Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cluster Headache: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5909131/

  Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder affecting up to 0.1% of the population. […] Community-based studies have been performed to ascertain the prevalence of cluster headache. […] Fischera et al. reviewed 16 population-based studies published up to August 2007, specifically looking at cluster headache prevalence in a meta-analysis and found that the 1-year prevalence varied greatly between the studies and ranged from 3 to 150/100,000. Their pooled lifetime prevalence was 0.12%. […] Since August 2007, there have been two further population-based studies, one from the Republic of Georgia with a prevalence of 87 per 100,000 and in rural Ethiopia with a prevalence of 1.3%. […] Cluster headache has been historically considered to have a male preponderance, with a high male-to-female ratio, and thought to be different between episodic cluster headache (ECH) and chronic cluster headache (CCH.

• #2 Cluster Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544241/

  Cluster headaches occur in 0.1% of the general population. […] Men are three times more likely to suffer from this condition than women, though current research has shown that the ratio has decreased over time. […] Patients are 14 to 39 times more likely to be diagnosed if they have a 1st-degree relative who also had cluster headaches and have a 2- to 8- fold risk if a second-degree relative has the same diagnosis. […] Moreover, a higher incidence is also reported in patients with a history of head trauma. […] Research suggests anywhere between 30 to 80% of patients with cluster headaches also have sleep apnea.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69001/cluster_headache__what_s_new_.17.aspx

  Cluster headache affects approximately 0.1% of the population. […] In contrast to migraine which is more common in females, CH is approximately four times commoner in males. […] The onset is typically in the third decade of life. […] There appear to be both genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of CH. […] Approximately 6% of patients of CH have a family history in a first or second-degree relative, and there are several reports of CH in identical twins. […] Cigarette smoking is extremely common in those with CH, and in most cases, the smoking habit precedes the onset of CH. […] Previous head injury is commonly reported by patients with CH. […] CH affects approximately one in 1000 of the population. […] The pathophysiology of cluster headache and other primary headache disorders has recently become better understood and is thought to involve the hypothalamus and trigeminovascular system.

• #4 Managing cluster headache | Practical Neurology

  https://pn.bmj.com/content/19/6/521

  Cluster headache is a neurological disorder that presents with unilateral severe headache associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms. Cluster headache attacks often occur more than once a day, and typically manifesting in bouts. It has a point prevalence of 1 in 1000 and is the most common trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia. […] Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder and is the most common of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. It affects approximately 1 in 1000 of the population. A neurologist working in a district general hospital and regional neuroscience centre might see 411 cases of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia per year. […] Cluster headache is more common in men, with a ratio of 2.5-3.5:1. However, it is important to recognise that women do present with cluster headache and there is often a delay to diagnosis. […] Accurate diagnosis is key and the management of cluster headache is rapidly changing, with novel treatment options that are more specific to cluster headache.

• #5 Chapter 2, Episode 4: What is Cluster Headache? – Association of Migraine Disorders

  https://www.migrainedisorders.org/video/chapter-2-episode-4-what-is-cluster-headache/

  Cluster headache can be episodic or chronic. About 90% of people with the disease have an episodic form which means a person experiences at least two cycles that last for 1 week to 1 year with remission periods longer than three months. People with chronic cluster headache have cycles that last for at least one year but do not have a headache-free period or their remission period will last less than three months. […] The disease occurs in approximately 1 per 1,000 people in the US or 326,500 Americans. While the disease is more common in men, it is important to still consider this diagnosis in women.

• #6

  https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3363

  Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder and is the most prevalent of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. […] Cluster headache significantly impacts those affected, necessitating early diagnosis and management. […] Despite unique clinical features, such as patients experiencing attacks in a circannual pattern and often with a circadian rhythm within bouts, cluster headache patients often are misdiagnosed, mismanaged and have a delay in diagnosis. […] The incidence and prevalence of cluster headache: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. […] Cluster headache prevalence. Vaga study of headache epidemiology. […] Epidemiology and genetics of cluster headache. […] The economic and personal burden of cluster headache: a controlled cross-sectional study. […] Cluster headache epidemiology including pediatric onset, sex, and ICHD criteria: Results from the International Cluster Headache Questionnaire.

• #7 Frontiers | Cluster headache: an update on clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2024.1373528/full

  Cluster headache (CH) affects 0.1% of the population with an incidence of 2.07–9.8/100,00 person-years-habitants, a mean prevalence of 53/100,000 inhabitants (3–150/100,000 inhabitants). […] The incidence has been difficult to estimate due to the relatively low frequency of CH and systematic underdiagnosis. A study in a specialist practice setting in the USA observed 40 new cases of TAC in 4 years, mostly CH, which accounted for 5.3% of all headaches. […] Fischera et al. reported in a meta-analysis of 16 studies that examined prevalence frequencies from 3 to 150/100,000 persons, and the combined lifetime prevalence was 124/100,000 (95% CI: 101–151), and the mean annual prevalence was 53/100,000 (95% CI: 26–95). […] Variations can be found in epidemiological data from different series; Stovner et al. determined that Multiple Linear Regression analyses explained less than 30% of the variations; other methodological factors influencing these differences are year of publication, sample size, the inclusion of probable diagnoses, sampling method, screening question, and research setting.

• #8 Cluster Headache: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p24.html

  Cluster headache, the most common form of trigeminal autonomic cephalgia, is a rare primary headache disorder that affects less than 1% of the population. […] Typical age of onset is 20 to 40 years; it is two to three times more common in men than women. […] Lifetime prevalence is 124 per 100,000. […] Having a first-degree relative with cluster headache increases the patient’s risk five to 18 times, whereas having a second-degree relative with cluster headache increases the risk one to three times.

• #9 Update on Cluster Headaches: From Genetic to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.e-hpr.org/journal/view.php?number=897

  Cluster headaches affect 0.1% of the population and are four times more common in males than in females. […] CH, the predominant entity within TACs, exhibits a relatively low incidence when juxtaposed with primary headaches, such as tension-type headaches or migraine, demonstrating an estimated prevalence of 0.1%. […] Meta-analytical findings indicated a lifetime prevalence of 124 per 100,000 for CH. […] Given that approximately 10% of people affected by CH transition to chronic form the expected prevalence of chronic CH ranges from 10 to 15 individuals per 100,000 individuals. […] CH occurs four times more frequently in males than in females. […] Although there was a male predominance of CH, there were no significant differences in prevalence rates between episodic and chronic CH.

• #10 Cluster Headache Epidemiology or Frequency

  https://bellaireneurology.com/headaches/cluster-how-common.html

  Cluster headache is a relatively uncommon type of headache. It is estimated that in any given year about 1 in 200 men and 1 in 1000 women will have cluster headaches. […] The incidence or the chance of getting cluster headaches for someone who has never had them before is estimated to be 16 in 100,000 men and 4 in 100,000 women. […] Because the disease is so uncommon, patients with cluster headaches commonly suffer needlessly, untreated, or treated improperly because a non-neurologist may not recognize the diagnosis.

• #11 Cluster Headache: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5909131/

  Bahra et al. found that the male-to-female ratio to be 2.5:1 and has been consistent through the decade. […] The majority of the large-scale epidemiological studies have been performed in Caucasians. Consequently, less is known regarding the prevalence of cluster headache across the world. […] In rural Ethiopia, the prevalence of cluster headache between 1992 and 1993 was reported to be extremely rare at 0.03%, whereas in 2011, the prevalence of cluster headache was found to be 1.3%, reflecting the other prevalence from the meta-analysis mentioned above.

• #12 Cluster Headache: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142459-overview

  The exact prevalence of cluster headache (CH) in the United States is unknown; Kudrow estimated it to be 0.4% in men and 0.08% in women. Its occurrence varies across geographical regions and has been reported to be as high as 1 in 500. Compared with classic migraine, CH is relatively uncommon, with an incidence equivalent to only 29% of that of migraine. Prevalence in males is 0.41%. In an extensive study of 100,000 inhabitants of the republic of San Marino, the prevalence was 0.07%. The incidence of CH in the United Kingdom is equivalent to that of multiple sclerosis. […] For unknown reasons, men are afflicted by CH three times more often than are women. Presentations in females may differ from those in males, according to data from the United States Cluster Headache Survey. For example, women tend to develop CH at an earlier age and are also more likely to exhibit a second peak of CH incidence after the age of 50. […] Racial and ethnic differences have not been well studied, but CH may be slightly more prevalent in African Americans and may be underdiagnosed in black women.

• #13 Cluster headache | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2015/08/cluster-headache

  Cluster headache is a relatively rare type of headache, but nevertheless the most common of the so-called trigeminal autonomic cephalagias. […] Little is known about the incidence of cluster headache, but prevalence varies between studies from 0.05% to 0.3%. […] The only Norwegian survey of incidence was conducted by Dr Sjaastad via personal interviews with 1,838 people in the municipality of VÃ¥g, seven of whom (0.38%) were found to have cluster headache. […] A major Swedish study from the 1970s reported that 0.09% of adult males in the population suffered from cluster headache. […] If the prevalence in the Norwegian population is estimated to be 0.51 per 1,000, this would mean that there are 2,500-5,000 Norwegians who suffer from this condition. […] Whereas migraine most frequently affects women, men are affected three times more often than women by cluster headache.

• #14 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiologic study of cluster headache prevalence in a medium-size city in Brazil Epidemiologic study of cluster headache prevalence in a medium-size city in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/TqmmMr7TZzVrVnbmyMCnFky/

  To determine the prevalence of cluster headache (CH) in Barbacena, a medium-size city in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. […] In all, 15 patients were diagnosed as having CH, comprising a prevalence of 0.0414%; or 41.4/100,000 inhabitants. […] The prevalence of cluster headache in Barbacena was lower than that observed in many locations worldwide. […] The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of CH in the population of Barbacena, a medium-size city in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the effectiveness of the Brazilian health system and its employees in identifying CH patients using a questionnaire. […] The lifetime prevalence of CH was 0.0414%, or 41.4 cases in 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Barbacena, Brazil. […] The data confirms the literature, according to which the greater prevalence of CH was in males.

• #15 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiologic study of cluster headache prevalence in a medium-size city in Brazil Epidemiologic study of cluster headache prevalence in a medium-size city in Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/TqmmMr7TZzVrVnbmyMCnFky/

  This study helped define the prevalence of CH in Brazil, which, although being considered a rare disorder, has a big impact on the quality of life of individuals, justifying the importance of the study. The prevalence of CH found in the sample of 36,145 inhabitants in the city of Barbacena/MG was 0.04%, or 41.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.

• #16 Cluster Headaches | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cluster-headaches/

  Cluster headache Headache The symptom of pain in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of headache disorders. Brain Abscess can last from weeks to months, during which the affected individual may experience attacks up to several times a day, followed by a pain-free remission period. […] Men are more commonly affected by cluster headaches than women. […] The diagnosis is clinical and often easy to establish owing to the distinct features of the presenting headache Headache The symptom of pain in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of headache disorders. Brain Abscess. […] Lifetime prevalence Prevalence The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency: approximately 120/100,000

• #16 Cluster Headaches | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cluster-headaches/

  1-year prevalence Prevalence The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. Measures of Disease Frequency: approximately 50/100,000 […] Men women, 3:1 ratio […] Mean age of onset: 2040 years […] Positive family history Family History Adult Health Maintenance in 5%20% of cases […] Strong association with cigarette smoking Smoking Willful or deliberate act of inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning substances or agents held by hand. Interstitial Lung Diseases […] Strong association with suicide Suicide Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Patients with chronic medical conditions or psychiatric disorders are at increased risk of suicidal ideation, attempt, and/or completion. The patient assessment of suicide risk is very important as it may help to prevent a serious suicide attempt, which may result in death. Suicide attempts and successful suicide Suicide Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Patients with chronic medical conditions or psychiatric disorders are at increased risk of suicidal ideation, attempt, and/or completion. The patient assessment of suicide risk is very important as it may help to prevent a serious suicide attempt, which may result in death. Suicide.

• #17 Cluster Headache: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/cluster-headaches-pro

  How common are cluster headaches? (Epidemiology)5 […] CH has an estimated one-year prevalence of 53 per 100,000 adults. The lifetime prevalence is 124 per 100,000. […] The typical age of onset of CH is 20 to 40 years. About 7 out of 10 patients report onset before the age of 30. […] About 4 times more males are affected than females. The male-to-female ratio is significantly higher for chronic CH (15:1) than for episodic CH (3.8:1). […] About 80-90% of people with episodic cluster headache have recurrent bouts separated by remission periods of more than a month. […] Cigarette smoking, a history of head injury, having an affected 1st degree relative and alcohol use are also associated risk factors for the development of cluster headache.6

• #18

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-003-0025-1

  Cluster headache is rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. […] A decreasing male:female ratio also has been noted, perhaps attributable to lifestyle trends adopted by more women that were previously associated with men, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and working outside of the home. […] The emerging understanding of the genetics of cluster headache increasingly suggests a genetic component, with familial transmission now recognized to be more common than previously appreciated. […] Ethnic and racial differences in prevalence are less well understood. […] Tonon C, Guttmann S, Volpini M, et al.: Prevalence and incidence of cluster headache in the Republic of San Marino. Neurology 2002, 58:14071409. Widely quoted and considered a standard, this study canvasses a fixed population over time to demonstrate the natural history in one unique setting. Generalizing these results are difficult. No other population-based study has attempted its rigorous attention to diagnostic confirmation, although there are few patients.

• #19 Pulsenotes | Cluster headache

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/neurology/notes/cluster-headache

  The lifetime prevalence of cluster headaches is estimated to be 124 per 100,000 people. […] Onset tends to be between the ages of 20-40. Males are affected four times more commonly than females.

• #20 Cluster Headache: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment in Pediatric Headache

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1203

  Cluster headache (CH) is not common in pediatric age, but it can be diagnosed in headache centers for children and adolescents, which requires proper recognition and treatment. […] The prevalence of CH in children is estimated to be between 0.03% and 0.1%, slightly less than the prevalence in adults, which is around 0.1–0.4%. […] An online survey conducted in the USA on 1134 patients showed that around 35% of patients have their first episode before 20 years of age while another study, also conducted in the USA with a similar methodology, reported that 27.5% of participants had an onset before 18. […] According to other data, only 5% of cases start before age 14, while 18% begin between age 15 and 19. […] Around 10% of pediatric cases have a positive family history of CH. […] The majority of cases occur between 15 and 25 years of age, with prevalence gradually diminishing for older age groups.

• #21 Update on Cluster Headaches: From Genetic to Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  https://www.e-hpr.org/journal/view.php?number=897

  The male-to-female ratio was highest at the age of onset of 20-49 years, with 7.2:1 in episodic and 11:1 in chronic CH. […] The male-to-female incidence ratio was lowest in those aged 50 years, 2.3:1 in episodic CH, and 0.6:1 in chronic CH. […] The study found that circadian rhythmicity of CH attacks was more common in female (73.6%) than male (63.3%). […] Female group also had a higher frequency of nocturnal attacks. […] The first genome-wide association study of CHs to aggregate data for meta-analysis, identify genetic risk variants, and gain biological insights was reported in 2023. […] This study was carried out in a total of 4,777 clinically diagnosed CH cases in 10 cohorts in Europe and one cohort in East Asia. […] The heritability estimate for CH was 14.5%, and the meta-analysis identified nine independent signals at seven loci (DUSP10, MERTK, FTCDNL1, FHL5, WNT2, PLCE1, and LRP1) of genome-wide significance, and one additional locus (CAPN2) in the trans-ethnic meta-analysis.

• #22 Cluster Headache: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment in Pediatric Headache

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1203

  CH is more prevalent in male children and adolescents, similarly to what was observed in the adult population. […] A survey reported around 72% in pediatric age are male, but this male predominance might not be the case before puberty, as suggested by some published data that show a similar proportion between sexes under 10 years of age and under 13 years of age. […] Recently some authors published a case-series with a strong female predominance (male-to-female ratio of 1:1.7), but this might be due to selection bias. […] Also, the abovementioned online survey shows that the relative majority of female patients (45%) have the first CH episode before the age of 20. […] These data, taken together, support the thesis that hormonal factors may have an important role and that estrogens may have a protective function. […] Among other environmental factors associated with CH, a greater risk has been described in children exposed to smoking during childhood.

• #23 Cluster headache | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2015/08/cluster-headache

  The risk of cluster headache is estimated to be 5-18 times higher in first-degree relatives than in the general population, and 13 times higher in second-degree relatives. […] An association has been demonstrated with the alcohol dehydrogenase gene and with a variant of the hypocretin receptor 2 gene. […] A study from Northern Norway found that only a minority of cluster headache patients were non-smokers or had never smoked. […] In order to better survey the incidence of cluster headache, ensure equal provision of quality-assured treatment across health authorities, and facilitate research, we advocate the preparation of detailed national care guidelines and the establishment of a national patient/quality register.

• #24 Prevalence of familial cluster headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01101-w

  The population rate of familial cluster headache (CH) has been reported to be as high as 20% however this varies considerably across studies. […] To obtain a true estimate of family history in CH, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published data. […] The estimated true prevalence of CH patients with a positive family history was 6.27% (95% CI:4.658.40%) with an overall I2 of 73%. […] Our findings estimate a rate of family history in CH to be approximately 6.27% (95% CI: 4.658.40%). […] Those with a family history of CH appear to have an increased risk of developing the condition. […] Estimations of the presence of a positive family history amongst sufferers varies across studies. […] The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic appraisal and meta-analysis of all studies in addition to presenting original data reporting a prevalence of familial CH.

• #25 Prevalence of familial cluster headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-020-01101-w

  The estimated prevalence of family history of CH ranging from 4.9% to 26.3%. […] The estimated true proportion of CH patients with a positive family history was 6.27% (95% CI:4.658.40%) and overall I2 of 73%. […] Despite the overall prevalence of CH being higher in males, a number of the identified studies reported an increased prevalence of family history of CH in females compared to males. […] Our results nevertheless add to evidence suggesting a familial aggregation of CH and a role of genetic variation in its aetiology. […] The exact contribution of familial risk to CH is not yet clearly understood and is complicated by complex pedigrees which often demonstrate reduced penetrance. […] In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we predict the prevalence of family history in CH to be approximately 6.27%.

• #26 Lesson: Pharmacologic Management of Cluster Headache

  https://journalce.powerpak.com/ce/pharmacologic-management-of-cluster-headache

  The lifetime prevalence of cluster headache is 124 per 100,000 based on pooled epidemiological studies. Onset of symptoms is typically seen by the early third decade of life, and women often have an earlier onset of symptoms compared with men. […] Most data regarding cluster headaches have primarily been in Caucasian populations, so it is difficult to determine if there are differences in prevalence across race and ethnicity. Cluster headache occurs more predominantly in men, with rates quadrupled in males versus females. Familial studies indicate that first-degree relatives have a five-to-18-fold greater risk of developing cluster headache compared with the general population. […] Although not a definitive risk factor, smoking is more prevalent in patients with cluster headache.

• #27 Cluster Headaches: Introduction and Epidemiology | Anesthesia Key

  https://aneskey.com/cluster-headaches-introduction-and-epidemiology/

  Cluster headache (CH) falls into group 3 of the International Headache Society (IHS) classification, the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and is coded 3.1. In the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) of the World Health Organization (WHO), it is coded G44.0 (episodic CH-G44.01, chronic CH-G44.02). […] There is a clear male preponderance. Two main clinical forms of CH may be identified: episodic and chronic. The most common form is the episodic form, which affects 80% to 90% of patients. […] The chronic form lacks the remissions and is diagnosed after 1 year without remission or if remissions have lasted less than one month. […] Apart from these main clinical forms of CH, which affect the vast majority of patients, there are atypical cases, coded 3.4 in the IHS classification.

• #28 3.1 Cluster headache – ICHD-3

  https://ichd-3.org/3-trigeminal-autonomic-cephalalgias/3-1-cluster-headache/

  Attacks occur in series lasting for weeks or months (so-called cluster periods or bouts) separated by remission periods usually lasting months or years. About 10-15% of patients have Chronic cluster headache, without such remission periods. […] Age at onset is usually 20-40 years. For unknown reasons, men are afflicted three times more often than are women. […] Acute attacks involve activation in the region of the posterior hypothalamic grey matter. Cluster headache may be autosomal dominant in about 5% of cases.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2018/21001/cluster_headache__epidemiology,_pathophysiology,.2.aspx

  Bahra et al. found that the male-to-female ratio to be 2.5:1 and has been consistent through the decade. […] The natural history of cluster headache is difficult to predict. […] Cluster headache is still underdiagnosed and suboptimally managed, and patients often have a delay to their diagnosis. […] The US cluster headache survey found that cluster headache patients on average have more than 5 years delay in diagnosis with only 21% receiving a correct diagnosis at the time of initial presentation.

• #30 Cluster headache – The Migraine TrustVisualV1 – SearchVisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – Home VisualV1 – CrossVisualV1 – ArrowVisualV1 – Arrow

  https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/types-of-migraine/other-headache-disorders/cluster-headache/

  Cluster headache is a rare type of headache, approximately 1 in 1000 people have it. It is more common in men than women. […] People may find the start of the cluster, and the duration is consistent from one bout to another. Some people experience cluster headache seasonally – during the spring or autumn, and at the same time each year. […] Up to 2 in 10 people with cluster headache have chronic cluster headache.

• #31 Cluster Headaches: Symptoms, Specialists, and Treatment Options

  https://headacheaustralia.org.au/headachetypes/cluster-headache/

  Cluster headache is a relatively rare but extremely painful type of headache, usually strictly one-sided, attacks in cyclical pattern and bouts. It occurs in about one in 1000 people, often starts in 20-40 years of age. Males are about three times more likely to be affected than females. It occurs rarely in children and is extremely rare after 70-75. The term cluster is used as the attacks usually occur in groups or clusters, typically for several weeks once or twice a year at the same time of year. […] During a cluster period, people will experience 1-8 attacks per day, lasting between 15 minutes to 3 hours. […] Cluster headache belongs to a category of primary headache disorders called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs). […] Cluster headache is further divided into episodic and chronic subtypes based on the length of break between attacks. In episodic type, there are usually bouts of attacks, more frequent in spring and autumn. The bouts tend to last for 6-12 weeks with break of more than 3 months. Chronic cluster headache, on the other hand, has break that is shorter than three months.

• #32 The economic and personal burden of cluster headache: a controlled cross-sectional study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01427-7

  Cluster headache is a less-prevalent primary headache disorder but is overrepresented with regards to use of health care and social services. […] We aimed to explore the impact on both personal and societal parameters to compile a comprehensive assessment of the disease burden in a large cohort of eCH and cCH patients compared to controls. […] The majority of the cluster headache (CH) population is episodic (eCH) and experience attacks in bouts, thus being in remission for months to years. […] This combination of early onset and long-term disease duration have enormous potential to impact both the individual, with regards to life choices in family and professional matters, but also the society in terms of direct and indirect costs. […] Overall, the literature supports this notion, however, a recent review concludes that the current evidence level is too sparse to draw firm conclusions.

• #33 The economic and personal burden of cluster headache: a controlled cross-sectional study | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01427-7

  The direct and indirect costs are summarized for both eCH and cCH patients. […] The direct costs of eCH patients were slightly higher in a German study from 2011. […] The direct cost was in this study based on patient reported outcome, another strategy to investigate this could be via the pharmacy databases in Denmark. […] The total indirect cost also includes presenteeism, rehabilitation, the work absence for the spouse and other costs. […] The Danish welfare system is characterized by high redistribution of income and therefore we believe the human capital approach is the best fit even if it tends to overestimate the cost. […] In conclusion, CH affects the patients significantly on both an economic and personal level.

• #34 Perceptions, experiences, and understandings of cluster headache among GPs and neurologists: a qualitative study | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/70/696/e514

  There is a significant gap in our understanding of how healthcare professionals understand CH and manage this debilitating primary headache in their own clinical practices. […] Cluster headache is poorly recognised in primary care; patients face long delays to receive a correct diagnosis, and misdiagnosis, and consequently mismanagement, is common. […] GPs and neurologists recognise that CH is often misdiagnosed as migraine, sinusitis, trigeminal neuralgia, tension-type headache, or dental or ophthalmological disorders. […] Significant diagnostic delays in CH and consulting multiple health professionals causes a substantial and avoidable burden on the health system.

• #35 New findings about cluster headaches | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211208110314.htm

  Debilitating cluster headaches commonly begin in childhood, but patients are not typically diagnosed until they are adults, according to research from The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston). […] There is extremely limited information on several characteristics of cluster headache, namely pediatric-onset cluster headache and comparative effectiveness of cluster headache treatments. […] Significantly, pediatric onset was found in 27.5% of survey participants, but only 15.2% of participants with pediatric onset were diagnosed before the age of 18. […] Burish said the study also revealed that women who have cluster headaches report higher pain intensity, more nausea, and higher depression scores than men. […] In addition to this epidemiological data, Burish said the study unearthed some smaller tidbits of information worthy of future research. […] „Cluster headache seems to start at a younger age in patients with a family history of cluster headache, compared to an older age in patients without a family history,” Burish said.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211208/Research-provides-new-insights-into-debilitating-cluster-headaches.aspx

  Debilitating cluster headaches commonly begin in childhood, but patients are not typically diagnosed until they are adults, according to research from The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston). […] Cluster headache is a rare headache disorder, occurring in about one in every 1,000 individuals. […] Significantly, pediatric onset was found in 27.5% of survey participants, but only 15.2% of participants with pediatric onset were diagnosed before the age of 18. […] Burish said the study also revealed that women who have cluster headaches report higher pain intensity, more nausea, and higher depression scores than men. […] In addition to this epidemiological data, Burish said the study unearthed some smaller tidbits of information worthy of future research. […] Cluster headache seems to start at a younger age in patients with a family history of cluster headache, compared to an older age in patients without a family history.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2021/69001/cluster_headache__what_s_new_.17.aspx

  There is good quality evidence for acute treatment of attacks with parenteral triptans and high flow oxygen; preventive treatment with verapamil; and transitional treatment with oral corticosteroids or greater occipital nerve injection. […] The International Consortium for Cluster Headache Genetics (ICCG) is currently conducting a large genome-wide association study which is due to report shortly and will likely identify some CH susceptibility loci.

• #38 Cluster Headaches: Types, Symptoms & Treatments | AMF

  https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/cluster-headache-2/

  Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder and the most common of the group of headache disorders called trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. […] People who experience chronic cluster headache have no remission periods, or the remissions last less than a month at a time. […] It is speculated that between 200,000 and 1 million people are living with cluster headache in the U.S., but that there has not been real research done on figuring out the true number. […] Brewer says misdiagnosis is a real problem, and instead of too many people being wrongly diagnosed with cluster headache, it’s actually a matter of people not being correctly diagnosed with the disease—sometimes being misdiagnosed with a migraine disorder instead. […] People suspected of having cluster headache should be carefully assessed by their doctor for an underlying cause, and imaging of the brain and vessels in the head should occur. […] The term “cluster headache” should be used carefully, as people will sometimes use it to refer to headaches that occur in “clusters.” […] Cluster headache is an unusual, severe headache disorder with specific characteristics and treatment.

• #39 5 Things To Know About Cluster Headache > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/cluster-headaches

  Headache disorders are managed primarily in two waysacute treatments targeting the individual headache attack and preventive treatments that reduce the overall frequency and severity of the attacks. […] High-flow oxygen can be effective in about 75% of patients with cluster headache and can be used at home, though there are several barriers to accessing this important treatment, says Dr. Schindler. […] Preventive treatments for cluster headache include verapamil (brand name Verelan), a medication also used to lower blood pressure, and galcanezumab (brand name Emgality). […] Dr. Schindler and colleagues at Yale and the Veterans Affairs (VA) Connecticut Healthcare System in West Haven, CT, are currently studying how psilocybin (a psychedelic found in magic mushrooms) can be used to treat cluster headache, migraine, and post-traumatic headache (which can occur after a head injury). […] With cluster headache, treatment with three doses of psilocybin reduced cluster attack frequency by about 30% over a number of weeks in the trial, she adds.

• #40 Cluster Headache Epidemiology Insight Report 2021-2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210415005583/en/Cluster-Headache-Epidemiology-Insight-Report-2021-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  The epidemiology segment also provides the Cluster Headache epidemiology data and findings across the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] The total prevalent cases of Cluster Headache associated in 7MM countries were 877,859 in 2020. […] As per the estimates, the United States has the largest prevalent population of Cluster Headache. […] Among the EU5 countries, Germany had the highest prevalent cases of Cluster Headache, followed by France. On the other hand, Spain had the lowest prevalent cases, with 61,798 cases in 2020. […] Epidemiology and Patient Population […] Key Findings […] Epidemiology of Cluster Headache […] The United States […] Prevalence of Cluster Headache in the United States […] Diagnosed cases of Cluster Headache in the United States […] Type-specific cases of Cluster Headache in the United States […] Gender-specific cases of Cluster Headache in the United States […] Age-specific cases of Cluster Headache in the United States […] EU5 […] Germany […] France […] Italy […] Spain […] United Kingdom […] Japan

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