Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag/print

  The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. […] When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” […] The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #1 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag

  Jet lag disorder Epidemiology, surveillance […] The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #2 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag

  Jet lag disorder Epidemiology, surveillance […] The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #2 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  International travel has risen steadily since the advent of commercial air travel and peaked at approximately 1.5 billion arrivals in 2019 prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Following arrival at their destination, travelers often experience jet lag, a sleep disorder caused by rapid travel across time zones, resulting in a temporary desynchronization between the internal biological clock and the local time. Jet lag disorder is not just a general feeling of low energy. It can manifest as sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, daytime sleepiness, general malaise, gastrointestinal disturbances, and/or other symptoms. There are limited data on the prevalence of jet lag disorder, but one recent survey reported that 68% of international business travelers experienced negative symptoms on a regular basis.

• #3 Scofa – Article Detail

  https://scofa.com/ht/article-detail/what-exactly-is-jet-lag

  Jet lag is defined as a misalignment of your internal circadian rhythm and the natural, external, light-dark cycle. The overall prevalence of jet lag, including the impact of age and gender on developing the condition, is currently unknown or not clearly defined. […] It appears that older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms. […] Jet lag is a common condition that can manifest in multiple symptoms; however, symptoms can be addressed with behavioral strategies based on travel direction and individual symptom management.

• #3 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] The severity of the elicited symptoms is postulated to depend mostly on circadian factors such as the number of time zones crossed and the direction of travel. […] Both traditional and newly devised metrics of jetlag symptom intensity and duration (accounting for individual symptom trajectories) recapitulated previous results of jetlag prevalence at about 50-60% as well as general symptom dynamics. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] The classic circadian determinants, including number of time zones crossed and direction of travel, exhibited little to no link with jetlag symptom intensity and duration.

• #4 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  International travel has risen steadily since the advent of commercial air travel and peaked at approximately 1.5 billion arrivals in 2019 prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Following arrival at their destination, travelers often experience jet lag, a sleep disorder caused by rapid travel across time zones, resulting in a temporary desynchronization between the internal biological clock and the local time. Jet lag disorder is not just a general feeling of low energy. It can manifest as sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, daytime sleepiness, general malaise, gastrointestinal disturbances, and/or other symptoms. There are limited data on the prevalence of jet lag disorder, but one recent survey reported that 68% of international business travelers experienced negative symptoms on a regular basis.

• #5

  https://www.namcp.org/sleepdisorders/html/disorders/jetlag/epidemiology.html

  Jet lag is an extremely common sleep disorder which affects millions of people every day, nearly all of whom are traveling for both business and pleasure. […] People who are already suffering from sleep deprivation or insomnia have been shown to be more likely to experience jet lag, and at a higher degree of intensity. […] All age groups are at risk of experiencing jet lag, however, individuals over the age of 50 are more likely to develop jet lag and have worse symptoms than those under the age of 30. This is because it takes longer for their bodies to recover and adjust than it does young adults.

• #6 Jet Lag Disorder | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/jet-lag-disorder/

  Jet lag disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder (CRSD) that results from the misalignment between the internal circadian clock and the external environment when traveling across at least two times zones (1). […] The prevalence of jet lag disorder is unknown. However, given the prevalence (+30 million) of international travelers departing the United States in 2009 that crossed three or more time zones the occurrence may be relatively high (3). […] A survey study of just over 500 business travelers reported the following symptom prevalence: disturbed sleep (78%), daytime fatigue (49%), impaired mental performance (26%), gastrointestinal complaints (24%), and increased irritability (18%) (4).

• #7 Jet lag disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/symptoms-causes/syc-20374027

  Jet lag, also called jet lag disorder, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across several time zones. […] Jet lag occurs because your body’s internal clock is synced to your original time zone. It hasn’t changed to the time zone of where you’ve traveled. The more time zones crossed, the more likely you are to experience jet lag. […] Jet lag symptoms usually occur within a day or two after traveling across at least two time zones. Symptoms are likely to be worse or last longer the farther you travel. This is especially true if you fly east. It usually takes about a day to recover for each time zone crossed. […] Jet lag can occur anytime you cross two or more time zones. Crossing multiple time zones puts your internal clock out of sync with the time in your new locale. Your internal clock, also called circadian rhythms, regulates your sleep-wake cycle. […] Factors that increase the likelihood you’ll experience jet lag include: The more time zones you cross, the more likely you are to feel jet lag. […] Auto accidents caused by drowsy driving may be more likely in people who are jet-lagged.

• #8 Jet lag and sleep phase disorders – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1017

  Jet lag and sleep phase disorders affect millions of travelers worldwide. […] Rapid change in time zone produces a constellation of symptoms called jet lag disorder. […] Severity of symptoms depends on the number of time zones crossed, times of travel, quality of sleep in flight, circadian time cues at the place of travel, individual propensity, and direction of travel. […] Jet lag disorder is a temporary desynchronization between endogenous body rhythms and exogenous environmental rhythms, caused by rapid transmeridian travel across different time zones, leading to sleep disturbance, reduced alertness, general malaise, and gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of jet travel across at least 2 time zones, difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, reduction of total sleep time, daytime sleepiness, and reduced daytime alertness. […] Risk factors include multiple time zones crossed and rapidity of travel, sleep deprivation, individual susceptibility to time zone shifts, excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption, and stress.

• #9 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  Risk factors for the development of jet lag disorder include the number of time zones traveled, exposure to appropriate time cues at the destination, individual genetic differences, use of medications, and other individual- and route-specific risk factors. […] Prevention of jet lag symptoms is of great interest to the traveler and the travel clinic, and it is important to differentiate the effects for infrequent travelers and frequent travelers. Pre- and post-travel planning to minimize jet lag is most critical for frequent travelers owing to the significant and additive negative health effects of chronic insufficient sleep and circadian disruption. […] In the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) clinical practice guidelines for circadian rhythm sleep disorders, standard treatment for jet lag disorder in frequent travelers includes timed melatonin administration; additional treatment options include timed light exposure, strategic scheduling of sleep, hypnotic administration, stimulant administration, and/or maintaining home-base (local) sleep hours during short-trips where adaptation would be limited. […] Jet lag calculators have been developed to provide travelers with recommendations on how to mitigate jet lag by adjusting the timing of sleep, light exposure, caffeine consumption, or use of melatonin in the days prior to, during, and following the trip.

• #10 Jet lag disorder | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/jet-lag-disorder

  Jet lag disorder can affect individuals of any age, sex, and racial group. Virtually all individuals will experience jet lag symptoms after crossing three or more time zones. Some individuals are more susceptible to developing symptoms than others. The individual differences in the ability to adjust to rapid shifts in time zones may be related to endogenous circadian period whereby individuals with longer circadian periods (who tend to be late chronotypes) adapt better to westward travel, and those with shorter circadian periods (who tend to be early chronotypes) adapt better to eastward travel (12). […] Jet lag disorder involves a temporary mismatch between the timing of the endogenous circadian clock and timing required by the new time zone. Symptoms typically last 2 to 4 days but may persist for up to 7 to 10 days. Duration and severity of symptoms are typically proportionate to the direction of travel and the number of time zones crossed.

• #11 Sleeplessness and Circadian Rhythm Disorder: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188944-overview

  Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS) is common. Approximately 710% of patients who complain of insomnia are diagnosed with a circadian rhythm disorder, most often DSPS. […] The prevalence of irregular sleep-wake schedules has not been established but is said to be quite high. An irregular sleep-wake schedule is common in patients with Alzheimer disease. […] The severity of jet lag is related to the direction of travel (ie, more frequently seen when traveling in an eastward direction) and the number of time zones crossed. Most patients experience jet lag if they cross three or more time zones. […] A cross-sectional, nationwide epidemiologic study in Norway established an overall prevalence of DSPS of 0.17% when strict International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) criteria were used.

• #12

  https://www.namcp.org/sleepdisorders/html/disorders/jetlag/epidemiology.html

  Jet lag is an extremely common sleep disorder which affects millions of people every day, nearly all of whom are traveling for both business and pleasure. […] People who are already suffering from sleep deprivation or insomnia have been shown to be more likely to experience jet lag, and at a higher degree of intensity. […] All age groups are at risk of experiencing jet lag, however, individuals over the age of 50 are more likely to develop jet lag and have worse symptoms than those under the age of 30. This is because it takes longer for their bodies to recover and adjust than it does young adults.

• #13 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag

  Jet lag disorder Epidemiology, surveillance […] The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #14 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag/print

  The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. […] When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” […] The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #15

  https://www.namcp.org/sleepdisorders/html/disorders/jetlag/epidemiology.html

  Jet lag is an extremely common sleep disorder which affects millions of people every day, nearly all of whom are traveling for both business and pleasure. […] People who are already suffering from sleep deprivation or insomnia have been shown to be more likely to experience jet lag, and at a higher degree of intensity. […] All age groups are at risk of experiencing jet lag, however, individuals over the age of 50 are more likely to develop jet lag and have worse symptoms than those under the age of 30. This is because it takes longer for their bodies to recover and adjust than it does young adults.

• #16 Jet lag – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jet-lag

  Jet lag disorder Epidemiology, surveillance […] The prevalence of jet lag is unknown. When international business travelers were surveyed, almost 70 percent reported that jet lag was present „fairly often” or „always.” The impact of age and sex on the likelihood of developing jet lag has not been clearly defined, although older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms of jet lag.

• #17 Scofa – Article Detail

  https://scofa.com/ht/article-detail/what-exactly-is-jet-lag

  Jet lag is defined as a misalignment of your internal circadian rhythm and the natural, external, light-dark cycle. The overall prevalence of jet lag, including the impact of age and gender on developing the condition, is currently unknown or not clearly defined. […] It appears that older adults may be less likely to experience symptoms. […] Jet lag is a common condition that can manifest in multiple symptoms; however, symptoms can be addressed with behavioral strategies based on travel direction and individual symptom management.

• #18 Sleeplessness and Circadian Rhythm Disorder: Background, Etiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1188944-overview

  The sex difference in circadian rhythm disorders seems to be age related. […] DSPS is the most common circadian rhythm disorder in children and adolescents. ASPS is more likely to appear in elderly individuals. Health risks associated with shift work, such as gastrointestinal (GI) and psychosomatic symptoms, increase with age.

• #19 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Nosological classification, definitions, and epidemiology | ESRS

  https://esrs.eu/news/sleep-science-friday/circadian-rhythm-sleep-disorders-1/

  Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders are common. […] This chapter covers the nosological classification and definitions based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition, and also provides epidemiological data for these circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. […] For many of these disorders, prevalence, sex, and age distribution are unknown.

• #20 Jet lag disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/symptoms-causes/syc-20374027

  Jet lag, also called jet lag disorder, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across several time zones. […] Jet lag occurs because your body’s internal clock is synced to your original time zone. It hasn’t changed to the time zone of where you’ve traveled. The more time zones crossed, the more likely you are to experience jet lag. […] Jet lag symptoms usually occur within a day or two after traveling across at least two time zones. Symptoms are likely to be worse or last longer the farther you travel. This is especially true if you fly east. It usually takes about a day to recover for each time zone crossed. […] Jet lag can occur anytime you cross two or more time zones. Crossing multiple time zones puts your internal clock out of sync with the time in your new locale. Your internal clock, also called circadian rhythms, regulates your sleep-wake cycle. […] Factors that increase the likelihood you’ll experience jet lag include: The more time zones you cross, the more likely you are to feel jet lag. […] Auto accidents caused by drowsy driving may be more likely in people who are jet-lagged.

• #21 Jet lag and sleep phase disorders – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1017

  Jet lag and sleep phase disorders affect millions of travelers worldwide. […] Rapid change in time zone produces a constellation of symptoms called jet lag disorder. […] Severity of symptoms depends on the number of time zones crossed, times of travel, quality of sleep in flight, circadian time cues at the place of travel, individual propensity, and direction of travel. […] Jet lag disorder is a temporary desynchronization between endogenous body rhythms and exogenous environmental rhythms, caused by rapid transmeridian travel across different time zones, leading to sleep disturbance, reduced alertness, general malaise, and gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Key diagnostic factors include history of jet travel across at least 2 time zones, difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, reduction of total sleep time, daytime sleepiness, and reduced daytime alertness. […] Risk factors include multiple time zones crossed and rapidity of travel, sleep deprivation, individual susceptibility to time zone shifts, excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption, and stress.

• #22 Jet lag disorder | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/jet-lag-disorder

  Jet lag disorder can affect individuals of any age, sex, and racial group. Virtually all individuals will experience jet lag symptoms after crossing three or more time zones. Some individuals are more susceptible to developing symptoms than others. The individual differences in the ability to adjust to rapid shifts in time zones may be related to endogenous circadian period whereby individuals with longer circadian periods (who tend to be late chronotypes) adapt better to westward travel, and those with shorter circadian periods (who tend to be early chronotypes) adapt better to eastward travel (12). […] Jet lag disorder involves a temporary mismatch between the timing of the endogenous circadian clock and timing required by the new time zone. Symptoms typically last 2 to 4 days but may persist for up to 7 to 10 days. Duration and severity of symptoms are typically proportionate to the direction of travel and the number of time zones crossed.

• #23 Jet lag: Heuristics and therapeutics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6069654/

  Jet lag, often deemed as a trivial inconvenience, is actually a recognized sleep disorder. […] Despite its limited duration, jet lag can produce deleterious health effects in high functioning individuals. […] Jet lag manifests as daytime sleepiness, mood changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, psychomotor retardation, and insomnia. […] Jet lag is a clinical diagnosis. […] Jet lag is often mistaken for travel fatigue. […] In the absence of specific treatment, the natural circadian rhythm adjusts to the destination time by approximately 1 time zone/day for eastbound travel and 1.5 time zones/day for westbound travel. […] Jet lag is a common and underdiagnosed medical problem that can have varying effects on motor and cognitive performance. […] With international travel becoming increasingly common among professionals, jet lag warrants significant medical attention. […] Few treatment strategies exist to counter the deleterious effects of jet lag on the normal circadian cycle. […] More research trials need to be performed in order to establish concrete treatment recommendations.

• #24 Jet lag | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jet-lag

  Jet lag is a type of fatigue caused by travelling across different time zones. […] The body needs anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to acclimatise to the new time zone approximately one day for each hour of time zone changes. […] Jet lag is a combination of fatigue and other symptoms caused by travelling abruptly across different time zones. […] The internal body clock of a jet-lagged traveller is out of synchronisation with the new time zone and is still operating on home time. […] Different bodily processes adjust to the new time zone at different speeds, which adds to the confusion. […] Depending on the individual, the body needs anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to acclimatise to the new time zone. […] There is no evidence that popular strategies, such as fasting or eating complicated diets, have any effect.

• #25 Jet lag | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jet-lag

  Jet lag is a type of fatigue caused by travelling across different time zones. […] The body needs anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to acclimatise to the new time zone approximately one day for each hour of time zone changes. […] Jet lag is a combination of fatigue and other symptoms caused by travelling abruptly across different time zones. […] The internal body clock of a jet-lagged traveller is out of synchronisation with the new time zone and is still operating on home time. […] Different bodily processes adjust to the new time zone at different speeds, which adds to the confusion. […] Depending on the individual, the body needs anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to acclimatise to the new time zone. […] There is no evidence that popular strategies, such as fasting or eating complicated diets, have any effect.

• #26 Jet Lag Causes, Symptoms, Recovery, Treatment, Duration

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jet_lag/article.htm

  Jet lag, also called desynchronosis and flight fatigue, is a temporary disorder that causes fatigue, insomnia, and other symptoms as a result of air travel across multiple time zones. It is considered a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which is a disruption of the internal circadian clock. […] The main cause of jet lag is travel across different time zones. However, certain risk factors may result in symptoms being more severe or longer lasting. […] Generally, people do not need a medical evaluation for a diagnosis of jet lag. If you have traveled across several time zones and feel the symptoms associated with jet lag, you likely have it. […] Recovering from jet lag depends on the number of time zones crossed while traveling. In general, the body will adjust to the new time zone at the rate of one or two time zones per day. For example, if you cross six time zones, the body will typically adjust to this time change in three to five days. […] Jet lag is temporary, so the prognosis is excellent and most people will recover within a few days.

• #27 Jet lag: Heuristics and therapeutics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6069654/

  Jet lag, often deemed as a trivial inconvenience, is actually a recognized sleep disorder. […] Despite its limited duration, jet lag can produce deleterious health effects in high functioning individuals. […] Jet lag manifests as daytime sleepiness, mood changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, psychomotor retardation, and insomnia. […] Jet lag is a clinical diagnosis. […] Jet lag is often mistaken for travel fatigue. […] In the absence of specific treatment, the natural circadian rhythm adjusts to the destination time by approximately 1 time zone/day for eastbound travel and 1.5 time zones/day for westbound travel. […] Jet lag is a common and underdiagnosed medical problem that can have varying effects on motor and cognitive performance. […] With international travel becoming increasingly common among professionals, jet lag warrants significant medical attention. […] Few treatment strategies exist to counter the deleterious effects of jet lag on the normal circadian cycle. […] More research trials need to be performed in order to establish concrete treatment recommendations.

• #28 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] The severity of the elicited symptoms is postulated to depend mostly on circadian factors such as the number of time zones crossed and the direction of travel. […] Both traditional and newly devised metrics of jetlag symptom intensity and duration (accounting for individual symptom trajectories) recapitulated previous results of jetlag prevalence at about 50-60% as well as general symptom dynamics. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] The classic circadian determinants, including number of time zones crossed and direction of travel, exhibited little to no link with jetlag symptom intensity and duration.

• #29 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] The severity of the elicited symptoms is postulated to depend mostly on circadian factors such as the number of time zones crossed and the direction of travel. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] The classic circadian determinants, including number of time zones crossed and direction of travel, exhibited little to no link with jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration.

• #30 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149v1.full-text

  Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration. […] Jetlag disorder afflicts millions of travelers each year – a nuisance on holiday trips but also a danger in safety and performance-critical operations. […] For effective prevention and treatment, it is critical to understand what influences jetlag severity, i.e. jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. […] Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity. […] If this holds true not only for subjective but also objective symptoms, we need to revisit assumptions about how circadian desynchronization relates to experienced jetlag symptoms.

• #31 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  For effective prevention and treatment, it is critical to understand what influences jetlag severity, i.e. jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. […] Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity. […] The only factor explaining at least some of the variability in jetlag syndrome was expectation. […] The effect of expectation on jetlag symptoms was in the anticipated direction: the more severe participants expected their jetlag to be, the more severe the jetlag outcome was. […] This calls into question the current guidelines on the determinants of jetlag syndrome.

• #32 Jet lag disorder | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/jet-lag-disorder

  Jet lag disorder can affect individuals of any age, sex, and racial group. Virtually all individuals will experience jet lag symptoms after crossing three or more time zones. Some individuals are more susceptible to developing symptoms than others. The individual differences in the ability to adjust to rapid shifts in time zones may be related to endogenous circadian period whereby individuals with longer circadian periods (who tend to be late chronotypes) adapt better to westward travel, and those with shorter circadian periods (who tend to be early chronotypes) adapt better to eastward travel (12). […] Jet lag disorder involves a temporary mismatch between the timing of the endogenous circadian clock and timing required by the new time zone. Symptoms typically last 2 to 4 days but may persist for up to 7 to 10 days. Duration and severity of symptoms are typically proportionate to the direction of travel and the number of time zones crossed.

• #33 Long-Term Effects of Jet Lag – Sleep MD NYC

  https://sleepmdnyc.com/long-term-effects-of-jet-lag/

  Sleep disorders and weight gain are the two primary side effects associated with patients who regularly travel in between time zones. […] For many patients affected by consistent exposure to jet lag, the first signs are sleep disorder symptoms. […] Unfortunately, these techniques may not be enough if your body is constantly subjected to changing time zones.

• #34 Jet Lag | Phytomelatonin

  https://www.phytomelatonin.org/jet-lag

  Jet travel is a permanent feature of the modern lifestyle, with the number of flights increasing year over year. […] The symptoms and consequences are due to the misalignment between our body clock and the light-dark cues provided in our new destination. […] The long-term consequences for people who travel regularly include an increased risk of some cancers, along with depression, fatigue, and sleep disorders.

• #35

  https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/reviews-and-advice/what-is-jet-lag-exactly-and-is-west-really-best-20230405-p5cydj.html

  Also known as jet lag disorder or the far less catchy time zone change syndrome, jet lag is a temporary sleep problem caused by rapid travel over multiple time zones. […] The severity of the jet lag is worse the more time zones crossed without any intervention, its estimated to take about a full day to adjust for every hour of time zone changes. […] While jet lag is a temporary sleep disorder, the evidence around the adverse health effects of shift work and the disruption to circadian cycles raises questions for frequent flyers such as business travellers and airline crew. […] We know that the circadian misalignment that we experience with jet lag, as well as the sleep loss because we’re trying to sleep at a time that our body doesn’t want to sleep, have a significant impact on performance. […] A recent review on the impact of international flight operations on cabin crew found a high prevalence of fatigue, poor sleep quality, risk of sleep disorders and mental health issues.

• #36 Jet Lag Could Trigger Mental Illness — Here’s How to Treat It – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/jet-lag-mental-illness-treatment-2018-3

  Research shows that jet lag can trigger depressive or manic episodes for people with mental illnesses. […] People traveling east to west may have depressive episodes. People traveling from west to east may have manic episodes. […] A significant body of research shows that jet lag can be more than simply feeling tired in Tokyo or restless in Rome. It can trigger relapses in psychiatric illnesses. […] The psychiatric effects of jet lag have been studied for decades. […] One of the most comprehensive studies on the subject was published in 1982, and found jet lag as the culprit to psychiatric breakdowns. […] People who traveled from east to west, the authors found, were diagnosed with depression more often than those who hadn’t. People who traveled from west to east, on the other hand, were diagnosed with hypomania basically, a state of elated, restless energy more often.

• #37 Jet Lag Could Trigger Mental Illness — Here’s How to Treat It – Business Insider

  https://www.businessinsider.com/jet-lag-mental-illness-treatment-2018-3

  Later studies led by Gregory Katz at the Kfar Shaul Mental Health Center in Jerusalem found that, while it’s unlikely that people develop mental illnesses because of jet lag, it’s very likely that the disruption of a person’s circadian rhythm by jet lag exacerbates major psychiatric disorders. […] This doesn’t mean that jet lag can cause mental illness in a person. It means that jet lag can trigger manic or depressive episodes in people who have already been diagnosed with mental illnesses because of the way it disrupts a person’s circadian rhythm. […] Because jet lag is understood to be caused by a mismatch between a person’s circadian rhythm and the world around them, solutions usually involve light therapy or taking supplements for melatonin, the hormone that regulates the circadian rhythm.

• #38 Chronic jet lag discovered in people living with HIV | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/970930

  People living with HIV have a significantly delayed internal body clock, consistent with the symptoms of jet lag, according to new findings reported by researchers from universities in South Africa and the UK. […] This suggests the possibility that HIV infection may cause a circadian rhythm disorder similar to the disruption experienced in shift work or jet lag. […] Our findings have important potential implications for the health and wellbeing of people living with HIV, especially given the well-established relationships between disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep deprivation. […] Dr Karine Scheuermaier of the University of the Witwatersrand, senior author of the study added: This is very similar to the risk profile observed in shift workers. Understanding and mitigating this disruption may be an important step towards helping people living with HIV live healthier lives.

• #39 Jet Lag | Phytomelatonin

  https://www.phytomelatonin.org/jet-lag

  Jet travel is a permanent feature of the modern lifestyle, with the number of flights increasing year over year. […] The symptoms and consequences are due to the misalignment between our body clock and the light-dark cues provided in our new destination. […] The long-term consequences for people who travel regularly include an increased risk of some cancers, along with depression, fatigue, and sleep disorders.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  In fact jet-lag disorder has been removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) V and is encompassed within the classification Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. […] Numerous other symptoms are associated with jet lag since the underlying cause resides in our circadian timing system. […] The problem of treatment is not simple. […] The exact mode of action of these drugs is uncertain; however, increased dopamine activity is involved. […] There are also possible long-term consequences of frequent desynchrony as evidenced by epidemiological and animal studies.

• #41 Jet lag disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jet-lag/symptoms-causes/syc-20374027

  Jet lag, also called jet lag disorder, is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across several time zones. […] Jet lag occurs because your body’s internal clock is synced to your original time zone. It hasn’t changed to the time zone of where you’ve traveled. The more time zones crossed, the more likely you are to experience jet lag. […] Jet lag symptoms usually occur within a day or two after traveling across at least two time zones. Symptoms are likely to be worse or last longer the farther you travel. This is especially true if you fly east. It usually takes about a day to recover for each time zone crossed. […] Jet lag can occur anytime you cross two or more time zones. Crossing multiple time zones puts your internal clock out of sync with the time in your new locale. Your internal clock, also called circadian rhythms, regulates your sleep-wake cycle. […] Factors that increase the likelihood you’ll experience jet lag include: The more time zones you cross, the more likely you are to feel jet lag. […] Auto accidents caused by drowsy driving may be more likely in people who are jet-lagged.

• #42 Getting the Sleep You Need: Jet Lag and Shift Work | Sleep Medicine

  https://sleep.hms.harvard.edu/education-training/public-education/sleep-and-health-education-program/sleep-health-education-81

  Unfortunately, if a person experiences light much earlier than 5 a.m. internal time, then the body interprets this as a late sunset rather than an early sunrise. […] Unlike travelers who experience jet lag (a temporary disruption of the body’s internal biological clock due to travel across time zones), shift workers experience longer-term disruptions that carry social as well as physiological implications. […] Chronic sleep deprivation is one outcome of shift work disorder. […] The increased rate of work-related accidents at night and motor vehicle accidents following a night shift are evidence that long-term shift work can be hazardous to health and well-being.

• #43 The Science Behind Jet Lag: How Our Body’s Internal Clocks Are Affected – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/blog/the-science-behind-jet-lag

  Jet lag can significantly impact our sleep patterns by disrupting the natural circadian rhythm that regulates our sleep-wake cycle. […] The cognitive effects of jet lag can manifest as difficulties in thinking, processing information, and making decisions. […] Jet lag can affect special populations in distinct ways, including children, older adults, and pregnant women. […] Ongoing research is actively exploring various innovative therapies and interventions to reduce the impact of jet lag. […] Jet lag can be a frustrating and debilitating condition that significantly impacts our physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being.

• #44 Association between social jetlag and chronic kidney disease among the Korean working population | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-33130-1

  Social jetlag refers to the discrepancy between social time and the body’s internal rhythm, which can lead to unfavorable health outcomes. […] However, no study has directly explored the relation between social jetlag and chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] This study found that social jetlag and risk of CKD were significantly related in the Korean working population. […] The estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased as social jetlag increased. […] The association between social jetlag and constant eGFR was evaluated using a generalized additive model and nonparametric regression analysis for ascertaining nonlinear relationships, after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, occupation, weekly work hours, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and self-rated health.

• #45 Association between social jetlag and chronic kidney disease among the Korean working population | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-33130-1

  This study observed the linking between social jetlag and the CKD, particularly among middle-aged or older workers. […] Several plausible mechanisms might explain the relationship between social jetlag and CKD. […] The strength of the current study is the use of a nationally representative sample of the Korean working population. […] In conclusion, social jetlag was associated with reduced eGFR among the general working population in Korea.

• #46 Jet lag: Heuristics and therapeutics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6069654/

  Jet lag, often deemed as a trivial inconvenience, is actually a recognized sleep disorder. […] Despite its limited duration, jet lag can produce deleterious health effects in high functioning individuals. […] Jet lag manifests as daytime sleepiness, mood changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, psychomotor retardation, and insomnia. […] Jet lag is a clinical diagnosis. […] Jet lag is often mistaken for travel fatigue. […] In the absence of specific treatment, the natural circadian rhythm adjusts to the destination time by approximately 1 time zone/day for eastbound travel and 1.5 time zones/day for westbound travel. […] Jet lag is a common and underdiagnosed medical problem that can have varying effects on motor and cognitive performance. […] With international travel becoming increasingly common among professionals, jet lag warrants significant medical attention. […] Few treatment strategies exist to counter the deleterious effects of jet lag on the normal circadian cycle. […] More research trials need to be performed in order to establish concrete treatment recommendations.

• #47 Jet Lag | Phytomelatonin

  https://www.phytomelatonin.org/jet-lag

  With increasing travel and global connectivity, more individuals need to recover from jet lag sooner and faster. […] Two-thirds of people traveling two or more time zones will experience symptoms, with increasing symptomology when traveling five or more time zones. […] After traveling two time zones or more, an individual can be medically diagnosed with Jet Lag Disorder if insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and daytime impairment or symptoms are present one to two days after travel. […] Jet Lag Disorder can be diagnosed when all three criteria are met, according to The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd Edition. […] The findings demonstrate a need to implement sleep strategies prior to travel, and have implications for public health, especially frequent business travelers who may not have the medical guidance to mitigate the negative effects of jet lag.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Jet lag is largely perceived as poor sleep, daytime sleepiness and mis-timed physiological functions. […] Jet lag is primarily due to circadian rhythms adapting slowly to a change in time zone together with sleep deprivation during flight. […] A number of timed treatments including bright light exposure, stimulants, hypnotics and drugs that shift rhythms can alleviate the symptoms of jet lag and hasten adaptation to the destination time zone. […] For short stop-overs it is advised not to adapt but to preserve sleep and alertness as far as possible. […] The primary complaint of jet-lagged travellers is sleep disorder. […] According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders II as cited in [5], the diagnostic criteria for Jet Lag Disorder were: Complaint of insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with transmeridian jet travel across at least two time zones, associated impairment of daytime function, general malaise, or somatic symptoms such as gastrointestinal disturbance within one or two days after travel, sleep disturbance is not better explained by another current sleep disorder, medical or neurological disorder, mental disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.

• #49

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  In fact jet-lag disorder has been removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) V and is encompassed within the classification Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. […] Numerous other symptoms are associated with jet lag since the underlying cause resides in our circadian timing system. […] The problem of treatment is not simple. […] The exact mode of action of these drugs is uncertain; however, increased dopamine activity is involved. […] There are also possible long-term consequences of frequent desynchrony as evidenced by epidemiological and animal studies.

• #50 Sleep Awareness | AAO-HNS Bulletin

  https://bulletin.entnet.org/clinical-patient-care/article/22711343/sleep-awareness

  Jet lag is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder that occurs when your internal clocks schedule does not align with the local wake-sleep cycle. […] Jet lag typically occurs with long-distance air travel, when crossing three time zones. […] The severity of jet lag depends on how many time zones you cross and in which direction. […] Jet lag is a temporary condition and resolves when the internal clock adjusts to the new time zone. […] However, for certain populations, such as pilots and business travelers, the chronic state of an out-of-sync circadian rhythm can lead to other sleep disorders, such as insomnia. […] According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, if you answer yes to the following questions, then you may have jet lag. […] Have you traveled by air across at least two time zones? […] Do you have trouble sleeping, or are you very sleepy during the day? […] Do you have difficulty functioning normally or have a feeling of mild sickness or stomach problems within one to two days after travel?

• #51 Jet lag – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_lag

  Jet lag is caused by a misalignment between the internal circadian clock and the external environment, and it has been classified within the category of a circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, reflecting its basis in disrupted biological timing rather than general travel fatigue. […] Jet lag has been the subject of research across multiple fields including chronobiology, sleep medicine, and aviation health. Numerous peer-reviewed studies have examined its underlying mechanisms, health implications, and treatment strategies. […] Jet lag is linked only to the distance travelled along the east-west axis. A ten-hour flight between Europe and southern Africa does not cause jet lag, as the direction of travel is primarily north-south. A four-hour flight between Miami, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona, in the United States may result in jet lag, as the direction of travel is primarily east-west.

• #52 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  Risk factors for the development of jet lag disorder include the number of time zones traveled, exposure to appropriate time cues at the destination, individual genetic differences, use of medications, and other individual- and route-specific risk factors. […] Prevention of jet lag symptoms is of great interest to the traveler and the travel clinic, and it is important to differentiate the effects for infrequent travelers and frequent travelers. Pre- and post-travel planning to minimize jet lag is most critical for frequent travelers owing to the significant and additive negative health effects of chronic insufficient sleep and circadian disruption. […] In the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) clinical practice guidelines for circadian rhythm sleep disorders, standard treatment for jet lag disorder in frequent travelers includes timed melatonin administration; additional treatment options include timed light exposure, strategic scheduling of sleep, hypnotic administration, stimulant administration, and/or maintaining home-base (local) sleep hours during short-trips where adaptation would be limited. […] Jet lag calculators have been developed to provide travelers with recommendations on how to mitigate jet lag by adjusting the timing of sleep, light exposure, caffeine consumption, or use of melatonin in the days prior to, during, and following the trip.

• #53 How to Prevent Jet Lag: Tips to Sleep Better and Adjust Faster

  https://www.legalnomads.com/jet-lag-tips/

  Jet lag is essentially a chronobiological problem. […] Jet lag is a modern term for the modern invention of plane travel. […] Jet lag and shift work both affect our immune system. […] Jet lag, shift work, and dysfunctional body clocks can lead to depression. […] Jet lag, shift work, and dysfunctional body clocks can lead to nausea and GI issues. […] The body clock can even help dictate when medications are most effectively taken. […] Qantas Airlines claims to have found an improvement for jet lag: change the inflight experience.

• #54 The Science Behind Jet Lag: How Our Body’s Internal Clocks Are Affected – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/blog/the-science-behind-jet-lag

  Jet lag can significantly impact our sleep patterns by disrupting the natural circadian rhythm that regulates our sleep-wake cycle. […] The cognitive effects of jet lag can manifest as difficulties in thinking, processing information, and making decisions. […] Jet lag can affect special populations in distinct ways, including children, older adults, and pregnant women. […] Ongoing research is actively exploring various innovative therapies and interventions to reduce the impact of jet lag. […] Jet lag can be a frustrating and debilitating condition that significantly impacts our physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being.

• #55 Jet Lag | Phytomelatonin

  https://www.phytomelatonin.org/jet-lag

  With increasing travel and global connectivity, more individuals need to recover from jet lag sooner and faster. […] Two-thirds of people traveling two or more time zones will experience symptoms, with increasing symptomology when traveling five or more time zones. […] After traveling two time zones or more, an individual can be medically diagnosed with Jet Lag Disorder if insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and daytime impairment or symptoms are present one to two days after travel. […] Jet Lag Disorder can be diagnosed when all three criteria are met, according to The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd Edition. […] The findings demonstrate a need to implement sleep strategies prior to travel, and have implications for public health, especially frequent business travelers who may not have the medical guidance to mitigate the negative effects of jet lag.

• #56 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  After a flight across multiple time zones, most people show a transient state of circadian misalignment causing temporary malaise known as jetlag disorder. […] The severity of the elicited symptoms is postulated to depend mostly on circadian factors such as the number of time zones crossed and the direction of travel. […] Surprisingly, however, regression models showed very low predictive power for any of the jetlag outcomes. […] The classic circadian determinants, including number of time zones crossed and direction of travel, exhibited little to no link with jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] Only expectation emerged as a parameter with systematic, albeit small, predictive value. […] Our findings also caution against jetlag recommendations based on circadian principles but insufficient evidence linking circadian re-synchronization dynamics with ensuing symptom intensity and duration.

• #57 Jet lag: Heuristics and therapeutics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6069654/

  Jet lag, often deemed as a trivial inconvenience, is actually a recognized sleep disorder. […] Despite its limited duration, jet lag can produce deleterious health effects in high functioning individuals. […] Jet lag manifests as daytime sleepiness, mood changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, psychomotor retardation, and insomnia. […] Jet lag is a clinical diagnosis. […] Jet lag is often mistaken for travel fatigue. […] In the absence of specific treatment, the natural circadian rhythm adjusts to the destination time by approximately 1 time zone/day for eastbound travel and 1.5 time zones/day for westbound travel. […] Jet lag is a common and underdiagnosed medical problem that can have varying effects on motor and cognitive performance. […] With international travel becoming increasingly common among professionals, jet lag warrants significant medical attention. […] Few treatment strategies exist to counter the deleterious effects of jet lag on the normal circadian cycle. […] More research trials need to be performed in order to establish concrete treatment recommendations.

• #58 Top Published Expert Doctors for Jet Lag Syndrome

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Jet_Lag_Syndrome

  248 top medical experts on Jet Lag Syndrome across 37 countries and 23 U.S. states, including 59 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Jet Lag Syndrome: A chronobiologic disorder resulting from rapid travel across a number of time zones, characterized by insomnia or hypersomnolence, fatigue, behavioral symptoms, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. […] Clinical Trials: at least 6 including 5 Completed, 1 Recruiting.

• #59 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  Risk factors for the development of jet lag disorder include the number of time zones traveled, exposure to appropriate time cues at the destination, individual genetic differences, use of medications, and other individual- and route-specific risk factors. […] Prevention of jet lag symptoms is of great interest to the traveler and the travel clinic, and it is important to differentiate the effects for infrequent travelers and frequent travelers. Pre- and post-travel planning to minimize jet lag is most critical for frequent travelers owing to the significant and additive negative health effects of chronic insufficient sleep and circadian disruption. […] In the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) clinical practice guidelines for circadian rhythm sleep disorders, standard treatment for jet lag disorder in frequent travelers includes timed melatonin administration; additional treatment options include timed light exposure, strategic scheduling of sleep, hypnotic administration, stimulant administration, and/or maintaining home-base (local) sleep hours during short-trips where adaptation would be limited. […] Jet lag calculators have been developed to provide travelers with recommendations on how to mitigate jet lag by adjusting the timing of sleep, light exposure, caffeine consumption, or use of melatonin in the days prior to, during, and following the trip.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-0973-8

  Jet lag is largely perceived as poor sleep, daytime sleepiness and mis-timed physiological functions. […] Jet lag is primarily due to circadian rhythms adapting slowly to a change in time zone together with sleep deprivation during flight. […] A number of timed treatments including bright light exposure, stimulants, hypnotics and drugs that shift rhythms can alleviate the symptoms of jet lag and hasten adaptation to the destination time zone. […] For short stop-overs it is advised not to adapt but to preserve sleep and alertness as far as possible. […] The primary complaint of jet-lagged travellers is sleep disorder. […] According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders II as cited in [5], the diagnostic criteria for Jet Lag Disorder were: Complaint of insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with transmeridian jet travel across at least two time zones, associated impairment of daytime function, general malaise, or somatic symptoms such as gastrointestinal disturbance within one or two days after travel, sleep disturbance is not better explained by another current sleep disorder, medical or neurological disorder, mental disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder.

• #61 Jet Lag Disorder | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/air-land-sea/jet-lag

  Risk factors for the development of jet lag disorder include the number of time zones traveled, exposure to appropriate time cues at the destination, individual genetic differences, use of medications, and other individual- and route-specific risk factors. […] Prevention of jet lag symptoms is of great interest to the traveler and the travel clinic, and it is important to differentiate the effects for infrequent travelers and frequent travelers. Pre- and post-travel planning to minimize jet lag is most critical for frequent travelers owing to the significant and additive negative health effects of chronic insufficient sleep and circadian disruption. […] In the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) clinical practice guidelines for circadian rhythm sleep disorders, standard treatment for jet lag disorder in frequent travelers includes timed melatonin administration; additional treatment options include timed light exposure, strategic scheduling of sleep, hypnotic administration, stimulant administration, and/or maintaining home-base (local) sleep hours during short-trips where adaptation would be limited. […] Jet lag calculators have been developed to provide travelers with recommendations on how to mitigate jet lag by adjusting the timing of sleep, light exposure, caffeine consumption, or use of melatonin in the days prior to, during, and following the trip.

• #62 Jetlag Expectations, not Circadian Parameters, Predict Jetlag Symptom Severity in Travelers | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441149.full

  For effective prevention and treatment, it is critical to understand what influences jetlag severity, i.e. jetlag symptom intensity and duration. […] In contrast to what guidelines state, in our study, we did not find that symptom severity could be explained by the number of time zones crossed or travel direction. […] Rather, travelers’ expectations about how long and strongly they will suffer from jetlag symptoms was the only factor systematically predicting jetlag severity. […] The only factor explaining at least some of the variability in jetlag syndrome was expectation. […] The effect of expectation on jetlag symptoms was in the anticipated direction: the more severe participants expected their jetlag to be, the more severe the jetlag outcome was. […] This calls into question the current guidelines on the determinants of jetlag syndrome.

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