Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/

  Acute pancreatitis is the leading cause of gastrointestinal-related hospitalization in the United States, and its frequency continues to rise in the United States and worldwide. […] The most common causes of acute pancreatitis include gallstones, alcohol use, and hypertriglyceridemia. […] The occurrence rate of each acute pancreatitis etiology varies across geographic regions and socioeconomic strata. […] Common etiologies of acute pancreatitis are listed below: Gallstones, Alcohol use, Hypertriglyceridemia, Drug-induced pancreatitis, Idiopathic, Post-procedural, eg, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or abdominal surgery, Ampullary stenosis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Viral infections, Bacterial infections, Smoking, Trauma, Congenital anomalies, Genetic disorders, Hypercalcemia, Parasitic infections, Renal disease, Toxins, Vasculitis.

• #2 Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6514487/

  Oftentimes, affected patients are burdened with multiple or accumulating risk factors, and genetic traits when combined with environmental toxins compound the chance of developing the disease. […] Determining the underlying etiology of pancreatitis is worth the effort since formerly intractable varieties such as autoimmune pancreatitis are now becoming increasingly treatable, and subtype-specific therapeutic modalities may become available. […] Pancreatitis, an inflammatory condition of the pancreas, is generally not caused by infectious agents, but triggered by initiating factors like gallstones and immoderate alcohol consumption. […] The widely accepted paradigm that acute, recurrent, and chronic pancreatitis are different disease entities has been replaced by the concept of a disease continuum: 30% of patients with acute pancreatitis will develop a chronic disease form, often with an overlap as recurrent pancreatitis in the years between.

• #3 Etiology of acute pancreatitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-acute-pancreatitis

  Etiology of acute pancreatitis […] Gallstones — Gallstones (including microlithiasis) are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis accounting for 40 to 70 percent of cases. However, only 3 to 7 percent of patients with gallstones develop pancreatitis. The mechanism by which the passage of gallstones induces pancreatitis is unknown. Two factors have been suggested as the possible initiating event in gallstone pancreatitis: reflux of bile into the pancreatic duct due to transient obstruction of the ampulla during passage of gallstones; or obstruction at the ampulla secondary to stone(s) or edema resulting from the passage of a stone. Cholecystectomy and clearing the common bile duct of stones prevents recurrence, confirming the cause-and-effect relationship. […] Several conditions are associated with acute pancreatitis. Of these, gallstones and chronic alcohol use disorder account for approximately two-thirds of cases.

• #4 Pancreatitis – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pancreatitis

  Pancreatitis is the inflammation of your pancreas. The two most common causes of pancreatitis are drinking too much alcohol and having gallstones. […] The 2 most common causes of pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol consumption. Around 1 in every 2 people with acute pancreatitis have been heavy drinkers. […] Gallstones cause most of the remaining cases. […] Other less common causes of pancreatitis include external factors such as a heavy blow to your abdomen, such as in a car accident, surgery to your pancreas, and some medicines. […] Other causes are of pancreatitis are medical conditions or diseases such as infections, autoimmune disease, such as lupus, inherited disorders including cystic fibrosis, high levels of calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia), high levels of triglycerides in your blood (hypertriglyceridemia), and cancer in your pancreas. […] You are more likely to get pancreatitis if you smoke or if you have a family history of pancreatitis. […] In some people, no cause is ever found.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Pancreatitis-Causes.aspx

  The causes of acute pancreatitis are not well understood. There are several risk factors that are associated with acute pancreatitis. The actual cause that sets in the inflammation inside the pancreas are not clear. […] This is one of the commonest risk factors associated with acute pancreatitis. Gall bladder stones are hard stones that can form if the bile within the gall bladder has too much cholesterol and other minerals. Presence of gall bladder stones is called cholelithiasis. […] Alcohol is a direct risk factor for acute pancreatitis. Binge drinking or drinking large amounts of alcohol at one sitting also raises the risk of acute pancreatitis significantly. […] Some medications may cause acute pancreatitis as their side effect. […] Some poisons may also cause pancreatitis. […] Some infections like measles virus, coxsackie B virus, ascariasis, mycoplasma, viral hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B and C), HIV, varicella virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, echo virus, leptospirosis, legionella, campylobacter jejuni, tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium and mumps virus may lead to pancreatic inflammation.

• #6 Pancreatitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20360227

  Pancreatitis caused by gallstones. Gallstones are a common cause of pancreatitis. Gallstones, produced in the gallbladder, can slip out of the gallbladder and block the bile duct, stopping pancreatic enzymes from traveling to the small intestine and forcing them back into the pancreas. The enzymes then begin to irritate the cells of the pancreas, causing the inflammation associated with pancreatitis. […] Several conditions can lead to acute pancreatitis, including: Blockage in the bile duct caused by gallstones. Heavy alcohol use. Certain medicines. High triglyceride levels in the blood. High calcium levels in the blood. Pancreas cancer. Injuries from trauma or surgery. […] Conditions that can lead to chronic pancreatitis include: Damage from repeated acute pancreatitis. Heavy alcohol use. Inherited genes linked to pancreatitis. High triglyceride levels in the blood. High calcium levels in the blood. […] Sometimes, a cause for pancreatitis is never found. This is known as idiopathic pancreatitis.

• #7 Pancreatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8103-pancreatitis

  Pancreatitis is inflammation in your pancreas. The most common causes are alcohol use and gallstones. […] Gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct can cause pancreatitis. Gallstones that block the pancreatic duct are one of the most common causes of pancreatitis. […] When your pancreas is injured, its most often from gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct, or from alcohol. […] The top two causes of pancreatitis are: Gallstones and Heavy drinking. These causes together represent about 80% of pancreatitis cases. […] Heavy alcohol use is another clear cause of pancreatitis, though scientists aren’t sure why. […] Less common causes of pancreatitis include: Infections, such as viruses; Autoimmune disease (autoimmune pancreatitis); Inherited gene mutations (hereditary pancreatitis); Complications of cystic fibrosis; High blood triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia); High blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia); Ischemia (reduced blood supply); Cancer; Traumatic injury to your pancreas; Certain medications that irritate the pancreas. These causes together represent about 20% of pancreatitis cases.

• #8 Acute pancreatitis: Etiology and common pathogenesis

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i12/1427.htm

  In summary, many causes of acute pancreatitis have been discovered. The main causes are gallstone migration and alcohol abuse. Other causes are uncommon, situational, or controversial. Although there are many theories about the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, they are still controversial. These causes have not yet been completely elucidated. […] The predominant theories of acute biliary pancreatitis are common pathway theory and gallstone migration theory, which consent that the key factor for acute biliary pancreatitis is bile-pancreatic duct obstruction, which increases pancreatic duct pressure, bile reflux, trypsin activation and pancreatic auto-digestion. Acute pancreatitis occurs when intracellular protective mechanisms to prevent trypsinogen activation or reduce trypsin activity are overwhelmed. However, these theories are controversial.

• #9 Chronic Pancreatitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-pancreatitis

  Chronic pancreatitis can occur due to autoimmune disease, long-term alcohol misuse, and other health conditions. […] The most common cause is long-term alcohol abuse. Approximately 70 percent of cases are linked to alcohol consumption. […] Autoimmune disease occurs when your body mistakenly attacks your healthy cells and tissues. […] Other causes include: autoimmune disease, which occurs when your body mistakenly attacks your healthy cells and tissues; a narrow pancreatic duct, which is the tube that carries enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine; a blockage of the pancreatic duct by either gallstones or pancreatic stones; cystic fibrosis, which is a hereditary disease that causes mucus to build up in your lungs; genetics; high blood levels of calcium, which is called hypercalcemia; a high level of triglyceride fats in your blood, which is called hypertriglyceridemia.

• #10 Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-chronic-pancreatitis-in-adults

  Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults […] Chronic pancreatitis has a variety of etiologies with genetic and environmental risk factors for both initiation and disease progression, variable clinical and imaging features, and complications. […] Alcohol is associated with approximately one-half of all cases of chronic pancreatitis in the United States. […] Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis accounts for approximately 10 to 30 percent of all cases. […] In females, idiopathic causes predominate (32 percent), followed by alcohol (30 percent), genetic (13 percent) and obstructive (12 percent). […] In males, alcohol- and tobacco-associated chronic pancreatitis are more common (58 percent).

• #11 Acute Pancreatitis – Symptoms, Causes , Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/acute-pancreatitis-symptoms-causes-types-treatment-prevention

  Acute pancreatitis is an unpredictable and potentially lethal disease that has a variety of causes, with the most common causes being gallstones (50%) and alcohol (25%), as per European and North American studies: […] Gallstones are the most common cause. Migrating gallstones cause transient obstruction of the pancreatic duct, a mechanism shared by other causes such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), as well as potential causes (i.e., pancreas divisum and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction). […] Alcohol: It is the second most common cause of acute pancreatitis. It usually occurs in individuals who consume four to alcoholic five drinks daily for over five years. Heavy drinkers have a lifetime risk of 2% to 5% for developing pancreatitis. The risk is higher for men than for women, possibly due to differences in alcohol intake or genetic background.

• #12 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Pain: Symptoms, Causes, How to Treat

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pancreatitis/article_em.htm

  Pancreatitis simply means inflammation of the pancreas. There are two types of pancreatitis, acute and chronic. […] Causes of acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis are similar; about 80%-90% are caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones (about 35%-45% for each); while the remaining 10%-20% are caused by medications, chemical exposures, trauma, hereditary diseases, infections, surgical procedures, and high fat levels in the blood and genetic abnormalities with pancreas or intestine. […] Alcohol abuse and gallstones are the two main causes of pancreatitis, accounting for 80% to 90% of all individuals diagnosed with pancreatitis. […] Pancreatitis from alcohol use usually occurs in individuals who have been long-term alcohol drinkers for at least five to seven years. Most cases of chronic pancreatitis are due to alcohol abuse.

• #12 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Pain: Symptoms, Causes, How to Treat

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pancreatitis/article_em.htm

  Gallstones form from a buildup of material within the gallbladder, another organ in the abdomen. A gallstone can block the pancreatic duct, trapping digestive juices inside the pancreas. […] The remaining 10% to 20% of cases of pancreatitis have various causes, including medications, exposure to certain chemicals, injury (trauma), hereditary disease, surgery and certain medical procedures, infections such as mumps, abnormalities of the pancreas or intestine, or high fat levels in the blood. […] In about 15% of cases of acute pancreatitis and 40% of cases of chronic pancreatitis, the cause is never known.

• #13 Pancreatitis: Causes, symptoms and treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/pancreatitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Pancreatitis refers to inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located in the back of the upper abdomen, behind the stomach, that secretes hormones and digestive juices. […] The pancreas can become inflamed for a variety of reasons. The two most common reasons are gallstones pebble-like masses that form in the gallbladder or ducts between the liver and small intestine and alcohol misuse. […] Inflammation of the pancreas can be caused by gallstones blocking the common bile duct. […] Alcohol disrupts the balance of all of these enzymes, causing the system of enzymes to shift in favor of more digestive enzymes being activated and released from acinar cells. This causes inflammation in the pancreas, which is why alcohol misuse can cause pancreatitis. […] In addition to gallstones and alcohol misuse, other causes of pancreatitis include high levels of serum triglycerides (fat molecules in the blood); certain viral infections, including mumps; or trauma to the pancreas.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Pancreatitis.aspx

  Pancreatitis refers to inflammation of the pancreas, a long, leaf-shaped gland that lies in the upper abdomen, behind the stomach. […] Depending on how long a person has had pancreatitis, the condition may be acute or chronic. […] The majority of pancreatitis cases are caused by gall tones or alcohol consumption. […] Gallstones can cause acute pancreatitis to develop if they move out of the pancreas and block the organs opening. […] How alcohol leads to chronic pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought that enzymes start to digest the pancreas due to interruption of normal pancreatic function. […] Drinking a lot of alcohol over a short period or binge drinking is thought to increase the risk of acute pancreatitis and in cases where this is the underlying cause, continued drinking is the biggest risk factor for the development of tissue damage, scarring, and therefore chronic pancreatitis.

• #15

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-pancreatitis/causes/

  Acute pancreatitis is usually caused by gallstones or drinking too much alcohol, but sometimes no cause can be identified. […] One theory is that it causes enzymes inside the pancreas to start digesting it. […] Whatever the cause, there is a clear link between alcohol use and acute pancreatitis. […] Binge drinking drinking a lot of alcohol in a short period of time is also thought to increase your risk of developing acute pancreatitis. […] Less common causes of acute pancreatitis include: high blood fat levels (hypertriglyceridaemia), accidental damage or injury to the pancreas for example, during a procedure to remove gallstones or examine the pancreas, a side effect of medicine, viruses like mumps or measles, high blood calcium levels (hypercalcaemia), the immune system attacking the pancreas (autoimmune pancreatitis).

• #16 Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6514487/

  Based on the recognition of common etiological and genetic risk factors, acute and chronic pancreatitis are increasingly regarded as a continuum of the same disease, with a significant overlap of clinical manifestations and phenotypes but distinct morphological and imaging appearances. […] Recent population-based and cohort studies have found that tobacco smoke conveys a greater risk than immoderate alcohol consumption for the development of chronic pancreatitis, and hypertriglyceridemia has been identified as a risk factor for acute pancreatitis even when plasma levels are only mildly elevated. […] Hereditary pancreatitis, in its autosomal dominant form, is associated with mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1), whereas a number of germline variations in other genes have been found to represent risk factors for chronic as well as acute pancreatitis.

• #17 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview

  Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can lead to acute pancreatitis by causing increased pancreatic ductal pressures. […] Clinically significant pancreatitis usually does not occur until a person’s serum triglyceride level reaches 1000 mg/dL. […] Obstruction of the pancreatic ductal system by a pancreatic ductal carcinoma, ampullary carcinoma, islet cell tumor, solid pseudotumor of the pancreas, sarcoma, lymphoma, cholangiocarcinoma, or metastatic tumor can cause acute pancreatitis. […] Exposure to organophosphate insecticide can cause acute pancreatitis. […] Acute pancreatitis may occur in the postoperative period of various surgical procedures (eg, abdominal or cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, which may damage the gland by causing ischemia). […] Vascular factors, such as ischemia or vasculitis, can play a role in causing acute pancreatitis. […] Autoimmune pancreatitis, a relatively newly described entity, is an extremely rare cause of acute pancreatitis.

• #18 Acute pancreatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis

  Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. Causes include a gallstone impacted in the common bile duct or the pancreatic duct, heavy alcohol use, systemic disease, trauma, elevated calcium levels, hypertriglyceridemia (with triglycerides usually being very elevated, over 1000 mg/dL), certain medications, hereditary causes and, in children, mumps. […] Calcium helps to convert trypsinogen to the active trypsin, thus elevated calcium (of any cause) is a potential cause of pancreatitis. […] The most common causes include gallstones, which are responsible for 21-33% of cases, followed by alcohol (16-27%) and elevated triglycerides (2-5%). […] Biliary pancreatitis due to gallstones or constriction of ampulla of Vater in 40% of cases. […] Alcohol in 30% of cases. […] Idiopathic in 15-25% of cases.

• #19 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview

  Abdominal trauma (approximately 1.5%) causes an elevation of amylase and lipase levels in 17% of cases and clinical pancreatitis in 5% of cases. […] Considering the small number of patients who develop pancreatitis compared to the relatively large number who receive potentially toxic drugs, drug-induced pancreatitis is a relatively rare occurrence (accounting for approximately 2% of cases) that is probably related to an unknown predisposition. […] Several infectious diseases may cause pancreatitis, especially in children. […] Hereditary pancreatitis is an autosomal dominant gain-of-function disorder related to mutations of the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1), which has an 80% penetrance. […] Hypercalcemia from any cause can lead to acute pancreatitis. […] The pancreas develops from two buds stemming from the alimentary tract of the developing embryo.

• #20 Acute pancreatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis

  Metabolic disorders: hereditary pancreatitis, hypercalcemia, elevated triglycerides, malnutrition. […] Abdominal trauma. […] Penetrating ulcers. […] Carcinoma of the head of pancreas, and other cancer. […] Drugs: acetaminophen with or without codeine, amiodarone, azathioprine, carbamazepine, cimetidine, cisplatin, clomiphene, enalapril, estrogen containing products or hormones, furosemide, isoniazid, metronidazole, methyldopa, pravastatin, valproic acid. […] Infections: mumps, viral hepatitis, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Ascaris. […] Structural abnormalities: pancreas divisum, pancreatic masses or cysts that block the ducts. […] Radiotherapy. […] Autoimmune pancreatitis. […] Severe hypertriglyceridemia.

• #21 Pancreatitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pancreatitis

  Additionally, certain medications may lead to pancreatitis, including estrogens, corticosteroids, sulfonamides, a class of antibiotics, thiazides, a type of diuretics, azathioprine, which may be prescribed after a kidney transplant, some anti-seizure medications, certain chemotherapy drugs, tamoxifen, a breast cancer drug.

• #21 Pancreatitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pancreatitis

  Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, is a condition that causes intense abdominal pain. Though there are numerous potential causes of pancreatitis, the two most common ones are gallstones and alcohol misuse. […] The two main causes of pancreatitis are gallstones and alcohol misuse. […] Other causes of pancreatitis include: A family history of pancreatitis or high triglyceride levels, the genetic mutations PRSS1, R122H, R122C, N29I, A16V, CTRC, SPINK1, CFTR, CASR, CPA1, PRSS2, and CLDN2, a procedure called an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which is used to diagnose or treat the pancreatic ducts or bile ducts, can occasionally cause the condition, lupus, cystic fibrosis, Reyes syndrome, mumps, Coxsackie B virus, hepatitis, high triglyceride levels, an overactive parathyroid gland, Crohns disease, Kawasaki disease, diabetes, kidney failure, an organ transplant, trauma to the pancreas, pancreas divisum, a birth defect, pancreatic cancer.

• #22 Table: Some Causes of Acute Pancreatitis-MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/table/some-causes-of-acute-pancreatitis

  Some Causes of Acute Pancreatitis […] Medications: ACE inhibitors, asparaginase, azathioprine, 2,3-dideoxyinosine, furosemide, GLP-1 receptor agonists, 6-mercaptopurine, pentamidine, sulfa medications, valproate […] Infectious: Coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis E […] Inherited: Multiple known gene mutations, including a small percentage of patients with cystic fibrosis […] Mechanical/structural: Gallstones, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), trauma, pancreatic cancer or periampullary cancer, choledochal cyst, sphincter of Oddi stenosis, pancreas divisum […] Metabolic: Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia (including hyperparathyroidism), estrogen use associated with high lipid levels […] Toxins: Alcohol, methanol […] Other: Cigarette smoking, pregnancy, postrenal transplant, ischemia caused by hypotension or atheroembolism, tropical pancreatitis.

• #23 Causes of Pancreatitis | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/causes-pancreatitis

  Pancreatitis has a range of possible causes, including: […] Acute pancreatitis is most commonly caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol consumption. Other causes may include use of certain medications (such as immunosuppressants, estrogens, thiazide diuretics, and azathioprine), lipid (triglyceride) disorders, infections, surgery, or trauma to the abdomen from an accident or injury. […] In more than half of patients, chronic pancreatitis is caused by long-term abuse of alcohol, which leads to damage and scarring of the pancreas. Other people may develop chronic pancreatitis as a result of hereditary causes, gallstones (which block the pancreatic duct outlet), autoimmune disease such as lupus, or high triglyceride levels. […] In approximately 5-6% of patients with chronic pancreatitis, the disease is caused by autoimmune inflammation (in which the immune system attacks the pancreas). […] In rare cases, pancreatitis may be caused by viral infections such as mumps, coxsackie B, mycoplasma pneumonia, and campylobacter. […] A more common problem in developing countries than in the U.S., intestinal parasites can lead to acute pancreatitis and other pancreatic diseases.

• #24 Chronic Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181554-overview

  Ischemia – From obstruction and fibrosis; important in exacerbating or perpetuating disease rather than in initiating disease […] Autoimmune disorders – Chronic pancreatitis has been found in association with other autoimmune diseases, such as Sjgren syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, and renal tubular acidosis. […] Although alcohol greatly influences the understanding of its pathophysiology because it is the most common etiology (60-70%), approximately 20-30% of cases are idiopathic and 10% of cases are due to rare diseases. […] Excessive alcohol consumption is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for about 60% of all cases. […] A mutation in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1, has been identified in patients with chronic pancreatitis.

• #25 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview

  Long-standing alcohol consumption and biliary stone disease cause most cases of acute pancreatitis, but numerous other etiologies are known. In 10%-30% of cases, the cause is unknown, though studies have suggested that as many as 70% of cases of idiopathic pancreatitis are secondary to biliary microlithiasis. […] One of the most common causes of acute pancreatitis in most developed countries (accounting for approximately 40% of cases) is gallstones passing into the bile duct and temporarily lodging at the sphincter of Oddi. […] Alcohol use is a major cause of acute pancreatitis (accounting for at least 35% of cases). […] Pancreatitis occurring after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is probably the third most common type (accounting for approximately 4% of cases).

• #26 Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6514487/

  Gallstones and alcohol abuse are the most common causes of acute pancreatitis and each account for the underlying etiology in 30-50% of cases. […] Next to gallstones, alcohol is the most common factor associated with acute pancreatitis. […] It was postulated that consumption of between 50 and 80 g or 4-7 drinks per day injure the gland, although individual differences must be considered. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is related to elevated triglycerides in an estimated 10% of cases. […] Pathologies of the pancreatic or biliary tract are frequent indications for performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). […] The incidence of abdominal trauma in poly-traumatized patients is 20% in Germany; 95% of these cases involve blunt force trauma. […] The diagnosis of medication-induced acute pancreatitis is rare (0.12%).

• #27 Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6514487/

  Recurrent acute pancreatitis is characterized by relapsing episodes of acute pancreatitis and morphological signs of a normal gland in asymptotic intervals. […] Chronic pancreatitis has an incidence of 414/100,000 per year and a prevalence of 1352/100,000. […] Alcohol abuse is the most common etiology associated with chronic pancreatitis, which accounts for approximately 65% of all cases. […] Genetic variants in several genes have been identified as being associated with susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis and replicated in multiple cohorts. […] Hereditary pancreatitis is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder of the pancreas with incomplete penetrance. […] Chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of the pancreas are equally common in Western countries.

• #28 Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/chronic-pancreatitis/causes.html

  The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is many years of heavy alcohol use. The chronic form of pancreatitis can be triggered by one acute attack that damages the pancreatic duct. The damaged duct causes the pancreas to become inflamed. Scar tissue develops and the pancreas is slowly destroyed. […] Less common causes of chronic pancreatitis include: […] Hereditary disorders of the pancreas […] Cystic fibrosis (most common inherited disorder leading to chronic pancreatitis) […] Hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) […] Hyperlipidemia or hypertriglyceridemia (high levels of blood fats) […] Some medicines […] Certain autoimmune conditions […] Unknown causes.

• #29

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/pancreatitis-in-children-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.aspx

  The most common causes of acute pancreatitis in children include: Trauma/injury to the abdomen […] Gallstones or other blockages in the system […] Infection (viruses are the most common) […] Elevated triglycerides (a type of fat found in blood) and other metabolic issues […] Idiopathic (unclear) causes, the leading cause of pancreatitis in children. […] Common causes of chronic pancreatitis: Genetic causes such as cystic fibrosis among others (most common cause in kids) […] Gallstones or other blockages in the system caused by abnormal anatomy/structures […] Metabolic abnormalities […] Autoimmune problems […] Idiopathic causes.

• #30 Chronic pancreatitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/chronic-pancreatitis/

  Long-term alcohol misuse is responsible for around 7 out of every 10 cases of chronic pancreatitis. This is because heavy drinking over a number of years can repeatedly damage the pancreas. […] Most cases of chronic pancreatitis are associated with drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over a long period of time. […] However, in up to 3 out of 10 people with the condition, the cause can’t be identified known as idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. […] Rare cases of chronic pancreatitis are the result of a problem with the immune system, which causes it to attack the pancreas. This is known as autoimmune pancreatitis and it’s not clear exactly why it happens. […] Some cases of chronic pancreatitis are inherited. This is thought to be caused by mutations (alterations) in a number of genes, including genes called PRSS1 and SPINK-1. These mutations disrupt the normal working of the pancreas. […] Several other rare causes of chronic pancreatitis have also been identified, including injury to the pancreas, blocked or narrowed openings (ducts) of the pancreas, smoking, and radiotherapy to the abdomen.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Pancreatitis-Causes.aspx

  Obesity with a body mass index (BMI) of over 30 is a risk factor for pancreatitis. […] Smokers and those over the age of 70 are at a greater risk of pancreatic inflammation. […] Studies have shown that those with a specific genetic mutation, known as the MCP-1 mutation, are eight times more likely to develop severe acute pancreatitis than others with no such mutation. […] Those with high blood levels of a special type of cholesterol called triglycerides especially while pregnant are at a greater risk of pancreatitis. […] Conditions leading to deprivation of blood to the pancreas may also lead to pancreatitis. […] There may be no reason or cause or presence of a risk factor in some patients presenting with acute pancreatitis. These cases are termed idiopathic.

• #32 Acute Pancreatitis – Symptoms, Causes , Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/acute-pancreatitis-symptoms-causes-types-treatment-prevention

  Genetic mutations: Specific mutations and polymorphisms in several genes are linked with acute (and chronic) pancreatitis. […] Type 2 diabetes: As per some studies, it was found that this condition also increases the risk of acute pancreatitis by a factor of 2 or 3. However, both obesity and diabetes are also risk factors for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

• #33 Pancreatitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatments, Tests

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-pancreatitis

  Pancreatitis Causes […] Acute pancreatitis causes include: […] – Drinking lots of alcohol […] – Gallstones […] – Autoimmune diseases […] – Infections […] – Medications […] – Metabolic disorders […] – Surgery […] – Trauma to the belly area […] In up to 15% of people with this type, the cause is unknown. […] Chronic pancreatitis causes include: […] – Cystic fibrosis […] – Family history of pancreas disorders […] – Gallstones […] – High triglycerides […] – Longtime alcohol use […] – Medications […] In about 20% to 30% of cases, the cause of chronic pancreatitis is unknown. People with this type are usually men between ages 30 and 40. African American people are more likely to have pancreatitis than other racial groups in the U.S. […] […] […] What can trigger pancreatitis?

• #34 Pancreatitis | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/pancreatitis.html

  Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. […] Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and usually goes away in a few days with treatment. It is often caused by gallstones. […] Chronic pancreatitis does not heal or improve. It gets worse over time and leads to permanent damage. The most common cause is heavy alcohol use. Other causes include cystic fibrosis and other inherited disorders, high levels of calcium or fats in the blood, some medicines, and autoimmune conditions.

• #35

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/pancreatitis

  it is the inflammation and autodigestion of the pancreas. Autodigestion describes a process whereby pancreatic enzymes destroy its own tissue leading to inflammation. The inflammation may be sudden or ongoing. […] What causes pancreatitis? […] gallstones that block the pancreatic duct […] alcohol abuse, which can lead to blockage of the small pancreatic ductules […] abdominal trauma or surgery […] kidney failure […] lupus […] infections, such as mumps, hepatitis A or B, or salmonella […] cystic fibrosis […] presence of a tumor […] a venomous sting from a scorpion.

• #36 Pancreatitis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/pancreatic-diseases/pancreatitis

  There are several types of pancreatitis, including acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. […] Alcohol use, gallstones, elevated triglycerides, severe viral or bacterial infections, high blood calcium levels, and certain medications may be potential causes of pancreatitis. […] Generally, the most common causes of pancreatitis are alcohol abuse and gallstones. […] Pancreatitis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse, Gallstones, Elevated triglyceride levels, Some medications, such as estrogen supplements and some diuretics (water pills), High calcium blood levels (hypercalcemia), Genetic causes, such as cystic fibrosis, Injury to the abdomen, Severe viral or bacterial infection, Structural problems of the pancreatic and bile ducts. […] Several risk factors for pancreatitis may cause ongoing symptoms or acute pancreatitis, including inflammation and abdominal pain, to develop. […] Common risk factors include: Stones in bile ducts/gallstones, Chronic alcohol use, Medication use, Abdominal trauma.

• #37 Guide to Pancreatitis: Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Diet – United Hospital Center Gastroenterology

  https://wvgastrocenter.com/guide-to-pancreatitis-signs-symptoms-causes-and-diet/

  Pancreatitis happens when digestive enzymes are activated while in the pancreas, which causes irritation of pancreatic cells and thus leads to inflammation. […] Conditions leading to pancreatitis include: Alcoholism, Gallstones, Abdominal surgery, Medications, Smoking tobacco, Cystic fibrosis, Family history, High levels of calcium in the blood, High levels of triglycerides in the blood, Infections, Injury, Pancreatic cancer. […] Unfortunately, you may never know what caused your pancreatitis. […] Diabetes: This is spurred on by damage to insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to diabetes. […] Pancreatic cancer: Untreated inflammation caused by chronic pancreatitis is a top risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer.

• #38 What Causes Pancreatitis: How to Lower Your Risk

  https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/what-causes-pancreatitis

  Viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections cause about 10% of acute pancreatitis cases. […] Hypercalcemia high calcium levels in your blood can cause pancreatitis. […] Rarely, you might develop pancreatitis after abdominal trauma caused by things like car and bicycle accidents, a fall or other high-impact injury, or stabbing or gunshot wounds. […] Hereditary pancreatitis can cause chronic pancreatitis and increase your risk of pancreatic cancer. […] Health conditions that may lead to pancreatitis include cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, obesity, and diabetes. […] Gallstones and excessive alcohol consumption cause most cases of pancreatitis, though other factors like genetics and injuries can also increase your risk.

• #39 Acute Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/

  The causes of acute pancreatitis can be summarized into the following categories in the table below. […] The frequency of acute pancreatitis is rising in the United States and the rest of the world. […] It is thought that the difference in incidence is due to geographic region and socio-economic strata. […] The 3 major causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones, alcohol, and medications.

• #40 Acute pancreatitis: Etiology and common pathogenesis

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i12/1427.htm

  Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis have been intensively investigated for centuries worldwide. Many causes of acute pancreatitis have been discovered, but the pathogenetic theories are controversial. The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstone impacting the distal common bile-pancreatic duct. […] In developed countries, obstruction of the common bile duct by stones (38%) and alcohol abuse (36%) are the most frequent causes of acute pancreatitis. Gallstone-induced pancreatitis is caused by duct obstruction by gallstone migration. Obstruction is localized in the bile duct and pancreatic duct, or both. Duct obstruction promotes pancreatitis by increasing duct pressure and subsequent unregulated activation of digestive enzymes.

• #41 Pancreatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8103-pancreatitis

  Most of the time, pancreatitis is acute and temporary. But causes that are chronic and don’t go away, such as inherited disorders, can cause chronic pancreatitis. Repeat episodes of acute pancreatitis can also lead to chronic pancreatitis. […] You can die from complications of acute pancreatitis if it’s very severe. […] Chronic pancreatitis will eventually do lasting damage to your pancreas, although it may take many years.

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