Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, affects up to 70% of women and is a frequent concern in primary care, though it is rarely linked to breast cancer. […] Experts estimate that 70% of women in the United States experience breast pain during their lifetime, of which around 30% seek medical attention. Of those patients who present to a clinician for evaluation of mastalgia, 20% have severe symptoms. […] The peak age of incidence for cyclic mastalgia is 20 to 30 years of life. The incidence decreases with increasing age and early pregnancy and is less commonly found in postmenopausal women. Noncyclic mastalgia has a higher prevalence in women aged between 30 and 40. […] Many female patients with breast pain report a negative impact on their life quality. Up to 40% of women will describe interference with sexual activity, interference with physical activity by 30%, and impact on work and social activities in 10% of patients.

• #2 Understanding Breast Pain – Montclair Breast Center

  https://montclairbreastcenter.com/understanding-breast-pain/

  70% of women feel breast pain at some point in their life. […] 75% of breast pain reported is related to a woman’s menstrual cycle, with more pain generally felt before a period. […] Non-cyclical breast pain is less common and can last for years and then disappear. […] For more information about breast pain causes and treatments, contact us!

• #3 Breast pain – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_pain

  Breast pain is one of the most common breast symptoms, along with breast masses and nipple discharge. […] About 70% of women have breast pain at some point in time. […] In more than 75% of people the pain resolves without any specific treatment. […] Diagnosis involves breast examination, with medical imaging if only a specific part of the breast hurts. […] Diagnostic testing can be useful. Typical tests used are mammogram, excisional biopsy for solid lumps, fine-needle aspiration and biopsy, pregnancy test, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Ruling out the other possible causes of the pain is one way to differentiate the source of the pain.

• #4 Breast Pain (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/breast-pain-pro

  Breast pain is one of the most common breast symptoms experienced by women, and management requires careful assessment and diagnosis. […] Up to 70% of women will experience breast pain in their lifetime. […] According to data from the Netherlands and the USA, around 3% of women’s consultations with their GPs are about breast symptoms, usually in women aged 30-50 years. […] In patients attending for breast problems in specialist clinics and general practice, breast pain is the most common symptom. It is the presenting symptom in about half of new patients in breast clinics. […] In two thirds of cases, the pain is cyclical and is worst a week premenstrually and peri-menstrually. Cyclical mastalgia manifests at around 30 years of age; the onset of noncyclical mastalgia is notably later, at a mean age of 41.

• #5 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, affects up to 70% of women and is a frequent concern in primary care, though it is rarely linked to breast cancer. […] Experts estimate that 70% of women in the United States experience breast pain during their lifetime, of which around 30% seek medical attention. Of those patients who present to a clinician for evaluation of mastalgia, 20% have severe symptoms. […] The peak age of incidence for cyclic mastalgia is 20 to 30 years of life. The incidence decreases with increasing age and early pregnancy and is less commonly found in postmenopausal women. Noncyclic mastalgia has a higher prevalence in women aged between 30 and 40. […] Many female patients with breast pain report a negative impact on their life quality. Up to 40% of women will describe interference with sexual activity, interference with physical activity by 30%, and impact on work and social activities in 10% of patients.

• #6 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, affects up to 70% of women and is a frequent concern in primary care, though it is rarely linked to breast cancer. […] Experts estimate that 70% of women in the United States experience breast pain during their lifetime, of which around 30% seek medical attention. Of those patients who present to a clinician for evaluation of mastalgia, 20% have severe symptoms. […] The peak age of incidence for cyclic mastalgia is 20 to 30 years of life. The incidence decreases with increasing age and early pregnancy and is less commonly found in postmenopausal women. Noncyclic mastalgia has a higher prevalence in women aged between 30 and 40. […] Many female patients with breast pain report a negative impact on their life quality. Up to 40% of women will describe interference with sexual activity, interference with physical activity by 30%, and impact on work and social activities in 10% of patients.

• #7 Breast Pain (Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/breast-pain-pro

  Breast pain is one of the most common breast symptoms experienced by women, and management requires careful assessment and diagnosis. […] Up to 70% of women will experience breast pain in their lifetime. […] According to data from the Netherlands and the USA, around 3% of women’s consultations with their GPs are about breast symptoms, usually in women aged 30-50 years. […] In patients attending for breast problems in specialist clinics and general practice, breast pain is the most common symptom. It is the presenting symptom in about half of new patients in breast clinics. […] In two thirds of cases, the pain is cyclical and is worst a week premenstrually and peri-menstrually. Cyclical mastalgia manifests at around 30 years of age; the onset of noncyclical mastalgia is notably later, at a mean age of 41.

• #9 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia is uncommon in men but has been documented in male patients with conditions, eg, gynecomastia and hormonal dysfunction. […] The worldwide prevalence of breast pain varies depending on the population being studied. A study was conducted on women from the United Kingdom using a survey to correlate physical activity with the prevalence, severity, and frequency of breast pain. This study showed a relationship between an increased prevalence of breast pain and a low level of physical activity. However, the severity of pain did not vary between either group. […] The prevalence of breast pain can vary depending on the region as well as ethnicity. Women in the United Kingdom report a 60% incidence of breast pain, while women of Asian ethnicity have been found to have a breast pain prevalence of 5%.

• #10 Assessment of prevalence and factors affecting Mastalgia among early reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17173-7

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, is a prevalent and distressing condition experienced by women, impacting their daily lives and causing complications. It is common among women of reproductive age, with associations found with premenstrual syndrome, fibrocystic breast disease, psychological distress, and, in rare cases, breast cancer. […] The prevalence of Mastalgia was found to be 35.5%. […] The study highlights the prevalence of mastalgia and its related factors, emphasizing the necessity for increased awareness and support for affected women. […] Up to two-thirds of women experience Mastalgia at some point during their reproductive years. […] In Western societies, Mastalgia, which refers to breast pain without any underlying pathology, is a common complaint that may affect up to 70% of women during their lifetime.

• #11 Assessment of prevalence and factors affecting Mastalgia among early reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17173-7

  In Bangladesh, a previous study reported that general breast pain was the second most prevalent breast-related complication, with an overall prevalence of 24.22%. […] The overall prevalence of Mastalgia was 35.5%. […] The findings suggest that public health interventions may be needed to reduce the burden of Mastalgia among certain populations, such as those with a family history of breast cancer or those with severe menstrual pain.

• #12 Prevalence, Severity and Factors Related to Mastalgia among Women Referring to Health Centers Affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42804.html

  Mastalgia is a common problem among women. Severe mastalgia can have a negative impact on sexual, physical and sleep activities and behaviors. […] The severity of breast pain was calculated with visual analog scale. […] Among 845 participants, 33% (279) of them had experienced mastalgia in the past three months. Among those who had experienced mastalgia, 81% (226) had cyclical mastalgia and 19% (53) had non-cyclical mastalgia. […] The impact of mastalgia on daily and sexual activities and sleep behaviors was reported 9.31% (26), 12.66% (29) and 13.97% (36), respectively. […] Results of this study showed that the spread of mastalgia in women referred to health centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences is lower than that reported in western studies and has lesser effects on their daily, sexual and sleep activities and behaviors.

• #13 Prevalence, Severity and Factors Related to Mastalgia among Women Referring to Health Centers Affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42804.html

  Mastalgia is a common problem among women. Severe mastalgia can have a negative impact on sexual, physical and sleep activities and behaviors. […] The severity of breast pain was calculated with visual analog scale. […] Among 845 participants, 33% (279) of them had experienced mastalgia in the past three months. Among those who had experienced mastalgia, 81% (226) had cyclical mastalgia and 19% (53) had non-cyclical mastalgia. […] The impact of mastalgia on daily and sexual activities and sleep behaviors was reported 9.31% (26), 12.66% (29) and 13.97% (36), respectively. […] Results of this study showed that the spread of mastalgia in women referred to health centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences is lower than that reported in western studies and has lesser effects on their daily, sexual and sleep activities and behaviors.

• #14 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia is uncommon in men but has been documented in male patients with conditions, eg, gynecomastia and hormonal dysfunction. […] The worldwide prevalence of breast pain varies depending on the population being studied. A study was conducted on women from the United Kingdom using a survey to correlate physical activity with the prevalence, severity, and frequency of breast pain. This study showed a relationship between an increased prevalence of breast pain and a low level of physical activity. However, the severity of pain did not vary between either group. […] The prevalence of breast pain can vary depending on the region as well as ethnicity. Women in the United Kingdom report a 60% incidence of breast pain, while women of Asian ethnicity have been found to have a breast pain prevalence of 5%.

• #15 Mastalgia | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688714/all/Mastalgia

  Painful breast tissue, often bilateral, which can be cyclic or noncyclic. […] 2/3 of breast pain is cyclic and usually associated with hormonal changes related to menses, external hormones, pregnancy, or menopause. […] 1/3 is noncyclic and often is related to a breast or chest wall lesion. […] Predominant sex: most common in women but occurs occasionally in men. […] Predominant age: generally seen from adolescence to menopause. […] Frequency of breast cancer with those reporting breast pain ranges from 1.2% to 6.7%. […] Up to 70% of women report some degree of breast pain at some point in their lives. […] Most describe mild pain, but 11% describe pain as moderate to severe. […] Higher incidence in the older population, larger breasted individuals, and those who are less fit and active.

• #16 Breast diseases: Detection, Management, and Surveillance of Breast Disease | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/breast-diseases-detection-management-and-surveillance-of-breast-disease/

  The incidence of benign breast disorders begins to rise during the second decade of life and peaks in the fourth and fifth decades. […] More than two-thirds of women will experience breast pain at some time during their reproductive years, most commonly in the perimenopausal years. Approximately 90% of conditions that cause breast pain are benign. […] Breast pain is experienced by only 10% of women with early breast carcinoma. […] The classic sign of a breast carcinoma is a solitary, solid, three-dimensional, dominant breast mass. […] The correlation of a mass with malignancy is dependent on the patients age. The incidence of BBD begins to rise during the second decade of life and peaks in the fourth and fifth decades, as opposed to malignant diseases, whose incidence continues to increase after menopause.

• #17 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  Palpable breast masses, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are commonly encountered symptoms in outpatient practice, causing significant patient anxiety and precipitating medical consultation. […] Mastalgia is usually not an indication of underlying malignancy. […] Mastalgia is the second most common breast symptom leading to medical evaluation in the primary care setting. […] Although pain is often mild, up to 11% of women experience severe pain, and more than one-third of these patients report adverse effects on sleep and sexual activity. […] Cyclic mastalgia accounts for two-thirds of all breast pain cases and is most common in women in their 20s and 30s. […] Noncyclic mastalgia has no temporal association with menses and may be focal or diffuse. […] Noncyclic/focal mastalgia should trigger diagnostic imaging because of its rare but occasional association with underlying malignancy.

• #18 Mastalgia | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688714/all/Mastalgia

  Painful breast tissue, often bilateral, which can be cyclic or noncyclic. […] 2/3 of breast pain is cyclic and usually associated with hormonal changes related to menses, external hormones, pregnancy, or menopause. […] 1/3 is noncyclic and often is related to a breast or chest wall lesion. […] Predominant sex: most common in women but occurs occasionally in men. […] Predominant age: generally seen from adolescence to menopause. […] Frequency of breast cancer with those reporting breast pain ranges from 1.2% to 6.7%. […] Up to 70% of women report some degree of breast pain at some point in their lives. […] Most describe mild pain, but 11% describe pain as moderate to severe. […] Higher incidence in the older population, larger breasted individuals, and those who are less fit and active.

• #19

  https://fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Sx/Mstlg.htm

  Severe Breast Pain occurs in up to 11% of women […] Breast Pain thought to be related to Estrogen excess.

• #20 Mastalgia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-69743-5_4

  Mastalgia is a common breast symptom that may affect up to 70% of women in their lifetime. […] A proportion (10-20%) experience severe pain that causes distress, affects their daily lives and leads them to seek treatment. […] The severity of pain associated with cyclical mastalgia can be substantial, similar in magnitude to chronic cancer pain and slightly less than that associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

• #21 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, affects up to 70% of women and is a frequent concern in primary care, though it is rarely linked to breast cancer. […] Experts estimate that 70% of women in the United States experience breast pain during their lifetime, of which around 30% seek medical attention. Of those patients who present to a clinician for evaluation of mastalgia, 20% have severe symptoms. […] The peak age of incidence for cyclic mastalgia is 20 to 30 years of life. The incidence decreases with increasing age and early pregnancy and is less commonly found in postmenopausal women. Noncyclic mastalgia has a higher prevalence in women aged between 30 and 40. […] Many female patients with breast pain report a negative impact on their life quality. Up to 40% of women will describe interference with sexual activity, interference with physical activity by 30%, and impact on work and social activities in 10% of patients.

• #22 Prevalence, Severity and Factors Related to Mastalgia among Women Referring to Health Centers Affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42804.html

  Mastalgia is a common problem among women. Severe mastalgia can have a negative impact on sexual, physical and sleep activities and behaviors. […] The severity of breast pain was calculated with visual analog scale. […] Among 845 participants, 33% (279) of them had experienced mastalgia in the past three months. Among those who had experienced mastalgia, 81% (226) had cyclical mastalgia and 19% (53) had non-cyclical mastalgia. […] The impact of mastalgia on daily and sexual activities and sleep behaviors was reported 9.31% (26), 12.66% (29) and 13.97% (36), respectively. […] Results of this study showed that the spread of mastalgia in women referred to health centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences is lower than that reported in western studies and has lesser effects on their daily, sexual and sleep activities and behaviors.

• #23 Mastalgia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562195/

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, affects up to 70% of women and is a frequent concern in primary care, though it is rarely linked to breast cancer. […] Experts estimate that 70% of women in the United States experience breast pain during their lifetime, of which around 30% seek medical attention. Of those patients who present to a clinician for evaluation of mastalgia, 20% have severe symptoms. […] The peak age of incidence for cyclic mastalgia is 20 to 30 years of life. The incidence decreases with increasing age and early pregnancy and is less commonly found in postmenopausal women. Noncyclic mastalgia has a higher prevalence in women aged between 30 and 40. […] Many female patients with breast pain report a negative impact on their life quality. Up to 40% of women will describe interference with sexual activity, interference with physical activity by 30%, and impact on work and social activities in 10% of patients.

• #24 Breast Pain Treatment Melbourne, VIC | Mastalgia Treatment Melbourne, VIC

  https://www.melbournebreastcancersurgery.com.au/breast-painmastalgia.html

  Most breast complaints are benign in nature. […] Mastalgia affects up to 77% of women at some time in their lives, and is so common it is considered part of a normal bodily process rather than a disease. […] Doctors often think it a trivial symptom, but for many women mastalgia causes significant discomfort and anxiety. […] It should not be forgotten that mastalgia is a symptom, and therefore is not a specific disease in its own right. […] About 2 in 3 cases are cyclical breast pain, and about 1 in 3 are non-cyclical. […] Any woman with a breast symptom, including significant mastalgia, requires a full breast assessment including clinical breast examination and breast imaging to exclude cancer and other significant breast pathology as an explanation for the symptoms. […] Most women require no treatment at all simple reassurance is all that is needed.

• #25 Pain and quality of life in breast cancer patients | Clinics

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-clinics-22-articulo-pain-quality-life-in-breast-S1807593222011632

  Pain is one of the most frequently reported adverse effects that occurs as part of the disease process or as a side-effect of treatment. It is a problem for a majority of BC patients and has an unfavorable effect on QoL 1115. […] More recent epidemiological data obtained from a meta-analysis suggest that pain is prevalent in 39.3% of cases after curative treatment, 55.0% during cancer treatment, and in 66.4% in advanced or terminal stages of the disease 10. […] Pain compromises the quality of life of patients with breast cancer, particularly those with advanced stages of the disease. […] Despite cancer pain having been very prevalent in this study (71.7% of all groups), even in the non-metastatic group (56.8), the heterogeneity of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects did not allow a specific statistical additional comparison between groups.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/9900/clinicopathological_profile_of_mastalgia_in.927.aspx

  Mastalgia was the most common symptom in patients attending a breast clinic. The two most common types of mastalgia were (cyclical and non-cyclical). The aim of this study is to study the incidence of mastalgia, types (cyclical and non-cyclical) and pathological types of mastalgia (benign and malignant pathologies) […] Approximately 60-70% of women experience some degree of breast pain at some stage of their lives, 10-20% of these cases it is severe. The two most common concerns of patients presenting with mastalgia are the presence of severe pain, which affects quality of life and fear of breast cancer. Most patients with mastalgia can be treated with medication, as the pain is not connected to any severe problems; therefore, a vital responsibility of the breast specialist is to rule out cancer and assiduously reassure the patient.

• #27 Breast pain: assessment, management, and referral criteria | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/70/697/419

  Breast pain (mastalgia) is experienced by 70% of women during their lifetime and may be considered a physiological symptom rather like painful menses, but remains a common presentation in primary care. […] Despite an absence of evidence suggesting that mastalgia alone is associated with breast cancer, it is still commonly referred to secondary care breast units in one study it accounted for 41% of referrals. […] Careful assessment is essential to avoid unnecessary referral, which can lead to anxiety or over-investigation. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) states that: breast pain is not a criteria for urgent referral, with a positive predictive value of 3% for breast cancer; and referral is recommended if cyclical breast pain is affecting quality of life or sleep, and has been ongoing for more than 3 months if the pain is unresponsive to first-line treatment. […] Breast pain can usually be safely managed in the primary care setting. Secondary care should support GPs and facilitate referral if suspected cancer referral criteria are met or where symptoms are not controlled with supportive measures or non-hormonal treatments.

• #28 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  Breast pain is an extremely common symptom experienced by 70-80% of women within their lifetimes. […] Unfortunately, it can significantly impact quality of life and provoke fear of underlying malignancy, often resulting in referral for diagnostic imaging. […] Fortunately, the causes of breast pain are typically benign and multiple studies have demonstrated a low association of pain with malignancy. […] In the absence of additional symptoms, isolated breast pain should be categorized as either clinically significant (focal and persistent pain involving 25% of the breast and axillary tissue) or clinically insignificant (cyclical/temporally associated with the menstrual cycle, non-focal/diffuse, and can be either unilateral or bilateral). […] As per the ACR Appropriateness Criteria for breast pain, imaging evaluation is usually appropriate for clinically significant pain to exclude an unlikely cancer as the cause of pain, to determine a treatable benign etiology, or to reassure the patient that there is no imaging abnormality present.

• #29 Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence in Patients with Mastalgia and Routine Screening

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-6-094.php?jid=ijsrp

  In this trial, we searched the incidence of breast cancer among the patients complained of breast pain and control group referred to our clinic. […] There was no increase in the incidence of cancer in patients presenting with breast pain. However, most patients with breast pain are exposed to imaging methods to exclude the cancer suspicion. […] The prevalence of cancer in patients manifesting with breast pain is reported to be 0-3.2% and in one study up to 7%. […] Even though studies support the view that no strong relations exist between breast pain and breast cancer, the uneasiness and fear of breast cancer caused by pain are persistent. […] In our study, breast cancer rate in patients with mastalgia (n = 646) was 0.8%. […] When we compare patients with mastalgia symptom and routine control, there is no difference in the incidence of breast cancer.

• #30 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  The risk of malignancy in patients with breast pain after normal CBE and mammography findings is approximately 0.5%. […] Although spontaneous resolution of breast pain is common, mastalgia can be chronic, necessitating a stepwise approach to management. […] Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac are the first-line pharmacologic treatment for cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia. […] Diagnostic imaging is not needed in patients with cyclic mastalgia if routine screening mammography is up to date and physical examination findings are normal. […] The prevalence of cancer among women who report breast symptoms is estimated to be less than 10%, and those with breast lumps have a higher risk of malignancy than those with breast pain.

• #31 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  The risk of malignancy in patients with breast pain after normal CBE and mammography findings is approximately 0.5%. […] Although spontaneous resolution of breast pain is common, mastalgia can be chronic, necessitating a stepwise approach to management. […] Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac are the first-line pharmacologic treatment for cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia. […] Diagnostic imaging is not needed in patients with cyclic mastalgia if routine screening mammography is up to date and physical examination findings are normal. […] The prevalence of cancer among women who report breast symptoms is estimated to be less than 10%, and those with breast lumps have a higher risk of malignancy than those with breast pain.

• #32 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  In cases where imaging is normal, some patients remain anxious and concerned about a potential for underlying malignancy, leading to repeated clinical and imaging follow-up. […] According to one study, there was 100% negative predictive value and 100% sensitivity for detecting malignancy in isolated pain with both mammography and ultrasound. […] In a review across multiple studies, the incidence of detecting malignancy in patients presenting with isolated clinically significant breast pain was 0.5%. […] Moreover, some studies have shown the incidence of detecting malignancy in those with breast pain was below the incidence in that of a general screening population. […] Thus, reassurance during the diagnostic consultation is important to help educate and minimize anxiety.

• #33 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  In cases where imaging is normal, some patients remain anxious and concerned about a potential for underlying malignancy, leading to repeated clinical and imaging follow-up. […] According to one study, there was 100% negative predictive value and 100% sensitivity for detecting malignancy in isolated pain with both mammography and ultrasound. […] In a review across multiple studies, the incidence of detecting malignancy in patients presenting with isolated clinically significant breast pain was 0.5%. […] Moreover, some studies have shown the incidence of detecting malignancy in those with breast pain was below the incidence in that of a general screening population. […] Thus, reassurance during the diagnostic consultation is important to help educate and minimize anxiety.

• #34 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic

  https://christie.openrepository.com/handle/10541/625289

  No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic. Women with breast pain constitute 20% of breast clinic attendees. Aim: To investigate breast cancer incidence in women presenting with breast pain and establish the health economics of referring women with breast pain to secondary care. Of 10 830 women, 1972 (18%) were referred with breast pain, 6708 (62%) with lumps, 480 (4%) with nipple symptoms, 1670 (15%) with 'other’ symptoms. Mammography, performed in 1112 women with breast pain, identified cancer in eight (0.7%). Of the 1972 women with breast pain, breast cancer incidence was 0.4% compared with 5% in each of the three other clinical groups. Using 'breast lump’ as reference, the odds ratio (OR) of women referred with breast pain having breast cancer was 0.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.02 to 0.09, P0.001). This study shows that referring women with breast pain to a breast diagnostic clinic is an inefficient use of limited resources. […] The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different surveillance mammography regimens after the treatment for primary breast cancer: systematic reviews registry database analyses and economic evaluation.

• #35 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  Women with breast pain constitute 20% of breast clinic attendees. […] This study shows that the incidence of breast cancer in women with breast pain alone (0.4%) is no higher than the background rate of cancer found in asymptomatic women undergoing breast screening (0.8%). […] Referring these women to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic is associated with no demonstrable health benefits but with increased costs and is not an effective use of healthcare resources. […] Women with breast pain should be reassured that they are at no greater risk of breast cancer than asymptomatic women. […] The incidence of pre-invasive or invasive malignancy in women referred with breast pain alone was 0.4%, compared with 5.4% incidence seen in women referred with a breast lump. […] On multivariable logistic regression modelling women referred with breast pain alone were 20 times less likely to have breast cancer compared with those with breast lumps, after adjustment for age (OR 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.09; P0.001).

• #36 Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence in Patients with Mastalgia and Routine Screening

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-6-094.php?jid=ijsrp

  In this trial, we searched the incidence of breast cancer among the patients complained of breast pain and control group referred to our clinic. […] There was no increase in the incidence of cancer in patients presenting with breast pain. However, most patients with breast pain are exposed to imaging methods to exclude the cancer suspicion. […] The prevalence of cancer in patients manifesting with breast pain is reported to be 0-3.2% and in one study up to 7%. […] Even though studies support the view that no strong relations exist between breast pain and breast cancer, the uneasiness and fear of breast cancer caused by pain are persistent. […] In our study, breast cancer rate in patients with mastalgia (n = 646) was 0.8%. […] When we compare patients with mastalgia symptom and routine control, there is no difference in the incidence of breast cancer.

• #37 Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence in Patients with Mastalgia and Routine Screening

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-6-094.php?jid=ijsrp

  In this trial, we searched the incidence of breast cancer among the patients complained of breast pain and control group referred to our clinic. […] There was no increase in the incidence of cancer in patients presenting with breast pain. However, most patients with breast pain are exposed to imaging methods to exclude the cancer suspicion. […] The prevalence of cancer in patients manifesting with breast pain is reported to be 0-3.2% and in one study up to 7%. […] Even though studies support the view that no strong relations exist between breast pain and breast cancer, the uneasiness and fear of breast cancer caused by pain are persistent. […] In our study, breast cancer rate in patients with mastalgia (n = 646) was 0.8%. […] When we compare patients with mastalgia symptom and routine control, there is no difference in the incidence of breast cancer.

• #38 Is Breast Pain an Indicator of Breast Cancer? – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2018/09/13/is-breast-pain-an-indicator-of-breast-cancer/

  Breast pain may be a symptom of breast cancer. However, radiographic studies have indicated only a 0-1.2% incidence of breast cancer in association with breast pain. US Data regarding the cancer incidence of patients entering a breast imaging center for evaluation of breast pain is not available. Kushwaha et al. (American Journal of Roentgenology, 2018) analyzed the incidence of breast pain, and the incidence of breast cancer in women with breast pain, and compared these data who women who present as part of the general screening population. […] Breast pain was not helpful as a screening symptom/indication for breast cancer and consequent breast cancer screening cost significant money for imaging centers. The authors recommend the following work-up for breast pain alone (no mass) “should include an annual screening mammogram for women 40 years or older and reassurance for female patients younger than 40 years.”

• #39 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  In cases where imaging is normal, some patients remain anxious and concerned about a potential for underlying malignancy, leading to repeated clinical and imaging follow-up. […] According to one study, there was 100% negative predictive value and 100% sensitivity for detecting malignancy in isolated pain with both mammography and ultrasound. […] In a review across multiple studies, the incidence of detecting malignancy in patients presenting with isolated clinically significant breast pain was 0.5%. […] Moreover, some studies have shown the incidence of detecting malignancy in those with breast pain was below the incidence in that of a general screening population. […] Thus, reassurance during the diagnostic consultation is important to help educate and minimize anxiety.

• #40 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  Palpable breast masses, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are commonly encountered symptoms in outpatient practice, causing significant patient anxiety and precipitating medical consultation. […] Mastalgia is usually not an indication of underlying malignancy. […] Mastalgia is the second most common breast symptom leading to medical evaluation in the primary care setting. […] Although pain is often mild, up to 11% of women experience severe pain, and more than one-third of these patients report adverse effects on sleep and sexual activity. […] Cyclic mastalgia accounts for two-thirds of all breast pain cases and is most common in women in their 20s and 30s. […] Noncyclic mastalgia has no temporal association with menses and may be focal or diffuse. […] Noncyclic/focal mastalgia should trigger diagnostic imaging because of its rare but occasional association with underlying malignancy.

• #41 Breast Pain Treatment Melbourne, VIC | Mastalgia Treatment Melbourne, VIC

  https://www.melbournebreastcancersurgery.com.au/breast-painmastalgia.html

  Most breast complaints are benign in nature. […] Mastalgia affects up to 77% of women at some time in their lives, and is so common it is considered part of a normal bodily process rather than a disease. […] Doctors often think it a trivial symptom, but for many women mastalgia causes significant discomfort and anxiety. […] It should not be forgotten that mastalgia is a symptom, and therefore is not a specific disease in its own right. […] About 2 in 3 cases are cyclical breast pain, and about 1 in 3 are non-cyclical. […] Any woman with a breast symptom, including significant mastalgia, requires a full breast assessment including clinical breast examination and breast imaging to exclude cancer and other significant breast pathology as an explanation for the symptoms. […] Most women require no treatment at all simple reassurance is all that is needed.

• #42 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  Palpable breast masses, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are commonly encountered symptoms in outpatient practice, causing significant patient anxiety and precipitating medical consultation. […] Mastalgia is usually not an indication of underlying malignancy. […] Mastalgia is the second most common breast symptom leading to medical evaluation in the primary care setting. […] Although pain is often mild, up to 11% of women experience severe pain, and more than one-third of these patients report adverse effects on sleep and sexual activity. […] Cyclic mastalgia accounts for two-thirds of all breast pain cases and is most common in women in their 20s and 30s. […] Noncyclic mastalgia has no temporal association with menses and may be focal or diffuse. […] Noncyclic/focal mastalgia should trigger diagnostic imaging because of its rare but occasional association with underlying malignancy.

• #43 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  Palpable breast masses, mastalgia, and nipple discharge are commonly encountered symptoms in outpatient practice, causing significant patient anxiety and precipitating medical consultation. […] Mastalgia is usually not an indication of underlying malignancy. […] Mastalgia is the second most common breast symptom leading to medical evaluation in the primary care setting. […] Although pain is often mild, up to 11% of women experience severe pain, and more than one-third of these patients report adverse effects on sleep and sexual activity. […] Cyclic mastalgia accounts for two-thirds of all breast pain cases and is most common in women in their 20s and 30s. […] Noncyclic mastalgia has no temporal association with menses and may be focal or diffuse. […] Noncyclic/focal mastalgia should trigger diagnostic imaging because of its rare but occasional association with underlying malignancy.

• #44 Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence in Patients with Mastalgia and Routine Screening

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-6-094.php?jid=ijsrp

  Breast cancer risk was not increased in women presenting with breast pain. […] Most patients with breast pain are exposed to imaging methods to exclude the cancer suspicion. However, breast imaging for any type of breast pain can help determine if there is a underlying and curable cause. […] Since all patients with cancer in the mastalgia group are non-cyclic and most of them are postmenopausal, we have to conclude that patients with this characteristic should be investigated better.

• #45 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  The risk of malignancy in patients with breast pain after normal CBE and mammography findings is approximately 0.5%. […] Although spontaneous resolution of breast pain is common, mastalgia can be chronic, necessitating a stepwise approach to management. […] Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac are the first-line pharmacologic treatment for cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia. […] Diagnostic imaging is not needed in patients with cyclic mastalgia if routine screening mammography is up to date and physical examination findings are normal. […] The prevalence of cancer among women who report breast symptoms is estimated to be less than 10%, and those with breast lumps have a higher risk of malignancy than those with breast pain.

• #46 Assessment of Breast Cancer Incidence in Patients with Mastalgia and Routine Screening

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsrp/international-journal-of-surgery-research-and-practice-ijsrp-6-094.php?jid=ijsrp

  Breast cancer risk was not increased in women presenting with breast pain. […] Most patients with breast pain are exposed to imaging methods to exclude the cancer suspicion. However, breast imaging for any type of breast pain can help determine if there is a underlying and curable cause. […] Since all patients with cancer in the mastalgia group are non-cyclic and most of them are postmenopausal, we have to conclude that patients with this characteristic should be investigated better.

• #47 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  Breast pain is an extremely common symptom experienced by 70-80% of women within their lifetimes. […] Unfortunately, it can significantly impact quality of life and provoke fear of underlying malignancy, often resulting in referral for diagnostic imaging. […] Fortunately, the causes of breast pain are typically benign and multiple studies have demonstrated a low association of pain with malignancy. […] In the absence of additional symptoms, isolated breast pain should be categorized as either clinically significant (focal and persistent pain involving 25% of the breast and axillary tissue) or clinically insignificant (cyclical/temporally associated with the menstrual cycle, non-focal/diffuse, and can be either unilateral or bilateral). […] As per the ACR Appropriateness Criteria for breast pain, imaging evaluation is usually appropriate for clinically significant pain to exclude an unlikely cancer as the cause of pain, to determine a treatable benign etiology, or to reassure the patient that there is no imaging abnormality present.

• #48 The Evaluation of Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0415/p2371.html

  Breast pain is the most common breast symptom causing women to consult primary care physicians and surgeons. Mastalgia is more common in pre-menopausal women than in postmenopausal women, and it is rarely a presenting symptom of breast cancer. […] The evaluation of breast pain begins with a thorough history and a careful physical examination. Special attention should be given to the type of pain, its location and its relationship to the menstrual cycle. […] In the vast majority of women with breast pain, the physical examination and mammography reveal no evidence of breast pathology. […] Breast pain should be treated when it is severe enough to interfere with a woman’s lifestyle and occurs for more than a few days each month. […] Because of the extreme variability in breast pain, only treatments that have been tested in randomized, controlled trials can confidently be considered beneficial. […] Surgery has no role in the management of breast pain in the absence of a dominant mass.

• #49 The Evaluation of Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0415/p2371.html

  Breast pain is the most common breast symptom causing women to consult primary care physicians and surgeons. Mastalgia is more common in pre-menopausal women than in postmenopausal women, and it is rarely a presenting symptom of breast cancer. […] The evaluation of breast pain begins with a thorough history and a careful physical examination. Special attention should be given to the type of pain, its location and its relationship to the menstrual cycle. […] In the vast majority of women with breast pain, the physical examination and mammography reveal no evidence of breast pathology. […] Breast pain should be treated when it is severe enough to interfere with a woman’s lifestyle and occurs for more than a few days each month. […] Because of the extreme variability in breast pain, only treatments that have been tested in randomized, controlled trials can confidently be considered beneficial. […] Surgery has no role in the management of breast pain in the absence of a dominant mass.

• #50 Breast pain: An evidence-based case report – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/breast-pain-evidence-based-case-report/

  The NP reassures SM that breast pain in women is common, especially in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Reassurance is first-line treatment for mastalgia and can be effective for as many as 85% of women, with greater success achieved in patients with mild or moderate cases than in those with severe mastalgia. […] Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumors in the breast, and appear most commonly in females in their teens, 20s, or 30s. They are solid masses of both glandular breast tissue and stromal (connective) tissue. They are not precancerous and are not excised unless they grow quickly or are extremely painful. […] A prospective breast pain diary may be helpful if the NP is trying to differentiate cyclic mastalgia from noncyclic mastalgia. […] A study showed that diclofenac gel, a topical NSAID applied to painful areas of the breast 3 times daily for 6 months, was superior to placebo in effectuating relief of both cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia, with no side effects. […] For patients with more severe debilitation from mastalgia, pharmacotherapies such as danazol, tamoxifen, or bromocriptine may be considered. A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that all three of these medications offer significant relief from mastalgia.

• #51 Breast diseases: Detection, Management, and Surveillance of Breast Disease | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/breast-diseases-detection-management-and-surveillance-of-breast-disease/

  More than two-thirds of women will experience breast pain at some time during their reproductive years, most commonly in the perimenopausal years. […] Approximately 90% of conditions that cause breast pain are benign. […] Breast pain is typically divided into cyclic pain, related to the menstrual cycle, and noncyclic pain. […] Noncyclic breast pain should be evaluated, particularly in older women, because there is a small association with malignancy. […] Pain as a presenting symptom of malignancy is uncommon in general and is extremely rare in the absence of mass or skin changes. […] Breast pain treatment is directed at the cause; however, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories are often useful when pain is idiopathic.

• #52 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  Women with breast pain constitute 20% of breast clinic attendees. […] This study shows that the incidence of breast cancer in women with breast pain alone (0.4%) is no higher than the background rate of cancer found in asymptomatic women undergoing breast screening (0.8%). […] Referring these women to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic is associated with no demonstrable health benefits but with increased costs and is not an effective use of healthcare resources. […] Women with breast pain should be reassured that they are at no greater risk of breast cancer than asymptomatic women. […] The incidence of pre-invasive or invasive malignancy in women referred with breast pain alone was 0.4%, compared with 5.4% incidence seen in women referred with a breast lump. […] On multivariable logistic regression modelling women referred with breast pain alone were 20 times less likely to have breast cancer compared with those with breast lumps, after adjustment for age (OR 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.09; P0.001).

• #53 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  The total cost of breast clinic attendances for the 1972 women referred with pain alone was 531 817, thus the cost per case of breast cancer identified in this group (n = 8) was 66 477. […] The greatest impact on the ICER was when any QALY loss because of anxiety associated with being referred was excluded; primary care reassurance no longer dominated, but the ICER (45 528/QALY) was still greater than typical cost-effectiveness thresholds used in decision making in the UK NHS.

• #54 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  The total cost of breast clinic attendances for the 1972 women referred with pain alone was 531 817, thus the cost per case of breast cancer identified in this group (n = 8) was 66 477. […] The greatest impact on the ICER was when any QALY loss because of anxiety associated with being referred was excluded; primary care reassurance no longer dominated, but the ICER (45 528/QALY) was still greater than typical cost-effectiveness thresholds used in decision making in the UK NHS.

• #55 Predictors of postoperative pain six months after breast surgery | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35426-8

  Breast cancer, with a high prevalence and survival rate, leads to long-term complications. A major sequel is acute or chronic postoperative pain, and we investigated the possible relationship with clinical and psychological variables. […] Acute and chronic pain are among the most common complications of surgery. Postoperative pain impairs physical, psychological, and social function and reduces the quality of life. […] Various characteristics have been investigated as potential risk factors, including loneliness; and is defined as experiencing psychological distress due to a feeling of inadequate social relationships. […] A significant positive correlation was found between the ULS-8 score and pain on the second and sixth postoperative days, along with the sixth-month pain. […] Results showed that a one-unit increase in preoperative pain was associated with a 0.22 increase in second-day pain (p-value=0.044) and a 0.2 increase in the sixth-month pain (p-value=0.026). Increase in ULS-8 was significantly related to higher pain values on the second day (b=0.13, p-value=0.011), on the seventh day (b=0.09, p-value=0.019), and on the sixth month (b=0.014, p-value=0.001). And the self-reported loneliness was associated with higher pain in the sixth month (b=0.51, p-value=0.003).

• #56 Predictors of postoperative pain six months after breast surgery | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35426-8

  Breast cancer, with a high prevalence and survival rate, leads to long-term complications. A major sequel is acute or chronic postoperative pain, and we investigated the possible relationship with clinical and psychological variables. […] Acute and chronic pain are among the most common complications of surgery. Postoperative pain impairs physical, psychological, and social function and reduces the quality of life. […] Various characteristics have been investigated as potential risk factors, including loneliness; and is defined as experiencing psychological distress due to a feeling of inadequate social relationships. […] A significant positive correlation was found between the ULS-8 score and pain on the second and sixth postoperative days, along with the sixth-month pain. […] Results showed that a one-unit increase in preoperative pain was associated with a 0.22 increase in second-day pain (p-value=0.044) and a 0.2 increase in the sixth-month pain (p-value=0.026). Increase in ULS-8 was significantly related to higher pain values on the second day (b=0.13, p-value=0.011), on the seventh day (b=0.09, p-value=0.019), and on the sixth month (b=0.014, p-value=0.001). And the self-reported loneliness was associated with higher pain in the sixth month (b=0.51, p-value=0.003).

• #57 Predictors of postoperative pain six months after breast surgery | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35426-8

  Preoperative pain (p-value=0.007), self-reported loneliness (p-value=0.01), and adjuvant radiotherapy (p-value=0.004) had significant effects on sixth-month pain. […] We found that six months after breast surgery, 47.6% of patients still experienced clinically meaningful pain, of which 8.9% had severe pain. […] The prevalence of chronic postoperative pain in breast surgery ranges from 25 to 60%, based on the study population and variations in defining persistent pain. […] We also found a significant correlation between acute and chronic postoperative pain intensity, in line with previous works. […] In our study, the feeling of loneliness was significantly associated with acute and chronic pain intensity. […] Our findings suggest that clinicians should give more attention to patients’ psychological distress to minimize physical complications, and further studies with larger cohorts and wider scopes should be designed.

• #58 Predictors of postoperative pain six months after breast surgery | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35426-8

  Preoperative pain (p-value=0.007), self-reported loneliness (p-value=0.01), and adjuvant radiotherapy (p-value=0.004) had significant effects on sixth-month pain. […] We found that six months after breast surgery, 47.6% of patients still experienced clinically meaningful pain, of which 8.9% had severe pain. […] The prevalence of chronic postoperative pain in breast surgery ranges from 25 to 60%, based on the study population and variations in defining persistent pain. […] We also found a significant correlation between acute and chronic postoperative pain intensity, in line with previous works. […] In our study, the feeling of loneliness was significantly associated with acute and chronic pain intensity. […] Our findings suggest that clinicians should give more attention to patients’ psychological distress to minimize physical complications, and further studies with larger cohorts and wider scopes should be designed.

• #59

  https://www.resed.es/incidence-of-postmastectomy-pain-syndrome-retrospective-analysis997

  ABSTRACT Introduction: The posmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is included in the new ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision) classification under the postsurgical pain syndrome subset. […] The published incidence of PMPS varies between 11-57 % according to different sources. […] The incidence lowers to 5-10 % when the pain is judged severe. […] Up to the 65 % of the patients present neuropathic characteristics. […] The aim of this article is to primary to determine the frequency and intensity of the incidence of, and seconddly to elucidate possible risk factors to influence its appearance. […] No relationship was found between the appearance of chronic pain and any of the variables studied. […] We judge necessary to perform new prospective studies which include a consensuated definition of PMPS to clearly elucidate possible risk factors that can contribute either to the incidence, intensity or impact in quality of life of our patients.

• #60

  https://www.resed.es/incidence-of-postmastectomy-pain-syndrome-retrospective-analysis997

  ABSTRACT Introduction: The posmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is included in the new ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision) classification under the postsurgical pain syndrome subset. […] The published incidence of PMPS varies between 11-57 % according to different sources. […] The incidence lowers to 5-10 % when the pain is judged severe. […] Up to the 65 % of the patients present neuropathic characteristics. […] The aim of this article is to primary to determine the frequency and intensity of the incidence of, and seconddly to elucidate possible risk factors to influence its appearance. […] No relationship was found between the appearance of chronic pain and any of the variables studied. […] We judge necessary to perform new prospective studies which include a consensuated definition of PMPS to clearly elucidate possible risk factors that can contribute either to the incidence, intensity or impact in quality of life of our patients.

• #61

  https://www.resed.es/incidence-of-postmastectomy-pain-syndrome-retrospective-analysis997

  La incidencia documentada de SDPM vara segn las publicaciones entre un 11 y un 57 %, bajando a un 5-10 % en caso de que sea severo, destacando que hasta el 65 % de los casos presentan caractersticas neuropticas. […] El objetivo primario de este trabajo es determinar la frecuencia y la intensidad de la incidencia del SDPM y el secundario identificar posibles factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. […] No hubo relacin entre el riesgo de dolor crnico y cualquiera de las variables analizadas. […] En nuestra opinin, parece necesario realizar nuevos estudios prospectivos que incluyan una definicin consensuada del SDPM para evaluar los posibles factores de riesgo que afecten tanto en incidencia, intensidad e impacto en la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes.

• #62

  https://www.resed.es/incidence-of-postmastectomy-pain-syndrome-retrospective-analysis997

  ABSTRACT Introduction: The posmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is included in the new ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision) classification under the postsurgical pain syndrome subset. […] The published incidence of PMPS varies between 11-57 % according to different sources. […] The incidence lowers to 5-10 % when the pain is judged severe. […] Up to the 65 % of the patients present neuropathic characteristics. […] The aim of this article is to primary to determine the frequency and intensity of the incidence of, and seconddly to elucidate possible risk factors to influence its appearance. […] No relationship was found between the appearance of chronic pain and any of the variables studied. […] We judge necessary to perform new prospective studies which include a consensuated definition of PMPS to clearly elucidate possible risk factors that can contribute either to the incidence, intensity or impact in quality of life of our patients.

• #63 Breast pain: An evidence-based case report – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/breast-pain-evidence-based-case-report/

  The NP reassures SM that breast pain in women is common, especially in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Reassurance is first-line treatment for mastalgia and can be effective for as many as 85% of women, with greater success achieved in patients with mild or moderate cases than in those with severe mastalgia. […] Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumors in the breast, and appear most commonly in females in their teens, 20s, or 30s. They are solid masses of both glandular breast tissue and stromal (connective) tissue. They are not precancerous and are not excised unless they grow quickly or are extremely painful. […] A prospective breast pain diary may be helpful if the NP is trying to differentiate cyclic mastalgia from noncyclic mastalgia. […] A study showed that diclofenac gel, a topical NSAID applied to painful areas of the breast 3 times daily for 6 months, was superior to placebo in effectuating relief of both cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia, with no side effects. […] For patients with more severe debilitation from mastalgia, pharmacotherapies such as danazol, tamoxifen, or bromocriptine may be considered. A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that all three of these medications offer significant relief from mastalgia.

• #64 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  In cases where imaging is normal, some patients remain anxious and concerned about a potential for underlying malignancy, leading to repeated clinical and imaging follow-up. […] According to one study, there was 100% negative predictive value and 100% sensitivity for detecting malignancy in isolated pain with both mammography and ultrasound. […] In a review across multiple studies, the incidence of detecting malignancy in patients presenting with isolated clinically significant breast pain was 0.5%. […] Moreover, some studies have shown the incidence of detecting malignancy in those with breast pain was below the incidence in that of a general screening population. […] Thus, reassurance during the diagnostic consultation is important to help educate and minimize anxiety.

• #65 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  In cases where imaging is normal, some patients remain anxious and concerned about a potential for underlying malignancy, leading to repeated clinical and imaging follow-up. […] According to one study, there was 100% negative predictive value and 100% sensitivity for detecting malignancy in isolated pain with both mammography and ultrasound. […] In a review across multiple studies, the incidence of detecting malignancy in patients presenting with isolated clinically significant breast pain was 0.5%. […] Moreover, some studies have shown the incidence of detecting malignancy in those with breast pain was below the incidence in that of a general screening population. […] Thus, reassurance during the diagnostic consultation is important to help educate and minimize anxiety.

• #66 Breast Pain – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/breast-pain

  Breast pain is an extremely common symptom experienced by 70-80% of women within their lifetimes. […] Unfortunately, it can significantly impact quality of life and provoke fear of underlying malignancy, often resulting in referral for diagnostic imaging. […] Fortunately, the causes of breast pain are typically benign and multiple studies have demonstrated a low association of pain with malignancy. […] In the absence of additional symptoms, isolated breast pain should be categorized as either clinically significant (focal and persistent pain involving 25% of the breast and axillary tissue) or clinically insignificant (cyclical/temporally associated with the menstrual cycle, non-focal/diffuse, and can be either unilateral or bilateral). […] As per the ACR Appropriateness Criteria for breast pain, imaging evaluation is usually appropriate for clinically significant pain to exclude an unlikely cancer as the cause of pain, to determine a treatable benign etiology, or to reassure the patient that there is no imaging abnormality present.

• #67 Assessment of prevalence and factors affecting Mastalgia among early reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-17173-7

  Mastalgia, or breast pain, is a prevalent and distressing condition experienced by women, impacting their daily lives and causing complications. It is common among women of reproductive age, with associations found with premenstrual syndrome, fibrocystic breast disease, psychological distress, and, in rare cases, breast cancer. […] The prevalence of Mastalgia was found to be 35.5%. […] The study highlights the prevalence of mastalgia and its related factors, emphasizing the necessity for increased awareness and support for affected women. […] Up to two-thirds of women experience Mastalgia at some point during their reproductive years. […] In Western societies, Mastalgia, which refers to breast pain without any underlying pathology, is a common complaint that may affect up to 70% of women during their lifetime.

• #68 Breast Pain Treatment Melbourne, VIC | Mastalgia Treatment Melbourne, VIC

  https://www.melbournebreastcancersurgery.com.au/breast-painmastalgia.html

  Studies have shown that cyclical breast pain goes away within three months of onset in about 3 in 10 cases. […] The simplest and perhaps most commonly used first line treatment for mastalgia is Evening Primrose Oil, which proves helpful for many women. […] Simple pain medication such as paracetamol can reduce mastalgia. […] Research has shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain relief, such as ibuprofen, can help breast pain, particularly non-cyclical pain. […] For severe cases of mastalgia that interfere with lifestyle, there are strong hormonal medications such as tamoxifen, danazol and bromocryptine.

• #69 Breast pain – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_pain

  Breast pain is one of the most common breast symptoms, along with breast masses and nipple discharge. […] About 70% of women have breast pain at some point in time. […] In more than 75% of people the pain resolves without any specific treatment. […] Diagnosis involves breast examination, with medical imaging if only a specific part of the breast hurts. […] Diagnostic testing can be useful. Typical tests used are mammogram, excisional biopsy for solid lumps, fine-needle aspiration and biopsy, pregnancy test, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Ruling out the other possible causes of the pain is one way to differentiate the source of the pain.

• #70 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  Women with breast pain constitute 20% of breast clinic attendees. […] This study shows that the incidence of breast cancer in women with breast pain alone (0.4%) is no higher than the background rate of cancer found in asymptomatic women undergoing breast screening (0.8%). […] Referring these women to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic is associated with no demonstrable health benefits but with increased costs and is not an effective use of healthcare resources. […] Women with breast pain should be reassured that they are at no greater risk of breast cancer than asymptomatic women. […] The incidence of pre-invasive or invasive malignancy in women referred with breast pain alone was 0.4%, compared with 5.4% incidence seen in women referred with a breast lump. […] On multivariable logistic regression modelling women referred with breast pain alone were 20 times less likely to have breast cancer compared with those with breast lumps, after adjustment for age (OR 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.09; P0.001).

• #71 No association between breast pain and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study of 10 830 symptomatic women presenting to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/72/717/e234

  Women with breast pain constitute 20% of breast clinic attendees. […] This study shows that the incidence of breast cancer in women with breast pain alone (0.4%) is no higher than the background rate of cancer found in asymptomatic women undergoing breast screening (0.8%). […] Referring these women to a breast cancer diagnostic clinic is associated with no demonstrable health benefits but with increased costs and is not an effective use of healthcare resources. […] Women with breast pain should be reassured that they are at no greater risk of breast cancer than asymptomatic women. […] The incidence of pre-invasive or invasive malignancy in women referred with breast pain alone was 0.4%, compared with 5.4% incidence seen in women referred with a breast lump. […] On multivariable logistic regression modelling women referred with breast pain alone were 20 times less likely to have breast cancer compared with those with breast lumps, after adjustment for age (OR 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.09; P0.001).

• #72 The prevalence, severity, and impact of breast pain in the general population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041468/

  Breast pain has been investigated in clinical populations; however we have yet to understand the prevalence and severity of this condition in the general population to determine whether more should be done to minimize the impact of this condition on women’s quality of life. […] Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence, severity, and impact of breast pain on quality of life and factors associated with breast pain in a normal population sample. […] Over half the sample (51.5%) experienced breast pain, with a severity similar to that reported in clinical populations. […] The results of this study suggest that breast pain is a significant issue within the general population and yet this is the first study to investigate it. […] It is concluded that this condition warrants increased investigation, awareness, and treatment.

• #73 The prevalence, severity, and impact of breast pain in the general population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041468/

  Breast pain has been investigated in clinical populations; however we have yet to understand the prevalence and severity of this condition in the general population to determine whether more should be done to minimize the impact of this condition on women’s quality of life. […] Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence, severity, and impact of breast pain on quality of life and factors associated with breast pain in a normal population sample. […] Over half the sample (51.5%) experienced breast pain, with a severity similar to that reported in clinical populations. […] The results of this study suggest that breast pain is a significant issue within the general population and yet this is the first study to investigate it. […] It is concluded that this condition warrants increased investigation, awareness, and treatment.

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