Atypowa hiperplazja piersi
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Atypowa hiperplazja piersi (AH), obejmująca atypową hiperplazję przewodową (ADH) i zrazikową (ALH), jest proliferacyjną zmianą przednowotworową charakteryzującą się nieprawidłową proliferacją komórek nabłonkowych w obrębie przewodów lub zrazików piersi. Zmiany te wykazują podobieństwa molekularne i genetyczne do niskiego stopnia raka przewodowego in situ (DCIS), w tym utratę 16q i 17p oraz przyrosty 1q, co sugeruje ich rolę jako wczesnych prekursorów raka piersi. AH wiąże się z 4-5-krotnym wzrostem ryzyka rozwoju raka piersi, z predylekcją do wystąpienia nowotworu w piersi ipsilateralnej. Patogeneza obejmuje uszkodzenia DNA indukowane przez estrogeny, aneuploidię, metylację DNA genów supresorowych oraz zmiany w ekspresji genów takich jak cyklina D1, p16, HOXA i telomeraza, co prowadzi do niekontrolowanej proliferacji i potencjalnej progresji do raka inwazyjnego. Diagnostyka histopatologiczna ADH opiera się na obecności monomorficznych komórek w obrębie do 2 mm zajętych przewodów, z cechami architektonicznymi podobnymi do DCIS niskiego stopnia, często z mikrozwapnieniami widocznymi w mammografii.

Patogeneza atypowej hiperplazji piersi

Atypowa hiperplazja piersi (atypical hyperplasia of the breast) definiowana jest jako nieprawidłowa proliferacyjna zmiana w tkance gruczołu piersiowego, która nie jest wystarczająco nieprawidłowa pod względem jakościowym lub ilościowym, aby zakwalifikować ją jako rak in situ. Stanowi ona stan przednowotworowy i może występować zarówno w nabłonku przewodowym, jak i zrazikowym.1 Jest to zmiana wysokiego ryzyka, która wiąże się z czterokrotnie lub pięciokrotnie zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju raka piersi w przyszłości.2 W przypadku zdiagnozowania atypowej hiperplazji przewodowej (ADH) lub zrazikowej (ALH) ryzyko rozwoju DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) lub inwazyjnego raka piersi zwiększa się 4-5 razy, z predylekcją 2:1 dla piersi ipsilateralnej w porównaniu z kontralateralną.3

Zmiany DNA i czynniki molekularne

Atypowa hiperplazja piersi pojawia się, gdy komórki w tkance piersiowej rozwijają zmiany w swoim DNA. DNA komórki zawiera instrukcje, które mówią komórce, co ma robić. Zmiany te nakazują komórce wytwarzanie większej liczby komórek, co powoduje ich nagromadzenie w piersi. Specjaliści ochrony zdrowia nazywają to nagromadzenie hiperplazją. Zmiany te przekształcają również komórki w komórki atypowe, co oznacza, że wyglądają one inaczej niż typowe komórki.4 Molekularne badania wykazały, że podobne zmiany genomowe występują zarówno w ADH, jak i w DCIS niskiego stopnia, prowadząc do hipotezy, że ADH i DCIS leżą na spektrum choroby i że ADH reprezentuje wczesny wzorzec choroby lub zmianę prekursorową dla DCIS.5

Badania genetyczne ujawniają, że ADH ma nawracające zmiany obejmujące utratę 16q i 17p oraz przyrosty 1q. Te zmiany genetyczne są podobne do tych obserwowanych w DCIS niskiego stopnia (LGDCIS), co sugeruje związek prekursor-produkt.6 Atypowe hiperplazje charakteryzują się zaawansowanymi zmianami genomowymi, w tym aneuploidią, utratą heterozygotyczności, grubymi rearanżacjami chromosomowymi, takimi jak amplifikacje i delecje na dużą skalę, metylacją DNA genów supresorowych nowotworów i innych genów, oraz różnicami w ekspresji genów między AH a otaczającą normalną tkanką piersi, w tym znaczącą ekspresją receptora estrogenowego.7

Rola estrogenu w powstawaniu atypowej hiperplazji

Jednym z głównych czynników inicjujących te zmiany genomowe jest estrogen. Estrogen i jego metabolity są związane z wieloma efektami uszkadzającymi DNA, prowadzącymi do wadliwej kontroli wzrostu, szczególnie komórek progenitorowych przewodów.8 Ekspozycja na estrogen jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju atypowej hiperplazji przewodowej. Estrogen i jego metabolity mają związane z nimi efekty uszkadzające DNA, które prowadzą do nieprawidłowej kontroli wzrostu i niekontrolowanej proliferacji w tkance piersi.9

Ta dożywotnia ekspozycja na estrogen potencjalnie reprezentuje ciągłą akumulację zmian genomowych i uszkodzeń, które mogą prowadzić do rozwoju atypowych proliferacyjnych zmian piersi.10 Długotrwałe narażenie na estrogen powoduje ciągłą akumulację zmian genomowych, które prowadzą do wadliwej kontroli wzrostu.11 Wzmocniona sygnalizacja estrogenowa i utrata ekspresji SFRP1 są wspólnymi cechami w obrębie sygnatury ekspresji genów w AH, ale nie jest jasne, czy są one powiązane mechanistycznie, czy są po prostu komplementarnymi zmianami nabytymi podczas rozwoju AH.12

Moleklarne mechanizmy progresji do raka

Badania molekularne zidentyfikowały ważne czynniki związane z niekontrolowaną proliferacją, w tym nadekspresję cykliny D1, inaktywację p16, inaktywację HOXA i aktywację telomerazy. Zmiany te mogą prowadzić do zahamowania śmierci komórki i rozwoju nowotworu złośliwego.13 Atypowa hiperplazja uważana jest za bardzo wczesny etap w procesie przekształcania zdrowych komórek w komórki nowotworowe. Teoretycznie, jeśli komórkom atypowej hiperplazji pozwoli się na dalszy wzrost, mogą one uzyskać więcej zmian DNA i stać się komórkami nowotworowymi.14

Sieć 99 genów różnicowała histologicznie normalną tkankę i tkankę AH w 81% przypadków. Analiza sieci zidentyfikowała skoordynowane zmiany w sygnalizacji poprzez receptor estrogenowy (ER), receptory naskórkowego czynnika wzrostu i receptor androgenowy, które były związane z rozwojem zarówno zrazikowej, jak i przewodowej AH.15 Utrata ekspresji SFRP1 jest znaczącym regulatorem profili transkrypcyjnych AH, napędzającym wcześniej niezidentyfikowane zmiany wpływające na odpowiedzi na estrogen i prawdopodobnie inne szlaki.16

Mechanizmy rozwoju atypowej hiperplazji piersi

Atypowa hiperplazja przewodowa (ADH) jest wewnątrzprzewodową klonalną proliferacją komórek nabłonkowych. ADH i LGDCIS obejmują jednostki terminalno-zrazikowe przewodów (TDLU) lub przewody międzyzrazikowe.17 Patologiczna definicja ADH to pojedyncza klonalna wewnątrzprzewodowa proliferacja komórek nabłonkowych, która częściowo lub całkowicie wypełnia 2 przestrzenie przewodowe ograniczone błoną, lub zajmuje maksymalnie 2 mm w największym wymiarze.18

Zmiany histopatologiczne w atypowej hiperplazji

Badanie histologiczne wykazuje dobrze zdefiniowane, monomorficzne komórki z małymi, zaokrąglonymi i równomiernie rozmieszczonymi jądrami z rzadkimi mitozami. Cechy architektoniczne są podobne do DCIS niskiego stopnia, w tym arkady i sztywne mosty o jednolitej grubości, oraz lite, sitowate i mikrobrodawkowate wzorce wzrostu.19 Chociaż cechy histopatologiczne są podobne do DCIS niskiego stopnia, to wyłącznie wielkość i/lub liczba zajętych przestrzeni przewodowych różnicuje te dwa stany.20

ADH jest często związane z materiałem wydzielniczym, który sprzyja rozwojowi mikrozwapnień, które są powszechnie identyfikowane w mammografii.21 Atypowa hiperplazja (nazywana również hiperplazją nabłonkową) pojawia się, gdy komórki wyścielające przewody lub zraziki zwiększają swoją liczbę i rozwijają nietypowy wzór lub kształt.22

Sekwencja przejścia do raka piersi

Uważa się, że atypowa hiperplazja jest częścią złożonego przejścia komórek, które może prowadzić do akumulacji i ewolucji w kierunku raka piersi. Progresja do raka piersi zazwyczaj obejmuje następujące etapy:23

  • Hiperplazja: Proces zaczyna się, gdy normalny rozwój komórek i wzrost zostają zakłócone, powodując nadprodukcję normalnie wyglądających komórek.
  • Atypowa hiperplazja: Nadmiar komórek układa się jeden na drugim i zaczyna przybierać nieprawidłowy wygląd.
  • Rak nieinwazyjny (in situ): Nieprawidłowe komórki nadal zmieniają wygląd i mnożą się, ewoluując w raka in situ, w którym komórki rakowe pozostają ograniczone do przewodów mlecznych.
  • Rak inwazyjny: Nieprawidłowe komórki gromadzą się w przewodzie i nadal mnożą się i przekształcają w komórki rakowe. Rak inwazyjny ma tendencję do inwazji otaczających tkanek, naczyń krwionośnych lub kanałów limfatycznych.

23

Atypowa hiperplazja przewodowa (ADH) ma podobną sygnaturę genetyczną i barwienie immunohistochemiczne i jest uważana przez niektórych za bezpośrednią zmianę prekursorową dla raka przewodowego in situ niskiego stopnia (DCIS) i inwazyjnego raka przewodowego niskiego stopnia.24 Zmiany genetyczne obserwowane w atypowych hiperplazjach są podobne do tych obecnych w raku piersi i są zgodne z propozycją, że AH są zmianami przednowotworowymi i częścią kontinuum w kierunku raka piersi.25

Rola metylacji DNA i dysfunkcji p53

Badania wskazują, że metylacja DNA nie tylko jest zaangażowana w powstawanie AH i znacząco przyczynia się do jej niestabilności genomowej, ale także odgrywa ważną rolę w późniejszej progresji do złośliwości.26 Obecność dysfunkcyjnego białka p53 może mieć szeroko rozpowszechnione efekty w tych komórkach, w tym utratę zatrzymania cyklu komórkowego i apoptozy, zmienioną naprawę DNA i niestabilność genomową.27

Co ważne, dla praktycznie wszystkich tych genów (a) ekspresja w ADH jest zmieniona w porównaniu z normalną i/lub nieproliferacyjną tkanką piersi oraz (b) ta różnica ekspresji jest utrzymywana lub zwiększana w DCIS i inwazyjnym raku piersi.28 Razem te odkrycia wskazują, że wiele cech karcynogenezy AH jest wspólnych z sporadycznym rakiem piersi i ma silny potencjał karcynogenny dla przyszłego rozwoju metachronicznego raka piersi.29

Molekularne charakterystyki atypowej hiperplazji

Badanie LOH 41 próbek ADH w 15 loci genetycznych wybranych na podstawie lokalizacji często inaktywowanych genów supresorów nowotworów w IDC, takich jak TP53, RB1 i BRCA1, wykazało, że 42% czystych ADH (bez synchronicznego DCIS/IDC) wykazało LOH w co najmniej jednym locus, sugerując, że inaktywacja tych genów supresorów nowotworów może być wczesnym zdarzeniem neoplastycznym i jest związana z późniejszym rozwojem IDC.30

Markery molekularne w atypowej hiperplazji

Nadekspresja EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) odgrywa ważną rolę w onkogenezie.31 Ponadto, onkogeneza i/lub progresja LCIS są definiowane przez poziomy ekspresji mRNA MKI67.32 Pierwsze badanie, które wykazało ryzyko rozwoju złośliwości u pacjentów z atypią, zostało opublikowane przez Dupont i Page w 1985 roku. Pokazali oni, że pacjenci z atypią mają 10-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka piersi. Co ciekawsze, wykazali, że nowotwory złośliwe najczęściej występowały w piersi ipsilateralnej zdiagnozowanej z ALH, a nie w piersi kontralateralnej.33

W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Myers i wsp., autorzy oszacowali, że ALH jest związane z czterokrotnie do pięciokrotnie zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju nowotworu piersi w obu piersiach w ciągu życia.34 Zwiększa się liczba publikacji sugerujących, że upgrade jest znacznie niższy (5%) w przypadku małej objętości neoplazji zrazikowej.35

Utrata ekspresji SFRP1 i jej wpływ

Utrata ekspresji SFRP1 wydaje się być kluczowym czynnikiem prowadzącym do szerszych zmian w ekspresji genów i umożliwiającym zwiększoną sygnalizację przez ER oraz zaburzenia w szlakach ERB-B i WNT.36 Zmiany w ekspresji genów obserwowano zarówno w przewodowej, jak i zrazikowej AH, co sugeruje wspólne mechanizmy leżące u podstaw predyspozycji do AH.37 Sygnatura genowa i szlaki dostarczają wglądu w zmiany przyczyniające się do zmian piersi AH.38

Ekspresja kilku genów i białek została oceniona w AH i ich związek z ryzykiem progresji.39 Profile ekspresji genów były również wykorzystywane do identyfikacji wczesnych zmian w AH, a także sąsiadujących guzów.40 Wyniki wykazują, że ekspresja SFRP1 jest zmniejszona w AH, co skutkuje deregulacją większego programu genów i utratą ograniczeń sygnalizacji ER, co może przyczyniać się do rozwoju przedrakowych zmian piersi.41

Aneuploidia i niestabilność chromosomowa

Aneuploidia jest ważnym wskaźnikiem niestabilności chromosomowej, powodującym znaczącą deregulację transkryptomu, stresy indukowane przez aneuploidię i przyczyniając się do dalszej progresji na drodze kancerogennej.42 Przyczyny aneuploidii w AH nie są jasne; jednakże, zmiany w wielu genach znanych z przyczyniania się do aneuploidii zostały zaobserwowane w AH.43

Wiele z tych odkryć wskazuje, że wiele cech karcynogenezy AH jest wspólnych ze sporadycznym rakiem piersi i ma silny potencjał karcynogenny dla przyszłego rozwoju metachronicznego raka piersi.44 Atypowe zmiany hiperplastyczne są zmianami przednowotworowymi. Wiele autorytetów uważa, że pacjent powinien zostać poddany całkowitemu wycięciu chirurgicznemu, aby wykluczyć nowotwór złośliwy i zapobiec rozwojowi zaawansowanej neoplazji, jeśli zostanie ona znaleziona w biopsji piersi.45

Badania molekularne odkryły wspólne cechy molekularne między atypowymi zmianami proliferacyjnymi, takimi jak ADH i DCIS niskiego stopnia.46 Sekwencja i wzajemne oddziaływanie tych zmian nie są dobrze zrozumiane, ale dalsze badania nad ich związkiem ze sobą i rozwojem atypowych zmian proliferacyjnych i raka piersi mogłyby rzucić światło na dokładną stratyfikację ryzyka, rokowanie i wczesne predyktory zaawansowanej neoplazji.47

Podtypy atypowej hiperplazji i ich wpływ na ryzyko raka

Atypowa hiperplazja może być opisana jako atypowa hiperplazja przewodowa (ADH) lub atypowa hiperplazja zrazikowa (ALH). W ADH komórki rosną w nieprawidłowym wzorcu i mają niektóre (ale nie wszystkie) cechy raka przewodowego in situ (DCIS, który jest przedrakiem). Oznacza to, że ADH nie jest jeszcze przedrakiem, chociaż jest związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zachorowania na raka piersi w późniejszym okresie.48 ALH jest nieprawidłowym wzrostem komórek w obrębie zrazików piersi, który jest związany ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka piersi.49

Różnice między ADH i ALH

Atypowa hiperplazja zrazikowa (ALH) występuje w zrazikach piersi i jest związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem raka piersi w przyszłości. Podobnie jak w przypadku hiperplazji przewodowej, mikroskopowe badanie tkanki ujawnia wzorzec wzrostu komórek i na podstawie wyników lekarze zdecydują, czy potrzebne są dalsze testy. Zalecane jest dalsze monitorowanie za pomocą obrazowania i badań fizykalnych.50

Atypowa hiperplazja przewodowa (ADH) jest stanem, w którym występują nieprawidłowe komórki w wyściółce przewodów mlecznych w piersiach. Z tego powodu komórki ADH mają wyższe niż przeciętne ryzyko przekształcenia się w raka.51 Atypowa hiperplazja zrazikowa (ALH) występuje, gdy nietypowe komórki rozwijają się w zrazikach piersi. To zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi w obu piersiach.52

ADH uważana jest za zmianę przednowotworową wysokiego ryzyka, a ALH tylko za zmianę wysokiego ryzyka. Każda z nich może być znaleziona w połączeniu z lub na obwodzie bardziej zaawansowanej zmiany; dlatego ważne jest, aby pamiętać, że atypowa hiperplazja znaleziona w biopsji może nie reprezentować dokładnie większej zmiany.53

Wpływ na ryzyko raka piersi

Oba typy atypowej hiperplazji zwiększają ryzyko raka piersi. Leczenie obu typów jest podobne.54 Jeśli zdiagnozowano u Ciebie atypową hiperplazję piersi, masz zwiększone ryzyko zachorowania na raka piersi w przyszłości. Ryzyko raka piersi u osób z atypową hiperplazją jest około czterokrotnie wyższe niż u osób, które nie mają atypowej hiperplazji.55

Badania kobiet z atypową hiperplazją wykazały, że ryzyko raka piersi wzrasta z upływem czasu. 25 lat po diagnozie około 30% kobiet z atypową hiperplazją może mieć raka piersi.56 U kobiet z atypową hiperplazją, skumulowane ryzyko raka piersi wynosi około 1% rocznie.57

ADH zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi nawet czterokrotnie w porównaniu z osobą bez atypowej hiperplazji.58 Posiadanie atypowej hiperplazji zwiększa szanse jednostki na zdiagnozowanie raka piersi: ryzyko jest około 4 do 5 razy wyższe niż ryzyko dla osób bez nieprawidłowości w piersiach. Z tego powodu uznaje się ją za stan przednowotworowy raka piersi.59

Czynniki wpływające na progresję

Badania pokazują, że im młodsza kobieta jest w momencie zdiagnozowania któregokolwiek typu atypowej hiperplazji, tym wyższe jest jej prawdopodobieństwo zdiagnozowania raka piersi w późniejszym życiu. 5 lat po zdiagnozowaniu atypowej hiperplazji 7% kobiet zostanie zdiagnozowanych z rakiem piersi; 10 lat po diagnozie atypowej hiperplazji 13% kobiet zostanie zdiagnozowanych z rakiem piersi; a 25 lat po diagnozie atypowej hiperplazji 30% kobiet rozwinie raka piersi.60

Dodatkowo, jeśli masz atypową hiperplazję przewodową w lewej piersi, może to zwiększyć szanse na zachorowanie na raka piersi w obu piersiach. Nie tylko pierś, która została poddana biopsji.61 Ryzyko związane z ADH podwaja się przy obciążeniu rodzinnym, co sugeruje, że czynniki dziedziczne są związane z rozwojem ADH.62

Możliwe jest jednak stratyfikacja ryzyka według liczby ognisk atypowych w preparacie patologicznym. Ryzyko względne wynosiło 3,19 dla kobiet z jednym ogniskiem choroby, 5,53 dla tych z dwoma ogniskami i 7,61 dla tych z trzema lub więcej.63

Atypowa hiperplazja piersi nie tylko zwiększa ryzyko raka piersi. Tak więc zespół opieki zdrowotnej tworzy plan badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka piersi. Możesz mieć częstsze badania przesiewowe lub różne testy przesiewowe niż osoba ze średnim ryzykiem raka piersi.64

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  1. 15.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470258/
    Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is defined as abnormal epithelial proliferative breast lesions that are not qualitatively or quantitatively abnormal enough to be classified as carcinoma in situ. Atypical hyperplasia is a premalignant condition and may occur in either ductal or lobular epithelium. […] Atypical lobular and ductal hyperplasias are considered high-risk, pre-cursor, or pre-malignant lesions associated with either progression to advanced neoplasms or a marker for developing metachronous or synchronous breast cancer. […] One of the leading players in initiating this genomic change is estrogen. Estrogen and its metabolites have been associated with multiple DNA-damaging effects leading to defective growth control, especially luminal progenitor cells. […] When ADH or ALH is identified in a breast biopsy, the risk of developing DCIS or invasive breast cancer increases by four to five times with a 2:1 predilection for the ipsilateral breast versus contralateral.
  • #2 Breast Hyperplasia (Ductal or Lobular) | Benign Conditions | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-conditions/hyperplasia-of-the-breast-ductal-or-lobular.html
    Hyperplasia can be described as either usual or atypical, based on how the cells look under a microscope. […] In atypical hyperplasia (or hyperplasia with atypia), the cells look more distorted and abnormal. This can be either atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). […] Atypical hyperplasia (either ADH or ALH): The risk of breast cancer is about 4 to 5 times higher than that of a woman with no breast abnormalities. […] Both ADH and ALH are linked to a higher risk of breast cancer.
  • #3 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17992
    Atypical lobular and ductal hyperplasias are considered high-risk, pre-cursor, or pre-malignant lesions associated with either progression to advanced neoplasms or a marker for developing metachronous or synchronous breast cancer. […] Molecular studies have demonstrated that genomic changes occur in normal breast tissue. These changes lead to an increased proliferative capacity. A genomic change from the damaging effects of carcinogens is one of the leading theories behind the development of atypical proliferative lesions and breast cancer. […] One of the leading players in initiating this genomic change is estrogen. Estrogen and its metabolites have been associated with multiple DNA-damaging effects leading to defective growth control, especially luminal progenitor cells. […] This life-long exposure to estrogen possibly represents a continued accumulation of genomic changes and damage, which may lead to the development of atypical proliferative breast lesions.
  • #4 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is the development of precancerous cells in the breast. Atypical hyperplasia causes a buildup of cells in the breast tissue. When viewed with a microscope, the cells look different from typical breast cells. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast happens when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to make many more cells. This causes a buildup of cells in the breast. Healthcare professionals call this buildup hyperplasia. The changes also turn the cells into atypical cells. This means that the cells look different from typical cells. […] Atypical hyperplasia is thought to be a very early step in the process that turns healthy cells into cancer cells. In theory, if atypical hyperplasia cells are allowed to continue growing, they could get more DNA changes and become cancer cells. More research is needed to understand how this happens.
  • #5 Case: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – Radiology | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a non-malignant but high-risk lesion associated with progression to more advanced neoplasms including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma, and as a marker for the development of additional breast cancer. […] Estrogen exposure is the primary risk factor for the development of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Estrogen and its metabolites have associated DNA-damaging effects, which lead to abnormal growth control and unchecked proliferation within breast tissue. […] However, accumulated genomic changes throughout a patients lifetime via exposure to estrogen are likely the major player behind the development of ADH and other pre-malignant and malignant lesions. […] Molecular studies have shown that similar genomic changes are found in both ADH and low-grade DCIS, leading to the hypothesis that ADH and DCIS lie on a spectrum of disease and that ADH represents the early pattern of disease or the precursor lesion to DCIS.
  • #6 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562244/
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a pathology finding, usually found incidentally on biopsy of the breast. ADH is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and therefore classified as high risk lesion but not precursor lesion – the distinction being the increased risk of breast cancer can be anywhere in the breasts and not limited to the area of the ADH. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia correlates with an increased risk of breast cancer and therefore classified as a „high risk” lesion but is not a „precursor” lesion – the distinction being the breast cancer associated with ADH can occur anywhere in the breasts and not only in the area of the ADH. […] Genetics studies reveal ADH has recurrent alterations involving losses of 16q and 17p and gains of 1q. These genetic abnormalities are similar to those seen in low grade ductal carcinoma in situ (LGDCIS), implying a precursor-product relationship.
  • #7
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    Atypical ductal and atypical lobular hyperplasia (AH) of the breast are important proliferative lesions which are associated with a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. […] These high-risk characteristics of AH suggest they contain significant genomic changes. […] AHs are characterized by advanced genomic changes including aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity, gross chromosomal rearrangements such as amplifications and large-scale deletions, DNA methylation of tumor suppressor and other genes, and gene expression differences between AH and surrounding normal breast tissue including significant estrogen receptor expression. […] Many of these changes are shared by an associated synchronous breast cancer, consistent with an important precursor role for AH. […] At the same time, many of the genomic changes of AHs are also shared by common sporadic breast cancer, consistent with a high risk for future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #8 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470258/
    Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is defined as abnormal epithelial proliferative breast lesions that are not qualitatively or quantitatively abnormal enough to be classified as carcinoma in situ. Atypical hyperplasia is a premalignant condition and may occur in either ductal or lobular epithelium. […] Atypical lobular and ductal hyperplasias are considered high-risk, pre-cursor, or pre-malignant lesions associated with either progression to advanced neoplasms or a marker for developing metachronous or synchronous breast cancer. […] One of the leading players in initiating this genomic change is estrogen. Estrogen and its metabolites have been associated with multiple DNA-damaging effects leading to defective growth control, especially luminal progenitor cells. […] When ADH or ALH is identified in a breast biopsy, the risk of developing DCIS or invasive breast cancer increases by four to five times with a 2:1 predilection for the ipsilateral breast versus contralateral.
  • #9 Case: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – Radiology | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is a non-malignant but high-risk lesion associated with progression to more advanced neoplasms including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma, and as a marker for the development of additional breast cancer. […] Estrogen exposure is the primary risk factor for the development of atypical ductal hyperplasia. Estrogen and its metabolites have associated DNA-damaging effects, which lead to abnormal growth control and unchecked proliferation within breast tissue. […] However, accumulated genomic changes throughout a patients lifetime via exposure to estrogen are likely the major player behind the development of ADH and other pre-malignant and malignant lesions. […] Molecular studies have shown that similar genomic changes are found in both ADH and low-grade DCIS, leading to the hypothesis that ADH and DCIS lie on a spectrum of disease and that ADH represents the early pattern of disease or the precursor lesion to DCIS.
  • #10 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17992
    Atypical lobular and ductal hyperplasias are considered high-risk, pre-cursor, or pre-malignant lesions associated with either progression to advanced neoplasms or a marker for developing metachronous or synchronous breast cancer. […] Molecular studies have demonstrated that genomic changes occur in normal breast tissue. These changes lead to an increased proliferative capacity. A genomic change from the damaging effects of carcinogens is one of the leading theories behind the development of atypical proliferative lesions and breast cancer. […] One of the leading players in initiating this genomic change is estrogen. Estrogen and its metabolites have been associated with multiple DNA-damaging effects leading to defective growth control, especially luminal progenitor cells. […] This life-long exposure to estrogen possibly represents a continued accumulation of genomic changes and damage, which may lead to the development of atypical proliferative breast lesions.
  • #11 Pathology Outlines – Atypical ductal hyperplasia
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastadh.html
    Intraductal clonal epithelial cell proliferation with similar histologic features to (but insufficient involvement or volume for the diagnosis of) low grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) […] Low grade model of progression from normal breast / benign proliferative breast disease to atypical ductal hyperplasia (Histopathology 2010;57:171) […] EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) overexpression has an important role in oncogenesis (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018;142:1182) […] Lifelong exposure to estrogen causes a continued accumulation of genomic changes that leads to defective growth control (Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014;7:211) […] Shared alterations with low grade ductal carcinoma in situ: gains 1q and loss 16q-17p (Histopathology 2010;57:171).
  • #12 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #13 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470258/
    It is unclear if a precursor lesion exists for high-grade DCIS or invasive carcinoma; however, breast cancer relative risk is increased four times when atypical hyperplasia is identified on a breast biopsy. […] Molecular studies have identified important agents related to un-checked proliferation, including cyclin D1 overexpression, p16 inactivation, HOXA inactivation, and activation of telomerase. These changes can lead to inhibition of cell death and the development of malignancy. […] Atypical hyperplasia lesions are pre-malignant. Many authorities believe the patient should undergo complete surgical excision to exclude malignancy and prevent the development of advanced neoplasia if found on a breast biopsy. […] ADH is considered a pre-malignant, high-risk lesion, and ALH only a high-risk lesion. Either can be found in association with or at the periphery of a more advanced lesion; therefore, it is important to remember that atypical hyperplasia found on a biopsy may not accurately represent the greater lesion. […] Proper management of patients with this complex disease requires collaboration between radiology, surgery, pathology, and the patient and their primary care team.
  • #14 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is the development of precancerous cells in the breast. Atypical hyperplasia causes a buildup of cells in the breast tissue. When viewed with a microscope, the cells look different from typical breast cells. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast happens when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to make many more cells. This causes a buildup of cells in the breast. Healthcare professionals call this buildup hyperplasia. The changes also turn the cells into atypical cells. This means that the cells look different from typical cells. […] Atypical hyperplasia is thought to be a very early step in the process that turns healthy cells into cancer cells. In theory, if atypical hyperplasia cells are allowed to continue growing, they could get more DNA changes and become cancer cells. More research is needed to understand how this happens.
  • #15 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    Atypical breast hyperplasias (AH) have a 10-year risk of progression to invasive cancer estimated at 47%, with the overall risk of developing breast cancer increased by ~4-fold. AH lesions are estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) and represent risk indicators and/or precursor lesions to low grade ER+ tumors. Therefore, molecular profiles of AH lesions offer insights into the earliest changes in the breast epithelium, rendering it susceptible to oncogenic transformation. […] A 99-gene signature discriminated the histologically normal and AH tissues in 81% of the cases. Network analysis identified coordinated alterations in signaling through ER, epidermal growth factor receptors, and androgen receptor which were associated with the development of both lobular and ductal AH. […] Loss of SFRP1 expression is a significant regulator of AH transcriptional profiles driving previously unidentified changes affecting responses to estrogen and possibly other pathways.
  • #16 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    Atypical breast hyperplasias (AH) have a 10-year risk of progression to invasive cancer estimated at 47%, with the overall risk of developing breast cancer increased by ~4-fold. AH lesions are estrogen receptor alpha positive (ER+) and represent risk indicators and/or precursor lesions to low grade ER+ tumors. Therefore, molecular profiles of AH lesions offer insights into the earliest changes in the breast epithelium, rendering it susceptible to oncogenic transformation. […] A 99-gene signature discriminated the histologically normal and AH tissues in 81% of the cases. Network analysis identified coordinated alterations in signaling through ER, epidermal growth factor receptors, and androgen receptor which were associated with the development of both lobular and ductal AH. […] Loss of SFRP1 expression is a significant regulator of AH transcriptional profiles driving previously unidentified changes affecting responses to estrogen and possibly other pathways.
  • #17 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562244/
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia is an intraductal clonal epithelial cell proliferation. ADH and LGDCIS involve the TDLU or the interlobular ducts. […] ADH is often associated with secretory material that fosters the development of microcalcifications, that are commonly identified on mammography. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia has a history of surgical overtreatment. If diagnosed on core needle biopsy, a more extensive excisional biopsy is required to rule out breast carcinoma. […] Complications of atypical ductal hyperplasia result from both over and undertreating the diagnosis. There is a risk of missing a breast carcinoma with undertreatment of ADH and not proceeding with additional tissue sampling. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia is a pathology finding, usually found incidentally on biopsy of the breast. The diagnosis by itself is not a precancerous or cancerous lesion. It is, however, a high-risk lesion, indicating the presence of ADH on pathology flags the patient as one who is fivefold more likely to develop breast carcinoma – in any area of the breasts – in the future.
  • #18 Case: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – Radiology | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    The pathologic definition of ADH is that of a single clonal intraductal epithelial cell proliferation that partially or fills 2 membrane-bound ductal spaces, or occupies 2 mm in maximum dimension. […] Although histopathologic features are similar to low-grade DCIS, it is purely the size and/or number of ductal spaces involved that differentiates the two. […] Histologic examination shows well-defined, monomorphic cells with small, rounded, and evenly spaced nuclei with rare mitoses. […] Architectural features are similar to low-grade DCIS, including arcades and rigid bridges of uniform thickness, and solid, cribriform, and micropapillary growth patterns. […] Studies suggest surgical upgrade rates to DCIS or invasive carcinoma of up to 22-65% for biopsy-proven ADH. Thus, surgical excision is recommended for cases of ADH found on core needle biopsy.
  • #19 Case: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – Radiology | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    The pathologic definition of ADH is that of a single clonal intraductal epithelial cell proliferation that partially or fills 2 membrane-bound ductal spaces, or occupies 2 mm in maximum dimension. […] Although histopathologic features are similar to low-grade DCIS, it is purely the size and/or number of ductal spaces involved that differentiates the two. […] Histologic examination shows well-defined, monomorphic cells with small, rounded, and evenly spaced nuclei with rare mitoses. […] Architectural features are similar to low-grade DCIS, including arcades and rigid bridges of uniform thickness, and solid, cribriform, and micropapillary growth patterns. […] Studies suggest surgical upgrade rates to DCIS or invasive carcinoma of up to 22-65% for biopsy-proven ADH. Thus, surgical excision is recommended for cases of ADH found on core needle biopsy.
  • #20 Case: Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – Radiology | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/cases/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    The pathologic definition of ADH is that of a single clonal intraductal epithelial cell proliferation that partially or fills 2 membrane-bound ductal spaces, or occupies 2 mm in maximum dimension. […] Although histopathologic features are similar to low-grade DCIS, it is purely the size and/or number of ductal spaces involved that differentiates the two. […] Histologic examination shows well-defined, monomorphic cells with small, rounded, and evenly spaced nuclei with rare mitoses. […] Architectural features are similar to low-grade DCIS, including arcades and rigid bridges of uniform thickness, and solid, cribriform, and micropapillary growth patterns. […] Studies suggest surgical upgrade rates to DCIS or invasive carcinoma of up to 22-65% for biopsy-proven ADH. Thus, surgical excision is recommended for cases of ADH found on core needle biopsy.
  • #21 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562244/
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia is an intraductal clonal epithelial cell proliferation. ADH and LGDCIS involve the TDLU or the interlobular ducts. […] ADH is often associated with secretory material that fosters the development of microcalcifications, that are commonly identified on mammography. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia has a history of surgical overtreatment. If diagnosed on core needle biopsy, a more extensive excisional biopsy is required to rule out breast carcinoma. […] Complications of atypical ductal hyperplasia result from both over and undertreating the diagnosis. There is a risk of missing a breast carcinoma with undertreatment of ADH and not proceeding with additional tissue sampling. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia is a pathology finding, usually found incidentally on biopsy of the breast. The diagnosis by itself is not a precancerous or cancerous lesion. It is, however, a high-risk lesion, indicating the presence of ADH on pathology flags the patient as one who is fivefold more likely to develop breast carcinoma – in any area of the breasts – in the future.
  • #22 Hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia | Breast Cancer Now
    https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-lumps-and-benign-not-cancer-breast-conditions/hyperplasia-and-atypical-hyperplasia/
    Atypical hyperplasia (also called epithelial hyperplasia) happens when cells lining the ducts or lobules increase in number and develop an unusual pattern or shape. […] Atypical hyperplasia is also benign (not cancer). However, having atypical hyperplasia has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer in some people. […] If you have atypical hyperplasia, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Your treatment team will explain if and how you will be followed up.
  • #23 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube
    https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast/
    Atypical hyperplasia is a precancerous condition that affects cells in the breast. Atypical hyperplasia describes an accumulation of abnormal cells in the milk ducts and lobules of the breast. […] Atypical hyperplasia is thought to be part of the complex transition of cells that may accumulate and evolve into breast cancer. The progression to breast cancer typically involves: Hyperplasia. The process begins when normal cell development and growth become disrupted, causing an overproduction of normal-looking cells (hyperplasia). Atypical hyperplasia. The excess cells stack upon one another and begin to take on an abnormal appearance. Noninvasive (in situ) cancer. The abnormal cells continue to progress in appearance and multiply, evolving into in situ cancer, in which cancer cells remain confined to milk ducts. Invasive cancer. The abnormal cells accumulate within the duct and continue to multiply and transition to become cancer cells. Invasive cancer tends to invade surrounding tissue, blood vessels or lymph channels. […] Atypical hyperplasia is generally treated with surgery to remove the abnormal cells and to make sure no in situ or invasive cancer also is present in the area. Doctors often recommend more-intensive screening for breast cancer and medications to reduce your breast cancer risk.
  • #24 Navigating breast health: a comprehensive approach to atypical ductal hyperplasia of the breast management and surveillance
    https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001205
    ADH shows similar genetic profiling and immunohistochemistry staining and is considered by some as a direct precursor lesion to low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma. […] The factors found to be most likely associated with increased risk for upgrade include multiple duct involvement, suspicion for DCIS, ADH found on another high-risk lesion on CNB, and diffuse calcifications on subsequent excision biopsy. […] The current standard of care for ADH is surgical excision to avoid missing coexisting IBC. […] ADH is considered a high-risk breast lesion and there is an increase in both ipsilateral and bilateral breast cancer risk. […] The lifetime risk for women diagnosed with ADH, even after surgical excision is higher than average. […] The vast majority of ADH is estrogen receptor positive and adjuvant endocrine therapy with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen and raloxifene or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) such as anastrozole and exemestane, is offered to patients who are diagnosed with ADH of the breast.
  • #25
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    Atypical hyperplasias are commonly estrogen receptor positive, and treatment with antiestrogens may prevent the development of metachronous breast cancer within the remaining normal breast tissue. […] An understanding of the molecular characteristics of these high-risk lesions may therefore clarify the role of AH in breast carcinogenesis, as well as to promote identification of new targets for the development of drugs for breast cancer prevention. […] The chromosomal changes seen in atypical hyperplasias are similar to those present in breast cancer, and are consistent with the proposal that AHs are preneoplastic lesions and part of a continuum in the steps toward breast cancer. […] Aneuploidy is an important indicator of chromosomal instability, resulting in significant deregulation of the transcriptome, aneuploidy-induced stresses, and contributing to further progression in the carcinogenic pathway.
  • #26
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #27
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #28
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #29
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #30 Atypical ductal hyperplasia: update on diagnosis, management, and molecular landscape | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-018-0967-1
    Breast cancer is well known to be a genetic disease, with very frequent somatic copy number changes, a number of driver mutations such as in PIK3CA and TP53, and widespread transcriptional deregulation. […] Very few studies have described the molecular genetic features of ADH and these are further limited because most were carried out on small numbers of samples using low resolution methodology. […] An LOH study of 41 ADH samples at 15 genetic loci selected based on the locations of frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in IDC, such as TP53, RB1, and BRCA1, reported that 42% of pure ADH (without synchronous DCIS/IDC) showed LOH in at least one locus, suggesting that inactivation of these tumor suppressor genes might be an early neoplastic event and related to the subsequent development of IDC.
  • #31 Pathology Outlines – Atypical ductal hyperplasia
    https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastadh.html
    Intraductal clonal epithelial cell proliferation with similar histologic features to (but insufficient involvement or volume for the diagnosis of) low grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) […] Low grade model of progression from normal breast / benign proliferative breast disease to atypical ductal hyperplasia (Histopathology 2010;57:171) […] EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) overexpression has an important role in oncogenesis (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018;142:1182) […] Lifelong exposure to estrogen causes a continued accumulation of genomic changes that leads to defective growth control (Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014;7:211) […] Shared alterations with low grade ductal carcinoma in situ: gains 1q and loss 16q-17p (Histopathology 2010;57:171).
  • #32
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44326-024-00011-4
    Atypical hyperplasia corresponds to an abnormal proliferation of the breast that does not meet the criteria of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) […] ALH and classic LCIS lesions are thought to represent non-obligate precursors in the pathogenesis of future breast neoplasia in the ipsilateral or contralateral breast. […] Oncogenesis and/or progression of LCIS are defined by mRNA expression levels of MKI67. […] The first study that demonstrated a risk of developing malignancy in patients with atypia was published by Dupont and Page in 1985. […] They showed patients with atypia have a 10 times increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] More interestingly, they demonstrated that the malignancies most often occurred in the ipsilateral breast diagnosed with ALH, rather than in the contralateral breast.
  • #33
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44326-024-00011-4
    Atypical hyperplasia corresponds to an abnormal proliferation of the breast that does not meet the criteria of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) […] ALH and classic LCIS lesions are thought to represent non-obligate precursors in the pathogenesis of future breast neoplasia in the ipsilateral or contralateral breast. […] Oncogenesis and/or progression of LCIS are defined by mRNA expression levels of MKI67. […] The first study that demonstrated a risk of developing malignancy in patients with atypia was published by Dupont and Page in 1985. […] They showed patients with atypia have a 10 times increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] More interestingly, they demonstrated that the malignancies most often occurred in the ipsilateral breast diagnosed with ALH, rather than in the contralateral breast.
  • #34
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44326-024-00011-4
    In a study by Myers et al., the authors estimated that ALH is associated with a fourfold to fivefold increased lifetime risk of developing breast neoplasia in either breast. […] The risk of upgrade to cancer involving ALH is variable in the literature. […] The risk of upgrade to cancer involving ALH is variable in the literature. […] However, there is an increasing number of publications suggesting that upgrade is much lower (5%) with small volume lobular neoplasia.
  • #35
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44326-024-00011-4
    In a study by Myers et al., the authors estimated that ALH is associated with a fourfold to fivefold increased lifetime risk of developing breast neoplasia in either breast. […] The risk of upgrade to cancer involving ALH is variable in the literature. […] The risk of upgrade to cancer involving ALH is variable in the literature. […] However, there is an increasing number of publications suggesting that upgrade is much lower (5%) with small volume lobular neoplasia.
  • #36 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #37 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #38 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #39 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #40 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #41 Gene expression signature of atypical breast hyperplasia and regulation by SFRP1 | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-019-1157-5
    The alterations in gene expression were observed in both ductal and lobular AH suggesting shared underlying mechanisms predisposing to AH. […] The gene signature and pathways provide insights into alterations contributing to AH breast lesions. […] The expression of several genes and proteins have been evaluated in AH and their relationship with risk of progression. […] Gene expression profiles have also been used to identify early changes in AH as well as adjacent tumors. […] The findings demonstrate that SFRP1 expression is diminished in AH resulting in deregulation of a larger program of genes and loss of restraint on ER signaling which may contribute to development of premalignant breast lesions. […] Enhanced estrogen signaling and loss of SFRP1 expression are common features within the gene expression signature in AH, but it is unclear if these are related mechanistically or are simply complementary alterations acquired during development of AH. […] Therefore, loss of SFRP1 expression appears to be a key driver leading to broader alterations in gene expression and permitting increased signaling through ER and derangements in the ERB-B and WNT pathways as well.
  • #42
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    Atypical hyperplasias are commonly estrogen receptor positive, and treatment with antiestrogens may prevent the development of metachronous breast cancer within the remaining normal breast tissue. […] An understanding of the molecular characteristics of these high-risk lesions may therefore clarify the role of AH in breast carcinogenesis, as well as to promote identification of new targets for the development of drugs for breast cancer prevention. […] The chromosomal changes seen in atypical hyperplasias are similar to those present in breast cancer, and are consistent with the proposal that AHs are preneoplastic lesions and part of a continuum in the steps toward breast cancer. […] Aneuploidy is an important indicator of chromosomal instability, resulting in significant deregulation of the transcriptome, aneuploidy-induced stresses, and contributing to further progression in the carcinogenic pathway.
  • #43
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #44
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-017-4488-x
    The causes of aneuploidy in AH are not clear; however, alterations in multiple genes known to contribute to aneuploidy have been observed in AH. […] Together these findings indicate that DNA methylation is not only involved in the formation of AH and contributes significantly to its genomic instability, but also plays an important role in subsequent progression to malignancy. […] The presence of a dysfunctional p53 could have widespread effects in these cells including loss of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and genomic instability. […] Importantly, it can be seen that for virtually all of these genes (a) the expression in ADH is altered compared with that of normal and/or non-proliferative breast tissue, and (b) this expression difference is maintained or increased in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. […] Together, these findings indicate that many of the features of carcinogenesis of AH are shared by sporadic breast cancer, and have strong carcinogenic potential for the future development of metachronous breast cancer.
  • #45 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470258/
    It is unclear if a precursor lesion exists for high-grade DCIS or invasive carcinoma; however, breast cancer relative risk is increased four times when atypical hyperplasia is identified on a breast biopsy. […] Molecular studies have identified important agents related to un-checked proliferation, including cyclin D1 overexpression, p16 inactivation, HOXA inactivation, and activation of telomerase. These changes can lead to inhibition of cell death and the development of malignancy. […] Atypical hyperplasia lesions are pre-malignant. Many authorities believe the patient should undergo complete surgical excision to exclude malignancy and prevent the development of advanced neoplasia if found on a breast biopsy. […] ADH is considered a pre-malignant, high-risk lesion, and ALH only a high-risk lesion. Either can be found in association with or at the periphery of a more advanced lesion; therefore, it is important to remember that atypical hyperplasia found on a biopsy may not accurately represent the greater lesion. […] Proper management of patients with this complex disease requires collaboration between radiology, surgery, pathology, and the patient and their primary care team.
  • #46 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17992
    Molecular studies have discovered shared molecular characteristics between atypical proliferative lesions such as ADH and low-grade DCIS. […] When ADH or ALH is identified in a breast biopsy, the risk of developing DCIS or invasive breast cancer increases by four to five times with a 2:1 predilection for the ipsilateral breast versus contralateral. […] It is unclear if a precursor lesion exists for high-grade DCIS or invasive carcinoma; however, breast cancer relative risk is increased four times when atypical hyperplasia is identified on a breast biopsy. […] Molecular studies have identified important agents related to un-checked proliferation, including cyclin D1 overexpression, p16 inactivation, HOXA inactivation, and activation of telomerase. […] The sequence and interplay of these changes are not well understood, but further studies in their relation to each other and the development of atypical proliferative lesions and breast cancer could shed light on accurate risk stratification, prognosis, and early predictors of advanced neoplasia.
  • #47 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17992
    Molecular studies have discovered shared molecular characteristics between atypical proliferative lesions such as ADH and low-grade DCIS. […] When ADH or ALH is identified in a breast biopsy, the risk of developing DCIS or invasive breast cancer increases by four to five times with a 2:1 predilection for the ipsilateral breast versus contralateral. […] It is unclear if a precursor lesion exists for high-grade DCIS or invasive carcinoma; however, breast cancer relative risk is increased four times when atypical hyperplasia is identified on a breast biopsy. […] Molecular studies have identified important agents related to un-checked proliferation, including cyclin D1 overexpression, p16 inactivation, HOXA inactivation, and activation of telomerase. […] The sequence and interplay of these changes are not well understood, but further studies in their relation to each other and the development of atypical proliferative lesions and breast cancer could shed light on accurate risk stratification, prognosis, and early predictors of advanced neoplasia.
  • #48 Understanding Your Pathology Report: Atypical Hyperplasia (Breast) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/diagnosis-staging/tests/biopsy-and-cytology-tests/understanding-your-pathology-report/breast-pathology/atypical-hyperplasia.html
    Atypical hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual, and they are no longer lined up in just the 2 layers. […] If the growth looks more abnormal, it may be called atypical hyperplasia. This can be either atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). […] In ADH, the cells grow in an abnormal pattern and have some (but not all) of the features of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS, which is a pre-cancer). This means that ADH is not yet a pre-cancer, although it is linked to an increased risk of getting breast cancer later on. […] ALH is an abnormal growth of cells within lobules of the breast that is linked with an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Because having ADH increases your risk of breast cancer later on, your doctor may recommend more frequent follow up (with breast exams and imaging tests such as mammograms), as well as taking steps to lower your breast cancer risk, such as making lifestyle changes and taking medicine to help reduce your risk.
  • #49 Understanding Your Pathology Report: Atypical Hyperplasia (Breast) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/diagnosis-staging/tests/biopsy-and-cytology-tests/understanding-your-pathology-report/breast-pathology/atypical-hyperplasia.html
    Atypical hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual, and they are no longer lined up in just the 2 layers. […] If the growth looks more abnormal, it may be called atypical hyperplasia. This can be either atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). […] In ADH, the cells grow in an abnormal pattern and have some (but not all) of the features of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS, which is a pre-cancer). This means that ADH is not yet a pre-cancer, although it is linked to an increased risk of getting breast cancer later on. […] ALH is an abnormal growth of cells within lobules of the breast that is linked with an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Because having ADH increases your risk of breast cancer later on, your doctor may recommend more frequent follow up (with breast exams and imaging tests such as mammograms), as well as taking steps to lower your breast cancer risk, such as making lifestyle changes and taking medicine to help reduce your risk.
  • #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Atypical-Hyperplasia.aspx
    Atypical hyperplasia is thus described as an accumulation of abnormally proliferating cells in the breast. It is not cancer, but can be a pre-cancerous condition, where the abnormal cells causing atypical hyperplasia keep dividing. This may result in non-invasive or invasive breast cancer in the long term. […] Women with a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia have a higher risk of developing breast cancer in future, than those who do not have the condition. For this reason, intensive breast cancer screening and preventive medications to lower the risk of breast cancer is recommended in these cases. […] Atypical lobular hyperplasia occurs within the breast lobules and is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer in the future. Similar to ductal hyperplasia, microscopic examination of tissue reveals the cell growth pattern and based on the results, doctors will decide if more tests are required. Follow up with imaging and physical exams are recommended.
  • #51 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia: Breast, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16242-atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia occurs when you have abnormal cells in the milk ducts of your breast. These cells have a higher-than-normal chance of becoming cancerous. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH or atypia ductal hyperplasia) is when you have abnormal cells in the lining of the milk ducts in your breasts. […] For that reason, ADH cells have a higher-than-average chance of changing into cancer. […] The main complication of ADH is that it increases your risk for breast cancer. […] No, ADH isn’t cancer. It only increases your risk for breast cancer because the changes in the cells resemble changes in cells that do become cancer. […] ADH itself isn’t cancer. It increases your risk for breast cancer in the future. […] A person with an atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosis may not get breast cancer. […] Your risk for breast cancer increases up to four times compared to someone without atypical hyperplasia. […] ADH increases your risk for breast cancer but doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get breast cancer.
  • #52 Atypical Hyperplasia Boston, MA | New England Breast And Wellness
    https://www.nebreastandwellness.com/conditions-diagnosis/atypical-hyperplasia/
    Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ALH) is a condition wherein the unusual cells are in the lobules. This increases the risk of breast cancer in both breasts. […] She uses the latest techniques to investigate atypical hyperplasia in Boston and monitor the condition to minimize the risk of breast cancer.
  • #53 Atypical Breast Hyperplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470258/
    It is unclear if a precursor lesion exists for high-grade DCIS or invasive carcinoma; however, breast cancer relative risk is increased four times when atypical hyperplasia is identified on a breast biopsy. […] Molecular studies have identified important agents related to un-checked proliferation, including cyclin D1 overexpression, p16 inactivation, HOXA inactivation, and activation of telomerase. These changes can lead to inhibition of cell death and the development of malignancy. […] Atypical hyperplasia lesions are pre-malignant. Many authorities believe the patient should undergo complete surgical excision to exclude malignancy and prevent the development of advanced neoplasia if found on a breast biopsy. […] ADH is considered a pre-malignant, high-risk lesion, and ALH only a high-risk lesion. Either can be found in association with or at the periphery of a more advanced lesion; therefore, it is important to remember that atypical hyperplasia found on a biopsy may not accurately represent the greater lesion. […] Proper management of patients with this complex disease requires collaboration between radiology, surgery, pathology, and the patient and their primary care team.
  • #54 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Both types of atypical hyperplasia increase the risk of breast cancer. Treatment for both types is similar. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, you have an increased risk of getting breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don’t have atypical hyperplasia. […] Studies of women with atypical hyperplasia have found that the risk of breast cancer increases over time. At 25 years after diagnosis, about 30% of women with atypical hyperplasia may have breast cancer. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast increases the risk of breast cancer. So your healthcare team creates a breast cancer screening plan. […] Medicines that block the hormone estrogen in the body can lower the risk of breast cancer. Most breast cancers use estrogen and other hormones to help the cancer grow. Blocking estrogen helps stop cancer from forming.
  • #55 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Both types of atypical hyperplasia increase the risk of breast cancer. Treatment for both types is similar. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, you have an increased risk of getting breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don’t have atypical hyperplasia. […] Studies of women with atypical hyperplasia have found that the risk of breast cancer increases over time. At 25 years after diagnosis, about 30% of women with atypical hyperplasia may have breast cancer. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast increases the risk of breast cancer. So your healthcare team creates a breast cancer screening plan. […] Medicines that block the hormone estrogen in the body can lower the risk of breast cancer. Most breast cancers use estrogen and other hormones to help the cancer grow. Blocking estrogen helps stop cancer from forming.
  • #56 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast // Middlesex Health
    https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Both types of atypical hyperplasia increase the risk of breast cancer. Treatment for both types is similar. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, you have an increased risk of getting breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don’t have atypical hyperplasia. […] Studies of women with atypical hyperplasia have found that the risk of breast cancer increases over time. At 25 years after diagnosis, about 30% of women with atypical hyperplasia may have breast cancer. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast increases the risk of breast cancer. So your healthcare team creates a breast cancer screening plan. […] Medicines that block the hormone estrogen in the body can lower the risk of breast cancer. Most breast cancers use estrogen and other hormones to help the cancer grow. Blocking estrogen helps stop cancer from forming.
  • #57 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast: Clinical cases and management strategies | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/7/423
    Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is a histopathologic lesion identified incidentally on image-guided breast biopsy. It is associated with a substantial increase in lifetime risk for breast cancer. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast is a high-risk benign breast lesion that carries an increased lifetime risk for invasive breast cancer. […] For women with atypical hyperplasia, the cumulative breast cancer risk is approximately 1% per year. […] The risk of upgrade at surgical excision to ALH or lobular carcinoma in situ was lower: 4.8% and 2.9%, respectively. […] The long-term risk of breast cancer for pure FEA is only mildly increased (relative risk, 2.0), a risk similar to that of proliferative breast disease without atypia. […] If the excisional biopsy does not show findings of ALH or ADH, risk-reducing endocrine therapy or surveillance with high-risk breast imaging is not required for pure FEA. […] A healthy lifestyle is associated with a reduced risk for invasive breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.
  • #58 Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia: Breast, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16242-atypical-ductal-hyperplasia
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia occurs when you have abnormal cells in the milk ducts of your breast. These cells have a higher-than-normal chance of becoming cancerous. […] Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH or atypia ductal hyperplasia) is when you have abnormal cells in the lining of the milk ducts in your breasts. […] For that reason, ADH cells have a higher-than-average chance of changing into cancer. […] The main complication of ADH is that it increases your risk for breast cancer. […] No, ADH isn’t cancer. It only increases your risk for breast cancer because the changes in the cells resemble changes in cells that do become cancer. […] ADH itself isn’t cancer. It increases your risk for breast cancer in the future. […] A person with an atypical ductal hyperplasia diagnosis may not get breast cancer. […] Your risk for breast cancer increases up to four times compared to someone without atypical hyperplasia. […] ADH increases your risk for breast cancer but doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get breast cancer.
  • #59 Atypical Hyperplasia
    https://cbcn.ca/en/atypical-hyperplasia
    Normalnie w przewodach i zrazikach piersi znajduje się 1 lub 2 warstwy komórek, które pod mikroskopem wyglądają podobnie. W przypadku hiperplazji komórki te zaczynają rosnąć, a warstwy zwiększają się powyżej normalnych 1 lub 2. Hiperplazja to stan nie nowotworowy i może być zwyczajna lub atypowa. W przypadku zwyczajnej hiperplazji komórki stają się przerostowe, ale nadal wyglądają blisko normalnie. W atypowej hiperplazji komórki wydają się bardziej zniekształcone i nienormalne. Atypowa hiperplazja jest mniej powszechna niż zwyczajna hiperplazja i występuje w około 10% wszystkich biopsji z łagodnymi (nie nowotworowymi) wynikami. Atypowa hiperplazja ma wiele cech nowotworu, ale nie ma ich wystarczająco, aby uznać ją za raka piersi. Jednak posiadanie atypowej hiperplazji zwiększa szanse jednostki na zdiagnozowanie raka piersi: ryzyko jest około 4 do 5 razy wyższe niż ryzyko dla osób bez nieprawidłowości w piersiach. Z tego powodu uznaje się ją za stan przednowotworowy raka piersi.
  • #60 Atypical Hyperplasia
    https://cbcn.ca/en/atypical-hyperplasia
    Istnieją dwa typy atypowej hiperplazji: atypowa hiperplazja przewodowa (ADH), która występuje w przewodach, oraz atypowa hiperplazja zrazikowa (ALH), która występuje w zrazikach. ADH dzieli niektóre cechy z rakiem przewodowym in situ (DCIS), nowotworem przedrakowym występującym w przewodach piersi. ALH dzieli niektóre cechy z rakiem zrazikowym in situ (LCIS), przerostem komórek w zrazikach, który również nie jest uważany za nowotwór, ale za stan, który zwiększa ryzyko późniejszego rozwoju raka piersi. […] Badania pokazują, że im młodsza kobieta jest w momencie zdiagnozowania któregokolwiek typu atypowej hiperplazji, tym wyższe jest jej prawdopodobieństwo zdiagnozowania raka piersi w późniejszym życiu. 5 lat po zdiagnozowaniu atypowej hiperplazji 7% kobiet zostanie zdiagnozowanych z rakiem piersi; 10 lat po diagnozie atypowej hiperplazji 13% kobiet zostanie zdiagnozowanych z rakiem piersi; a 25 lat po diagnozie atypowej hiperplazji 30% kobiet rozwinie raka piersi.
  • #61 Atypical ductal hyperplasia: What it is and how it’s treated | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/atypical-ductal-hyperplasia–what-it-is-and-how-to-treat-it.h00-159695967.html
    Atypical ductal hyperplasia is not cancer, but it does put you at a greater risk of developing breast cancer. […] Were not sure what causes atypical ductal hyperplasia. But the risk factors for developing it are similar to the risk factors for breast cancer. […] Hyperplasia alone is not necessarily a risk factor for breast cancer. But when you have hyperplasia and the cells look atypical or abnormal, there is a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Most literature shows that people with atypical ductal hyperplasia can have up to four times the risk of getting breast cancer compared to someone without it. […] Additionally, if you have atypical ductal hyperplasia in your left breast, it can increase your chances of getting breast cancer in either breast. Its not just the breast that was biopsied. […] Not everyone who has atypical ductal hyperplasia will develop breast cancer.
  • #62 Atypical ductal hyperplasia: update on diagnosis, management, and molecular landscape | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
    https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-018-0967-1
    ADH is not only a risk factor for IDC, it is also considered to be a direct but non-obligate precursor to carcinoma. […] Diagnosis of ADH carries a four- to fivefold increased risk of developing breast cancer within 5 years that is not limited to the ipsilateral breast. […] Strikingly, the risk associated with ADH is doubled with family history, suggesting inherited factors are associated with ADH development. […] The occurrence of ADH in the general population varies widely from 3% of benign biopsies to 8-10% to 23%. […] In this review, we focus on the definition, diagnosis, and current management of ADH as well as its molecular alterations. […] One of the major impediments to proper management of ADH is the conflicting definitions of ADH and intra-observer variability which make a definitive diagnosis difficult.
  • #63 What Is the Real Risk of Breast Cancer Associated With Atypical Hyperplasia? – The ASCO Post
    https://ascopost.com/issues/november-1-2014/what-is-the-real-risk-of-breast-cancer-associated-with-atypical-hyperplasia/
    Conventional risk determination is not very helpful in the atypia population, including family history, she indicated. […] Within the Mayo Clinic cohort, the number of women with atypia who developed breast cancer was 1.7 times more than the Gail model predicted (P .001), indicating that the Gail model significantly underestimates breast cancer risk in this population. […] It is possible, however, to stratify risk according to the number of atypical foci in the pathology specimen. […] Relative risks were 3.19 for women with one focus of disease, 5.53 for those with two foci, and 7.61 for those with three or more. […] Dr. Hartmann described a risk model that incorporates time since biopsy and the number of foci of disease, resulting in a cumulative incidence of breast cancer out to 25 years.
  • #64 Atypical hyperplasia of the breast | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/atypical-hyperplasia-of-the-breast
    Both types of atypical hyperplasia increase the risk of breast cancer. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia of the breast, you have an increased risk of getting breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don’t have atypical hyperplasia. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast increases the risk of breast cancer. So your healthcare team creates a breast cancer screening plan. […] Medicines that block the hormone estrogen in the body can lower the risk of breast cancer. Most breast cancers use estrogen and other hormones to help the cancer grow. Blocking estrogen helps stop cancer from forming. […] Atypical hyperplasia of the breast may be treated with surgery to remove the atypical cells. This might be recommended if mammogram images show something concerning.