Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ischemic Colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4442720/

  Most clinicians associate ischemic colitis with elderly patients who have underlying cardiovascular comorbidities. […] The condition is commonly seen in older patients in their sixties to seventies. Most of these patients have previous history of atherosclerotic disease. […] The classic presentation of ischemic colitis is an elderly patient presenting with bloody bowel movements, abdominal pain, and leukocytosis. […] The pathophysiology of ischemic colitis is more often an acute, self-limited decrease in blood supply rather than a specific vascular lesion or embolic event. […] Ischemic colitis is typically associated with abdominal pain and blood in the stool. […] A total of 161 cases of ischemic colitis presenting from 1998 to 2003 were matched with 322 controls. Diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and use of aspirin or digoxin were associated with the development of ischemic colitis.

• #1 Treat the Early Signs of Ischemic Colitis to Protect Your Overall Health | Colon & Rectal Surgical Specialists

  https://www.crssny.com/conditions/ischemic-colitis/

  Ischemic colitis is an inflammatory condition that develops as a result of inadequate blood flow to the large intestine and colon. […] Ischemic colitis occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the colon, which is typically the result of blocked or narrowed mesenteric arteries. The cause of the blockage can be due to a variety of factors, such as: Plaque buildup inside arteries, A blood clot, Bowel obstruction (scar tissue, hernia, or tumor), Coronary artery disease, Inflammation within the blood vessels, Colon cancer. […] You have a greater risk of developing ischemic colitis if you: Are over the age of 60, Have weakened or hardened arteries, Have diabetes, Have congestive heart failure, Have low blood pressure, Have undergone aorta or abdominal surgery, Regularly experience constipation, Have a clotting abnormality, Have high cholesterol, Participate in extreme exercise and sporting events. […] When ischemic colitis is caught early, most patients can expect a full recovery after undergoing treatment.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastrointestinal-emergencies/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis results from an interruption of blood flow through arteries that supply the large intestine. […] Often doctors cannot find a cause for the reduced blood flow, but it is more common among people with heart and blood vessel disease, people who have had surgery on their aorta, or people who have problems with increased blood clotting. […] Ischemic colitis primarily affects people who are 60 or older. […] Reduction of blood flow damages the inside lining and inner layers of the wall of the large intestine, causing ulcers (sores) in the lining of the large intestine, which can bleed.

• #1 Colonic ischemia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colonic-ischemia

  Colonic ischemia is the most frequent form of intestinal ischemia, most often affecting older adults. […] Colonic ischemia is usually the result of a sudden, but usually transient, reduction in blood flow, the effects of which are particularly prominent at the „watershed” regions of the colon, where collateral blood flow is limited. […] Intestinal ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow to a level that is insufficient for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients required for cellular metabolism.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120180/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis is the result of blood flow reduction to the colon and is particularly prominent at the watershed areas of the colon where collateral blood flow is limited. […] The splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction are particularly at risk for ischemia. […] Nonocclusive colonic ischemia accounts for the mass majority of cases (95%). […] Examples include shock or systemic hypotension. […] Occlusive colonic ischemia can be embolic (e.g., spontaneous or iatrogenic) or thrombotic secondary to atherosclerotic disease.

• #1 Ischemic colitis involving the right-side colon: clinical case report and diagnostic considerations – Huang – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/8132/html

  Ischemic colitis is the most common form of gastrointestinal ischemia. It is due to mesenteric vascular occlusion, stenosis or systemic relative blood volume insufficiency, resulting in insufficient or blocked blood flow to the colon, which in turn induces intestinal ischemia, gangrene and subsequent infection. […] However, when the lesion extends to the right colon, the disease progresses rapidly. […] Most colonic ischemia occurs in the left-side, they usually have a good prognosis. But when lesion involves the right-side colon, patients may have a higher surgery rate and in-hospital mortality. This is related to the frequently lack of a well-developed network of marginal collateral vascular and abnormal marginal vascular development in the right colon. […] Ischemic colitis is thought to be mainly caused by a non-occlusive acute change in colonic microvasculature.

• #1 Ischemic colitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_colitis

  Ischemic colitis is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury of the large intestine result from inadequate blood supply (ischemia). […] Causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g. low blood pressure) or local factors such as constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot. […] Ischemic colitis is often classified according to the underlying cause. Non-occlusive ischemia develops because of low blood pressure or constriction of the vessels feeding the colon; occlusive ischemia indicates that a blood clot or other blockage has cut off blood flow to the colon. […] Mostly the result of a thromboembolism. Commonly the embolism is caused by atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiomyopathy. […] In addition, ischemic colitis is a well-recognized complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, when the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is covered by the aortic graft. […] In a 1991 review concerning 2137 patients the accidental inferior mesenteric artery ligation was the most common cause (74%) of ischemic colitis. […] Thus, patients without adequate collateralization are at risk for ischemia of the descending and sigmoid colon.

• #1 Ischemic colitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374001

  Ischemic colitis happens when blood flow to part of the large intestine, called the colon, is reduced. […] Causes of reduced blood flow may include narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the colon or low blood pressure. […] The exact cause of decreased blood flow to the colon isn’t always clear. But several factors can increase the risk of ischemic colitis: […] Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of an artery, also called atherosclerosis. […] Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, associated with dehydration, heart failure, surgery, trauma or shock. […] Bowel obstruction caused by a hernia, scar tissue or a tumor. […] Surgery involving the heart or blood vessels, or the digestive or gynecological systems. […] Medical conditions that affect the blood, including lupus, sickle cell anemia or inflammation of the blood vessels, a condition known as vasculitis. […] Cocaine or methamphetamine use. […] Colon cancer, which is rare. […] The use of certain medicines also can lead to ischemic colitis, though this is rare.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis occurs mainly in older adults ( 60) and is thought to be caused by small-vessel atherosclerosis. […] It can also be a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. […] The underlying cause of the low-flow state (eg, control of cardiac arrhythmia) is treated if relevant. […] Surgery is rarely required, unless ischemic colitis is a complication of a vascular procedure or there is full-thickness necrosis.

• #1 Colon Ischemia | ACG

  https://gi.org/topics/colon-ischemia/

  Colonic ischemia occurs when there is not enough blood reaching the colon (i.e., large bowel or large intestine). This leads to irritation of the colon wall. […] The most common cause is low blood pressure. Reasons for low blood pressure include: Dehydration, Heart failure, Trauma, Infection spreading through the blood, Severe immune reactions, Medications. […] Fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) or blood clots in vessels sending blood to the colon. […] Low blood flow to part of or the whole body. Blood clots in certain parts of the body. Extreme exercise. Surgeries for your heart or major blood vessels. Colonoscopy. Medications, like opioids, that make it hard to have a bowel movement. Cocaine or amphetamines. Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis). Blockage in the colon from causes like colon cancer or scar tissue in the belly (outside the colon).

• #1 Ischemic Colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780155/

  Ischemic colitis is the most common form of gastrointestinal ischemia. The causes of ischemic colitis are numerous, but all result in an inadequate blood supply to the colon, leading to either mucosal or full-thickness injury. Ischemic colitis is commonly divided into two groups based on etiology: occlusive or nonocclusive. Occlusive ischemia can result from either arterial inflow or venous outflow obstruction, although the latter is rare. Nonocclusive ischemia is now a well-recognized condition. The precipitating event is commonly related to conditions that cause hypotension or shock such as cardiac failure, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Various medications as well as colonic obstruction have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease. […] The greater incidence of ischemic events in older patients suggests a relation to degenerative changes in the vascular tree, but abnormalities on angiography have rarely correlated with clinical disease. […] The causes of ischemic colitis appear countless. Occasionally a definite cause of ischemia can be recognized, but in most cases none is identified.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/facts-about-ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis is inflammation or injury in your large intestine, or colon. It results from a lack of blood flow to the area, usually caused by a blocked or narrowed artery. […] Doctors often cant pinpoint the cause of ischemic colitis. But these things can raise your odds of getting it: […] Heart attack. During a heart attack, something blocks the flow of blood to your heart. This may trigger an ischemic colitis attack. […] Chronic constipation. This raises the pressure inside your colon and makes it hard for blood to flow. If you have irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, you may be at even more risk. […] Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Fatty gunk can build up and clog the arteries in your intestines. […] Very low blood pressure or flow. This causes colon arteries to tighten and send more blood to your brain. Several health problems can cause low blood pressure. However, dehydration, heart failure, large blood loss, and shock are the leading reasons.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24513-ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis is one of many types of colitis, which means inflammation in your colon. But unlike other types, ischemic colitis begins in your circulatory system. Reduced blood flow to your colon deprives the tissues of oxygen, causing an inflammatory response. If blood flow isnt restored, it could cause tissue death. […] A blood clot can stop blood flow to your colon. Loss of blood supply to your colon can cause ischemic colitis. […] Ischemic colitis is inflammation in your colon thats caused by ischemia, which means reduced blood flow. Blood supplies oxygen to the tissues in your body. If something interrupts or diminishes the blood supply to certain tissues, they suffer damage from the lack of oxygen. […] Ischemic colitis, on the other hand, is a problem that begins in your circulatory system. It may be related to low blood pressure or blood vessel diseases. Reduced blood flow in the arteries that supply blood to your colon causes inflammation in the tissues as a secondary effect.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/facts-about-ischemic-colitis

  Blood clot. A clot can form inside an artery wall or break off from somewhere else and move toward your colon. Certain health problems you get from your parents at birth can cause blood to clot too easily. Your doctor may order some tests to see if you have one of these conditions. […] Bowel blockage. This can result from a hernia, scar tissue, or a tumor. […] Hemodialysis. This can be related to underlying diabetes or low blood pressure caused by hemodialysis procedures. […] Older age. Ischemic colitis mainly affects people who are 60 or older. Typically, older people are more likely to have the other risk factors that cause ischemic colitis. […] Severe COVID-19 infection. People with severe COVID often get blood clots and reduced blood flow. […] Sex. Its not clear why, but women, or those assigned female at birth, appear to be more at risk.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4442720/

  Surgery for aortic aneurysm repair often compromises colonic blood flow and can lead to ischemia. […] Chronic constipation was commonly associated with ischemic colitis in both young and old patients. […] Coagulopathy may predispose patients to ischemic colitis as well. […] Numerous studies have shown that illicit drug use can result in ischemic colitis in otherwise healthy patients. […] Ischemic colitis is a rare but morbid complication of aortic aneurysm surgery. […] The combination of vague symptoms and physical findings, and nonspecific laboratory and radiographic results can make the diagnosis of ischemic colitis challenging to even the most seasoned clinicians. […] The majority of patients respond to medical management. Surgery (colectomy), when required, is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate.

• #1 Colitis, Ischemic | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117214/1.1/Colitis__Ischemic

  Type I: unidentified etiology […] Type II: etiology identified […] Hypoperfusion from shock, trauma […] Embolic occlusion of mesenteric vessels […] Hypercoagulable states, vasculitis; sickle cell disease […] Arterial thrombosis; venous thrombosis […] Mechanical obstruction of the colon (e.g., tumor, adhesions, hernia, volvulus, prolapse, diverticulitis) […] Surgical complications […] Medications (intestinally active vasoconstrictive substances, medications that induce hypotension and thus, hypoperfusion); cocaine abuse […] Aortic dissection […] Strenuous physical activity (e.g., long-distance running) […] Repeated episodes of ischemia and inflammation may result in chronic colonic ischemia, possible stricture formation, recurrent bacteremia, and sepsis. These patients may have unresolving areas of colitis and require segmental colonic resection.

• #1 Ischemic colitis involving the right-side colon: clinical case report and diagnostic considerations – Huang – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/8132/html

  Patients with ischemic colitis usually have identifiable risk factors. A recent study of 80 patients showed that patients with older than aged 60 years, diabetes, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, smoking, hypercoagulable states, vascular disease, deep vein thrombosis and constipation are at higher risk of developing ischemic colitis. […] In this case, we inferred that the rash may also be a risk factor. […] Diabetes is also a potential risk factor. […] Ischemia of the colon can result from innumerable causes. […] Early diagnosis of ischemic colitis has always been a difficult problem, most of the challenges come from its unspecific clinical manifestations. […] When the lesion involving the right-side colon, only a small number of patients can get an accurate diagnosis with sharp deterioration of condition. […] For patients with unexplained abdominal pain and hematochezia, the high-risk factors of thrombus and intestinal ischemia should be evaluated routinely.

• #1 Ischemic colitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ischemic-colitis

  Cocaine or methamphetamine use. […] Colon cancer, which is rare. […] Risk factors for ischemic colitis include: […] Age. The condition happens mostly in adults older than age 60. Ischemic colitis that happens in a young adult may be a sign of a blood-clotting issue. It also may be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, also known as vasculitis. […] Sex. Ischemic colitis is more common in women. […] Clotting problems. Conditions that affect the way the blood clots, such as factor V Leiden or sickle cell disease, may increase the risk of ischemic colitis. […] High cholesterol, which can lead to atherosclerosis. […] Reduced blood flow, due to heart failure, low blood pressure or shock. Blood flow also can be affected by certain conditions, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. […] Previous abdominal surgery. Scar tissue that forms after surgery may cause reduced blood flow. […] Heavy exercise, such as marathon running, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the colon. […] Surgery involving the heart, digestive or gynecological systems.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/366808-overview

  Ischemic colitis encompasses a number of clinical entities, all with an end result of insufficient blood supply to a segment or the entire colon. This disease results in ischemic necrosis of varying severity that can range from superficial mucosal involvement to full-thickness transmural necrosis. […] Bowel ischemia is mainly a disease of old age caused by atheroma of mesenteric vessels. Other causes include embolic disease, vasculitis, fibromuscular hyperplasia, aortic aneurysm, blunt abdominal trauma, disseminated intravascular coagulation, irradiation, and hypovolemic or endotoxic shock. […] It has been reported in Henoch-Schnlein purpura (HSP), which is one of the collagen vascular diseases. […] Cocaine-induced ischemic colitis is a recognized entity, and the diagnosis is based on clinical and endoscopic findings. […] The authors findings suggest that cocaine-related ischemia should be considered in young patients presenting with acute abdominal pain and/or rectal bleeding with evidence of bowel wall thickening or pneumatosis on either imaging or colonoscopy.

• #1 Ischemic colitis | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/ischemic-colitis

  This condition is the most common type of intestinal ischemia that occurs when blood flow to part of the colon is reduced or diminished. […] Many times, the cause of the diminished blood flow isnt clear, but health professionals have determined additional conditions and medications that may increase your risk. […] Some conditions and medications associated with ischemic colitis include: Hormonal medication, such as birth control, Medications that constrict blood vessels, such as those that treat migraines, A blood clot in an artery supplying blood to the colon, Very low blood pressure associated with trauma, heart failure, or major surgery, A bowel obstruction this can be caused by scar tissue, a hernia, or tumor, Bowel enlargement due to an obstruction, Medical conditions that affect your blood vessels, such as sickle cell anemia or lupus.

• #1 A potential complication of diabetes: ischemic colitis | ECE2022 | European Congress of Endocrinology 2022 | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0081/ea0081ep275

  Ischemic colitis (IC) is a disorder characterized by a decrease in blood flow of the large intestine. Many factors can contribute to decreased blood flow in the arteries supplying the large intestine, such as nonocclusive causes like hypertension and atherosclerosis and occlusive causes like embolism from myocardial infarction. […] Diabetes is known to cause atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular events. Thus, Diabetes might play a role in the development of ischemic colitis. […] A notable comorbidity associated with ischemic colitis was uncomplicated Diabetes. Diabetes is marked by hyperglycemia, which can result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis may lead to hypoperfusion of organs and ultimately ischemic colitis. […] Thus, uncomplicated diabetes may be regarded as a comorbidity associated with ischemic colitis, constipation being the resulting precipitating factor.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis is a type of swelling and injury in your large intestine. […] Experts believe it may occur due to reduced blood flow to your intestine, as it often links to blood clotting and cardiovascular conditions. […] However, more research is necessary to understand fully what causes ischemic colitis and how it develops. […] Experts are still researching the causes of ischemic colitis. However, they believe ischemic colitis links to cardiovascular conditions that worsen circulation and blood flow. […] Many people with ischemic colitis have conditions that lead to atherosclerosis, whereby fatty deposits buildup in your blood vessels and block blood flow. […] Examples of factors and conditions that can contribute to atherosclerosis include: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, severe infection, such as endocarditis, blood clots and embolism, inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis, tobacco, such as smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke, overweight and obesity, low levels of physical activity, older ages.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/facts-about-ischemic-colitis

  Surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm (a bulge in the artery) can lead to ischemic colitis. Other operations in your belly or your circulatory system can also cause problems. […] The risk also goes up if you’re a long-distance runner or triathlete. During a marathon, blood flow may shift away from your gut to meet the oxygen needs of your leg muscles. Dehydration, hyperthermia, and electrolyte imbalances could play a role, too. […] It’s rare, but some medications can trigger an ischemic colitis attack. These include: […] Drugs that cause constipation, including opioid painkillers and some heart and migraine drugs […] Immunomodulators, such as certain drugs for hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis […] Illicit drugs, including amphetamines and cocaine […] Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant […] Estrogen.

• #1 Caregiving Network Blog | Foods to Avoid with Ischemic Colitis: A Comprehensive Guide – Caregiving Network Blog

  https://caregivingnetwork.com/blog/reading-room/foods-to-avoid-with-ischemic-colitis-a-comprehensive-guide/

  Ischemic colitis occurs when there is a significant reduction in blood flow to the colon, leading to inflammation and a host of symptoms. […] This condition is often linked to low blood pressure and cardiovascular issues and is more prevalent among people over the age of 60. […] A diet low in fiber can lead to constipation, which can exacerbate the symptoms of ischemic colitis. […] On the other hand, a high-fiber diet can aid in digestion and alleviate symptoms. […] A study found that a high-fiber diet reduced the risk of developing ischemic colitis by up to 40%. […] Another study indicated that 70% of patients reported improved symptoms after increasing their fiber intake. […] Regular check-ins with a healthcare provider can help adapt your diet for elderly individuals or anyone affected by ischemic colitis. […] This is crucial for effective long-term management.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis -The Gastrointestinal Atlas – gastrointestinalatlas.com

  https://www.gastrointestinalatlas.com/english/ischemic_colitis.html

  Severe case of Ischemic Colitis […] The diverse causes, variable clinical presentations, and severity makes the diagnosis and management of ischemic colitis a challenge. […] Ischemic colitis is the second or third most common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The most common medication inducing ischemic colitis is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. […] The most common mechanism is an acute, self-limited compromise in intestinal blood flow. […] There are numerous conditions that predispose patients to ischemic colitis. The most common mechanism is hypotension from sepsis or impaired left ventricular function and hypovolemia from dehydration or hemorrhage producing a compromise in systemic perfusion and triggering a reflex mesenteric vasoconstriction. […] Although frequent in the elderly, younger patients may also be affected.

• #1 Ischemic colitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322162

  Ischemic colitis occurs when there is not enough blood flowing to the colon or large intestine. […] A lack of blood flow to the colon causes ischemic colitis. This lack of blood flow (ischemia) can occur for many reasons. […] In people with coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease, inadequate blood supply may result from a hardening of the mesenteric arteries that lead to the intestines. […] Other factors that contribute to ischemic colitis include blood clots in the arteries leading to the intestines, severely low blood pressure (hypotension), atherosclerosis, bowel obstructions due to scar tissue, tumors, or hernias, conditions that affect the blood, including vasculitis and sickle cell anemia, surgical procedures that involve the heart, blood vessels, colon, or surrounding areas, use of cocaine or methamphetamines, and colon cancer, in rare cases. […] Rarely, medications can cause ischemic colitis, including antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, heart medications, hormone therapy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), migraine medications, and pseudoephedrine.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/acgcr/fulltext/2024/04000/progesterone_only_contraceptive_induced_ischemic.10.aspx

  Ischemic colitis (IC) occurs when there is a temporary lack of adequate blood supply to the intestines, particularly in vulnerable areas such as the splenic flexure and sigmoid colon, which lack sufficient collateral blood vessels. […] Although primarily seen in older individuals with atherosclerotic risk factors, IC can also be triggered by hormonal contraceptives in young women. […] Although estrogen-containing oral contraceptives are known to increase thromboembolic risk, the impact of progesterone is not well understood. […] Young women may experience ischemic colitis (IC) because of hormonal therapy’s prothrombotic effects. […] Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives are known to cause venous thromboembolic events, but the impact of progesterone is not well understood. […] IC predominantly affects young women, who are on hormonal contraceptives, particularly estrogen, being implicated.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02048275

  Ischemic colitis represents the most common form of gastrointestinal ischemia. The presumed etiologies are numerous; however, it typically develops spontaneously, in the absence of major vasculature occlusion, and in the presence of viable intestine elsewhere. […] It usually presents as an acute abdominal illness with bloody diarrhea. […] Special considerations must be given to those patients in whom ischemic colitis develops in the context of colon carcinoma or obstructing colon lesions, after abdominal aortic surgery, and following cardiopulmonary bypass.

• #1 Ischemic colitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-colitis?lang=us

  Ischemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischemia. The causes can be categorized as follows: arterial occlusion: arteriosclerosis, vasculitides, arterial emboli […] venous thrombosis: hypercoagulative states including malignancy and oral contraceptive pill use, primary mesenteric venous thrombosis […] low flow states: hypotension, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias […] others: sickle cell disease, radiation therapy.

• #1 Ischemic Colitis | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/ischemic-colitis/

  Ischemic colitis affects patients of all ages including infants, but it preferentially affects elderly patients with a history of arteriosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and/or cardiovascular disease. […] Common causes of low flow states include cardiac failure, arrhythmias, digitalis toxicity, shock resulting from a marked reduction in left ventricular output, and sepsis. […] Colonic ischemia also complicates major surgery, infections, drug use, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and cocaine abuse. […] Three types of colonic ischemia develop: (a) a transient reversible form that usually remains confined to the mucosa or submucosa; (b) a chronic form that extends into the bowel wall and lasts for months; and (c) an acute fulminant form that progressively destroys all layers of the bowel wall, usually with catastrophic consequences, including transmural necrosis and perforation.

• #2 Ischemic colitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis happens when blood flow to part of the large intestine, called the colon, is temporarily reduced. […] Causes of reduced blood flow may include narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the colon or low blood pressure. […] The exact cause of decreased blood flow to the colon isn’t always clear. But several factors can increase the risk of ischemic colitis: […] Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of an artery, also called atherosclerosis. […] Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, associated with dehydration, heart failure, surgery, trauma or shock. […] Bowel obstruction caused by a hernia, scar tissue or a tumor. […] Surgery involving the heart or blood vessels, or the digestive or gynecological systems. […] Medical conditions that affect the blood, including lupus, sickle cell anemia or inflammation of the blood vessels, a condition known as vasculitis.

• #2 Colonic ischemia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colonic-ischemia

  Colonic ischemia is the most frequent form of intestinal ischemia, most often affecting older adults. […] Colonic ischemia is usually the result of a sudden, but usually transient, reduction in blood flow, the effects of which are particularly prominent at the „watershed” regions of the colon, where collateral blood flow is limited. […] Intestinal ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow to a level that is insufficient for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients required for cellular metabolism.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24513-ischemic-colitis

  Many things can interfere with the blood flow to your colon, usually temporarily. Often, the cause has already been resolved by the time its diagnosed. […] Diseases affecting your circulatory system, including your heart and blood vessels, may cause reduced blood flow in the arteries that supply your colon. A blood clot might obstruct one of them, or something else might compress one from the outside. […] The arteries that supply your colon your superior and inferior mesenteric arteries are extra sensitive to anything that causes your blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction). […] Providers sometimes designate the causes of ischemic bowel disease as occlusive vs. nonocclusive. An occlusive cause is a blockage affecting one of your arteries. A nonocclusive cause is reduced blood flow without a blockage, such as from low blood pressure or narrowing of the arteries. […] While rare, this injury is a known risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. When this happens, it tends to be more severe than the other, more transient causes of ischemic colitis, and it can be life-threatening.

• #2 Ischemic colitis – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Gastroenterology/Ischemic_colitis/

  Ischemic colitis is a condition where the colon experiences a lack of blood flow, resulting in ischemia. This can be caused by occlusive disease, such as surgery or thromboemboli, or non-occlusive disease, such as shock or drugs. […] Causes of ischemic colitis are generally divided into occlusive disease (e.g., surgery, thromboemboli, vasculitides) and non-occlusive disease (e.g., various shock etiologies, drugs). […] Ischemic colitis results from compromise to the colonic blood supply, either by global changes in circulation or by local changes in mesenteric vasculature. […] It is associated with cardiovascular disease, numerous medications, coagulopathic states, and hypovolemia. […] A significant reduction of ischemic colitis (IC) in OAC users might be associated with a clinically significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of these patients and requires further investigation. This finding could suggest that OACs treatment could be more protective in IC than in other atherosclerotic diseases, such as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. […] It is conceivable that OACs decrease the risk of ischemic colitis by preventing hypercoagulability although further studies are needed to confirm this novel observation.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis (IC) is an inflammatory condition of the large intestine, or colon. It develops when there isnt enough blood flow to the colon. […] A buildup of plaque inside the arteries (atherosclerosis) can cause chronic, or long-term, IC. […] IC occurs when theres a lack of blood flow to your colon. The hardening of one or more of the mesenteric arteries may cause a sudden reduction in blood flow, which is also called an infarction. […] These are the arteries that supply blood to your intestines. The arteries can harden when theres a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque inside your artery walls. This condition is known as atherosclerosis. Its a common cause of IC among people who have a history of coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease. […] A blood clot can also block the mesenteric arteries and stop or reduce blood flow. Clots are more common in people with an irregular heartbeat, or arrhythmia.

• #2 Colon Ischemia | ACG

  https://gi.org/topics/colon-ischemia/

  Colonic ischemia occurs when there is not enough blood reaching the colon (i.e., large bowel or large intestine). This leads to irritation of the colon wall. […] The most common cause is low blood pressure. Reasons for low blood pressure include: Dehydration, Heart failure, Trauma, Infection spreading through the blood, Severe immune reactions, Medications. […] Fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) or blood clots in vessels sending blood to the colon. […] Low blood flow to part of or the whole body. Blood clots in certain parts of the body. Extreme exercise. Surgeries for your heart or major blood vessels. Colonoscopy. Medications, like opioids, that make it hard to have a bowel movement. Cocaine or amphetamines. Inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis). Blockage in the colon from causes like colon cancer or scar tissue in the belly (outside the colon).

• #2 Ischemic Colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780155/

  Ischemic colitis is the most common form of gastrointestinal ischemia. The causes of ischemic colitis are numerous, but all result in an inadequate blood supply to the colon, leading to either mucosal or full-thickness injury. Ischemic colitis is commonly divided into two groups based on etiology: occlusive or nonocclusive. Occlusive ischemia can result from either arterial inflow or venous outflow obstruction, although the latter is rare. Nonocclusive ischemia is now a well-recognized condition. The precipitating event is commonly related to conditions that cause hypotension or shock such as cardiac failure, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Various medications as well as colonic obstruction have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease. […] The greater incidence of ischemic events in older patients suggests a relation to degenerative changes in the vascular tree, but abnormalities on angiography have rarely correlated with clinical disease. […] The causes of ischemic colitis appear countless. Occasionally a definite cause of ischemia can be recognized, but in most cases none is identified.

• #2 Colitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/colitis/article_em.htm

  In individuals who are at risk for decreased blood flow to the colon, ischemic colitis can occur if the blood pressure falls. This may occur with dehydration, anemia, or shock. […] Ischemia or lack of blood supply causes significant pain, fever, and bloody bowel movements. […] Blood clots can also travel or embolize to block an artery and decrease blood flow to the bowel. Individuals who have the common heart rhythm disturbance, atrial fibrillation, are at risk of forming small clots in the heart, which break off and block the blood supply to the bowel. […] Treatment of ischemic colitis is initially supportive, using intravenous fluids to rest the bowel and prevent dehydration. If adequate blood supply to the bowel isn’t restored, surgery may be required to remove parts of the bowel that have lost blood supply and become necrotic (tissue that has died). […] Since ischemic colitis is caused by narrowing of the blood vessels to the bowel, decreasing the risks for other types of circulatory problems such as peripheral vascular disease, heart attack, and stroke will also decrease the risk for ischemic colitis.

• #2 Colitis, Ischemic | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117214/1.1/Colitis__Ischemic

  Type I: unidentified etiology […] Type II: etiology identified […] Hypoperfusion from shock, trauma […] Embolic occlusion of mesenteric vessels […] Hypercoagulable states, vasculitis; sickle cell disease […] Arterial thrombosis; venous thrombosis […] Mechanical obstruction of the colon (e.g., tumor, adhesions, hernia, volvulus, prolapse, diverticulitis) […] Surgical complications […] Medications (intestinally active vasoconstrictive substances, medications that induce hypotension and thus, hypoperfusion); cocaine abuse […] Aortic dissection […] Strenuous physical activity (e.g., long-distance running) […] Repeated episodes of ischemia and inflammation may result in chronic colonic ischemia, possible stricture formation, recurrent bacteremia, and sepsis. These patients may have unresolving areas of colitis and require segmental colonic resection.

• #2 Ischemic colitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_colitis

  Ischemic colitis is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury of the large intestine result from inadequate blood supply (ischemia). […] Causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g. low blood pressure) or local factors such as constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot. […] Ischemic colitis is often classified according to the underlying cause. Non-occlusive ischemia develops because of low blood pressure or constriction of the vessels feeding the colon; occlusive ischemia indicates that a blood clot or other blockage has cut off blood flow to the colon. […] Mostly the result of a thromboembolism. Commonly the embolism is caused by atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiomyopathy. […] In addition, ischemic colitis is a well-recognized complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, when the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery is covered by the aortic graft. […] In a 1991 review concerning 2137 patients the accidental inferior mesenteric artery ligation was the most common cause (74%) of ischemic colitis. […] Thus, patients without adequate collateralization are at risk for ischemia of the descending and sigmoid colon.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis is a type of swelling and injury in your large intestine. […] Experts believe it may occur due to reduced blood flow to your intestine, as it often links to blood clotting and cardiovascular conditions. […] However, more research is necessary to understand fully what causes ischemic colitis and how it develops. […] Experts are still researching the causes of ischemic colitis. However, they believe ischemic colitis links to cardiovascular conditions that worsen circulation and blood flow. […] Many people with ischemic colitis have conditions that lead to atherosclerosis, whereby fatty deposits buildup in your blood vessels and block blood flow. […] Examples of factors and conditions that can contribute to atherosclerosis include: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, severe infection, such as endocarditis, blood clots and embolism, inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis, tobacco, such as smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke, overweight and obesity, low levels of physical activity, older ages.

• #2 Ischemic colitis as a cause of severe hematochezia: A mini review

  https://www.probiologists.com/article/ischemic-colitis-as-a-cause-of-severe-hematochezia-a-mini-review

  Ischemic colitis (IC) is a common cause of severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in the elderly. […] Several known predisposing factors associated with IC are old age, female gender, multiple co-morbidities including hypertension (60% of IC patients), diabetes (24%), cardiovascular disease (24%), chronic kidney disease (15%), atrial fibrillation (14%), coagulation disorders, transient hypotension, and postsurgical abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or post cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. […] IC can also occur in younger patients with hypercoagulable states such as those associated with COVID-19 infection. […] Approximately 80-85% of patients have non-gangrenous colitis and the rest have gangrenous colitis. […] IC can also be classified as reversible colopathy (3-26% of IC patients), transient IC (44%), chronic IC (18-25%), ischemic colonic stricture (10-15%), gangrenous colitis (0-19%), and universal fulminant pancolitis (12.5%).

• #2 Ischemic colitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ischaemic-colitis?lang=us

  Ischemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischemia. The causes can be categorized as follows: arterial occlusion: arteriosclerosis, vasculitides, arterial emboli […] venous thrombosis: hypercoagulative states including malignancy and oral contraceptive pill use, primary mesenteric venous thrombosis […] low flow states: hypotension, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias […] others: sickle cell disease, radiation therapy.

• #2

  https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/109097/ischemic-colitis

  medical condition characterized by inadequate blood supply to the large intestine leading to inflammation and injury of the colon […] more common in the elderly population […] most common form of bowel ischemia […] risk factors include aortoiliac surgery/instrumentation, myocardial infarction, hemodialysis, and hypercoagulable states (e.g., hereditary thrombophilia) […] ischemic colitis is the result of blood flow reduction to the colon and is particularly prominent at the watershed areas of the colon where collateral blood flow is limited […] the splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction are particularly at risk for ischemia […] nonocclusive colonic ischemia accounts for the mass majority of cases (95%) […] typically transient hypoperfusion […] examples include shock, systemic hypotension or atherosclerosis of SMA […] occlusive colonic ischemia can be embolic (e.g., spontaneous or iatrogenic) or thrombotic secondary to atherosclerotic disease […] treatment is dependent on its etiology, severity, and the clinical setting.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2016/10001/ischemic_colitis_complicated_by_consumptive.2593.aspx

  Colonic ischemia-induced reperfusion injury can lead to multisystem organ failure, regardless of ischemic colitis etiology. […] We believe that the intense inflammatory reaction of ischemic colitis led to this consumptive coagulopathy. While the known etiologies of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy are numerous, ischemic colitis is rarely presented as one.

• #2 Colitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927845-overview

  Ischemic colitis is a form of vasculitis that results from inflammation and ischemia of colonic mucosa, which causes rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. This form of colitis is common in Henoch-Schnlein purpura (HSP), which is considered one of the collagen-vascular diseases. […] Inflammation of the colon can be caused by infection, hypersensitivity to various allergens, ischemia, vasculitis, or several drugs. […] The cause of colitis in IBD is unknown, but the available evidence suggests that IBD involves an abnormal immune response, likely to environmental factors, in a genetically susceptible host.

• #2 Ischemic colitis involving the right-side colon: clinical case report and diagnostic considerations – Huang – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/8132/html

  Patients with ischemic colitis usually have identifiable risk factors. A recent study of 80 patients showed that patients with older than aged 60 years, diabetes, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, smoking, hypercoagulable states, vascular disease, deep vein thrombosis and constipation are at higher risk of developing ischemic colitis. […] In this case, we inferred that the rash may also be a risk factor. […] Diabetes is also a potential risk factor. […] Ischemia of the colon can result from innumerable causes. […] Early diagnosis of ischemic colitis has always been a difficult problem, most of the challenges come from its unspecific clinical manifestations. […] When the lesion involving the right-side colon, only a small number of patients can get an accurate diagnosis with sharp deterioration of condition. […] For patients with unexplained abdominal pain and hematochezia, the high-risk factors of thrombus and intestinal ischemia should be evaluated routinely.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/366808-overview

  Ischemic colitis encompasses a number of clinical entities, all with an end result of insufficient blood supply to a segment or the entire colon. This disease results in ischemic necrosis of varying severity that can range from superficial mucosal involvement to full-thickness transmural necrosis. […] Bowel ischemia is mainly a disease of old age caused by atheroma of mesenteric vessels. Other causes include embolic disease, vasculitis, fibromuscular hyperplasia, aortic aneurysm, blunt abdominal trauma, disseminated intravascular coagulation, irradiation, and hypovolemic or endotoxic shock. […] It has been reported in Henoch-Schnlein purpura (HSP), which is one of the collagen vascular diseases. […] Cocaine-induced ischemic colitis is a recognized entity, and the diagnosis is based on clinical and endoscopic findings. […] The authors findings suggest that cocaine-related ischemia should be considered in young patients presenting with acute abdominal pain and/or rectal bleeding with evidence of bowel wall thickening or pneumatosis on either imaging or colonoscopy.

• #2 A Beginner’s Guide to Ischemic Colitis: Symptoms, Treatment and Diet | Diet vs Disease

  https://www.dietvsdisease.org/ischemic-colitis-symptoms-treatment-diet/

  IC can also occur in endurance athletes like marathon runners and triathletes. […] It has even been linked to the herbal weight loss supplement known as ma huang or ephedra. […] The most common symptom of IC involves abdominal pain and cramping, often on the left side of the abdomen. […] IC is typically short-term. It can, however, turn into a chronic problem if a buildup of plaque in the arteries worsens. […] Overall, your main goal is to focus on any underlying condition (or medication) that may be restricting blood flow to your colon, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, blood clots, low or high blood pressure or diabetes.

• #2 Ischemic colitis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322162

  Ischemic colitis occurs when there is not enough blood flowing to the colon or large intestine. […] A lack of blood flow to the colon causes ischemic colitis. This lack of blood flow (ischemia) can occur for many reasons. […] In people with coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease, inadequate blood supply may result from a hardening of the mesenteric arteries that lead to the intestines. […] Other factors that contribute to ischemic colitis include blood clots in the arteries leading to the intestines, severely low blood pressure (hypotension), atherosclerosis, bowel obstructions due to scar tissue, tumors, or hernias, conditions that affect the blood, including vasculitis and sickle cell anemia, surgical procedures that involve the heart, blood vessels, colon, or surrounding areas, use of cocaine or methamphetamines, and colon cancer, in rare cases. […] Rarely, medications can cause ischemic colitis, including antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, heart medications, hormone therapy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), migraine medications, and pseudoephedrine.

• #2 Ischemic colitis – Cancer Therapy Advisor

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/gastroenterology-hepatology/ischemic-colitis/

  Ischemic colitis can present in various ways including reversible colopathy, transient colitis, chronic colitis, stricture and gangrene. […] Acute mesenteric ischemia commonly results from an embolus (superior mesenteric artery) or a low flow state (nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia), although a thrombus (superior mesenteric artery or superior mesenteric vein) can be the etiology as well. […] Major risk factors and diseases predisposing to ischemic colitis include age 60 years, female gender, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and irritable bowel syndrome. […] Medication use, including alosetron, amiodarone, bisacodyl, buproprion, constipation inducing drugs (e.g., opioids, non-opioids), danazol, digitalis, ergot, estrogens, flutamide, furosemide, glycerin enema, gold salts, immunosuppressive agents, interferon, magnesium citrate, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), paroxetine, penicillin, phenylephrine, polyethylene glycol, alproic acid, progestins, pseudoephedrine, saline laxatives, statin medications, sumatriptan, TNF- inhibitors, and vasopressin are also associated with ischemic colitis. […] Surgical management has been estimated to be required in up to 2% of patients admitted to the hospital with ischemic colitis.

• #2 Ischemic colitis – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/ischemic-colitis/

  Cocaine or methamphetamine use […] Colon cancer (rare). […] The use of certain medicines also can lead to ischemic colitis, though this is rare. These medications include: […] Some heart and migraine medications […] Hormone medications, such as estrogen […] Antibiotics […] Pseudoephedrine […] Opioids […] Certain medications for irritable bowel syndrome […] Chemotherapy medications. […] Risk factors for ischemic colitis include: […] Age. The condition occurs mostly frequently in adults older than age 60. Ischemic colitis that occurs in a young adult may be a sign of a blood-clotting abnormality or inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis). […] Sex. Ischemic colitis is more common in women. […] Clotting abnormalities. Conditions that affect the way the blood clots, such as factor V Leiden, may increase the risk of ischemic colitis.

• #2 Ischemic colitis | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/ischemic-colitis

  Additional medications that may cause ischemic colitis include antibiotics and cold medicine, although this is very rare. […] The biggest risk factor of ischemic colitis is age. It is most common in those over the age of 60. Other risk factors are high cholesterol, previous abdominal surgery, and heavy exercise, such as marathon running.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/ischemic-colitis/

  Ischemic colitis arises when the blood supply to part of the colon is reduced, causing ischemia. This reduction in blood flow can be due to a variety of factors including blood vessel blockages, low blood pressure, or other underlying health conditions. […] One of the primary causes of ischemic colitis is vascular problems that impair blood flow. These include: Atherosclerosis: The buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries can restrict blood flow. […] Significantly low blood pressure can reduce blood flow to the colon, especially in vulnerable individuals. Conditions such as heart failure, severe dehydration, or shock can lead to a drop in blood pressure. […] Certain medications can precipitate ischemic colitis by causing blood vessel constriction or lowering blood pressure. These include: Digitalis: Used for heart conditions but can reduce blood flow to the colon. […] Other risk factors include: Advanced Age: Older adults are more susceptible due to age-related vascular changes. […] Ischemic colitis is caused by reduced blood flow to the colon, often due to blood clots, narrowed arteries, or low blood pressure.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/acgcr/fulltext/2024/04000/progesterone_only_contraceptive_induced_ischemic.10.aspx

  Although estrogen dose correlates with venous thromboembolism risk, progesterone’s direct correlation remains uncertain. […] This case also raises questions about the possibility of hypercoagulability being induced by progesterone use. […] The mechanism underlying progesterone-only contraceptives triggering ischemic events remains poorly understood, underscoring the need for further research and more vigilance in patients using progesterone-only contraceptives. […] In conclusion, our case is the first biopsy-proven case of IC resulting from progesterone-only contraceptive pill. […] Further studies are needed to better comprehend the impact of progesterone on coagulation, particularly concerning the mesenteric vasculature.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastrointestinal-emergencies/ischemic-colitis

  Ischemic colitis results from an interruption of blood flow through arteries that supply the large intestine. […] Often doctors cannot find a cause for the reduced blood flow, but it is more common among people with heart and blood vessel disease, people who have had surgery on their aorta, or people who have problems with increased blood clotting. […] Ischemic colitis primarily affects people who are 60 or older. […] Reduction of blood flow damages the inside lining and inner layers of the wall of the large intestine, causing ulcers (sores) in the lining of the large intestine, which can bleed.

• #2 Ischemic colitis | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/ischemic-colitis

  This condition is the most common type of intestinal ischemia that occurs when blood flow to part of the colon is reduced or diminished. […] Many times, the cause of the diminished blood flow isnt clear, but health professionals have determined additional conditions and medications that may increase your risk. […] Some conditions and medications associated with ischemic colitis include: Hormonal medication, such as birth control, Medications that constrict blood vessels, such as those that treat migraines, A blood clot in an artery supplying blood to the colon, Very low blood pressure associated with trauma, heart failure, or major surgery, A bowel obstruction this can be caused by scar tissue, a hernia, or tumor, Bowel enlargement due to an obstruction, Medical conditions that affect your blood vessels, such as sickle cell anemia or lupus.

• #2 Ischemic Colitis -The Gastrointestinal Atlas – gastrointestinalatlas.com

  https://www.gastrointestinalatlas.com/english/ischemic_colitis.html

  Ischemic colitis occurs as the result of a compromise in intestinal blood flow that can produce a spectrum of injury from transient self-limited ischemia to fulminant ischemia or transmural infarction. […] Ischemic colitis (IC) is the most common manifestation of gastrointestinal ischemia. IC has been considered to have relatively high prevalence in the elderly population with underlying vascular disorder. […] Arteriosclerosis may lead to IC by intrinsic obstruction of colonic vessels. […] IC appears to have two patterns of severity. […] Ischemic colitis is the most common type of intestinal ischemia and has a clinical spectrum of injury that ranges from mild and transient ischemia to acute fulminant colitis.

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