Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Alpha-gal syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608

  Alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy. It makes people allergic to red meat and other products made from mammals. […] In the United States, the condition usually begins with the bite of the Lone Star tick. The bite transfers a sugar molecule called alpha-gal into the body. […] Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. […] People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms. […] Research appears to show that cases of this drug allergy are linked to alpha-gal syndrome. The antibodies that the immune system makes to alpha-gal seem to react to the structure of the drug as well.

• #1 Alpha-gal syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-gal_syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), also known as alpha-gal allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA), is a type of acquired allergy characterized by a delayed onset of symptoms (38 hours) after ingesting mammalian meat. The condition results from past exposure to certain tick bites and was first reported in 2002. […] Bites from specific tick species, such as the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) in the US, and the paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) in Australia, which can transfer this carbohydrate to a victim, have been implicated in the development of this delayed allergic response to consumption of mammalian meat products („red meat”). […] Alpha-gal allergies develop after a person has been bitten by the lone star tick in the United States, the European castor bean tick, the paralysis tick or Ixodes (Endopalpiger) australiensis in Australia, Haemaphysalis longicornis in Japan, or a currently unknown tick in South Africa, possibly Amblyomma hebraeum.

• #2 Alpha-gal Syndrome: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24493-alpha-gal-syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) occurs due to bites from ticks that carry alpha-gal in their saliva. […] Healthcare providers don’t know the exact reason why alpha-gal triggers sensitivity to red meat or the cancer treatment cetuximab (Erbitux). Researchers also don’t know why some people develop AGS, and others don’t.

• #2 What Health Officials Should Know About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | ASTHO

  https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/what-health-officials-should-know-about-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), sometimes called red meat allergy, is an emerging allergic condition mainly caused by the bite of a lone star tick and is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to alpha-gal. […] When a lone star tick carrying alpha-gal molecules bites a person, the tick can potentially transfer the molecules into the person’s bloodstream. […] From 2010-2022, more than 110,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited since AGS is not a nationally notifiable condition. […] Unfortunately, no treatment or cure for AGS is currently available. […] The risk of AGS seems to be highest in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick. […] Cases are predicted to increase during the coming years as the geographic range of the lone star tick continues to expand. […] No treatment or cure is currently available—prevent tick bites to prevent AGS.

• #3 What Health Officials Should Know About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | ASTHO

  https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/what-health-officials-should-know-about-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), sometimes called red meat allergy, is an emerging allergic condition mainly caused by the bite of a lone star tick and is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to alpha-gal. […] When a lone star tick carrying alpha-gal molecules bites a person, the tick can potentially transfer the molecules into the person’s bloodstream. […] From 2010-2022, more than 110,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited since AGS is not a nationally notifiable condition. […] Unfortunately, no treatment or cure for AGS is currently available. […] The risk of AGS seems to be highest in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick. […] Cases are predicted to increase during the coming years as the geographic range of the lone star tick continues to expand. […] No treatment or cure is currently available—prevent tick bites to prevent AGS.

• #4 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: What It Is, How To Treat It, and Who Is At Risk?

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-is-alpha-gal-syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome is caused when a tick bites you, and that bite gives you the alpha galactose molecule. In the U.S., the lone star tick is the primary source of alpha-gal allergy. […] The lone star tick is concentrated in the eastern and south-central regions of the U.S. and is carried by deer. In Europe, Australia, and Asia, alpha-gal molecule has been found in different types of ticks. […] Some preliminary evidence suggests that an allergy to red meat from alpha-gal syndrome may go away within five years of being bitten.

• #5 What Health Officials Should Know About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | ASTHO

  https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/what-health-officials-should-know-about-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), sometimes called red meat allergy, is an emerging allergic condition mainly caused by the bite of a lone star tick and is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to alpha-gal. […] When a lone star tick carrying alpha-gal molecules bites a person, the tick can potentially transfer the molecules into the person’s bloodstream. […] From 2010-2022, more than 110,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited since AGS is not a nationally notifiable condition. […] Unfortunately, no treatment or cure for AGS is currently available. […] The risk of AGS seems to be highest in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick. […] Cases are predicted to increase during the coming years as the geographic range of the lone star tick continues to expand. […] No treatment or cure is currently available—prevent tick bites to prevent AGS.

• #6

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/alpha-gal-syndrome-tick-induced-red-meat-allergy-may-caused-species-rcna197172

  Alpha-gal syndrome is thought to be triggered by bites from the lone star tick. […] Emerging evidence suggests other ticks – found in other parts of the country – may also cause it. […] Most cases, scientists believe, are linked to the lone star tick, a species typically found in the Southeastern U.S. and the lower Midwest. […] Two case reports published this week, however, suggest that two other species found elsewhere in the country may also trigger the allergy. […] Alpha-gal syndrome, a reaction to the molecule that occurs in some people, causes a red meat allergy. […] The CDC estimates nearly half a million people in the U.S. have alpha-gal syndrome. […] We do believe the lone star tick is still responsible for most of the cases of alpha-gal syndrome in the U.S. […] Both women reported being bitten by ticks, which suggests that other species including Ixodes scapularis, also called black-legged or deer ticks may also be associated with alpha-gal syndrome, though much more rarely.

• #7 Alpha-gal syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608

  Alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy. It makes people allergic to red meat and other products made from mammals. […] In the United States, the condition usually begins with the bite of the Lone Star tick. The bite transfers a sugar molecule called alpha-gal into the body. […] Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. […] People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms. […] Research appears to show that cases of this drug allergy are linked to alpha-gal syndrome. The antibodies that the immune system makes to alpha-gal seem to react to the structure of the drug as well.

• #8 Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome-ags

  An allergy to alpha-gal, a sugar found in beef, pork, lamb, and meats from most mammals, that can be caused by tick bites. […] Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an allergic condition in which people are allergic to alpha-gal, a sugar found in the tissues of all mammals except humans and other primates. […] In the U.S., the lone star tick is the main cause of AGS. […] Lone star ticks can have alpha-gal in their guts and saliva. […] When a lone star tick bites someone, it can pass alpha-gal to the person in its saliva. […] This can trigger the individual’s immune system to respond by producing antibodies (known as immunoglobulin E, or IgE) against alpha-gal. […] Over time, the level of IgE antibodies against alpha-gal decreases, and, as a result, some people with AGS may again be able to eat beef, pork, and other mammalian meats and other products that contain alpha-gal without having an allergic reaction. […] While there is no treatment for AGS, people with an allergy can prevent allergic reactions from occurring by avoiding meats and other products that contain alpha-gal.

• #9 Alpha-gal syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608

  Alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy. It makes people allergic to red meat and other products made from mammals. […] In the United States, the condition usually begins with the bite of the Lone Star tick. The bite transfers a sugar molecule called alpha-gal into the body. […] Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. […] People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms. […] Research appears to show that cases of this drug allergy are linked to alpha-gal syndrome. The antibodies that the immune system makes to alpha-gal seem to react to the structure of the drug as well.

• #10 Alpha-gal syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20420734/

  Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. They cannot eat any foods made from mammals without having an allergic reaction. People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms.

• #11 The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8974695/

  The -Gal syndrome is a complex allergic disease characterized by the development of specific IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate galactose–1,3-galactose (-Gal), an oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. […] Individuals with IgE antibodies to -Gal suffer from a delayed form of anaphylaxis following red meat consumption. […] The fact that primary sensitization to -Gal occurs via tick bites. […] The delayed onset of symptoms about 36 h after red meat consumption is indeed remarkable, since IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to foods are usually of rapid onset and symptoms appear within minutes but generally within 2 h after eating the offending food. […] The delay in the occurrence of symptoms after meat consumption was proven in food challenge studies, whereas it was shown that patients’ basophils could be activated immediately upon in vitro exposure to -Gal.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Alpha-gal-Allergy.aspx

  Alpha-gal allergy, on the other hand, is a distinct type of allergy which is the result of the absorption of antigens in meat, which are carbohydrates rather than proteins. […] The typical delay from eating to the appearance of symptoms is approximately 3-6 hours. […] Alpha-gal allergy is an allergy to meat products which manifests several hours after eating meat. It is caused by an IgE-mediated antibody response to an oligosaccharide called galactose-alpha 1,3 galactose, which is found on animal proteins from a variety of species. […] The relation of the tick bite to the causation of allergy to alpha-gal has been postulated to be due to one of the following ways: An unknown component in the tick saliva […] The sensitization of the patient to the alpha-gal antigen site on the mammalian protein takes from 3-5 hours to manifest due to the delay in absorption of this oligosaccharide into the blood from the gut.

• #13 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick -Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. […] Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti–Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. […] The first mechanism proposes that the -Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. […] The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti–Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti–Gal IgM and/or IgG. […] Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS.

• #14 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick -Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. […] Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti–Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. […] The first mechanism proposes that the -Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. […] The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti–Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti–Gal IgM and/or IgG. […] Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS.

• #15 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick -Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. […] Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti–Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. […] The first mechanism proposes that the -Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. […] The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti–Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti–Gal IgM and/or IgG. […] Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS.

• #16 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: An Emerging Food Allergy Related to Tick Bites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/alpha-galsyndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of allergy to mammalian meat. […] The primary identified cause of AGS is a tick bite; more specifically, bites from the Lone Star tick or black-legged tick. […] Ticks appear to synthesize alpha-gal carbohydrate inside their bodies with the help of enzymes called galactosyltransferases; it may be this endogenously-derived alpha-gal that triggers an immune response in the individual bitten by a tick. […] Interestingly, bites from ticks that carry the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the cause of disease Anaplasmosis, may be more likely to cause AGS because Anaplasma increases the ticks level of alpha-Gal. […] When an individual is bitten by a Lone Star or black-legged tick, or presumably any vector-containing alpha-gal carbohydrate in its saliva, the individual’s immune system can start to react to alpha-gal, creating antibodies designed to attack the alpha-gal molecule.

• #17 The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8974695/

  The -Gal syndrome is a complex allergic disease characterized by the development of specific IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate galactose–1,3-galactose (-Gal), an oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. […] Individuals with IgE antibodies to -Gal suffer from a delayed form of anaphylaxis following red meat consumption. […] The fact that primary sensitization to -Gal occurs via tick bites. […] The delayed onset of symptoms about 36 h after red meat consumption is indeed remarkable, since IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to foods are usually of rapid onset and symptoms appear within minutes but generally within 2 h after eating the offending food. […] The delay in the occurrence of symptoms after meat consumption was proven in food challenge studies, whereas it was shown that patients’ basophils could be activated immediately upon in vitro exposure to -Gal.

• #18 The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8974695/

  These findings suggested that the delay in the symptoms is neither caused by an intrinsic property of the carbohydrate nor by a delay in basophil responsiveness, but rather by the time taken by -Gal molecules from the ingestion until the appearance in the circulation. […] Owing to the slower digestion and absorption of lipids as compared to proteins, it was suggested that -Gal bound to lipids, and not to proteins, could be behind the late response of -Gal allergic patients. […] Sensitization to -Gal usually starts in adults or adolescents, affecting often individuals with no atopic disposition. […] In most cases, patients had consumed red meat without complications for many years prior to the onset of the symptoms. […] Surprisingly, thorough investigations provided evidence that tick bites trigger the production of IgE antibodies against -Gal. […] These findings revolutionized our knowledge on allergic diseases: it was shown for the first time that an ectoparasite is capable of inducing IgE antibodies against a molecule present in its saliva that can later trigger food allergic reactions.

• #19 Diagnosis and treatment of the alpha-Gal syndrome | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-and-future-strategies-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  However, not all individuals bitten by ticks or those that carry elevated specific IgE (sIgE) against -Gal develop AGS, in fact, the majority only produce sIgE against it. […] Risk factors for developing sIgE to -Gal are related to the probability of individual tick bite-exposure in certain environmental conditions, including practice of outdoor activities (eg, hunting or hiking), living in rural areas, pet-ownership, and certain jobs such as forest service employees. […] The sIgE values tend to increase according to the number of tick bites per year and on how recent those bites are. […] Moreover, individuals that do not have type B or AB blood group may have a higher risk of developing AGS, as blood group B antigen, similar to -Gal, creates tolerance to this epitope.

• #20

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/alpha-gal-allergy?srsltid=AfmBOopkSd3wdf0YwHZSrPxk8oPxrBBrhH8m4fadDgFZlNq8mXqnA2yw

  The onset of Alpha-Gal Syndrome is often linked to the bite of a tick, particularly the Lone Star tick. As the tick feeds on a mammal, it ingests alpha-gal. When it later bites a human, it transfers alpha-gal into their bloodstream. This triggers an immune response, and the body starts producing antibodies against alpha-gal. Consequently, when individuals with this condition consume red meat, their immune system identifies alpha-gal as a threat, triggering an allergic reaction. […] It’s worth noting that Alpha-Gal Syndrome is more prevalent in certain geographical regions. For instance, in the United States, it’s more common in areas where the Lone Star tick is found, such as the Southeast region, including Alabama and Georgia. Therefore, individuals living or spending time in these regions could be at a higher risk of developing the condition due to the increased exposure to these ticks.

• #21 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to -Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. […] Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti–Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. […] Specific immunity to tick -Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. […] Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. […] Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic -Gal sensitized individuals. […] In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. […] Anti–Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases.

• #22 Diagnosis and treatment of the alpha-Gal syndrome | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-and-future-strategies-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  However, not all individuals bitten by ticks or those that carry elevated specific IgE (sIgE) against -Gal develop AGS, in fact, the majority only produce sIgE against it. […] Risk factors for developing sIgE to -Gal are related to the probability of individual tick bite-exposure in certain environmental conditions, including practice of outdoor activities (eg, hunting or hiking), living in rural areas, pet-ownership, and certain jobs such as forest service employees. […] The sIgE values tend to increase according to the number of tick bites per year and on how recent those bites are. […] Moreover, individuals that do not have type B or AB blood group may have a higher risk of developing AGS, as blood group B antigen, similar to -Gal, creates tolerance to this epitope.

• #23 Alpha-Gal Disease – a Red Meat Allergy from Ticks

  https://ticksafety.com/tickborne-illnesses/alpha-gal-disease/

  Indeed, its true. Alpha-Gal (Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose) is a delayed severe allergy to red meat affecting a growing number of the population. This allergy is initially caused by the bite of a Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). […] In some cases, the human immune system develops an allergic response to that sugar. Because Alpha-Gal is also found in red meat, a bite by the Lone Star tick may translate to an allergic reaction to anything from beef hamburgers to bacon. […] People with certain blood types appear to be more at risk. Those with the rarest types B and AB do not appear vulnerable, because their blood is chemically similar to alpha-gal. […] According to research being done at the University of Virginia, more than 2,000 known cases have cropped up in less than 10 years in the U.S.

• #24 Alpha-gal syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608

  Alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy. It makes people allergic to red meat and other products made from mammals. […] In the United States, the condition usually begins with the bite of the Lone Star tick. The bite transfers a sugar molecule called alpha-gal into the body. […] Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. […] People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms. […] Research appears to show that cases of this drug allergy are linked to alpha-gal syndrome. The antibodies that the immune system makes to alpha-gal seem to react to the structure of the drug as well.

• #25 Diagnosis and treatment of the alpha-Gal syndrome | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-and-future-strategies-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  However, not all individuals bitten by ticks or those that carry elevated specific IgE (sIgE) against -Gal develop AGS, in fact, the majority only produce sIgE against it. […] Risk factors for developing sIgE to -Gal are related to the probability of individual tick bite-exposure in certain environmental conditions, including practice of outdoor activities (eg, hunting or hiking), living in rural areas, pet-ownership, and certain jobs such as forest service employees. […] The sIgE values tend to increase according to the number of tick bites per year and on how recent those bites are. […] Moreover, individuals that do not have type B or AB blood group may have a higher risk of developing AGS, as blood group B antigen, similar to -Gal, creates tolerance to this epitope.

• #26

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/alpha-gal-syndrome-tick-induced-red-meat-allergy-may-caused-species-rcna197172

  Alpha-gal syndrome is thought to be triggered by bites from the lone star tick. […] Emerging evidence suggests other ticks – found in other parts of the country – may also cause it. […] Most cases, scientists believe, are linked to the lone star tick, a species typically found in the Southeastern U.S. and the lower Midwest. […] Two case reports published this week, however, suggest that two other species found elsewhere in the country may also trigger the allergy. […] Alpha-gal syndrome, a reaction to the molecule that occurs in some people, causes a red meat allergy. […] The CDC estimates nearly half a million people in the U.S. have alpha-gal syndrome. […] We do believe the lone star tick is still responsible for most of the cases of alpha-gal syndrome in the U.S. […] Both women reported being bitten by ticks, which suggests that other species including Ixodes scapularis, also called black-legged or deer ticks may also be associated with alpha-gal syndrome, though much more rarely.

• #27

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/alpha-gal-syndrome-tick-induced-red-meat-allergy-may-caused-species-rcna197172

  Unlike Lyme disease or the Heartland virus, alpha-gal syndrome is not caused by a bacterium or virus. The syndrome is instead an immune reaction to alpha-gal, a sugar found in almost all nonprimate animals, including cows, horses and deer and which can be present in tick saliva. […] For some people, being exposed to alpha-gal through a tick bite triggers an immunoglobulin E, or IgE, antibody response in the body. […] Alpha-gal syndrome was discovered in 2009, and researchers are still working to answer a lot of questions about it including why some people react to alpha-gal while many do not. […] For most people who do develop alpha-gal syndrome, the allergic reaction occurs hours after they eat red meat. […] Its unique because its a delayed reaction, roughly 2-8 hours, so you can have a hard time knowing the trigger.

• #28 High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48437-2

  This suggests the presence of unidentified variables associated with the sensitization event. […] We propose that host-specific genetic components in the A. americanum ticks are involved in the production of high aGal epitope in the tick saliva, which provides a part of the explanation for the variables associated with the AGS sensitization event of the tick bite. […] Interestingly, AGS occurs in only a small subgroup of the human population experiencing tick bites, indicating that only a subpopulation of the human exposed to tick bites is vulnerable to the allergic response or only a subpopulation of ticks is responsible for triggering the sensitization event. […] We propose that this variation may contribute to why AGS occurs only in a subpopulation of humans experiencing tick bites.

• #29 High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48437-2

  The variables that link lone star tick bites and the occurrence of AGS in humans likely involve complex factors. […] The levels of the aGal glycan in the salivary glands of lone star ticks could play a crucial role in the sensitization process of AGS. […] The high levels of aGal found in several ticks fed on human blood in this study could be a factor that contributes to AGS sensitization. […] Overall, we found that ticks that fed on human blood produced markedly higher levels of aGal compared to those that fed on blood from other mammals, with large variations among different geographical populations and individual ticks. […] The aGal variation found in this study likely involves differences in the tick genetic factors and may provide further knowledge for understanding the AGS sensitization process with further studies testing other blood sources lacking aGal, such as avian blood, and additional sampling of field tick populations can further support our findings. […] We propose that the high levels of aGal and the large variation in the levels of tick salivary aGal, the sensitizer for AGS, are factors contributing to the variation in the manifestation of AGS.

• #30 Symptoms – Alpha-gal Information

  https://alphagalinformation.org/symptoms/

  Co-factors are exogenous and endogenous conditions that lower the threshold of reactivity and make allergic reactions more severe. […] AGS is the leading cause of adult-onset allergy and anaphylaxis throughout the South and much of the eastern U.S. […] In one recent study of anaphylaxis, alpha-gal was found to be the number one trigger, accounting for 33% of cases with a definitive cause. […] An additional point is that some patients with the syndrome may tolerate mammalian meat on occasion with few or no symptoms but have severe reactions on others.

• #31 Symptoms – Alpha-gal Information

  https://alphagalinformation.org/symptoms/

  Co-factors are exogenous and endogenous conditions that lower the threshold of reactivity and make allergic reactions more severe. […] AGS is the leading cause of adult-onset allergy and anaphylaxis throughout the South and much of the eastern U.S. […] In one recent study of anaphylaxis, alpha-gal was found to be the number one trigger, accounting for 33% of cases with a definitive cause. […] An additional point is that some patients with the syndrome may tolerate mammalian meat on occasion with few or no symptoms but have severe reactions on others.

• #32 10 New and Surprising Facts About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | Allergy Insider

  https://www.thermofisher.com/allergy/us/en/living-with-allergies/food-allergies/10-new-and-surprising-facts-about-alpha-gal-syndrome.html

  Symptoms of alpha-Gal syndrome can range from an itchy rash and hives to diarrhea and anaphylaxis. In fact, severe reactions like anaphylaxis occur in up to 60 percent of people with this red meat allergy. […] For patients with alpha-Gal Syndrome, there are several co-factors that may further increase the risk for a reaction or the severity of symptoms upon exposure to alpha-Gal. These risk factors include atopy (i.e., a genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases), alcohol consumption, exercise, age, and use of certain medications, which includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib. […] Similarly, while a single tick bite can kick off this syndrome, additional bites can increase a person’s sensitivity to alpha-Gal. Thankfully, according to information from the Mayo Clinic, symptoms may lessen or even disappear over time if sensitized individuals don’t receive additional bites from ticks carrying alpha-Gal.

• #33 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: An Emerging Food Allergy Related to Tick Bites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/alpha-galsyndrome

  This breakdown of oral tolerance causes the body to react to food allergens, namely the alpha-gal carbohydrate in mammalian meat. […] AGS differs from other IgE-mediated food hypersensitivities in that the response to mammalian meat occurs 3-6 hours after consumption, rather than immediately post-consumption. […] Research suggests that factors that increase intestinal permeability (leaky gut), such as alcohol consumption and exercise, potentiate the severity of an AGS reaction by enhancing the translocation of alpha-Gal from the intestine into the bloodstream.

• #34 Alpha gal Symptoms, Testing & Treatment Explained – Amy Burkhart, MD, RD

  https://theceliacmd.com/is-your-ibs-due-to-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome is the reaction that occurs after a person is sensitized to the alpha-gal compound. Symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome can emerge at any age, even in individuals with no previous health issues, making it challenging to link them to meat or meat ingredients. […] Alpha gal exposure has been reported as a significant risk factor for heart disease even in those not experiencing symptoms when eating meat. […] The lone star tick and the black-legged tick are responsible for most cases in the U.S. […] Because the symptoms of AGS occur after a tick bite, confusion with Lyme disease symptoms occurs. […] If a person is mistakenly diagnosed with Lyme disease, and the reason for their new symptoms is AGS, the treatment is drastically different from the treatment for Lyme disease.

• #35

  https://www.today.com/health/alpha-gal-syndrome-symptoms-rcna101406

  Researchers have linked this sensitivity to the buildup of plaque in heart arteries, boosting the risk of heart attacks and stroke for people who have the allergy. […] The allergy involves red meat like beef, pork or lamb; and, in some cases, dairy especially heavy-fat dairy like ice cream. […] Doctors arent sure whether it only takes one lone star tick bite or several for people to develop the sensitivity, but anyone, including children, can develop it, Commins said. […] The treatment is avoidance, so patients are limited to eating meat from fish, chicken and turkey. […] The allergy usually goes away after two to three years as long as the patient has no additional tick bites.

• #36 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to -Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. […] Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti–Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. […] Specific immunity to tick -Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. […] Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. […] Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic -Gal sensitized individuals. […] In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. […] Anti–Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases.

• #37 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to -Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. […] Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti–Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. […] Specific immunity to tick -Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. […] Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. […] Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic -Gal sensitized individuals. […] In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. […] Anti–Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases.

• #38 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The link between blood groups and anti–Gal immunity which in turn affects resistance to vector-borne pathogens and susceptibility to AGS, suggests a trade-off between susceptibility to AGS and protection to some infectious diseases. […] The understanding of the environmental and molecular drivers of the immune mechanisms involved in AGS is essential to developing tools for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of this growing health problem.

• #39 Health Care Provider Knowledge Regarding Alpha-gal Syndrome — United States, March–May 2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7230a1.htm

  Limited awareness and knowledge of AGS among HCPs likely contributes to underdiagnosis of this condition and inadequate patient management, and underestimates of the number of AGS patients in the United States, which currently relies on laboratory testing data alone. […] Provider knowledge of AGS etiology, testing, and patient counseling decreased as the number of patients they reported diagnosing or managing with AGS increased. This inverse association suggests that some HCPs might be incorrectly diagnosing AGS, possibly on the basis of symptoms or testing alone, and subsequently recommending dietary modifications where none are warranted. […] Diagnosis of AGS requires careful elicitation of a history in a patient with compatible symptoms, and diagnostic testing for alpha-galspecific IgE antibodies (0.1 kU/L is considered a positive test result).

• #40 Alpha-gal Syndrome: When a Tick-Bite Turns to a Meat Allergy

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/december/alpha-gal-syndrome-when-a-tick-bite-turns-to-a-mea

  In the case of AGS, it seems like primary sensitization happens through the tick’s saliva. […] Notably, research indicates that ticks engorged with human blood exhibit a considerably heightened production of alpha-gal within their salivary glands compared to those feeding on other mammalian hosts. […] While the details of this process remain incompletely understood, the timely removal of ticks during their early feeding stages may potentially mitigate the risk of alpha-gal syndrome. […] It is important to mention that the presence of alpha-gal-specific IgE antibodies do not necessarily diagnose the clinical syndrome, though it may be helpful for clinicians to know which patients could possibly develop AGS in the future. […] It is possible to treat allergic symptoms, however there are no direct treatment options available for AGS.

• #41 What Health Officials Should Know About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | ASTHO

  https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/what-health-officials-should-know-about-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), sometimes called red meat allergy, is an emerging allergic condition mainly caused by the bite of a lone star tick and is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to alpha-gal. […] When a lone star tick carrying alpha-gal molecules bites a person, the tick can potentially transfer the molecules into the person’s bloodstream. […] From 2010-2022, more than 110,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited since AGS is not a nationally notifiable condition. […] Unfortunately, no treatment or cure for AGS is currently available. […] The risk of AGS seems to be highest in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick. […] Cases are predicted to increase during the coming years as the geographic range of the lone star tick continues to expand. […] No treatment or cure is currently available—prevent tick bites to prevent AGS.

• #42 Alpha-gal syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20428705

  Health care providers can diagnose alpha-gal syndrome based on your personal history and certain medical tests. […] A blood test can confirm and measure the amount of alpha-gal antibodies in your bloodstream. This is the key test for diagnosis of alpha-gal syndrome. […] Alpha-gal syndrome treatment involves avoiding the foods that cause your reaction. […] Symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome may lessen or even disappear over time. This is especially true if you don’t get any more bites from ticks that carry alpha-gal. Some people with this condition can eat mammal food products again after 1 to 2 years if they don’t get any more tick bites.

• #43 Alpha-gal Syndrome: When a Tick-Bite Turns to a Meat Allergy

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/december/alpha-gal-syndrome-when-a-tick-bite-turns-to-a-mea

  A vital part of AGS management is educating patients on the importance of avoiding additional tick bites because continuous exposure may increase IgE titers to alpha-gal, whereas avoiding being bitten may decrease them over time. […] For many people, AGS appears to be a long-lasting illness with a severe impact on mental health. […] Yet, research shows that a large number of medical professionals in the U.S. are unaware of AGS, and among the health care providers who are familiar with the disease, knowledge about how to diagnose and treat it is limited.

• #44 Alpha-gal syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20428705

  Health care providers can diagnose alpha-gal syndrome based on your personal history and certain medical tests. […] A blood test can confirm and measure the amount of alpha-gal antibodies in your bloodstream. This is the key test for diagnosis of alpha-gal syndrome. […] Alpha-gal syndrome treatment involves avoiding the foods that cause your reaction. […] Symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome may lessen or even disappear over time. This is especially true if you don’t get any more bites from ticks that carry alpha-gal. Some people with this condition can eat mammal food products again after 1 to 2 years if they don’t get any more tick bites.

• #45 Alpha-Gal Syndrome: What It Is, How To Treat It, and Who Is At Risk?

  https://www.webmd.com/allergies/what-is-alpha-gal-syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome is caused when a tick bites you, and that bite gives you the alpha galactose molecule. In the U.S., the lone star tick is the primary source of alpha-gal allergy. […] The lone star tick is concentrated in the eastern and south-central regions of the U.S. and is carried by deer. In Europe, Australia, and Asia, alpha-gal molecule has been found in different types of ticks. […] Some preliminary evidence suggests that an allergy to red meat from alpha-gal syndrome may go away within five years of being bitten.

• #46 Alpha-gal syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20428608

  Alpha-gal syndrome is a type of food allergy. It makes people allergic to red meat and other products made from mammals. […] In the United States, the condition usually begins with the bite of the Lone Star tick. The bite transfers a sugar molecule called alpha-gal into the body. […] Experts think the ticks that cause alpha-gal syndrome carry alpha-gal molecules. These come from the blood of the animals they usually bite, such as cows and sheep. When a tick that carries these molecules bites a human, the tick sends alpha-gal into the person’s body. […] For unknown reasons, some people have a strong immune response to these molecules. The body makes proteins called antibodies. These antibodies target alpha-gal as something the immune system needs to clear out. The response is so strong that people with this allergy can no longer eat red meat. […] People who get many tick bites over time may develop worse symptoms. […] Research appears to show that cases of this drug allergy are linked to alpha-gal syndrome. The antibodies that the immune system makes to alpha-gal seem to react to the structure of the drug as well.

• #47 Alpha-gal Syndrome: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24493-alpha-gal-syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) occurs due to bites from ticks that carry alpha-gal in their saliva. […] Healthcare providers don’t know the exact reason why alpha-gal triggers sensitivity to red meat or the cancer treatment cetuximab (Erbitux). Researchers also don’t know why some people develop AGS, and others don’t.

• #48 Alpha-gal syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-gal_syndrome

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), also known as alpha-gal allergy or mammalian meat allergy (MMA), is a type of acquired allergy characterized by a delayed onset of symptoms (38 hours) after ingesting mammalian meat. The condition results from past exposure to certain tick bites and was first reported in 2002. […] Bites from specific tick species, such as the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum) in the US, and the paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) in Australia, which can transfer this carbohydrate to a victim, have been implicated in the development of this delayed allergic response to consumption of mammalian meat products („red meat”). […] Alpha-gal allergies develop after a person has been bitten by the lone star tick in the United States, the European castor bean tick, the paralysis tick or Ixodes (Endopalpiger) australiensis in Australia, Haemaphysalis longicornis in Japan, or a currently unknown tick in South Africa, possibly Amblyomma hebraeum.

• #49

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/alpha-gal-syndrome-tick-induced-red-meat-allergy-may-caused-species-rcna197172

  Alpha-gal syndrome is thought to be triggered by bites from the lone star tick. […] Emerging evidence suggests other ticks – found in other parts of the country – may also cause it. […] Most cases, scientists believe, are linked to the lone star tick, a species typically found in the Southeastern U.S. and the lower Midwest. […] Two case reports published this week, however, suggest that two other species found elsewhere in the country may also trigger the allergy. […] Alpha-gal syndrome, a reaction to the molecule that occurs in some people, causes a red meat allergy. […] The CDC estimates nearly half a million people in the U.S. have alpha-gal syndrome. […] We do believe the lone star tick is still responsible for most of the cases of alpha-gal syndrome in the U.S. […] Both women reported being bitten by ticks, which suggests that other species including Ixodes scapularis, also called black-legged or deer ticks may also be associated with alpha-gal syndrome, though much more rarely.

• #50 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick -Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. […] Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti–Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. […] The first mechanism proposes that the -Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. […] The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti–Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti–Gal IgM and/or IgG. […] Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS.

• #51 Diagnosis and treatment of the alpha-Gal syndrome | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/current-and-future-strategies-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-the-a-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  However, not all individuals bitten by ticks or those that carry elevated specific IgE (sIgE) against -Gal develop AGS, in fact, the majority only produce sIgE against it. […] Risk factors for developing sIgE to -Gal are related to the probability of individual tick bite-exposure in certain environmental conditions, including practice of outdoor activities (eg, hunting or hiking), living in rural areas, pet-ownership, and certain jobs such as forest service employees. […] The sIgE values tend to increase according to the number of tick bites per year and on how recent those bites are. […] Moreover, individuals that do not have type B or AB blood group may have a higher risk of developing AGS, as blood group B antigen, similar to -Gal, creates tolerance to this epitope.

• #52 Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the α-Gal Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6554561/

  The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti–Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to -Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. […] Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti–Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. […] Specific immunity to tick -Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. […] Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. […] Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic -Gal sensitized individuals. […] In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. […] Anti–Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases.

• #53 The α-Gal Syndrome and Potential Mechanisms

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8974695/

  The -Gal syndrome is a complex allergic disease characterized by the development of specific IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate galactose–1,3-galactose (-Gal), an oligosaccharide present in cells and tissues of non-primate mammals. […] Individuals with IgE antibodies to -Gal suffer from a delayed form of anaphylaxis following red meat consumption. […] The fact that primary sensitization to -Gal occurs via tick bites. […] The delayed onset of symptoms about 36 h after red meat consumption is indeed remarkable, since IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to foods are usually of rapid onset and symptoms appear within minutes but generally within 2 h after eating the offending food. […] The delay in the occurrence of symptoms after meat consumption was proven in food challenge studies, whereas it was shown that patients’ basophils could be activated immediately upon in vitro exposure to -Gal.

• #54 What Health Officials Should Know About Alpha-Gal Syndrome | ASTHO

  https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/what-health-officials-should-know-about-alpha-gal-syndrome/

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), sometimes called red meat allergy, is an emerging allergic condition mainly caused by the bite of a lone star tick and is characterized by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to alpha-gal. […] When a lone star tick carrying alpha-gal molecules bites a person, the tick can potentially transfer the molecules into the person’s bloodstream. […] From 2010-2022, more than 110,000 suspected cases of AGS were identified in the United States, but current knowledge of where cases occur is limited since AGS is not a nationally notifiable condition. […] Unfortunately, no treatment or cure for AGS is currently available. […] The risk of AGS seems to be highest in the central and southern United States, which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick. […] Cases are predicted to increase during the coming years as the geographic range of the lone star tick continues to expand. […] No treatment or cure is currently available—prevent tick bites to prevent AGS.

• #55 Alpha-gal syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alpha-gal-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20428705

  Health care providers can diagnose alpha-gal syndrome based on your personal history and certain medical tests. […] A blood test can confirm and measure the amount of alpha-gal antibodies in your bloodstream. This is the key test for diagnosis of alpha-gal syndrome. […] Alpha-gal syndrome treatment involves avoiding the foods that cause your reaction. […] Symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome may lessen or even disappear over time. This is especially true if you don’t get any more bites from ticks that carry alpha-gal. Some people with this condition can eat mammal food products again after 1 to 2 years if they don’t get any more tick bites.

• #56 About Alpha-gal Syndrome | Alpha-gal Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/alpha-gal-syndrome/about/index.html

  Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic condition that can occur after a tick bite. […] Symptoms occur after people eat red meat or are exposed to other products made from mammals. […] While AGS is associated with tick bites, more research is needed to understand the role ticks play in starting this condition, and why certain people develop AGS.

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