Zapalenie trzustki
Epidemiologia

Zapalenie trzustki, zarówno ostre (OZT), jak i przewlekłe (PZT), stanowi rosnący problem zdrowotny na świecie, z roczną zachorowalnością na OZT wynoszącą około 34 przypadków na 100 000 osób globalnie, a w USA nawet 110-140 na 100 000. Wzrost liczby przypadków od 1990 do 2021 roku wyniósł 59%, a prognozy przewidują dalszy wzrost zachorowalności o 2,4% rocznie do 2050 roku. PZT występuje rzadziej, z zachorowalnością około 10-25 na 100 000 osób rocznie, ale wiąże się z poważnymi powikłaniami, w tym zwiększonym ryzykiem raka trzustki (względny współczynnik ryzyka 13,3). Kluczowymi czynnikami ryzyka są spożycie alkoholu (odpowiedzialne za ponad 15% zgonów z powodu zapalenia trzustki), palenie tytoniu, kamica żółciowa (21-33% przypadków OZT w USA), hipertriglicerydemia oraz czynniki genetyczne (mutacje w genach PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, CTRC). OZT nie jest chorobą samoograniczającą się – około 20% pacjentów przechodzi do nawracającego zapalenia, a 35% z nich do PZT. Cukrzyca rozwija się u około 80% pacjentów po OZT i 20% po PZT, a ryzyko cukrzycy jest ponad dwukrotnie wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej.

  1. Epidemiologia zapalenia trzustki
    1. Globalna zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki
    2. Zachorowalność na przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki
    3. Chorobowość zapalenia trzustki
    4. Progi przejścia między formami zapalenia trzustki
  2. Czynniki ryzyka zapalenia trzustki
    1. Wpływ alkoholu na zapalenie trzustki
    2. Palenie tytoniu a zapalenie trzustki
    3. Kamica żółciowa i inne czynniki ryzyka
    4. Czynniki genetyczne w zapaleniu trzustki
  3. Różnice demograficzne w epidemiologii zapalenia trzustki
    1. Różnice związane z płcią
    2. Różnice związane z wiekiem
    3. Różnice rasowe i etniczne
    4. Różnice regionalne i międzynarodowe
  4. Nadzór epidemiologiczny zapalenia trzustki i jego powikłań
    1. Nadzór nad rakiem trzustki u pacjentów z zapaleniem trzustki
    2. Strategie nadzoru dla grup wysokiego ryzyka
    3. Holistyczne zapobieganie zapaleniu trzustki
  5. Trendy i prognozy dla zapalenia trzustki
    1. Wzrost zachorowalności
    2. Prognozy na przyszłość
    3. Zmiany w etiologii zapalenia trzustki
  6. Obciążenie zdrowotne i ekonomiczne zapalenia trzustki
    1. Śmiertelność z powodu zapalenia trzustki
    2. Obciążenie ekonomiczne
    3. Lata życia z niepełnosprawnością
    4. Wpływ na jakość życia
    5. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia zapalenia trzustki

Zapalenie trzustki stanowi istotny problem zdrowotny na całym świecie, będąc jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn hospitalizacji z powodów gastroenterologicznych. Ostre zapalenie trzustki (OZT) jest trzecią wiodącą przyczyną hospitalizacji gastroenterologicznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych, a jego globalne obciążenie systematycznie wzrasta.12 Choroba przewlekła (PZT) jest związana z istotnymi powikłaniami długoterminowymi, w tym zwiększonym ryzykiem raka trzustki.3

Globalna zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki

Roczna zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki na świecie waha się od 13 do 45 przypadków na 100 000 osób, wykazując znaczne zróżnicowanie regionalne.4 Według najnowszych danych, globalna roczna zachorowalność wynosi około 34 przypadki na 100 000 osób.5 W Stanach Zjednoczonych wskaźniki są jeszcze wyższe, osiągając 110-140 przypadków na 100 000 osób, co czyni USA jednym z krajów o najwyższej zachorowalności obok Finlandii (73,4 na 100 000).67

W latach 1990-2021 globalna liczba przypadków zapalenia trzustki wzrosła z 1,73 miliona do 2,75 miliona, co stanowi wzrost o 59%.8 W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2009 roku odnotowano około 275 000 hospitalizacji z powodu OZT, co stanowi wyraźny wzrost w porównaniu z 183 000 w 1998 roku.9 Światowe prognozy wskazują, że obciążenie zapaleniem trzustki będzie nadal rosnąć, z przewidywanym dwukrotnym wzrostem zachorowalności od 2020 do 2050 roku, przy średnim rocznym wzroście wynoszącym 2,4%.10

Zachorowalność na przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki

Przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki (PZT) występuje rzadziej, z globalną roczną zachorowalnością szacowaną na około 10 przypadków na 100 000 osób.11 Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące PZT są bardziej ograniczone, a kryteria diagnostyczne znacznie się różnią. Szacunkowa zachorowalność na PZT waha się od 5 do 12 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie, a najnowsze badania wskazują na około 25 przypadków na 100 000 osób.1213

W Stanach Zjednoczonych zachorowalność na PZT wzrosła umiarkowanie z 3,3 w latach 1940-1969 do 4,3 na 100 000 w latach 1997-2006.14 W Europie wskaźniki zachorowalności na PZT wydają się być wyższe niż w USA. W Azji, szczególnie w Japonii, siedem oddzielnych badań przeprowadzonych w ciągu 42 lat pokazuje trend znacznego wzrostu zachorowalności na PZT (z 2 do 14 na 100 000).15

Chorobowość zapalenia trzustki

Rozpowszechnienie przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki szacuje się na około 50 przypadków na 100 000 osób w populacji ogólnej.16 Nowsze badania wskazują na rozpowszechnienie PZT na poziomie około 40-50 na 100 000 osób.17 Badania wykazały znaczne różnice regionalne w rozpowszechnieniu PZT – od 13,5 na 100 000 w Chinach do 52,4 na 100 000 w Japonii.18

W Australii Południowej surowe rozpowszechnienie PZT oszacowano na 195,1 na 100 000 osób, co jest wartością znacznie wyższą niż w innych regionach, choć autorzy zaznaczają, że rzeczywiste rozpowszechnienie może być niższe ze względu na czynniki metodologiczne.19 Najwyższe standaryzowane według wieku wskaźniki rozpowszechnienia zapalenia trzustki na 100 000 osób zaobserwowano w Europie Środkowej (222,1), Europie Wschodniej (213,8) i tropikalnej Ameryce Łacińskiej (167,0).20

Progi przejścia między formami zapalenia trzustki

Ostre zapalenie trzustki (wraz z jego formą nienekrotyzującą) prowadzi do szeregu następstw długo po klinicznym ustąpieniu i dlatego nie powinno być już uważane za chorobę samoograniczającą się.21 Globalny wskaźnik przejścia od pierwszego epizodu ostrego zapalenia trzustki do nawracającego epizodu wynosi około 20%, a od nawracającego ostrego zapalenia trzustki do przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki – około 35%.22

Cukrzyca po zapaleniu trzustki jest najczęstszym następstwem tej choroby, powodowanym przez ostre i nawracające ostre zapalenie trzustki w około 80% przypadków, a przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki w około 20% przypadków. Pacjenci z zapaleniem trzustki mają ponad dwukrotnie wyższe ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy w ciągu życia niż osoby w populacji ogólnej bez historii zapalenia trzustki.23

Czynniki ryzyka zapalenia trzustki

Ryzyko i etiologia zapalenia trzustki różnią się w zależności od wieku i płci, a wszystkie zaburzenia trzustki dotykają osoby rasy czarnej częściej niż jakiejkolwiek innej rasy.24 Zidentyfikowano kilka kluczowych czynników ryzyka zapalenia trzustki.

Wpływ alkoholu na zapalenie trzustki

Spożywanie alkoholu jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników ryzyka zapalenia trzustki. Rozpowszechnienie zapalenia trzustki jest około 4-krotnie wyższe wśród osób z historią alkoholizmu w porównaniu do osób bez takiej historii.25 Alkohol jest najczęstszą przyczyną przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, a po kamicy żółciowej – drugą najczęstszą przyczyną ostrego zapalenia trzustki.26

Spożycie alkoholu pozostaje wiodącym modyfikowalnym czynnikiem ryzyka zapalenia trzustki, odpowiadającym za ponad 15% globalnych zgonów z powodu tej choroby.27 W Stanach Zjednoczonych alkohol jest związany z około połową wszystkich przypadków przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki.28

Palenie tytoniu a zapalenie trzustki

Palenie zwiększa również ryzyko ostrego zapalenia trzustki.29 Oszacowano, że palenie tytoniu przyczynia się do 25% ryzyka przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, a kontynuacja palenia po diagnozie przyspiesza postęp choroby.30 Badania wykazały, że w populacji pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki ponad dwie trzecie aktywnie paliło, a kolejne 22,4% było byłymi palaczami.31

W badaniu dotyczącym idiopatycznego przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, po kontroli pod kątem wieku, płci, BMI i spożycia alkoholu, kiedykolwiek palenie (iloraz szans 1,65), obecne palenie (OR 1,80) i palenie 1 lub więcej paczek dziennie (OR 1,87) były niezależnie związane z idiopatycznym przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki.32

Kamica żółciowa i inne czynniki ryzyka

Kamica żółciowa jest najczęstszą przyczyną ostrego zapalenia trzustki w wielu regionach świata. W Stanach Zjednoczonych kamica żółciowa odpowiada za 21-33% przypadków OZT.33 Ostre zapalenie trzustki o etiologii żółciowej jest często cięższe w porównaniu z zapaleniem alkoholowym, z wyższym ryzykiem powikłań.34

Inne istotne czynniki ryzyka obejmują hipertriglicerydemię, otyłość, czynniki dietetyczne, zakażenie Helicobacter pylori, grupę krwi inną niż O oraz czynniki genetyczne.35 Wzrost liczby przypadków ostrego zapalenia trzustki wtórnego do hipertriglicerydemii odnotowano w wielu raportach, częściowo w związku ze wzrostem częstości występowania zespołu metabolicznego.36

Czynniki genetyczne w zapaleniu trzustki

W ciągu ostatnich 20 lat zidentyfikowano kilka genetycznych czynników podatności na zapalenie trzustki, z których mutacje w czterech genach (PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, CTRC) są obecnie rutynowo stosowane w praktyce klinicznej, zwłaszcza u pacjentów z niewyjaśnionym przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki.37

Pacjenci z dziedzicznym zapaleniem trzustki mają wysokie ryzyko rozwoju raka trzustki (połączony względny współczynnik ryzyka 69), z ryzykiem wystąpienia w ciągu życia wynoszącym 40-55%.38 Szczególnie mutacje genu PRSS1 wiążą się z podwyższonym ryzykiem raka trzustki, uzasadniając regularne monitorowanie tych pacjentów.39

Różnice demograficzne w epidemiologii zapalenia trzustki

Epidemiologia zapalenia trzustki wykazuje istotne różnice w zależności od płci, wieku, rasy i regionu geograficznego.

Różnice związane z płcią

Ogólnie, ostre zapalenie trzustki dotyka mężczyzn częściej niż kobiety.40 W większości badań 60-80% pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki to mężczyźni, a badania populacyjne pokazują wyższą zachorowalność i rozpowszechnienie PZT u mężczyzn w porównaniu z kobietami.41

U mężczyzn etiologia jest częściej związana z alkoholem, u kobiet częściej z chorobami dróg żółciowych.42 Globalne rozpowszechnienie wzrasta z wiekiem do 60-64 lat u kobiet i 44-49 lat u mężczyzn, a następnie maleje, bez znaczącej różnicy między kobietami i mężczyznami.43

Wskaźniki hospitalizacji pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki różnią się również w zależności od płci. Wskaźniki u mężczyzn osiągają szczyt między 45. a 54. rokiem życia, a następnie spadają; wskaźniki u kobiet osiągają plateau, które pozostaje stabilne po 35. roku życia.44

Różnice związane z wiekiem

Szczyt zachorowalności na ostre zapalenie trzustki przypada na piątą i szóstą dekadę życia, jednak wraz z wiekiem wzrasta śmiertelność.45 Wskaźniki hospitalizacji zwiększają się z wiekiem. W przypadku osób w wieku 35-75 lat wskaźnik podwaja się dla mężczyzn i czterokrotnie wzrasta dla kobiet.46

Średni lub medianowy wiek w momencie rozpoznania w większości opublikowanych badań wykazuje niewielkie zmiany w czasie i zależnie od regionu geograficznego.47 Alkohol jest najczęstszą przyczyną przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki w grupie wiekowej 35-54 lat.48

W przypadku idiopatycznego przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki zgłoszono bimodalny rozkład wieku, określany jako postać o wczesnym początku (mediana wieku 19,2 roku) i postać o późnym początku (mediana wieku 56,2 roku).49

Różnice rasowe i etniczne

Ryzyko zapalenia trzustki jest 23 razy wyższe wśród osób rasy czarnej niż białej, a wskaźniki raka trzustki są znacznie wyższe u osób rasy czarnej niż w jakiejkolwiek innej grupie rasowej.50 Współczynniki hospitalizacji pacjentów z ostrym zapaleniem trzustki na 100 000 mieszkańców są 3 razy wyższe dla osób rasy czarnej niż białej.51

Te różnice rasowe są bardziej wyraźne u mężczyzn niż u kobiet. Ryzyko dla Afroamerykanów w wieku 35-64 lat jest 10 razy wyższe niż dla jakiejkolwiek innej grupy.52 Roczna zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki u rdzennych Amerykanów wynosi 4 na 100 000 mieszkańców; u osób rasy białej 5,7 na 100 000 mieszkańców; a u osób rasy czarnej 20,7 na 100 000 mieszkańców.53

W Stanach Zjednoczonych wskaźniki hospitalizacji dla osób rasy czarnej są 3 razy wyższe niż dla osób rasy białej.54 Różnice rasowe w przewlekłym zapaleniu trzustki u pacjentów w Stanach Zjednoczonych badano w prospektywnej, wieloośrodkowej kohorcie w latach 2000-2014 i stwierdzono, że 248 z 1159 pacjentów (21 procent) było rasy czarnej. W porównaniu z pacjentami rasy białej, pacjenci rasy czarnej byli znacznie bardziej skłonni do bycia byłymi lub obecnymi palaczami i do posiadania alkoholu jako etiologii (77 versus 42 procent).55

Różnice regionalne i międzynarodowe

Istnieją również regionalne różnice w rozkładach demograficznych: zapalenie trzustki związane z alkoholem jest bardziej powszechne na Zachodzie i w Japonii w porównaniu z innymi krajami azjatyckimi.5657 Etiologia zapalenia trzustki różni się znacznie w zależności od regionu. Choć alkoholizm jest częściej spotykany w Europie Wschodniej, etiologia żółciowa przeważa w prawie każdym innym regionie i wydaje się być dwukrotnie częstsza niż ta druga.58

W Europie i innych rozwiniętych krajach, takich jak Hongkong, więcej pacjentów ma skłonność do zapalenia trzustki związanego z kamicą żółciową, podczas gdy w Stanach Zjednoczonych najczęstsze jest zapalenie trzustki związane z alkoholem.59 Mimo to najnowsze badania wskazują na istotne zmiany w profilu pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki w USA, z gwałtownym spadkiem odsetka przypadków związanych z alkoholem i wzrostem tych o innych etiologiach.60

Nadzór epidemiologiczny zapalenia trzustki i jego powikłań

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad zapaleniem trzustki obejmuje monitorowanie częstości występowania choroby, jej powikłań oraz wdrażanie strategii zapobiegawczych.

Nadzór nad rakiem trzustki u pacjentów z zapaleniem trzustki

Pacjenci z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki mają znacznie podwyższone ryzyko rozwoju raka trzustki. Meta-analiza 6 badań kohortowych i 1 badania kliniczno-kontrolnego wykazała, że połączony względny współczynnik ryzyka raka trzustki wśród pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki wynosi 13,3.61

Według meta-analizy, ryzyko raka trzustki po rozpoznaniu przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki jest 6,09 razy wyższe po 1 roku, 16,16 razy wyższe po 2 latach, 7,90 razy wyższe po 5 latach i 3,53 razy wyższe po 9 latach. Wskazuje to, że zachorowalność na raka trzustki pozostaje znacznie podwyższona przez około 5 lat po rozpoznaniu przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki, przy czym najwyższe ryzyko występuje w ciągu pierwszych 2 lat, a następnie maleje.62

Według międzynarodowych wytycznych ustanowionych w 2020 roku, nie zaleca się rutynowego badania przesiewowego w kierunku raka trzustki u wszystkich pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki, biorąc pod uwagę stosunek kosztów do efektywności.63 Jednak dziedziczne zapalenie trzustki wykazuje standaryzowany współczynnik zachorowalności 5387 razy wyższy, szczególnie z mutacjami genu PRSS1, co uzasadnia regularne monitorowanie raka trzustki u tych pacjentów.64

Strategie nadzoru dla grup wysokiego ryzyka

Dla osób z wysokim ryzykiem rozwoju raka trzustki, regularne badania obrazowe do monitorowania trzustki mogą pomóc wykryć chorobę we wcześniejszym stadium niż typowo diagnozowana w populacji ogólnej.65 Wytyczne opracowane przez ekspertów w dziedzinie raka trzustki zalecają monitorowanie osób o wysokim ryzyku.66

Badacze z Uniwersytetu Waszyngtońskiego opracowali multidyscyplinarny program nadzoru dla wczesnego wykrywania raka trzustki i jego prekursorów u pacjentów z rodzinną predyspozycją do tej choroby.67 Badania epidemiologiczne na Uniwersytecie Waszyngtońskim ujawniły czynniki ryzyka, takie jak palenie i narażenie na płyny do czyszczenia na sucho, które mogą dramatycznie wpływać na ryzyko raka u pacjentów z pozytywnym wywiadem rodzinnym.68

Chociaż częstość występowania raka trzustki jest wysoka wśród pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki, nadzór wszystkich pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki nie jest zalecany, ponieważ sama częstość występowania raka trzustki nie jest wystarczająco wysoka dla nadzoru. Zaleca się wybór i monitorowanie podgrupy pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki o wyższym ryzyku raka trzustki.69

Holistyczne zapobieganie zapaleniu trzustki

Koncepcja holistycznego zapobiegania zapaleniu trzustki (HPP) postuluje, że strategie zapobiegania pierwotnego, wtórnego i trzeciorzędowego muszą być systematycznie stosowane, aby zmniejszyć wpływ zapalenia trzustki i jego następstw.70

Pierwotna profilaktyka jest uważana za najważniejszą w zapobieganiu rakowi trzustki.71 W przypadku zidentyfikowania przyczyny ostrego zapalenia trzustki, wskaźnik nawrotów jest trzykrotnie niższy w porównaniu z pacjentami bez zidentyfikowanej przyczyny (15% vs 43%).72

Staranne poszukiwanie etiologii zapalenia trzustki pozostaje kluczem do skutecznego zarządzania. Tylko poprzez identyfikację etiologii można zaplanować odpowiednią terapię, potencjalnie prowadzącą do zapobiegania idiopatycznemu nawracającemu zapaleniu trzustki, poprawy rokowania i zmniejszenia kosztów opieki zdrowotnej.73

Trendy i prognozy dla zapalenia trzustki

W badaniach populacyjnych odnotowano duży wzrost zachorowalności na ostre zapalenie trzustki i mniejszy wzrost zachorowalności na przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki.74 Szerokie badania w XXI wieku miały znaczący wpływ na nasze zrozumienie zapalenia trzustki i jego następstw.75

Wzrost zachorowalności

Zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki rośnie na całym świecie z powodu zwiększonej częstości występowania otyłości i kamicy żółciowej.76 Trendy w różnych regionach geograficznych konsekwentnie pokazują wzrost zachorowalności.77 Badanie z Wielkiej Brytanii odnotowało wzrost zachorowalności od połowy lat 90. do 2013 roku, zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i kobiet, z około 14,5 do około 30 na 100 000.78

W latach 2001-2014 hospitalizacje i koszty związane z ostrym zapaleniem trzustki stale rosły, prawdopodobnie z powodu zwiększonej częstości występowania otyłości, starzenia się populacji i zaburzeń związanych z kamicą żółciową.79 Nawet u dzieci odnotowano znaczący wzrost występowania OZT, z częstością szacowaną na 3,5 na 100 000 hospitalizowanych dzieci.80

Badanie obejmujące lata 2000-2009 wykazało wzrost zachorowalności na ostre zapalenie trzustki u hospitalizowanych dzieci z 23,1 do 34,9 przypadków na 10 000 hospitalizacji rocznie.81 Trend wzrostowy zaobserwowano we wszystkich grupach wiekowych dzieci powyżej 1. roku życia.82

Prognozy na przyszłość

Model BAPC (Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort) prognozuje dalszy spadek standaryzowanego według wieku współczynnika zachorowalności, śmiertelności i umieralności do 2050 roku, odzwierciedlając bieżące usprawnienia w zarządzaniu chorobą i środkach zapobiegawczych.83

Mimo to, istotne różnice regionalne i społeczno-ekonomiczne utrzymują się. Standaryzowany według wieku współczynnik zachorowalności był dodatnio skorelowany z indeksem społeczno-demograficznym (SDI), wskazując na wyższe obciążenie w regionach bardziej rozwiniętych społeczno-ekonomicznie.84

Generalnie, obserwuje się pozytywną korelację między standaryzowanymi według wieku wskaźnikami YLD (lata życia z niepełnosprawnością) dla zapalenia trzustki a SDI na poziomie globalnym i we wszystkich regionach GBD (Global Burden of Disease) w latach 1990-2017.85

Zmiany w etiologii zapalenia trzustki

Profil pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki uległ dramatycznej zmianie, z gwałtownym spadkiem odsetka przypadków związanych z alkoholem i wzrostem tych o innych etiologiach.86 Badanie zidentyfikowało alkohol jako jedyną przyczynę przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki w 35% przypadków i jako czynnik przyczyniający się w kolejnych 9%. Jest to znaczny spadek w porównaniu z 60-90% przypadków przypisywanych historycznie alkoholowi.87

Dane dotyczące trendów w spożyciu alkoholu są mieszane i „nie wyjaśniają imponującego przesunięcia w profilu etiologicznym”.88 Innym „godnym uwagi odkryciem” było to, że ponad jedna czwarta wszystkich pacjentów nie miała identyfikowalnej przyczyny przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki.89

Rosnące uznanie znaczenia czynników genetycznych w wywoływaniu zapalenia trzustki, szeroka dostępność przekrojowych badań obrazowych, takich jak MRCP, które mogą identyfikować nieprawidłowości anatomiczne, akceptacja związku z paleniem oraz rozpoznanie, że czynniki autoimmunologiczne i inne mogłyby wyjaśnić chorobę pacjenta, są prawdopodobnie niektórymi z wyjaśnień, dlaczego lekarze rozważają możliwość innych czynników niż alkohol jako potencjalnej przyczyny przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki u indywidualnego pacjenta.90

Obciążenie zdrowotne i ekonomiczne zapalenia trzustki

Zapalenie trzustki stanowi poważne obciążenie dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie, zarówno pod względem zdrowotnym, jak i ekonomicznym.

Śmiertelność z powodu zapalenia trzustki

Śmiertelność w ostrym zapaleniu trzustki zwykle wynika z zespołu ogólnoustrojowej reakcji zapalnej i niewydolności narządów w pierwszym dwutygodniowym okresie, podczas gdy po dwóch tygodniach zwykle wynika z sepsy i jej powikłań.91 W przeglądzie systematycznym badań dotyczących ostrego zapalenia trzustki ogólna śmiertelność wynosiła około 5%, przy czym wskaźniki śmiertelności u pacjentów z zapaleniem śródmiąższowym i martwiczym wynosiły odpowiednio 3% i 17%.92

Mimo wzrostu częstości występowania, wskaźnik śmiertelności z powodu ostrego zapalenia trzustki spada w Stanach Zjednoczonych, z około 2% śmiertelności podawanej przez większość najnowszych badań.93 Obecnie śmiertelność wynosi około 2%.94

Zakażenie martwicy trzustkowej wiąże się ze wskaźnikami śmiertelności sięgającymi 30%.95 Chociaż łagodne ostre zapalenie trzustki zwykle ustępuje samoistnie i ma pozytywne rokowanie, ciężkie przypadki mają wysokie wskaźniki śmiertelności, wahające się od 20% do 40%.96

Obciążenie ekonomiczne

Ostre zapalenie trzustki jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn hospitalizacji z powodów gastroenterologicznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych, z ponad 130 000 przypadków rocznie (0,8% wszystkich przyjęć na oddział).97 W badaniu przeprowadzonym na dużej, głównie hiszpańskojęzycznej populacji w USA, zaobserwowano o 50% wyższy wskaźnik hospitalizacji z powodu ostrego zapalenia trzustki w porównaniu z danymi krajowymi (1,2% vs 0,8%).98

W Rumunii mediana długości pobytu w szpitalu wynosiła 7 dni przy medianie kosztu dziennego 747,96 RON (około 165 EUR). Mediana całkowitego kosztu wynosiła 5177,5 RON (około 1100 EUR).99 Badania z południowej Rumunii oszacowały zachorowalność na ostre zapalenie trzustki na 29,2 epizody wymagające hospitalizacji na 100 000 osób, co daje około 5900 hospitalizacji z powodu OZT rocznie na poziomie kraju.100

Lata życia z niepełnosprawnością

Globalna szacunkowa liczba YLD (lata życia z niepełnosprawnością) z powodu zapalenia trzustki w 1990 roku wynosiła 189 382, a w 2017 roku – 364 447, ze standaryzowanym według wieku wskaźnikiem YLD wynoszącym 4,2 w 1990 roku i 4,5 w 2017 roku na 100 000 osób; wskaźnik ten wzrósł o 9,2% od 1990 do 2017 roku.101

Europa Wschodnia, w szczególności, wykazuje wysokie wskaźniki DALY (lata życia skorygowane niepełnosprawnością), standaryzowane według wieku wskaźniki zachorowalności i standaryzowane według wieku wskaźniki śmiertelności dotyczące ostrego zapalenia trzustki.102

Obciążenie zapaleniem trzustki było wyższe niż oczekiwane poziomy w niektórych regionach i krajach, w tym w Europie Środkowej, centralnej Afryce Subsaharyjskiej, wysoko rozwiniętych regionach Azji i Pacyfiku, tropikalnej Ameryce Łacińskiej, Azji Środkowej oraz krajach i terytoriach takich jak Słowacja, Belgia i Polska.103

Wpływ na jakość życia

Przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki może prowadzić do długotrwałej niepełnosprawności i predysponuje pacjentów do raka trzustki.104 Badania dotyczące przebiegu naturalnego wykazały, że 61% osób z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki będzie wymagało co najmniej jednej interwencji endoskopowej, podczas gdy 31% będzie wymagało zabiegu chirurgicznego jako części strategii leczenia.105

Ostre i przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki może znacznie obniżyć zdolności operacyjne dotkniętych nim członków służby wojskowej z powodu różnych objawów tych zaburzeń. W rezultacie historie ostrego zapalenia trzustki, o ile nie jest spowodowane kamieniami żółciowymi i skutecznie leczone przez cholecystektomię, oraz przewlekłego zapalenia trzustki są dyskwalifikującymi stanami dla wstąpienia do amerykańskiej armii.106

Zapalenie trzustki stanowi istotne obciążenie dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej, a jego wpływ jest szczególnie dotkliwy w populacjach rdzennych. W Południowej Australii populacja rdzennych mieszkańców była znacznie nadreprezentowana w kohorcie pacjentów z przewlekłym zapaleniem trzustki, co wspiera dalsze badania i wysiłki profilaktyczne, szczególnie w populacji rdzennej.107

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Etiology of acute pancreatitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-acute-pancreatitis
    Acute pancreatitis is the third leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States. […] The reported annual incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges from 4.9 to 35 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing worldwide due to increased rates of obesity and gallstones. […] Mortality in acute pancreatitis is usually due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ failure in the first two-week period, while after two weeks it is usually due to sepsis and its complications. […] In a systematic review of studies of acute pancreatitis, overall mortality was approximately 5 percent, with mortality rates in patients with interstitial, and necrotizing pancreatitis, of 3 percent, and 17 percent, respectively.
  • #2 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Knowledge of pancreatitis in the 20th century was shaped predominantly by animal data and clinical trials. […] Several large general population-based cohort studies and comprehensive systematic literature reviews in the 21st century have had a major effect on our understanding of pancreatitis and its sequelae. […] This Review provides precise and up-to-date data on the burden of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. […] Per 100,000 people in the general population, the yearly global incidence of acute pancreatitis is 34 cases, chronic pancreatitis is 10 cases and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is 6 cases. […] The global transition rate from the first episode of acute pancreatitis to a recurrent episode is ~20% and, from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis, the rate is ~35%.
  • #3 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
    https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full
    Chronic pancreatitis, a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer, necessitates monitoring for pancreatic cancer development. Chronic pancreatitis can be broadly categorized into hereditary and sporadic. Given the variability in the risk for pancreatic cancer based on the presence and type of genetic mutations, it is crucial to establish and be aware of guidelines for screening and surveillance tailored to each risk level. […] The incidence of pancreatic cancer is relatively low in hereditary chronic pancreatitis with other genetic mutations and sporadic chronic pancreatitis; thus, precise screening and periodic surveillance are not recommended. […] For individuals with PRSS1 mutation-related hereditary chronic pancreatitis, surveillance may be considered from the age of 40 years. […] In sporadic chronic pancreatitis where various risk factors for pancreatic cancer coexist, the incidence of pancreatic cancer significantly increases. Therefore, in 5 years after the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, the pancreatic cancer incidence has been observed to continuously increase.
  • #4 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #5 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Knowledge of pancreatitis in the 20th century was shaped predominantly by animal data and clinical trials. […] Several large general population-based cohort studies and comprehensive systematic literature reviews in the 21st century have had a major effect on our understanding of pancreatitis and its sequelae. […] This Review provides precise and up-to-date data on the burden of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. […] Per 100,000 people in the general population, the yearly global incidence of acute pancreatitis is 34 cases, chronic pancreatitis is 10 cases and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is 6 cases. […] The global transition rate from the first episode of acute pancreatitis to a recurrent episode is ~20% and, from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis, the rate is ~35%.
  • #6 Acute pancreatitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis
    The worldwide incidence of acute pancreatitis has increasing from 1961 to 2016 with an average annual percentage increase of 3%, the increased incidence was seen in North America and Europe. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis in the United States is 110-140 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the United States the most common causes include gallstones, which are responsible for 21-33% of cases, followed by alcohol (16-27%) and elevated triglycerides (2-5%).
  • #7 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    Acute pancreatitis has an approximate incidence of 40-50 cases per year per 100,000 adults. […] In 2009, approximately 275,000 hospitalizations were attributed to acute pancreatitis. […] In 2007, approximately 220,000 patients with acute pancreatitis were admitted to nonfederally funded hospitals. […] In 1998, 183,000 patients with acute pancreatitis were admitted. […] This trend in rising incidence has been recognized over the past several decades. […] Worldwide, the incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges between 5 and 80 per 100,000 population, with the highest incidence recorded in the United States and Finland. […] In Luneburg, Germany, the incidence is 17.5 cases per 100,000 people. […] In Finland, the incidence is 73.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] Similar incidence rates have been reported in Australia.
  • #8 Global and regional burden of pancreatitis: epidemiological trends, risk factors, and projections to 2050 from the global burden of disease study 2021 | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03481-8
    Pancreatitis is a significant global health concern with rising incidence, complex management, and substantial mortality. This study aimed to assess global and regional trends in pancreatitis from 1990 to 2021 and project future trends to 2050 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021. […] From 1990 to 2021, global pancreatitis cases increased from 1.73 million to 2.75 million, representing a rise of 59%. […] Significant regional variations were found, with Eastern Europe showing the highest ASIR, ASMR, and DALY rates. Projections indicate continued declines in ASIR, ASMR, and DALYs through 2050. […] While global age-standardized rates of pancreatitis have declined, significant regional and socioeconomic disparities persist. […] The global incidence of pancreatitis has shown an alarming upward trend over the past few decades, driven by factors such as gallstone disease, alcohol consumption, smoking, and metabolic disorders like hypertriglyceridemia.
  • #9 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    Acute pancreatitis has an approximate incidence of 40-50 cases per year per 100,000 adults. […] In 2009, approximately 275,000 hospitalizations were attributed to acute pancreatitis. […] In 2007, approximately 220,000 patients with acute pancreatitis were admitted to nonfederally funded hospitals. […] In 1998, 183,000 patients with acute pancreatitis were admitted. […] This trend in rising incidence has been recognized over the past several decades. […] Worldwide, the incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges between 5 and 80 per 100,000 population, with the highest incidence recorded in the United States and Finland. […] In Luneburg, Germany, the incidence is 17.5 cases per 100,000 people. […] In Finland, the incidence is 73.4 cases per 100,000 people. […] Similar incidence rates have been reported in Australia.
  • #10 Intra-pancreatic fat deposition and pancreatitis: insights from the CO | DMSO
    https://www.dovepress.com/intra-pancreatic-fat-deposition-and-pancreatitis-insights-from-the-cos-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO
    Acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis have substantial burden and the incidence of pancreatitis is projected to increase two-fold from 2020 to 2050, with the average annual growth of 2.4%. […] The PANDORA hypothesis theorised the key role of high IPFD in both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. […] In 2024, two complementary studies took the findings of the COSMOS program to the next level. […] They established that higher IPFD was associated with significantly greater risks of both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. […] Further, the association was unidirectional as there was no evidence of reverse causation (ie, pancreatitis leading to higher IPFD).
  • #11 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Knowledge of pancreatitis in the 20th century was shaped predominantly by animal data and clinical trials. […] Several large general population-based cohort studies and comprehensive systematic literature reviews in the 21st century have had a major effect on our understanding of pancreatitis and its sequelae. […] This Review provides precise and up-to-date data on the burden of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. […] Per 100,000 people in the general population, the yearly global incidence of acute pancreatitis is 34 cases, chronic pancreatitis is 10 cases and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is 6 cases. […] The global transition rate from the first episode of acute pancreatitis to a recurrent episode is ~20% and, from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis, the rate is ~35%.
  • #12 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #13 Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-chronic-pancreatitis-in-adults
    Chronic pancreatitis has a variety of etiologies with genetic and environmental risk factors for both initiation and disease progression, variable clinical and imaging features, and complications. […] Reliable population-based estimates of the epidemiology of chronic pancreatitis are not widely available as the diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis vary widely. However, limited evidence suggests that the incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis is approximately 25/100,000 and 92/100,000 persons, respectively. […] There are regional differences in the prevalence of chronic pancreatitis by etiology. Alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, as compared with other Asian countries. […] Alcohol is associated with approximately one-half of all cases of chronic pancreatitis in the United States.
  • #14 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    In the United States the incidence of CP has increased modestly from 3.3 during 1940-1969 to 4.3 per 100,000 in 1997-2006. […] In Europe, the incidence of CP appear to be higher than in US. […] In Asia, seven separate surveys from Japan conducted in the past 42 years show a trend towards a much greater increase in the incidence of CP (from 2 to 14/100,000). […] Prevalence estimates for CP are limited to only a few populations and is presented in Table 2. […] The overall prevalence of CP shows high variability. […] In recent studies the prevalence ranges around 40-50 per 100,000 population. […] A Chinese study showed increasing prevalence of CP from 3.1/100,000 in 1996 to 13.5/100,000 population in 2003. […] The 7 nationwide epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan, have demonstrated increasing prevalence of CP from 28.5/100,000 in 1994 to 52.4/100,000 in 2011.
  • #15 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    In the United States the incidence of CP has increased modestly from 3.3 during 1940-1969 to 4.3 per 100,000 in 1997-2006. […] In Europe, the incidence of CP appear to be higher than in US. […] In Asia, seven separate surveys from Japan conducted in the past 42 years show a trend towards a much greater increase in the incidence of CP (from 2 to 14/100,000). […] Prevalence estimates for CP are limited to only a few populations and is presented in Table 2. […] The overall prevalence of CP shows high variability. […] In recent studies the prevalence ranges around 40-50 per 100,000 population. […] A Chinese study showed increasing prevalence of CP from 3.1/100,000 in 1996 to 13.5/100,000 population in 2003. […] The 7 nationwide epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan, have demonstrated increasing prevalence of CP from 28.5/100,000 in 1994 to 52.4/100,000 in 2011.
  • #16 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #17 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    In the United States the incidence of CP has increased modestly from 3.3 during 1940-1969 to 4.3 per 100,000 in 1997-2006. […] In Europe, the incidence of CP appear to be higher than in US. […] In Asia, seven separate surveys from Japan conducted in the past 42 years show a trend towards a much greater increase in the incidence of CP (from 2 to 14/100,000). […] Prevalence estimates for CP are limited to only a few populations and is presented in Table 2. […] The overall prevalence of CP shows high variability. […] In recent studies the prevalence ranges around 40-50 per 100,000 population. […] A Chinese study showed increasing prevalence of CP from 3.1/100,000 in 1996 to 13.5/100,000 population in 2003. […] The 7 nationwide epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan, have demonstrated increasing prevalence of CP from 28.5/100,000 in 1994 to 52.4/100,000 in 2011.
  • #18 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    In the United States the incidence of CP has increased modestly from 3.3 during 1940-1969 to 4.3 per 100,000 in 1997-2006. […] In Europe, the incidence of CP appear to be higher than in US. […] In Asia, seven separate surveys from Japan conducted in the past 42 years show a trend towards a much greater increase in the incidence of CP (from 2 to 14/100,000). […] Prevalence estimates for CP are limited to only a few populations and is presented in Table 2. […] The overall prevalence of CP shows high variability. […] In recent studies the prevalence ranges around 40-50 per 100,000 population. […] A Chinese study showed increasing prevalence of CP from 3.1/100,000 in 1996 to 13.5/100,000 population in 2003. […] The 7 nationwide epidemiological surveys conducted in Japan, have demonstrated increasing prevalence of CP from 28.5/100,000 in 1994 to 52.4/100,000 in 2011.
  • #19 Epidemiology and burden of adult chronic pancreatitis in South Australia: a 20-year data linkage study | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/3/e089297
    Objectives To investigate the epidemiology and burden of adult-onset chronic pancreatitis (CP) in South Australia. […] A total of 2503 incident index cases with CP were identified. The crude prevalence and incidence were estimated as 195.1 per 100000 and 10.4 per 100000 per annum, respectively. […] CP is a significant burden on the SA healthcare system and was more prevalent and more burdensome in Indigenous adults. […] Our findings support further research and preventive efforts, particularly in the Indigenous population. […] The estimated crude prevalence of CP does not account for deaths outside of hospital, changes in population size and patients moving out of SA, meaning the true prevalence is likely lower than reported. […] The Indigenous population was significantly over-represented within the CP cohort. […] Our data have allowed for estimations of the prevalence and incidence of a condition previously undescribed epidemiologically within Australia.
  • #20 The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01859-5
    Pancreatitis is a critical public health problem, and the burden of pancreatitis is increasing. We report the rates and trends of the prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for pancreatitis at the global, regional, and national levels in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017, stratified by sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI). […] The global prevalence increased with age up to 60-64 years and 44-49 years in females and males, respectively, and then decreased, with no significant difference between females and males. […] The age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rates increased, but the age-standardized incidence rate decreased from 1990 to 2017. […] The highest age-standardized prevalence rates of pancreatitis per 100,000 population were observed in Central Europe (222.1), Eastern Europe (213.8), and Tropical Latin America (167.0).
  • #21 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Acute pancreatitis (including its non-necrotizing form) leads to a number of sequelae long after clinical resolution and, hence, should no longer be considered a self-limited disease. […] Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is the most frequent sequelae of pancreatitis, caused by acute and recurrent acute pancreatitis in ~80% and chronic pancreatitis in ~20% of cases. […] Patients with pancreatitis have a greater than twofold higher lifetime risk of developing new onset diabetes than individuals in the general population without a history of pancreatitis. […] The holistic prevention of pancreatitis (HPP) concept postulates that primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies need to be systematically employed to lessen the effect of pancreatitis and its sequelae.
  • #22 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Knowledge of pancreatitis in the 20th century was shaped predominantly by animal data and clinical trials. […] Several large general population-based cohort studies and comprehensive systematic literature reviews in the 21st century have had a major effect on our understanding of pancreatitis and its sequelae. […] This Review provides precise and up-to-date data on the burden of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. […] Per 100,000 people in the general population, the yearly global incidence of acute pancreatitis is 34 cases, chronic pancreatitis is 10 cases and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is 6 cases. […] The global transition rate from the first episode of acute pancreatitis to a recurrent episode is ~20% and, from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis, the rate is ~35%.
  • #23 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Acute pancreatitis (including its non-necrotizing form) leads to a number of sequelae long after clinical resolution and, hence, should no longer be considered a self-limited disease. […] Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is the most frequent sequelae of pancreatitis, caused by acute and recurrent acute pancreatitis in ~80% and chronic pancreatitis in ~20% of cases. […] Patients with pancreatitis have a greater than twofold higher lifetime risk of developing new onset diabetes than individuals in the general population without a history of pancreatitis. […] The holistic prevention of pancreatitis (HPP) concept postulates that primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies need to be systematically employed to lessen the effect of pancreatitis and its sequelae.
  • #24 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #25 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #26 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #27 Global and regional burden of pancreatitis: epidemiological trends, risk factors, and projections to 2050 from the global burden of disease study 2021 | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03481-8
    Our study highlights significant socioeconomic and gender disparities in pancreatitis burden. ASIR was positively correlated with the SDI, indicating a higher burden in more socioeconomically developed regions. […] Alcohol use remains a leading modifiable risk factor for pancreatitis, accounting for over 15% of global deaths. […] Our BAPC model projects a continued decline in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR through 2050, reflecting ongoing improvements in disease management and preventive measures.
  • #28 Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-chronic-pancreatitis-in-adults
    Chronic pancreatitis has a variety of etiologies with genetic and environmental risk factors for both initiation and disease progression, variable clinical and imaging features, and complications. […] Reliable population-based estimates of the epidemiology of chronic pancreatitis are not widely available as the diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis vary widely. However, limited evidence suggests that the incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis is approximately 25/100,000 and 92/100,000 persons, respectively. […] There are regional differences in the prevalence of chronic pancreatitis by etiology. Alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, as compared with other Asian countries. […] Alcohol is associated with approximately one-half of all cases of chronic pancreatitis in the United States.
  • #29 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #30 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #31 Epidemiological trends in acute pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort in a tertiary center over a seven year period
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v13/i3/118.htm
    We observed a median total cost of 5177.5 RON (approximately 1100 EUR) and a median daily cost of 747.96 RON (approximately 165 EUR). […] We estimated an incidence of 29.2 cases/100000 people, or approximately 5900 episodes annually throughout the entire country, which is an expected and moderate profile of incidence. […] Smoking might be an independent risk factor for AP severity and evolution. […] In our study, we were able to find that more than two-thirds of the patients smoked actively, while another 22.4% were former smokers. […] We observed lower rates of mild AP than those of other studies that have stratified severity in regard to the Revised Atlanta Classification. […] The weaknesses of this study resides in the fact that is a retrospective, unicentric study that is based on medical-chart reviews that is prone to data loss between discharge and study analysis and also the lack of surgical patients. […] There is a need to extend this study to patients admitted in surgical departments to correctly evaluate prognosis and severity.
  • #32 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    Referring physicians cited one or more possible etiologies for each patient’s chronic pancreatitis from the following list: alcohol related; idiopathic (no known cause); or unrelated to alcohol, a category that included hereditary diseases, cystic fibrosis, pancreas divisum, autoimmune disorders, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, trauma, or other known causes. […] Another „remarkable finding” was that more than one-fourth of all patients had no identifiable cause for their chronic pancreatitis. […] Data on trends in alcohol consumption are mixed „and do not explain the impressive shift in the etiologic profile,” Dr. Coté and his associates said. […] „Perhaps the most intriguing” finding in this study was an association with cigarette smoking. „After controlling for age, sex, BMI, and alcohol intake, ever smoking (odds ratio, 1.65), current smoking (OR, 1.80), and smoking 1 or more packs per day (OR, 1.87) were independently associated with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis,” they said.
  • #33 Acute pancreatitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis
    The worldwide incidence of acute pancreatitis has increasing from 1961 to 2016 with an average annual percentage increase of 3%, the increased incidence was seen in North America and Europe. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis in the United States is 110-140 cases per 100,000 people. […] In the United States the most common causes include gallstones, which are responsible for 21-33% of cases, followed by alcohol (16-27%) and elevated triglycerides (2-5%).
  • #34 Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis—A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/2/139
    The most common causes of AP are cholelithiasis, alcoholism, and hypertriglyceridemia. While alcoholism is more often encountered in Eastern Europe, the biliary etiology prevails in almost every other region and seems to be twice as prevalent as the latter. Furthermore, acute biliary pancreatitis is often more severe compared with alcoholic pancreatitis with a higher risk of complications. While mild AP typically resolves on its own and has a positive prognosis, severe cases have high mortality rates ranging from 20% to 40%. Aside from its intrinsic mortality, AP is a significant risk factor for pancreatic neoplasia, a condition that is diagnosed late in evolution and has a very low 5-year survival rate. […] There is a high degree of heterogeneity in the management of B-AP, with multiple guidelines and no clear consensus in this area. Several recent meta-analyses have shown that early cholecystectomy might lower the rates of complications and recurrence and could shorten the length of stay (LoS). Although there is a clear association between biliary pancreatitis and female sex, older age, and recurrence, there seems to be no difference among etiological groups regarding the outcome of AP.
  • #35 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors | Rawla | World Journal of Oncology
    https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1166
    To date, the causes of pancreatic carcinoma are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary factors, alcohol abuse, age, ethnicity, family history and genetic factors, Helicobacter pylori infection, non-O blood group and chronic pancreatitis. […] In general population, screening of large groups is not considered useful to detect the disease at its early stage, although newer techniques and the screening of tightly targeted groups (especially of those with family history), are being evaluated. […] Primary prevention is considered of utmost importance. […] Up-to-date statistics on pancreatic cancer occurrence and outcome along with a better understanding of the etiology and identifying the causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
  • #36 Acute Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/
    The frequency of acute pancreatitis is rising in the United States and the rest of the world. […] Whether this trend is related to an actual increase in incidence or increased detection, the rise is partly due to increased metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemia. […] Multiple reports are showing an increase in acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. […] The mortality rate is decreasing in the United States despite the increased incidence, with an approximately 2% mortality rate cited by most recent studies. […] The peak incidence of acute pancreatitis is in the fifth and sixth decades; however, there is an increase in mortality with age. […] It is thought that the difference in incidence is due to geographic region and socio-economic strata. […] It is most likely due to differences in the use of alcohol and the occurrence of biliary calculi, which are the 2 major causes of acute pancreatitis. […] In the United States, population incidence has been cited as 600 to 700 per 100,000 people, with 200,000 to 250,000 discharges occurring yearly for acute pancreatitis.
  • #37 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    In the past 20 years, several genetic susceptibility factors for pancreatitis have been identified, of which mutations in four genes (PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, CTRC) are now routinely used in clinical practice, especially in patients with unexplained CP. […] After alcohol, the largest sub-group among CP patients is those in whom no specific cause has been identified. […] The fraction of patients with idiopathic disease varies from 10-30% in most studies from 1970-2006, but can be up to 60% in India and China. […] Studies in the past few decades have informed different aspects of the epidemiology of CP. However, much of these data are limited to Europe, North America, and some parts of Asia. Future studies should focus on population distributions of CP in other parts of the world, the impact of imaging studies, environmental and other factors on disease estimates and trends between and within populations, determinants of healthcare utilization and health care cost from CP.
  • #38 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #39 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
    https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full
    It is necessary to selectively monitor patients with chronic pancreatitis who are at high risk for pancreatic cancer. […] While chronic pancreatitis is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer, international guidelines established in 2020 do not recommend routine pancreatic cancer screening for all chronic pancreatitis patients, considering the cost-effectiveness ratio. […] However, hereditary pancreatitis shows a standardized incidence ratio of 5387 times higher, particularly with PRSS1 gene mutations, justifying regular surveillance for pancreatic cancer in these patients. […] The incidence of pancreatic cancer in sporadic chronic pancreatitis is relatively low compared to PRSS1 hereditary pancreatitis, making routine surveillance for pancreatic cancer unjustifiable in all sporadic chronic pancreatitis patients.
  • #40 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    In males, the etiology is more often related to alcohol; in females, it is more often related to biliary tract disease. […] Idiopathic pancreatitis has no clear predilection for either sex. […] The hospitalization rates of patients with acute pancreatitis per 100,000 population are 3 times higher for blacks than whites. […] These racial differences are more pronounced for males than females. […] The risk for African Americans aged 35-64 years is 10 times higher than for any other group. […] African Americans are at a higher risk than whites in that same age group. […] The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in Native Americans is 4 per 100,000 population; in whites, 5.7 per 100,000 population; and in blacks, 20.7 per 100,000 population.
  • #41 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    A much higher prevalence of idiopathic CP, termed earlier as tropical pancreatitis was reported from Southern India in up to 126 per 100,000 population in 1994. […] The mean or median age at time of study enrollment or diagnosis in most published studies show little variation over time and by geography. […] In most studies, 60-80% of CP patients are male, and population studies show higher incidence and prevalence of CP in men when compared with women. […] Alcohol is the most common cause of CP in age group of 35-54 years. […] A growing recognition importance of genetic factors in causing pancreatitis, wide availability of cross-sectional imaging studies, such as MRCP that can identify anatomic abnormalities, acceptance of the relationship with smoking, and that autoimmune and other factors could explain a patients disease are likely some of the explanations for physicians to entertain the possibility of factors other than alcohol as the potential cause of CP in an individual patient.
  • #42 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    In males, the etiology is more often related to alcohol; in females, it is more often related to biliary tract disease. […] Idiopathic pancreatitis has no clear predilection for either sex. […] The hospitalization rates of patients with acute pancreatitis per 100,000 population are 3 times higher for blacks than whites. […] These racial differences are more pronounced for males than females. […] The risk for African Americans aged 35-64 years is 10 times higher than for any other group. […] African Americans are at a higher risk than whites in that same age group. […] The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in Native Americans is 4 per 100,000 population; in whites, 5.7 per 100,000 population; and in blacks, 20.7 per 100,000 population.
  • #43 The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01859-5
    Pancreatitis is a critical public health problem, and the burden of pancreatitis is increasing. We report the rates and trends of the prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for pancreatitis at the global, regional, and national levels in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017, stratified by sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI). […] The global prevalence increased with age up to 60-64 years and 44-49 years in females and males, respectively, and then decreased, with no significant difference between females and males. […] The age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rates increased, but the age-standardized incidence rate decreased from 1990 to 2017. […] The highest age-standardized prevalence rates of pancreatitis per 100,000 population were observed in Central Europe (222.1), Eastern Europe (213.8), and Tropical Latin America (167.0).
  • #44 Chronic Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181554-overview
    Based on the estimates from hospital discharge data in the United States, approximately 87,000 cases of pancreatitis occur annually. […] Comparing the hospital admissions data from several cities around the globe, the overall frequency is similar. Expressed as number of cases per 1000 hospital admissions, the value for Marseille is 3.1; for Cape Town, 4.4; for Sao Paulo, 4.9; and for Mexico City, 4.4. When the data from several centers were compared over time, the incidence of chronic pancreatitis from 1945-1985 appeared to be increasing. […] Hospitalization rates for blacks are 3 times higher than for whites in the United States. In population studies, males are affected more commonly than females (6.7 vs 3.2 per 100,000 population). […] Differences in the hospitalization rates of patients with chronic pancreatitis exist with respect to sex. Rates in males peak between ages 45 and 54 years and then decline; female rates reach a plateau, which remains stable after age 35 years. […] In aggregate, the mean age at diagnosis is 46 years, plus or minus 13 years. In idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, a bimodal age distribution has been reported, designated as the early onset form (median age 19.2 y) and the late-onset form (median age 56.2 y).
  • #45 Acute Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/
    The frequency of acute pancreatitis is rising in the United States and the rest of the world. […] Whether this trend is related to an actual increase in incidence or increased detection, the rise is partly due to increased metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemia. […] Multiple reports are showing an increase in acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. […] The mortality rate is decreasing in the United States despite the increased incidence, with an approximately 2% mortality rate cited by most recent studies. […] The peak incidence of acute pancreatitis is in the fifth and sixth decades; however, there is an increase in mortality with age. […] It is thought that the difference in incidence is due to geographic region and socio-economic strata. […] It is most likely due to differences in the use of alcohol and the occurrence of biliary calculi, which are the 2 major causes of acute pancreatitis. […] In the United States, population incidence has been cited as 600 to 700 per 100,000 people, with 200,000 to 250,000 discharges occurring yearly for acute pancreatitis.
  • #46 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    The incidence of disease outside North America, Europe, and Australia is less well known. […] In Europe and other developed nations, such as Hong Kong, more patients tend to have gallstone pancreatitis, whereas in the United States, alcoholic pancreatitis is most common. […] The median age at onset depends on the etiology. […] The following are median ages of onset for various etiologies: Alcohol-related – 39 years; Biliary tract-related – 69 years; Trauma-related – 66 years; Drug-induced etiology – 42 years; ERCP-related – 58 years; AIDS-related – 31 years; Vasculitis-related – 36 years. […] Hospitalization rates increase with age. For people aged 35-75 years, the rate doubles for males and quadruples for females. […] Generally, acute pancreatitis affects males more often than females.
  • #47 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    A much higher prevalence of idiopathic CP, termed earlier as tropical pancreatitis was reported from Southern India in up to 126 per 100,000 population in 1994. […] The mean or median age at time of study enrollment or diagnosis in most published studies show little variation over time and by geography. […] In most studies, 60-80% of CP patients are male, and population studies show higher incidence and prevalence of CP in men when compared with women. […] Alcohol is the most common cause of CP in age group of 35-54 years. […] A growing recognition importance of genetic factors in causing pancreatitis, wide availability of cross-sectional imaging studies, such as MRCP that can identify anatomic abnormalities, acceptance of the relationship with smoking, and that autoimmune and other factors could explain a patients disease are likely some of the explanations for physicians to entertain the possibility of factors other than alcohol as the potential cause of CP in an individual patient.
  • #48 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    A much higher prevalence of idiopathic CP, termed earlier as tropical pancreatitis was reported from Southern India in up to 126 per 100,000 population in 1994. […] The mean or median age at time of study enrollment or diagnosis in most published studies show little variation over time and by geography. […] In most studies, 60-80% of CP patients are male, and population studies show higher incidence and prevalence of CP in men when compared with women. […] Alcohol is the most common cause of CP in age group of 35-54 years. […] A growing recognition importance of genetic factors in causing pancreatitis, wide availability of cross-sectional imaging studies, such as MRCP that can identify anatomic abnormalities, acceptance of the relationship with smoking, and that autoimmune and other factors could explain a patients disease are likely some of the explanations for physicians to entertain the possibility of factors other than alcohol as the potential cause of CP in an individual patient.
  • #49 Chronic Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181554-overview
    Based on the estimates from hospital discharge data in the United States, approximately 87,000 cases of pancreatitis occur annually. […] Comparing the hospital admissions data from several cities around the globe, the overall frequency is similar. Expressed as number of cases per 1000 hospital admissions, the value for Marseille is 3.1; for Cape Town, 4.4; for Sao Paulo, 4.9; and for Mexico City, 4.4. When the data from several centers were compared over time, the incidence of chronic pancreatitis from 1945-1985 appeared to be increasing. […] Hospitalization rates for blacks are 3 times higher than for whites in the United States. In population studies, males are affected more commonly than females (6.7 vs 3.2 per 100,000 population). […] Differences in the hospitalization rates of patients with chronic pancreatitis exist with respect to sex. Rates in males peak between ages 45 and 54 years and then decline; female rates reach a plateau, which remains stable after age 35 years. […] In aggregate, the mean age at diagnosis is 46 years, plus or minus 13 years. In idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, a bimodal age distribution has been reported, designated as the early onset form (median age 19.2 y) and the late-onset form (median age 56.2 y).
  • #50 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #51 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    In males, the etiology is more often related to alcohol; in females, it is more often related to biliary tract disease. […] Idiopathic pancreatitis has no clear predilection for either sex. […] The hospitalization rates of patients with acute pancreatitis per 100,000 population are 3 times higher for blacks than whites. […] These racial differences are more pronounced for males than females. […] The risk for African Americans aged 35-64 years is 10 times higher than for any other group. […] African Americans are at a higher risk than whites in that same age group. […] The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in Native Americans is 4 per 100,000 population; in whites, 5.7 per 100,000 population; and in blacks, 20.7 per 100,000 population.
  • #52 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    In males, the etiology is more often related to alcohol; in females, it is more often related to biliary tract disease. […] Idiopathic pancreatitis has no clear predilection for either sex. […] The hospitalization rates of patients with acute pancreatitis per 100,000 population are 3 times higher for blacks than whites. […] These racial differences are more pronounced for males than females. […] The risk for African Americans aged 35-64 years is 10 times higher than for any other group. […] African Americans are at a higher risk than whites in that same age group. […] The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in Native Americans is 4 per 100,000 population; in whites, 5.7 per 100,000 population; and in blacks, 20.7 per 100,000 population.
  • #53 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    In males, the etiology is more often related to alcohol; in females, it is more often related to biliary tract disease. […] Idiopathic pancreatitis has no clear predilection for either sex. […] The hospitalization rates of patients with acute pancreatitis per 100,000 population are 3 times higher for blacks than whites. […] These racial differences are more pronounced for males than females. […] The risk for African Americans aged 35-64 years is 10 times higher than for any other group. […] African Americans are at a higher risk than whites in that same age group. […] The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in Native Americans is 4 per 100,000 population; in whites, 5.7 per 100,000 population; and in blacks, 20.7 per 100,000 population.
  • #54 Chronic Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181554-overview
    Based on the estimates from hospital discharge data in the United States, approximately 87,000 cases of pancreatitis occur annually. […] Comparing the hospital admissions data from several cities around the globe, the overall frequency is similar. Expressed as number of cases per 1000 hospital admissions, the value for Marseille is 3.1; for Cape Town, 4.4; for Sao Paulo, 4.9; and for Mexico City, 4.4. When the data from several centers were compared over time, the incidence of chronic pancreatitis from 1945-1985 appeared to be increasing. […] Hospitalization rates for blacks are 3 times higher than for whites in the United States. In population studies, males are affected more commonly than females (6.7 vs 3.2 per 100,000 population). […] Differences in the hospitalization rates of patients with chronic pancreatitis exist with respect to sex. Rates in males peak between ages 45 and 54 years and then decline; female rates reach a plateau, which remains stable after age 35 years. […] In aggregate, the mean age at diagnosis is 46 years, plus or minus 13 years. In idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, a bimodal age distribution has been reported, designated as the early onset form (median age 19.2 y) and the late-onset form (median age 56.2 y).
  • #55 Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-chronic-pancreatitis-in-adults
    Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis accounts for approximately 10 to 30 percent of all cases. […] Racial differences in chronic pancreatitis patients in the United States were studied in a prospective, multicenter cohort from 2000 to 2014 and found 248 of 1159 patients (21 percent) were Black. […] When compared with White patients, Black patients were significantly more likely to be former or current smokers and to have alcohol use as the etiology (77 versus 42 percent).
  • #56 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #57 Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-chronic-pancreatitis-in-adults
    Chronic pancreatitis has a variety of etiologies with genetic and environmental risk factors for both initiation and disease progression, variable clinical and imaging features, and complications. […] Reliable population-based estimates of the epidemiology of chronic pancreatitis are not widely available as the diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis vary widely. However, limited evidence suggests that the incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis is approximately 25/100,000 and 92/100,000 persons, respectively. […] There are regional differences in the prevalence of chronic pancreatitis by etiology. Alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, as compared with other Asian countries. […] Alcohol is associated with approximately one-half of all cases of chronic pancreatitis in the United States.
  • #58 Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis—A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/2/139
    The most common causes of AP are cholelithiasis, alcoholism, and hypertriglyceridemia. While alcoholism is more often encountered in Eastern Europe, the biliary etiology prevails in almost every other region and seems to be twice as prevalent as the latter. Furthermore, acute biliary pancreatitis is often more severe compared with alcoholic pancreatitis with a higher risk of complications. While mild AP typically resolves on its own and has a positive prognosis, severe cases have high mortality rates ranging from 20% to 40%. Aside from its intrinsic mortality, AP is a significant risk factor for pancreatic neoplasia, a condition that is diagnosed late in evolution and has a very low 5-year survival rate. […] There is a high degree of heterogeneity in the management of B-AP, with multiple guidelines and no clear consensus in this area. Several recent meta-analyses have shown that early cholecystectomy might lower the rates of complications and recurrence and could shorten the length of stay (LoS). Although there is a clear association between biliary pancreatitis and female sex, older age, and recurrence, there seems to be no difference among etiological groups regarding the outcome of AP.
  • #59 Acute Pancreatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181364-overview
    The incidence of disease outside North America, Europe, and Australia is less well known. […] In Europe and other developed nations, such as Hong Kong, more patients tend to have gallstone pancreatitis, whereas in the United States, alcoholic pancreatitis is most common. […] The median age at onset depends on the etiology. […] The following are median ages of onset for various etiologies: Alcohol-related – 39 years; Biliary tract-related – 69 years; Trauma-related – 66 years; Drug-induced etiology – 42 years; ERCP-related – 58 years; AIDS-related – 31 years; Vasculitis-related – 36 years. […] Hospitalization rates increase with age. For people aged 35-75 years, the rate doubles for males and quadruples for females. […] Generally, acute pancreatitis affects males more often than females.
  • #60 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    The profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis has changed dramatically, with a precipitous drop in the proportion of cases related to alcohol and an upsurge in those with other etiologies, Dr. Gregory A. Coté and his colleagues reported online in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. […] The study identified alcohol as the sole cause of chronic pancreatitis in 35% of cases and as a contributing factor in another 9%. This is a marked decrease from the 60%-90% of cases attributed to alcohol historically. […] Historically, heavy alcohol use has been implicated as the cause of chronic pancreatitis in 60%-90% of cases diagnosed in Western countries, but recent reports from Europe and Japan have suggested that a wider spectrum of etiologies is emerging. […] This analysis, which the researchers described as „the largest epidemiologic study of chronic pancreatitis from the United States,” included 539 patients (mean age, 49 years), of whom 53% were men and 85% were white; the study also included 695 controls.
  • #61 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    The risk of pancreatitis is 23 fold higher among Blacks than Whites, and pancreatic cancer rates are considerably higher in Blacks than in any other racial group. […] The prevalence of pancreatitis is increased approximately 4-fold among subjects with a history of alcoholism, compared to those without. […] Alcohol use is the single most common cause of CP, and after gallstones, is the second-most common cause of AP. […] Smoking also increases the risk for AP. […] Smoking has been calculated to attribute 25% of the risk for CP, and continued smoking after a diagnosis accelerates disease progression. […] A meta-analysis of 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study found that the pooled relative risk estimate for pancreatic cancer among patients with CP is 13.3. […] Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer (a pooled relative risk of 69), with a lifetime risk of 40-55%.
  • #62 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
    https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full
    According to a meta-analysis, the risk of pancreatic cancer after a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is 6.09 times higher after 1 year, 16.16 times higher after 2 years, 7.90 times higher after 5 years, and 3.53 times higher after 9 years. This indicates that the incidence of pancreatic cancer remains significantly elevated for about 5 years following the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, with the highest risk occurring within the first 2 years and then declining thereafter. […] The risk of pancreatic cancer varies significantly depending on the presence and type of genetic mutations in chronic pancreatitis, making it essential to establish guidelines for pancreatic cancer screening tailored to each risk level.
  • #63 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
    https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full
    It is necessary to selectively monitor patients with chronic pancreatitis who are at high risk for pancreatic cancer. […] While chronic pancreatitis is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer, international guidelines established in 2020 do not recommend routine pancreatic cancer screening for all chronic pancreatitis patients, considering the cost-effectiveness ratio. […] However, hereditary pancreatitis shows a standardized incidence ratio of 5387 times higher, particularly with PRSS1 gene mutations, justifying regular surveillance for pancreatic cancer in these patients. […] The incidence of pancreatic cancer in sporadic chronic pancreatitis is relatively low compared to PRSS1 hereditary pancreatitis, making routine surveillance for pancreatic cancer unjustifiable in all sporadic chronic pancreatitis patients.
  • #64 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis
    https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full
    It is necessary to selectively monitor patients with chronic pancreatitis who are at high risk for pancreatic cancer. […] While chronic pancreatitis is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer, international guidelines established in 2020 do not recommend routine pancreatic cancer screening for all chronic pancreatitis patients, considering the cost-effectiveness ratio. […] However, hereditary pancreatitis shows a standardized incidence ratio of 5387 times higher, particularly with PRSS1 gene mutations, justifying regular surveillance for pancreatic cancer in these patients. […] The incidence of pancreatic cancer in sporadic chronic pancreatitis is relatively low compared to PRSS1 hereditary pancreatitis, making routine surveillance for pancreatic cancer unjustifiable in all sporadic chronic pancreatitis patients.
  • #65 Surveillance for People at High Risk of Pancreatic Cancer – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/pancreatic-cancer-surveillance
    Researchers are using MRI scans to check the pancreas for precancerous lesions and early-stage pancreatic cancers in people at high risk for the disease. […] For people who are at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer, regular imaging tests to monitor the pancreas may help detect the disease at an earlier stage than when pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed in the general population, according to a new study. […] The study also suggests that detecting pancreatic cancer earlier through this type of surveillance may help people at high risk live longer than similar patients in the general population who were not at high risk of the disease. […] Guidelines developed by pancreatic cancer experts recommend that people at high risk undergo monitoring for the disease. […] Several years ago, the Hopkins researchers reported that surveillance could increase the chances of identifying early-stage pancreatic cancers.
  • #66 Surveillance for People at High Risk of Pancreatic Cancer – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/pancreatic-cancer-surveillance
    Researchers are using MRI scans to check the pancreas for precancerous lesions and early-stage pancreatic cancers in people at high risk for the disease. […] For people who are at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer, regular imaging tests to monitor the pancreas may help detect the disease at an earlier stage than when pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed in the general population, according to a new study. […] The study also suggests that detecting pancreatic cancer earlier through this type of surveillance may help people at high risk live longer than similar patients in the general population who were not at high risk of the disease. […] Guidelines developed by pancreatic cancer experts recommend that people at high risk undergo monitoring for the disease. […] Several years ago, the Hopkins researchers reported that surveillance could increase the chances of identifying early-stage pancreatic cancers.
  • #67 Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer | Division of Gastroenterology
    https://gastro.uw.edu/research/gi-cancers/pancreatitis-pancreatic-cancer
    The surveillance program is the first of its kind in the world. […] A team of doctors at the University of Washington has developed a multidisciplinary surveillance program for the early detection of pancreatic cancer and its precursors in patients with a familial predisposition for the disease. […] Epidemiologic studies at the UW have uncovered risk factors, such as smoking and exposure to dry cleaning fluids, which can dramatically influence the cancer risk of patients who have a positive family history. […] UW researchers are conducting basic science research aimed at refining early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for all forms of pancreatic cancer.
  • #68 Pancreatitis & Pancreatic Cancer | Division of Gastroenterology
    https://gastro.uw.edu/research/gi-cancers/pancreatitis-pancreatic-cancer
    The surveillance program is the first of its kind in the world. […] A team of doctors at the University of Washington has developed a multidisciplinary surveillance program for the early detection of pancreatic cancer and its precursors in patients with a familial predisposition for the disease. […] Epidemiologic studies at the UW have uncovered risk factors, such as smoking and exposure to dry cleaning fluids, which can dramatically influence the cancer risk of patients who have a positive family history. […] UW researchers are conducting basic science research aimed at refining early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for all forms of pancreatic cancer.
  • #69 Incidence and risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with chronic pancreatitis: defining the optimal subgroup for surveillance | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26411-8
    Although the incidence of pancreatic cancer is high in among patients with CP, surveillance of all patients with CP is not recommended because the incidence of pancreatic cancer itself is not high enough for surveillance. […] Therefore, it is recommended to select and monitor a subgroup of patients with CP with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. […] In our study, the incidence of pancreatic cancer was 0.49% per year in all CP patients; however, the annual incidences of pancreatic cancer in patients with significant risk factors, such as age greater than 60 years, no parenchymal calcification, pancreatic duct stricture, and CA 199 levels greater than 100 U/mL increased the incidence of pancreatic cancer to 0.98%, 1.13%, 0.96%, and 2.31%, respectively, which is close to or greater than 1%. […] Therefore, it is necessary to perform surveillance for CP subgroups that have each risk factor, and in particular, if two or more risk factors are satisfied, a more careful follow-up is needed.
  • #70 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Acute pancreatitis (including its non-necrotizing form) leads to a number of sequelae long after clinical resolution and, hence, should no longer be considered a self-limited disease. […] Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is the most frequent sequelae of pancreatitis, caused by acute and recurrent acute pancreatitis in ~80% and chronic pancreatitis in ~20% of cases. […] Patients with pancreatitis have a greater than twofold higher lifetime risk of developing new onset diabetes than individuals in the general population without a history of pancreatitis. […] The holistic prevention of pancreatitis (HPP) concept postulates that primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies need to be systematically employed to lessen the effect of pancreatitis and its sequelae.
  • #71 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors | Rawla | World Journal of Oncology
    https://www.wjon.org/index.php/wjon/article/view/1166
    To date, the causes of pancreatic carcinoma are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary factors, alcohol abuse, age, ethnicity, family history and genetic factors, Helicobacter pylori infection, non-O blood group and chronic pancreatitis. […] In general population, screening of large groups is not considered useful to detect the disease at its early stage, although newer techniques and the screening of tightly targeted groups (especially of those with family history), are being evaluated. […] Primary prevention is considered of utmost importance. […] Up-to-date statistics on pancreatic cancer occurrence and outcome along with a better understanding of the etiology and identifying the causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
  • #72 Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP)—a review of the literature and algorithm proposed for the diagnostic work-up of IAP – Aronen – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology
    https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/9039/html
    This narrative review addresses idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) and its epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical course and treatment during the last decade. […] The rates of aetiologies of AP and the diagnostics performed behind these numbers vary widely between different studies, time periods and different geographical regions, as there is no unified algorithm in diagnostic work-up of IAP. […] Regarding the rates of IAP, a meta-analysis by Zilio et al. analysed 38 studies up until the year 2017 and reported an estimated mean proportion of IAP to be 18%. […] The proportion of AP patients diagnosed with IAP varies considerably between studies and despite increasing availability of advanced diagnostic tests, such as EUS and MRCP, there is no clear trend of decreasing IAP proportion. […] After the first attack of AP, recurrence rate is three times higher in patients without an identified aetiology compared to the ones with an identifiable cause (43% vs. 15%).
  • #73 Idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP)—a review of the literature and algorithm proposed for the diagnostic work-up of IAP – Aronen – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology
    https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/9039/html
    In order to reduce RAP, patients with AP need to be evaluated in detail. […] Careful search of AP aetiology remains a key to successful management. Only by identifying the aetiology, a suitable therapy may be planned, possibly leading to prevention of RIAP, improvement of prognosis and reduction of health care costs. However, no validated protocol on this topic exists, and the differences in the diagnostic work-up and management vary, also seen as different rates of IAP.
  • #74 The Epidemiology of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3662544/
    Acute pancreatitis is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the US. […] The burden of pancreatic disorders is expected to increase over time. […] The risk and etiology of pancreatitis differ with age and sex, and all pancreatic disorders affect Blacks more than any other race. […] The annual incidence of AP ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 persons, and CP from 5 to 12/100,000; the prevalence of CP is about 50/100,000 persons. […] There are also regional differences in demographic distributions: alcohol-related pancreatitis is more common in the West and Japan, compared with other Asian countries. […] A large increase in the incidence of AP and a smaller increase in the incidence of CP have been reported in population studies. […] The global annual incidence rate for pancreas cancer is about 8/100,000 persons.
  • #75 Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-018-0087-5
    Knowledge of pancreatitis in the 20th century was shaped predominantly by animal data and clinical trials. […] Several large general population-based cohort studies and comprehensive systematic literature reviews in the 21st century have had a major effect on our understanding of pancreatitis and its sequelae. […] This Review provides precise and up-to-date data on the burden of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. […] Per 100,000 people in the general population, the yearly global incidence of acute pancreatitis is 34 cases, chronic pancreatitis is 10 cases and post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus is 6 cases. […] The global transition rate from the first episode of acute pancreatitis to a recurrent episode is ~20% and, from recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis, the rate is ~35%.
  • #76 Etiology of acute pancreatitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-acute-pancreatitis
    Acute pancreatitis is the third leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States. […] The reported annual incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges from 4.9 to 35 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing worldwide due to increased rates of obesity and gallstones. […] Mortality in acute pancreatitis is usually due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ failure in the first two-week period, while after two weeks it is usually due to sepsis and its complications. […] In a systematic review of studies of acute pancreatitis, overall mortality was approximately 5 percent, with mortality rates in patients with interstitial, and necrotizing pancreatitis, of 3 percent, and 17 percent, respectively.
  • #77 Acute pancreatitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_pancreatitis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in the U.S. is 18 to 49 per 100,000 population. In several European studies, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is reported at 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000. A consistent increase in the incidence of pancreatitis has been reported in different geographical regions. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is variable and fluctuates between 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000 depending on the population and time period studied. More importantly, there is a consistent trend of increasing incidence across different studies. […] A UK study reports increased incidence from the mid-1990s to 2013, in both males and females from ~14.5 to ~30 per 100,000. […] The mortality associated with acute pancreatitis has decreased significantly over the years with improvements in medical care. Currently the mortality is about ~2%.
  • #78 Acute pancreatitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_pancreatitis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in the U.S. is 18 to 49 per 100,000 population. In several European studies, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is reported at 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000. A consistent increase in the incidence of pancreatitis has been reported in different geographical regions. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is variable and fluctuates between 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000 depending on the population and time period studied. More importantly, there is a consistent trend of increasing incidence across different studies. […] A UK study reports increased incidence from the mid-1990s to 2013, in both males and females from ~14.5 to ~30 per 100,000. […] The mortality associated with acute pancreatitis has decreased significantly over the years with improvements in medical care. Currently the mortality is about ~2%.
  • #79 Acute Pancreatitis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0700/acute-pancreatitis.html
    The incidence of acute pancreatitis is approximately 5 to 80 cases per 100,000 people per year. […] Between the years 2001 and 2014, hospitalizations and costs related to acute pancreatitis steadily increased, likely because of the increased prevalence of obesity, an aging population, and gallstone-related disorders.
  • #80 Acute pancreatitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_pancreatitis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Acute pancreatitis commonly affects adults of all ages. As of late, there is a significant increase in incidence among hospitalized children and has been reported as high as 3.5 per 100,000 hospitalized children. […] Acute pancreatitis affects both men and women. Most studies report a slightly higher incidence in men than women. […] Blacks carry a 2-3 fold risk of developing pancreatitis than other races.
  • #81 Epidemiology of Acute Pancreatitis in Hospitalized Children in the United States from 2000–2009 | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095552
    We identified 55,012 cases of AP in hospitalized children (120 years of age). The incidence of AP increased from 23.1 to 34.9 (cases per 10,000 hospitalizations per year; P0.001) and for all-diagnoses 38.7 to 61.1 (P0.001). There was an increasing trend in the incidence of both primary and all-diagnoses of AP (P0.001). […] These results demonstrate a rising incidence of AP in hospitalized children. Despite improvements in mortality and length of stay, hospitalized children with AP have significant morbidity. […] The incidence of AP among hospitalized children in the United States during 2009 was 61.1 cases per 10,000 discharges. Considering only those cases with a primary diagnosis of AP, the incidence was 34.9. Overall, the highest incidences were in the oldest age group evaluated (1620 years). Our estimated incidences are over ten-fold greater than those reported for pediatric cases of pancreatitis in previous studies.
  • #82 Epidemiology of Acute Pancreatitis in Hospitalized Children in the United States from 2000–2009 | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095552
    We found the incidence of AP to have increased between each of the four triennial periods of the study. This was observed for both the total number of weighted cases and the calculated incidence of AP (including primary and all-diagnoses). An increase in the number of cases of pediatric AP is consistent with earlier single-center studies. However, those studies reported data no more recently than 2004. We observed an increasing trend in the incidence of AP to the most recent year, 2009, available for analysis. Each age group included in this study has an increasing trend in the incidence of AP. […] Our study demonstrates a recent increasing trend for AP in hospitalized children within the United States. The increase has occurred in all pediatric age groups over one year of age. The underlying reason for the increase in incidence of this disease is likely multifactorial and requires further exploration.
  • #83 Global and regional burden of pancreatitis: epidemiological trends, risk factors, and projections to 2050 from the global burden of disease study 2021 | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03481-8
    Our study highlights significant socioeconomic and gender disparities in pancreatitis burden. ASIR was positively correlated with the SDI, indicating a higher burden in more socioeconomically developed regions. […] Alcohol use remains a leading modifiable risk factor for pancreatitis, accounting for over 15% of global deaths. […] Our BAPC model projects a continued decline in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR through 2050, reflecting ongoing improvements in disease management and preventive measures.
  • #84 Global and regional burden of pancreatitis: epidemiological trends, risk factors, and projections to 2050 from the global burden of disease study 2021 | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-024-03481-8
    Our study highlights significant socioeconomic and gender disparities in pancreatitis burden. ASIR was positively correlated with the SDI, indicating a higher burden in more socioeconomically developed regions. […] Alcohol use remains a leading modifiable risk factor for pancreatitis, accounting for over 15% of global deaths. […] Our BAPC model projects a continued decline in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR through 2050, reflecting ongoing improvements in disease management and preventive measures.
  • #85 The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01859-5
    The national estimated age-standardized prevalence rates of pancreatitis ranged from 16.9 to 297.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2017. […] The USA (60.34), Canada (59.0), and Greenland (56.6) had the highest age-standardized incidence rates in 2017, whereas Djibouti (2.8), Madagascar (2.8), and South Sudan (2.9) had the lowest incidence rates in 2017. […] The global estimated number of YLDs of pancreatitis in 1990 was 189,382 and in 2017 was 364,447, with an age-standardized YLDs rate of 4.2 in 1990 and 4.5 in 2017 per 100,000 population; this rate increased by 9.2% from 1990 to 2017. […] Generally, a positive correlation between the age-standardized YLDs rates of pancreatitis and the SDIs at the global level and across all GBD regions from 1990 to 2017 was detected. […] The burden of pancreatitis was higher than the expected levels in some regions and countries, including Central Europe, central sub-Saharan Africa, high-income Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, Central Asia, and countries and territories such as Slovakia, Belgium, and Poland.
  • #86 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    The profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis has changed dramatically, with a precipitous drop in the proportion of cases related to alcohol and an upsurge in those with other etiologies, Dr. Gregory A. Coté and his colleagues reported online in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. […] The study identified alcohol as the sole cause of chronic pancreatitis in 35% of cases and as a contributing factor in another 9%. This is a marked decrease from the 60%-90% of cases attributed to alcohol historically. […] Historically, heavy alcohol use has been implicated as the cause of chronic pancreatitis in 60%-90% of cases diagnosed in Western countries, but recent reports from Europe and Japan have suggested that a wider spectrum of etiologies is emerging. […] This analysis, which the researchers described as „the largest epidemiologic study of chronic pancreatitis from the United States,” included 539 patients (mean age, 49 years), of whom 53% were men and 85% were white; the study also included 695 controls.
  • #87 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    The profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis has changed dramatically, with a precipitous drop in the proportion of cases related to alcohol and an upsurge in those with other etiologies, Dr. Gregory A. Coté and his colleagues reported online in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. […] The study identified alcohol as the sole cause of chronic pancreatitis in 35% of cases and as a contributing factor in another 9%. This is a marked decrease from the 60%-90% of cases attributed to alcohol historically. […] Historically, heavy alcohol use has been implicated as the cause of chronic pancreatitis in 60%-90% of cases diagnosed in Western countries, but recent reports from Europe and Japan have suggested that a wider spectrum of etiologies is emerging. […] This analysis, which the researchers described as „the largest epidemiologic study of chronic pancreatitis from the United States,” included 539 patients (mean age, 49 years), of whom 53% were men and 85% were white; the study also included 695 controls.
  • #88 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    Referring physicians cited one or more possible etiologies for each patient’s chronic pancreatitis from the following list: alcohol related; idiopathic (no known cause); or unrelated to alcohol, a category that included hereditary diseases, cystic fibrosis, pancreas divisum, autoimmune disorders, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, trauma, or other known causes. […] Another „remarkable finding” was that more than one-fourth of all patients had no identifiable cause for their chronic pancreatitis. […] Data on trends in alcohol consumption are mixed „and do not explain the impressive shift in the etiologic profile,” Dr. Coté and his associates said. […] „Perhaps the most intriguing” finding in this study was an association with cigarette smoking. „After controlling for age, sex, BMI, and alcohol intake, ever smoking (odds ratio, 1.65), current smoking (OR, 1.80), and smoking 1 or more packs per day (OR, 1.87) were independently associated with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis,” they said.
  • #89 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis Shows Major Shift | MDedge
    https://mdedge.com/internalmedicinenews/article/24695/gastroenterology/epidemiology-chronic-pancreatitis-shows-major
    Referring physicians cited one or more possible etiologies for each patient’s chronic pancreatitis from the following list: alcohol related; idiopathic (no known cause); or unrelated to alcohol, a category that included hereditary diseases, cystic fibrosis, pancreas divisum, autoimmune disorders, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, trauma, or other known causes. […] Another „remarkable finding” was that more than one-fourth of all patients had no identifiable cause for their chronic pancreatitis. […] Data on trends in alcohol consumption are mixed „and do not explain the impressive shift in the etiologic profile,” Dr. Coté and his associates said. […] „Perhaps the most intriguing” finding in this study was an association with cigarette smoking. „After controlling for age, sex, BMI, and alcohol intake, ever smoking (odds ratio, 1.65), current smoking (OR, 1.80), and smoking 1 or more packs per day (OR, 1.87) were independently associated with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis,” they said.
  • #90 Epidemiology of Chronic Pancreatitis | Pancreapedia
    https://pancreapedia.org/reviews/epidemiology-of-chronic-pancreatitis
    A much higher prevalence of idiopathic CP, termed earlier as tropical pancreatitis was reported from Southern India in up to 126 per 100,000 population in 1994. […] The mean or median age at time of study enrollment or diagnosis in most published studies show little variation over time and by geography. […] In most studies, 60-80% of CP patients are male, and population studies show higher incidence and prevalence of CP in men when compared with women. […] Alcohol is the most common cause of CP in age group of 35-54 years. […] A growing recognition importance of genetic factors in causing pancreatitis, wide availability of cross-sectional imaging studies, such as MRCP that can identify anatomic abnormalities, acceptance of the relationship with smoking, and that autoimmune and other factors could explain a patients disease are likely some of the explanations for physicians to entertain the possibility of factors other than alcohol as the potential cause of CP in an individual patient.
  • #91 Etiology of acute pancreatitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-acute-pancreatitis
    Acute pancreatitis is the third leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States. […] The reported annual incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges from 4.9 to 35 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing worldwide due to increased rates of obesity and gallstones. […] Mortality in acute pancreatitis is usually due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ failure in the first two-week period, while after two weeks it is usually due to sepsis and its complications. […] In a systematic review of studies of acute pancreatitis, overall mortality was approximately 5 percent, with mortality rates in patients with interstitial, and necrotizing pancreatitis, of 3 percent, and 17 percent, respectively.
  • #92 Etiology of acute pancreatitis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-of-acute-pancreatitis
    Acute pancreatitis is the third leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States. […] The reported annual incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges from 4.9 to 35 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing worldwide due to increased rates of obesity and gallstones. […] Mortality in acute pancreatitis is usually due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ failure in the first two-week period, while after two weeks it is usually due to sepsis and its complications. […] In a systematic review of studies of acute pancreatitis, overall mortality was approximately 5 percent, with mortality rates in patients with interstitial, and necrotizing pancreatitis, of 3 percent, and 17 percent, respectively.
  • #93 Acute Pancreatitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482468/
    The frequency of acute pancreatitis is rising in the United States and the rest of the world. […] Whether this trend is related to an actual increase in incidence or increased detection, the rise is partly due to increased metabolic syndrome and hypertriglyceridemia. […] Multiple reports are showing an increase in acute pancreatitis secondary to hypertriglyceridemia. […] The mortality rate is decreasing in the United States despite the increased incidence, with an approximately 2% mortality rate cited by most recent studies. […] The peak incidence of acute pancreatitis is in the fifth and sixth decades; however, there is an increase in mortality with age. […] It is thought that the difference in incidence is due to geographic region and socio-economic strata. […] It is most likely due to differences in the use of alcohol and the occurrence of biliary calculi, which are the 2 major causes of acute pancreatitis. […] In the United States, population incidence has been cited as 600 to 700 per 100,000 people, with 200,000 to 250,000 discharges occurring yearly for acute pancreatitis.
  • #94 Acute pancreatitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_pancreatitis_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The annual incidence of acute pancreatitis in the U.S. is 18 to 49 per 100,000 population. In several European studies, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is reported at 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000. A consistent increase in the incidence of pancreatitis has been reported in different geographical regions. […] The incidence of acute pancreatitis is variable and fluctuates between 12.4 to 31.2 per 100,000 depending on the population and time period studied. More importantly, there is a consistent trend of increasing incidence across different studies. […] A UK study reports increased incidence from the mid-1990s to 2013, in both males and females from ~14.5 to ~30 per 100,000. […] The mortality associated with acute pancreatitis has decreased significantly over the years with improvements in medical care. Currently the mortality is about ~2%.
  • #95 Acute Pancreatitis Infection: Epidemiology, Prevention, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Prediction | Frontiers Research Topic
    https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/31056/acute-pancreatitis-infection-epidemiology-prevention-clinical-characteristics-treatment-and-predictionundefined
    Acute pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease that develops into a life-threatening condition with organ failure in about 10-20% of patients. […] Infection of pancreatic necrosis is associated with mortality rates as high as 30%. […] This Research Topic is focused on the role and management of gallstones in patients with acute pancreatitis, and the epidemiology, prevention, treatment, and prediction of infected necrotizing pancreatitis. […] Prevalence and incidence of infected necrotizing pancreatitis. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis of infected necrosis. […] Microbiological epidemiology and clinical results of infected pancreatic necrosis.
  • #96 Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis—A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/2/139
    The most common causes of AP are cholelithiasis, alcoholism, and hypertriglyceridemia. While alcoholism is more often encountered in Eastern Europe, the biliary etiology prevails in almost every other region and seems to be twice as prevalent as the latter. Furthermore, acute biliary pancreatitis is often more severe compared with alcoholic pancreatitis with a higher risk of complications. While mild AP typically resolves on its own and has a positive prognosis, severe cases have high mortality rates ranging from 20% to 40%. Aside from its intrinsic mortality, AP is a significant risk factor for pancreatic neoplasia, a condition that is diagnosed late in evolution and has a very low 5-year survival rate. […] There is a high degree of heterogeneity in the management of B-AP, with multiple guidelines and no clear consensus in this area. Several recent meta-analyses have shown that early cholecystectomy might lower the rates of complications and recurrence and could shorten the length of stay (LoS). Although there is a clear association between biliary pancreatitis and female sex, older age, and recurrence, there seems to be no difference among etiological groups regarding the outcome of AP.
  • #97
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2020/10001/s0084_epidemiology,_etiology,_and_outcomes_of.84.aspx
    Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most frequent gastrointestinal cause for hospital admission in the United States with over 130,000 cases per year (0.8% of all inpatient admissions). […] This study assessed the burden of disease of AP and its associated clinical characteristics and outcomes in a large, predominantly Hispanic, county population. […] During the study period, 356 patients were admitted to a LADHS hospital with AP, representing 1.2% of all hospital admissions. Of these 356 patients, 78% of patients self-identified as Hispanic. […] Based on this study of a large, predominantly Hispanic population, there appears to be a 50% higher rate of hospital admission for AP as compared to national data (1.2% vs 0.8%). […] Mortality and length of stay were comparable to those in the published literature, though nearly 20% of patients experienced re-admission, a rate higher than expected based on national data (11.9%16.2%).
  • #98
    https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2020/10001/s0084_epidemiology,_etiology,_and_outcomes_of.84.aspx
    Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most frequent gastrointestinal cause for hospital admission in the United States with over 130,000 cases per year (0.8% of all inpatient admissions). […] This study assessed the burden of disease of AP and its associated clinical characteristics and outcomes in a large, predominantly Hispanic, county population. […] During the study period, 356 patients were admitted to a LADHS hospital with AP, representing 1.2% of all hospital admissions. Of these 356 patients, 78% of patients self-identified as Hispanic. […] Based on this study of a large, predominantly Hispanic population, there appears to be a 50% higher rate of hospital admission for AP as compared to national data (1.2% vs 0.8%). […] Mortality and length of stay were comparable to those in the published literature, though nearly 20% of patients experienced re-admission, a rate higher than expected based on national data (11.9%16.2%).
  • #99 Epidemiological trends in acute pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort in a tertiary center over a seven year period
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v13/i3/118.htm
    A total of 947 consecutive episodes of AP where the patients were hospitalized in the gastroenterology department were analyzed, with 79.45% as 1st episode and the rest recurrent. […] The median length of stay was 7 d. […] The median daily cost was 747.96 RON (165 EUR). […] The overall mortality was 5.5%. […] The prevalence of severe disease was 11.1%. […] The admission rate to the intensive care unit was 4.6%, with a mortality rate of 38.6%. […] We found a total of 947 consecutive episodes that fulfilled at least 2 out of the 3 diagnostic criteria and were not chronic pancreatitis. […] Our search identified 1074 episodes, of which 126 were miscoded as AP, being in fact acute-on-chronic pancreatitis. […] This incidence means that we estimate approximately 5900 hospitalizations for AP annually at the country level.
  • #100 Epidemiological trends in acute pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort in a tertiary center over a seven year period
    https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v13/i3/118.htm
    We observed a median total cost of 5177.5 RON (approximately 1100 EUR) and a median daily cost of 747.96 RON (approximately 165 EUR). […] We estimated an incidence of 29.2 cases/100000 people, or approximately 5900 episodes annually throughout the entire country, which is an expected and moderate profile of incidence. […] Smoking might be an independent risk factor for AP severity and evolution. […] In our study, we were able to find that more than two-thirds of the patients smoked actively, while another 22.4% were former smokers. […] We observed lower rates of mild AP than those of other studies that have stratified severity in regard to the Revised Atlanta Classification. […] The weaknesses of this study resides in the fact that is a retrospective, unicentric study that is based on medical-chart reviews that is prone to data loss between discharge and study analysis and also the lack of surgical patients. […] There is a need to extend this study to patients admitted in surgical departments to correctly evaluate prognosis and severity.
  • #101 The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01859-5
    The national estimated age-standardized prevalence rates of pancreatitis ranged from 16.9 to 297.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2017. […] The USA (60.34), Canada (59.0), and Greenland (56.6) had the highest age-standardized incidence rates in 2017, whereas Djibouti (2.8), Madagascar (2.8), and South Sudan (2.9) had the lowest incidence rates in 2017. […] The global estimated number of YLDs of pancreatitis in 1990 was 189,382 and in 2017 was 364,447, with an age-standardized YLDs rate of 4.2 in 1990 and 4.5 in 2017 per 100,000 population; this rate increased by 9.2% from 1990 to 2017. […] Generally, a positive correlation between the age-standardized YLDs rates of pancreatitis and the SDIs at the global level and across all GBD regions from 1990 to 2017 was detected. […] The burden of pancreatitis was higher than the expected levels in some regions and countries, including Central Europe, central sub-Saharan Africa, high-income Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, Central Asia, and countries and territories such as Slovakia, Belgium, and Poland.
  • #102 Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis—A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/2/139
    Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis—A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center […] Acute pancreatitis represents one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal hospitalization. Being a disease characterized by the localized destruction and inflammation of the pancreas or a systemic inflammatory response. AP remains one of the most common gastroenterological conditions worldwide, with data from the Global Burden of Disease Study revealing a global incidence for pancreatitis of 2.75 million incident cases in 2021, representing an 8.5% increase compared to 2010. The incidence varies across countries and regions, ranging from a low incidence of 15.0 cases/100,000 in Denmark, 29.2 cases/100,000 in Romania to 83.7 cases/100,000 in Sweden. Eastern Europe, in particular, shows high disability-adjusted life years, age-standardized incidence rates, and age-standardized mortality rates regarding AP.
  • #103 The global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-020-01859-5
    The national estimated age-standardized prevalence rates of pancreatitis ranged from 16.9 to 297.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2017. […] The USA (60.34), Canada (59.0), and Greenland (56.6) had the highest age-standardized incidence rates in 2017, whereas Djibouti (2.8), Madagascar (2.8), and South Sudan (2.9) had the lowest incidence rates in 2017. […] The global estimated number of YLDs of pancreatitis in 1990 was 189,382 and in 2017 was 364,447, with an age-standardized YLDs rate of 4.2 in 1990 and 4.5 in 2017 per 100,000 population; this rate increased by 9.2% from 1990 to 2017. […] Generally, a positive correlation between the age-standardized YLDs rates of pancreatitis and the SDIs at the global level and across all GBD regions from 1990 to 2017 was detected. […] The burden of pancreatitis was higher than the expected levels in some regions and countries, including Central Europe, central sub-Saharan Africa, high-income Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, Central Asia, and countries and territories such as Slovakia, Belgium, and Poland.
  • #104 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2004–2018 | Health.mil
    https://staging-mobile.health.mil/sitecore/content/MHSHome/News/Articles/2020/10/01/Acute-and-Chronic-Pancreatitis-MSMR-2020?type=All&page=8
    This is the first MSMR report of the incidence of acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in the U.S. Armed Forces. Over the 15-year surveillance period, these relatively rare conditions were diagnosed in 6,471 and 893 active component service members, respectively. […] AP and CP can significantly degrade the military operational capabilities of affected service members due to the various symptoms of the disorders. As a result, applicants for military service with a history of AP or CP are disqualified from service unless their AP was due to gallstones and was successfully treated by cholecystectomy. Furthermore, CP may result in long-term disability and predisposes patients to pancreatic cancer. […] During 2004-2018, a total of 6,471 U.S. active component service members received incident diagnoses of acute pancreatitis (AP), for a crude overall incidence rate of 31.8 per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs).
  • #105
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-020-01360-6
    Natural history studies have demonstrated that 61% of individuals with chronic pancreatitis will require at least one endoscopic intervention, while 31% will require a surgical procedure as part of their management strategy. […] Yadav D, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and survival of chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(12):21929. […] Levy P, et al. Epidemiology of chronic pancreatitis: burden of the disease and consequences. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2014;2(5):34554. […] Petrov MS, Yadav D. Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(3):17584. […] Xiao AY, et al. Global incidence and mortality of pancreatic diseases: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of population-based cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(1):4555.
  • #106 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2004–2018 | Health.mil
    https://staging-mobile.health.mil/sitecore/content/MHSHome/News/Articles/2020/10/01/Acute-and-Chronic-Pancreatitis-MSMR-2020?type=All&page=8
    Between 2004 and 2018, the crude overall incidence rate of CP was 4.4 per 100,000 p-yrs. […] AP and CP can significantly degrade the military operational capabilities of affected service members due to the various symptoms of the disorders. As a result, histories of AP, unless due to gallstones and successfully treated by cholecystectomy, and CP are disqualifying conditions for entrance into the U.S. military. […] This is the first MSMR article to report on the incidence rates of both AP and CP among U.S. active component service members. The current analysis describes the incidence of both forms of pancreatitis during 2004-2018 by demographic and military characteristics, examines the age of onset of both AP and CP, determines the median number of AP attacks per affected individual, and identifies the proportion of incident AP cases that progressed to CP.
  • #107 Epidemiology and burden of adult chronic pancreatitis in South Australia: a 20-year data linkage study | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/3/e089297
    Objectives To investigate the epidemiology and burden of adult-onset chronic pancreatitis (CP) in South Australia. […] A total of 2503 incident index cases with CP were identified. The crude prevalence and incidence were estimated as 195.1 per 100000 and 10.4 per 100000 per annum, respectively. […] CP is a significant burden on the SA healthcare system and was more prevalent and more burdensome in Indigenous adults. […] Our findings support further research and preventive efforts, particularly in the Indigenous population. […] The estimated crude prevalence of CP does not account for deaths outside of hospital, changes in population size and patients moving out of SA, meaning the true prevalence is likely lower than reported. […] The Indigenous population was significantly over-represented within the CP cohort. […] Our data have allowed for estimations of the prevalence and incidence of a condition previously undescribed epidemiologically within Australia.

Zobacz więcej

MRCP zespół metaboliczny rak trzustki sepsa interwencja endoskopowa zapalenie trzustki alkoholowe nawracające ostre zapalenie trzustki cholecystektomia hipertriglicerydemia ostre zapalenie trzustki zapalenie trzustki dziedziczne zapalenie trzustki przewlekłe zapalenie trzustki choroba dróg żółciowych rozkład bimodalny badanie obrazowe niewydolność narządowa kamica żółciowa zespół ogólnoustrojowej reakcji zapalnej