tags prompts us to propose a role of epidermal alarmins in the genesis of skin tags by activating mast cells to release cytokines that induce fibrosis. […] Physical trauma also directly activates mast cells that undergo transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 dependent degranulation. […] Frictional trauma to keratinocytes results in cellular proliferation and epidermal- mesenchymal transition. […] In light of these considerations, we propose that linearly oriented frictional trauma would induce skin tags by releasing epidermal alarmins, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal mesenchymal transition. […] The cellular and molecular intricacies involved in repeated low-grade frictional trauma leading to skin tags need to be further investigated.

• #18 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Skin tags are cutaneous manifestations of obesity. […] A cross-sectional study of adult patients at a university teaching hospital, including 98 patients and 103 controls, found that the presence of multiple skin tags was strongly associated with insulin resistance, irrespective of other risk factors. […] In another survey, 113 patients with skin tags and 31 healthy subjects were evaluated. This work linked obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein with skin tags, suggesting they may serve as a marker of increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. […] Previous theories have suggested that a localized paucity of elastic tissue may result in sessile or atrophic lesions. It is also thought that pendulous variations may be caused by losses of large confluent areas of elastin; however, a 1999 study of elastic tissue in fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs) showed no significant abnormalities.

• #19 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  Skin tags are benign, non-cancerous tumors of the skin. They consist of a core of fibers and ducts, nerve cells, fat cells, and a covering or epidermis. […] It is not clear exactly what causes skin tags, but it may happen when clusters of collagen and blood vessels become trapped inside thicker pieces of skin. […] As they are more common in skin creases or folds, they may be mainly caused by skin rubbing against skin. […] Skin tags have been associated with hyperinsulinemia, when there is too much insulin circulating in the blood. […] Studies have found that skin tags are more likely to occur with obesity, dyslipidemia, for example, high cholesterol levels, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] They have also been linked to insulin resistance and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

• #20 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Skin tags are cutaneous manifestations of obesity. […] A cross-sectional study of adult patients at a university teaching hospital, including 98 patients and 103 controls, found that the presence of multiple skin tags was strongly associated with insulin resistance, irrespective of other risk factors. […] In another survey, 113 patients with skin tags and 31 healthy subjects were evaluated. This work linked obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein with skin tags, suggesting they may serve as a marker of increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. […] Previous theories have suggested that a localized paucity of elastic tissue may result in sessile or atrophic lesions. It is also thought that pendulous variations may be caused by losses of large confluent areas of elastin; however, a 1999 study of elastic tissue in fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs) showed no significant abnormalities.

• #21 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  An association with type 2 diabetes mellitus has been observed. […] A study of 118 research subjects with acrochordon reported an incidence of 40.6% of either overt type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Reports exist suggesting that the mechanism is through the effect of insulin and glucose starvation. […] A possible role for insulinlike growth factor in the etiology of acrochordons was suggested in a study of 30 nondiabetic persons and 30 controls.

• #22 Skin tag – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_tag

  Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing against skin, since they are often found in skin creases and folds. […] Studies have shown existence of low-risk human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 in skin tags, hinting at a possible role in their pathogenesis, although a 2012 study found no association between skin tags and either low- or high-risk HPV. […] Elevated blood sugar and insulin is linked to an increased incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism.

• #23 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Skin-Tags.aspx

  Skin tags are practically harmless cutaneous growths on the skin that are predominantly composed of loose collagen fibers and blood vessels in the epidermis. […] It has been discovered that skin tags, through an unknown mechanism of action, tend to have an increased incidence whenever there is an elevation of blood glucose and insulin. […] In addition to the aforementioned finding, some studies have found low-risk Human Papilloma Viruses 6 and 11 inside skin tags, thereby suggesting an etiological correlation. […] Other studies have suggested a possible link to the genetic susceptibility of developing skin tags.

• #24 Skin Tags: Cosmetic Annoyance or Metabolic Flag?

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/skin-tags-cosmetic-annoyance-or-metabolic-flag

  It’s unclear how or why skin tags develop but they are increasingly common with age (60% of individuals aged 69 years or older have multiple skin tags). Friction seems to precipitate skin tags, and viral infection may be a cofactor. Some researchers suggest skin tags develop pursuant to hyperinsulinemia, as insulin is a growth-stimulating hormone. Microscopically, skin tags have fibrovascular cores that induce mild chronic inflammation. […] Skin tags are also linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). New information suggests that skin tags may indicate insulin resistance. This is of concern because MetS and insulin resistance both increase cardiovascular mortality risk. […] Many skin tags harbor human papilloma virus (HPV). Researchers found HPV 6 and HPV 11 DNA in 71% of the skin tags that they biopsied (N = 35). However, HPV 6 and 11 are low-risk viruses. HPV may be a contributing factor in the development of skin tags.

• #25 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  An association with type 2 diabetes mellitus has been observed. […] A study of 118 research subjects with acrochordon reported an incidence of 40.6% of either overt type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Reports exist suggesting that the mechanism is through the effect of insulin and glucose starvation. […] A possible role for insulinlike growth factor in the etiology of acrochordons was suggested in a study of 30 nondiabetic persons and 30 controls.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00128-1

  Hyperhidrosis increases the likelihood of skin conditions, including those caused by HPV, such as warts, which can exacerbate the severity of eczema and fungal infections. […] The promotion of excessive GH and IGF-1 levels in skin cells and adnexal structures can lead to changes in the skin, such as the formation of skin tags. […] The development of skin tags is also attributed to excessive perspiration, and treatment typically commences with the use of prescribed antiperspirants. […] The effective management of hyperhidrosis could potentially reduce the incidence of skin tags, thereby improving patient outcomes.

• #27 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Skin tags are cutaneous manifestations of obesity. […] A cross-sectional study of adult patients at a university teaching hospital, including 98 patients and 103 controls, found that the presence of multiple skin tags was strongly associated with insulin resistance, irrespective of other risk factors. […] In another survey, 113 patients with skin tags and 31 healthy subjects were evaluated. This work linked obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein with skin tags, suggesting they may serve as a marker of increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. […] Previous theories have suggested that a localized paucity of elastic tissue may result in sessile or atrophic lesions. It is also thought that pendulous variations may be caused by losses of large confluent areas of elastin; however, a 1999 study of elastic tissue in fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs) showed no significant abnormalities.

• #28 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  Skin tags are benign, non-cancerous tumors of the skin. They consist of a core of fibers and ducts, nerve cells, fat cells, and a covering or epidermis. […] It is not clear exactly what causes skin tags, but it may happen when clusters of collagen and blood vessels become trapped inside thicker pieces of skin. […] As they are more common in skin creases or folds, they may be mainly caused by skin rubbing against skin. […] Skin tags have been associated with hyperinsulinemia, when there is too much insulin circulating in the blood. […] Studies have found that skin tags are more likely to occur with obesity, dyslipidemia, for example, high cholesterol levels, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] They have also been linked to insulin resistance and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

• #29 Skin Tags: Cosmetic Annoyance or Metabolic Flag?

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/skin-tags-cosmetic-annoyance-or-metabolic-flag

  It’s unclear how or why skin tags develop but they are increasingly common with age (60% of individuals aged 69 years or older have multiple skin tags). Friction seems to precipitate skin tags, and viral infection may be a cofactor. Some researchers suggest skin tags develop pursuant to hyperinsulinemia, as insulin is a growth-stimulating hormone. Microscopically, skin tags have fibrovascular cores that induce mild chronic inflammation. […] Skin tags are also linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). New information suggests that skin tags may indicate insulin resistance. This is of concern because MetS and insulin resistance both increase cardiovascular mortality risk. […] Many skin tags harbor human papilloma virus (HPV). Researchers found HPV 6 and HPV 11 DNA in 71% of the skin tags that they biopsied (N = 35). However, HPV 6 and 11 are low-risk viruses. HPV may be a contributing factor in the development of skin tags.

• #30 Skin Tag Causes, Pictures, Symptoms, Cream, Removal Cost

  https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_tag/article.htm

  Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause, can affect the skin’s elasticity and collagen production. […] Individuals with a family history of skin tags are more likely to develop them. […] Growth hormone disorders, such as acromegaly, can lead to an increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, which can cause skin tags to develop, as cells in the affected area multiply at a higher rate. […] As people age, their skin slows down the production of collagen and elastin, two proteins essential for healthy, youthful skin. […] Skin tag are a common occurrence in individuals with insulin resistance, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and other health problems. […] Clinical studies have shown a higher prevalence of skin tags in individuals with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to those without these conditions.

• #31 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #32 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #33 Skin Tags Treatment Reading – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Derma

  https://www.dermareading.co.uk/skin-tags

  Skin tags are also known to be a common side effect of pregnancy, and experts think this is because of pregnancy hormones as well as weight gain. […] In quite rare cases, the appearance of multiple skin tags might be a sign of a hormone imbalance or an endocrine problem, and so if many skin tags are presenting, the GP or another medical expert might suggest endocrinological testing.

• #34 Skin Tags: Symptoms and Treatment | The Skin Surgery Center

  https://www.skinsurgerycenter.net/conditions/skin-tags

  Skin tags, medically known as acrochordons, are small, soft, benign growths that often develop on areas of the skin where there is friction, such as the neck, armpits, groin, and under the breasts. […] While the exact cause of skin tags is not fully understood, they are more common in people as they age and in those with conditions like obesity or diabetes. Hormonal changes, particularly during pregnancy, may also contribute to the development of skin tags. […] There may be a genetic predisposition to developing skin tags. […] Excess body weight can contribute to the development of skin tags, especially in areas where skin rubs against itself. […] Fluctuations in hormones, such as during pregnancy or in individuals with conditions like diabetes. […] Skin tags are typically harmless and not indicative of an underlying health issue.

• #35 Skin Tag Causes, Pictures, Symptoms, Cream, Removal Cost

  https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_tag/article.htm

  Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause, can affect the skin’s elasticity and collagen production. […] Individuals with a family history of skin tags are more likely to develop them. […] Growth hormone disorders, such as acromegaly, can lead to an increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, which can cause skin tags to develop, as cells in the affected area multiply at a higher rate. […] As people age, their skin slows down the production of collagen and elastin, two proteins essential for healthy, youthful skin. […] Skin tag are a common occurrence in individuals with insulin resistance, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and other health problems. […] Clinical studies have shown a higher prevalence of skin tags in individuals with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to those without these conditions.

• #36 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #37 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  This suggests that skin tags may offer an external sign of an increased risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. […] Skin tags are also associated with Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Birt-Hogg-Dub (BHD) syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by skin tumors, including multiple fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, and acrochordon, or skin tags.

• #38 Skin Tag – DrScholls

  https://www.drscholls.com/collections/skin-tag?srsltid=AfmBOooikPi_1PmEz6RxAvHc5DGTPKyYTcmZSq-5TuHDPvPgbClN5Jva

  Obesity People who are overweight and obese have a greater chance of developing skin tags. This may be related to insulin resistance. It may also be due to an increase in skin folds, which create more opportunity for friction. […] Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome A rare disorder, Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome affects the skin, producing a number of different skin growths, including skin tags. […] Metabolic syndrome People with certain conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol have an increased risk of developing skin tags. […] Pregnancy Skin tags tend to be more common during pregnancy, possibly due to hormonal changes as well as increased skin friction from weight gain.

• #39 The Truth Behind Skin Tags – Charleston Dermatology

  https://charlestondermatology.com/truth-behind-skin-tags/

  One of the most common skin conditions we encounter is skin tags. These are typically small, benign skin growths that are most often found on areas of the skin where clothing runs against the skin or where there is skin-to-skin friction. […] While the cause of skin tags is unknown, studies have shown that some people have a genetic predisposition to the development of skin tags. Chances are, if your mom or dad had skin tags, there is a higher probability that you may develop skin tags too. Other individuals who are prone to develop skin tags include people who are obese, diabetic or pregnant.

• #40 Skin Tag – DrScholls

  https://www.drscholls.com/collections/skin-tag?srsltid=AfmBOooikPi_1PmEz6RxAvHc5DGTPKyYTcmZSq-5TuHDPvPgbClN5Jva

  What causes skin tags? Skin tags form when excess cells are produced in the top layers of the skin. While its not completely clear why this happens, skin tags tend to form in areas where skin rubs against each other or against an object, such as a piece of jewelry or an article of clothing. Certain health conditions and genetic components also appear to be linked to skin tags. […] Factors that increase the risk of developing skin tags include: […] Age The risk of skin tags increases with age, and theyre especially common in people over 50. However, after the age of 70, people dont tend to develop new skin tags. […] Family history People who have a relative with skin tags have a higher chance of developing them. […] Diabetes People with diabetes are more prone to skin tags. This may be related to insulin resistance, although it hasnt been confirmed.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Skin-Tags.aspx

  Skin tags are practically harmless cutaneous growths on the skin that are predominantly composed of loose collagen fibers and blood vessels in the epidermis. […] It has been discovered that skin tags, through an unknown mechanism of action, tend to have an increased incidence whenever there is an elevation of blood glucose and insulin. […] In addition to the aforementioned finding, some studies have found low-risk Human Papilloma Viruses 6 and 11 inside skin tags, thereby suggesting an etiological correlation. […] Other studies have suggested a possible link to the genetic susceptibility of developing skin tags.

• #42 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #43 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #44 Skin Tags: Cosmetic Annoyance or Metabolic Flag?

  https://www.contemporaryclinic.com/view/skin-tags-cosmetic-annoyance-or-metabolic-flag

  It’s unclear how or why skin tags develop but they are increasingly common with age (60% of individuals aged 69 years or older have multiple skin tags). Friction seems to precipitate skin tags, and viral infection may be a cofactor. Some researchers suggest skin tags develop pursuant to hyperinsulinemia, as insulin is a growth-stimulating hormone. Microscopically, skin tags have fibrovascular cores that induce mild chronic inflammation. […] Skin tags are also linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). New information suggests that skin tags may indicate insulin resistance. This is of concern because MetS and insulin resistance both increase cardiovascular mortality risk. […] Many skin tags harbor human papilloma virus (HPV). Researchers found HPV 6 and HPV 11 DNA in 71% of the skin tags that they biopsied (N = 35). However, HPV 6 and 11 are low-risk viruses. HPV may be a contributing factor in the development of skin tags.

• #45 Human papillomavirus and skin tags: Is there any association? – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/human-papillomavirus-and-skin-tags-is-there-any-association/

  The expression of early viral genes may contribute to stimulated cell growth, which leads to limited epithelial proliferation and formation of acanthotic epidermis overlying edematous fibrovascular tissue. […] Additional in vitro and epidemiological studies investigating the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the interaction of the HPV proteins with cellular proteins should provide valuable information on a possible role for HPV types 6 and 11 in the pathogenesis of these cutaneous lesions.

• #46 Skin tag – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_tag

  Skin tags are thought to occur from skin rubbing against skin, since they are often found in skin creases and folds. […] Studies have shown existence of low-risk human papillomaviruses 6 and 11 in skin tags, hinting at a possible role in their pathogenesis, although a 2012 study found no association between skin tags and either low- or high-risk HPV. […] Elevated blood sugar and insulin is linked to an increased incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism.

• #47 Human papillomavirus and skin tags: Is there any association? – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/human-papillomavirus-and-skin-tags-is-there-any-association/

  Low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are related to the genesis of various benign lesions. […] HPVs have been implicated in the causation of skin tags too. […] This result corroborates the hypothesis that HPV plays a part in the etiology of benign lesions like cutaneous soft fibromas. […] Certain HPV types are found to be associated with the pathogenesis of benign lesions like papillomas of larynx, conjunctiva; respiratory papillomatosis. […] The presence of HPV DNA and mechanical friction seem to be significant cofactors in the pathogenesis of skin tags. […] These observations strongly suggest that HPV, along with other cofactors, may be involved in the pathogenesis of these cutaneous lesions. […] The consistent presence of certain low-risk human papillomavirus types in the skin tag specimens from different sites of the same patient supports the viral etiology.

• #48 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Skin tags are cutaneous manifestations of obesity. […] A cross-sectional study of adult patients at a university teaching hospital, including 98 patients and 103 controls, found that the presence of multiple skin tags was strongly associated with insulin resistance, irrespective of other risk factors. […] In another survey, 113 patients with skin tags and 31 healthy subjects were evaluated. This work linked obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein with skin tags, suggesting they may serve as a marker of increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. […] Previous theories have suggested that a localized paucity of elastic tissue may result in sessile or atrophic lesions. It is also thought that pendulous variations may be caused by losses of large confluent areas of elastin; however, a 1999 study of elastic tissue in fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs) showed no significant abnormalities.

• #49 Skin Tag Causes, Pictures, Symptoms, Cream, Removal Cost

  https://www.medicinenet.com/skin_tag/article.htm

  Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause, can affect the skin’s elasticity and collagen production. […] Individuals with a family history of skin tags are more likely to develop them. […] Growth hormone disorders, such as acromegaly, can lead to an increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, which can cause skin tags to develop, as cells in the affected area multiply at a higher rate. […] As people age, their skin slows down the production of collagen and elastin, two proteins essential for healthy, youthful skin. […] Skin tag are a common occurrence in individuals with insulin resistance, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and other health problems. […] Clinical studies have shown a higher prevalence of skin tags in individuals with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes compared to those without these conditions.

• #50 Skin tags: causes, symptoms, and removal – clearskin

  https://clearskinforyou.com/2024/06/skin-tags-causes-symptoms-and-removal/

  skin tags are usually made of blood vessels and collagen. Collagen is a type of protein that is abundant in human skin and hair tissue. The way a skin tag is formed is that when a much larger number of skin cells are produced in the upper layers of the skin, these cells gather together and create a skin tag. […] Many factors can cause the growth of skin tags. Some of these factors include aging, personal biology, genetics, and the friction of the skin. […] The aging process is one of the most important causes of skin tags appearance on the skin. skin tags may be part of the normal aging process. As skin loses elasticity over time, these growths can emerge. […] Conditions like diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance are associated with an elevated risk of skin tags.

• #51 Acrochordon: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1060373-overview

  Frequent irritation seems to be an important causative factor, especially in persons who are obese. An opinion also exists that acrochordons are simply the effect of skin aging, with many factors responsible for their development. Hormone imbalances may facilitate the development of acrochordons (eg, high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, high levels of growth hormone in acromegaly). […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 DNA were found in a high percentage of skin tag biopsy samples obtained from 49 white patients. According to the authors of the study, viral infection should be considered as a pathogenic cofactor. […] Acrochordons associated with fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas have been described as components of BHD syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder. They have been reported to accompany other neoplasms, especially tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Neoplasms are suggested to produce and release growth factors that cause acrochordon growth into the circulation.

• #52 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Mast cells get accumulated at the site of skin tags and release pro-fibrotic cytokines, resulting in fibrosis. […] Linear distribution of skin tags prompts us to propose a role of epidermal alarmins in the genesis of skin tags by activating mast cells to release cytokines that induce fibrosis. […] Physical trauma also directly activates mast cells that undergo transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 dependent degranulation. […] Frictional trauma to keratinocytes results in cellular proliferation and epidermal- mesenchymal transition. […] In light of these considerations, we propose that linearly oriented frictional trauma would induce skin tags by releasing epidermal alarmins, keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal mesenchymal transition. […] The cellular and molecular intricacies involved in repeated low-grade frictional trauma leading to skin tags need to be further investigated.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/0019-5154.37722

  Regardless of hyperinsulinemia (which is a common association with obesity and diabetes), mast cell mediators are capable of inducing epidermal hyperplasia and fibroblast proliferation, which are the main pathologic abnormalities observed in all types of skin tags or acrochordons. […] Mast cells not only potently stimulate fibroblast growth and activation but also stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal acanthosis, although to a lesser extent. […] However, our results showed that mast cells are increased in number in all examined skin tags regardless of the presence of diabetes or obesity. Mast cells can probably induce skin tags through interaction with fibroblast and keratinocytes. […] From this study, it is suggested that areas with high count of mast cells can only initiate skin tag formation. Mast cell stimulated by friction or viral infections as HPV in presence or absence of hyperinsulinemia can localize and start skin tag formation through its interaction with fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

• #54 Obese male with linear skin tags: Looking beyond the role of obesity and insulin resistance – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/obese-male-with-linear-skin-tags-looking-beyond-the-role-of-obesity-and-insulin-resistance/

  Skin tags are extremely common benign soft tissue tumours estimated to occur in 4660% of the population over the age of 50 years. […] While reviews of skin tags very commonly mention their association with obesity, hyperinsulinemia and diabetes, the role of friction in the pathogenesis of skin tags has received scant attention in dermatologic literature even though flexures where skin tags are most found are subjected to constant friction. […] In addition to the proliferative effect of hyperinsulinemia on Insulin Growth Factor 1 receptors in dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, we highlight certain relevant observations regarding frictional trauma and their possible impact on mast cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, leading to development of skin tags. […] The linear arrangement of skin tags corresponds to the sites subjected to maximum frictional trauma, which may be aggravated by perspiration reducing the threshold to injury following trauma.

• #55 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  Skin tags are benign, non-cancerous tumors of the skin. They consist of a core of fibers and ducts, nerve cells, fat cells, and a covering or epidermis. […] It is not clear exactly what causes skin tags, but it may happen when clusters of collagen and blood vessels become trapped inside thicker pieces of skin. […] As they are more common in skin creases or folds, they may be mainly caused by skin rubbing against skin. […] Skin tags have been associated with hyperinsulinemia, when there is too much insulin circulating in the blood. […] Studies have found that skin tags are more likely to occur with obesity, dyslipidemia, for example, high cholesterol levels, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. […] They have also been linked to insulin resistance and elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00128-1

  This study investigated whether excessive sweating or hyperhidrosis contributes to the formation of skin tags (acrochordons). […] A review was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus to identify studies evaluating the association between hyperhidrosis and skin tags, with data extraction and statistical analysis performed according to standardized protocols. […] The prevalence of skin tags was significantly higher in individuals with hyperhidrosis (64%) (p0.001). […] Logistic regression analysis revealed that hyperhidrosis was independently associated with an increased risk of skin tag development (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.8, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.55.2, p=0.002) after adjusting for body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profiles. […] These findings suggest that hyperhidrosis is significantly associated with the occurrence of skin tags, potentially owing to prolonged skin moisture and friction in areas prone to hyperhidrosis.

• #57 What are skin tags? Causes and treatment options

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/67317

  This suggests that skin tags may offer an external sign of an increased risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. […] Skin tags are also associated with Birt-Hogg-Dub syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). […] Birt-Hogg-Dub (BHD) syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by skin tumors, including multiple fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, and acrochordon, or skin tags.

• #58 Skin Tags: Understanding Causes, and Treatments | Johns Creek Dermatology MD

  https://johnscreekdermatology.com/article/19-skin-tags-understanding-causes-and-treatments

  Skin tags have been linked to several health conditions, including insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] These associations suggest that skin tags may be more than just a cosmetic issue and could potentially serve as markers for underlying health conditions. […] For instance, insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes, has been frequently observed in individuals with numerous skin tags. […] Despite these associations, it’s important to note that skin tags can also develop in people without these conditions, indicating that multiple factors, including genetics and skin friction, play a role in their formation.

Zobacz więcej